MI MAY 1990 PUBLISHED IN GREAT BRITAIN ANCIENT ECUADOR: ANTIQUITIES REPATRIATED HERCULANEUM'S STOLEN TREASURES CHALCOLITHIC CYPRUS FURTHER DIGS FOR VOLUNTEERS SIGMUND FREUD AND HIS ANTIQUITIES NEW JAPANESE GALLERIES AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM FINDING THE FAKES STUART PIGGOTT: TWENTIETH-CENTURY ANTIQUARY | | | | i) | The International Review of Ancient Art & Archaeology NERVA £2.00/$3.95 USA VOLUME 1. NUMBER 5 The ‘Malibu Lady,’ a Cyprit limestone fertility goddess, ¢.3000 B.C., ‘at the J. Paul Getty Museum (see pages 13-16)Agents and Principal Stockists PUBLISHERS OF gen NUMISMATIC AND Oat ARCHAEOLOGY BOOKS Tecwtenire 2 «DD Established 1926 Finders Bookcles ‘TAU 719181, 18 Aswell Steet 7 DAVIES STREET LONDON W1Y ILL TEL 071-495 2590 FAX 071-491 1595 Louth Linclnahire LNIL 98 ‘Ta 0507 S71 FoxteCo 30 Princes Street Yeowl BRITISH HISTORICAL MEDALS Somerset rel o906 seal W&GFoyleLtd ‘19 Charing Cross Road This definitive major catalogue of British historical medals has been hailed by collectors, reviewers and dealers as an essential standard source of reference. London We2 026 TeL01-437 560 Vera Tinder Lid 38 Bedford Street Sand London WC2E 9FU TeL01 8362365, MALY Abafi Corso San Gottardo 39 20136 Allan Laurence Brown Vol I 1760-1837 £60 Vol II 1837-1901 £95 ee ISBN Vol I 0 900652 56 X ‘A Pinsignon-Numismatique Vol II 0 900652 92 6 “4 Rue des Fr Bourgecis, ‘$700 Stasoxrg, ‘Ta@s) 32-1050 Maison Pat, Nurismatique a ‘9 Ruede Riceliea 7501 Pais Tada) 9550-48 GAULS; SWEDEN i {Alstom Myothandet POBox 765210594 Stochalon Tox san Jean ans Brana ‘urd Rese nd ohn Casey ee ISBN 1 85264 099 x ISBN 85264 011 1 ISBN 1 85268 0073, USA sity Book z= = Mate MONUMENTS O! ao ANCIENT ROME ease AS COIN TYPES Monuments of re pe alg on This thoughtful study on the Penny 255 Pitt Street monuments of ancient Rome Spine 201 : Ten M302 will be a welcome companion, to eee the traveller and the POwocza numismatist. There is also much peta in it to interest the architectural SINGAPORE ; ‘Tbe Stamps and Cols historian. TirRver Vey Hod , 01-3 Liang Court Singapore,” Phillip Hill £18.50 Pee co ISBN 1 85264 0219MAY 1990 incorporating Archaeology Today VOLUME 1 NUMBER 5 Ancient Ecuador: Antiquities Jerome M Ese, Repatriated Alana Cordy-Collins ——pscctorton Bee Egyptian Newsletter Conrioating Eaton Exhibiting Art Outdoors ‘Stavros Asproposlos ‘Stavros Aspropoulos Mr tout Dane Profile sagt Stuart Piggott: Twentieth-Century onowons Ls, Antiquary Tan Shaw sna Wi tt “cor #953590 Chalcolithic Cyprus ey a Jerome M. Eisenberg “Sis. lane tonne Finding the Fakes ‘exorae 871 A profile of Edward ‘Teddy’ Hall Sr adage 29, Herculaneum's Stolen Now to fh. Treasures ames ‘ee hrs Ws, "se Noh Bee . ave, ee ils, Digs For Volunteers een Fee $90 105 Museum Exhibition "Dd Rg Sigmund Freud and His Antiquities easremen Peter Clayton “Tie Camis Dias oon Book Extract Radiocarbon Dating sheridan Bowman ngs ttames, corey Museum News ad New Japanese Galleries at the British Museum Lawrence Smith spt NEXT MONTH : Teeut * Spanish Gold + New U.S. Museum Acquisitions sso ms } * Nomads and Nobility * Porcelain and Palaces uu",Preserving the Monuments or centuries the preservative qualities of the 3 hot dry sand and climate for the monuments and organic material of ancient Egypt have been proverbial. This all began to change with the completion of the New High Dam, the Saad el Ali, at ‘Aswan in the early 1970's, One of the many side effects, 38 well as the increase in humidity, has been the overall rise in the Tevel of the water table. In the fle days, with the inundations and even with the Control exercised by the Old High Dam, the water fable was ata high level for only short petiods in the ‘year, Now, with greater control on the Water flow, it has no peaks and lows. The consequent result is that the monuments of Upper Egypt are beginning to suf- fer from seepage and especially ftom damage by the high sat content of the water. Iisa problem that the Egyptian Antiquities Organ- Isation has been combating for some time, At temples such as Medinet Habu, the mortuary temple of Ramesses I] (1198-1166 B.C.) at Thebes, the disco! oration caused by the seeping water now rises half ‘way up the Interior face of the Fitst Pylon. One posi ble way of combating this Is to dig trenches about a ‘metre and a half deep around the whole building and to fill them with loose stones to provide drainage. ‘This has now been completed at the temple of Esa Similarly, a protective drainage ditch has recently been dug around the alabaster sphinx at Mit Rahina (Memphis) The problem came to a head at Giza, in February 1988, when a lange section weighing some 30 kilo fll from the Sphinx’ right shoulder (see Peter Clayton, ‘Saving the Sphinx’, Illustrated London News, vol277, 110.7089, pp.83-5). ‘This was cleverly restored and larger programme of fully recording and consolidating the Sphinx is in progress. The famous profil is now held in a cage of scaffolding whilst engineers and Egyptologists closely examine the rather poor lime- (top) Scaffolding stone that makes up most of the Sphinx'and make "amd repaison the in antiquity as ‘moaning’, no doubt a trick of the provision for its preservation for future generations. Colastof Memon priests making use of the changes in temperature at ‘Another great monument, the northemmost of the rig) _-—=« dan and dusk. The Roman emperors Augustus and Colossi of Memnon at Thebes (Luxor, is receiving the scalding an he Hadrian both heard the sound and it last seems to same treatment, Drainage channels have been cut Sphinsaf Glew have been heard just before repairs were cartied out in around the bases of both the gigantic seated statues the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus in the late that once adorned the front of the mortuary temple of third century A.D. | Treasure from cisco cess" a sai Hae Un | Intact acrging ship has" Anclent wrecks usally carey the Sea Deen diggings cago onthe cagoce of olor ne Te Pee Nicderaean oor ofthe const of the Ma'aan Michal sree ofrcental rah near Kibbutehowere ae terclig ately Xt‘agan Michae Sought bos and pce ta The wel probably dates om Soe ops and woven bts snevttncentory AC, 100 years with the ain cargo sil o Be before the Kyrenia foi acd ott Uncovered Sprs i the 1960e-Aithough Linge belies the vesel say sides dating ney 1000 yeas have come fom Phoenicis et earlier have been discovered Carthage (site of present-day ner te ocean only cago and Ts). cations il eae in Small fragments of thos boats the spring. For the winter temainedsccording to Dr aha months, the vessel hat been Tonder,alrestor of the Centre for tered in deep sd MINERVA 2Motorway Plan Ploughs Through Ancient Sites The historic city of Winchester Is much in the news these days, The construction of the last part of the M3 London-Southampton motor way, which will pass through ‘Twylord Down, has outraged Wessex archaeologists and conservationists alike, The controversial £36 million evelopment for a six-lane motor way to relieve the Winchester by- pass between Bar End and Compton will cut through an area of outstand. ing natural beauty, two ancient ‘monuments and two sites of special sclentific interest. An Iron Age settle: ‘ment and associated field system will disappear altogether, while an Tron Age hillfort on St Catherine's Hill, which is also the habitat of the Chalk Hill Blue butterfly, will also be affected, Transport Secretary Mr Cecil Parkinson, and Mr John Patten, Min ister for the Environment, have Ignored strenuous protests from the Countryside Commission, English Hieritage and the local community and given the green light for the project which will start towards the fend of 1991 and should be complet ed by 1994, New enviconmental measures Include the grassing over of the pre- sent AS3 Winchester by-pass and the Teclamation of an area of chalk downland creating a link between the water meadows, st Catherine's Hill and Plague Pits Valley, 8 Sig- nificant environmental gain’ accord ing to Me Parkinson. On the debit side, however, the new motorway will run in a cutting reminiscent of the Corinth Canal This project appeats to be another case of government riding rough shod over expert opinion. At the public enquiry In 1987-88 objectors hhad suggested a twin-bore tunnel, 2 suggestion that was rejected as ‘envi ronmentally disadvantageous’ and likely to costa further £92 million, ‘A spokesman for the Countryside Commission, who had proposed the alternative plan of widening the pre- Sent A33 road at a cost of £11 mik lion, said that the Commission was deeply concerned and thought that the Government had shared their view that damaging developments should not go through areas of out standing beauty when alternatives were avallable at a reasonable cost English Heritage were equally appalled: ‘This is the worst possible ‘option for the ancient monuments which include an Iron Age hillfort And field systems, a Roman road and medieval trackway ANS Huntington Award to Roman Scholar ‘On 21 April, Patrick Magnus Bruun was presented with the prestigious Archer M. Huntington Medal Award by the American Numismatic Soc ‘ty. The medal is presented annually in recognition of outstanding contr. butions to numismatic scholarship. Professor Brun is @ Finnish spe- cialist in Roman imperial coinage and has for many years explored the complexities of late imperial coinage, with its vast array of mints, Issues, types and changing weight standards. His research culminated in 1966 with the publication of his monumental Volume Vil of Roman Imperial Coinage, which exhaustively covers the period from A.D. 313-337, He placed the coinages of the Con: stantinian Age in thelr historical, cultural and economic perspective, and provided a logical framework for further study that has been widely followed ever since. Secrets of First Chinese Emperor Archaeologists using the latest tech- nology have begun to unearth one of the great mysteries of ancient China = the layout of the tomb of (Gin Shi Huangdi, the country's frst emperor. Qin united China in the third century B.C. He created a bureau cratic apparatus that endured until carly this century. Historical records say rivers and lakes in his palace flowed with mercury and the place ‘was filled with treasures Professor Yuan Zhongyi, leading the archaeological team at the site outside the city of Xi'an, said the tomb and surrounding palace cov- ered more than seven acres. The palace was trapezoidal or kite: Shaped. The main entrance faced the rising sn, Special seismic techniques, being used to avoid damaging the con: tents, have revealed that there were stozchouses on elther side of Qin’s tomb, which is famous for the 7000 terracotta warriors and hosses dis- covered in 1974. The publishers of Minerva are not nec- cessarily in agreement with opinions expressed In articles published herein, ‘Advertisements and the objects featured {n them ane checked and monitored as rar as possible but are not the responsi- balty ofthe publishers. MINERVA 3 New Revelations on the Provenance of the Seuso Treasure resh information has recently been published in Fire independent of London by tet Achaco- logical Correspondent, David Keys, that the fourteen pieces of slvr treasure may not have come ftom the Lebanon as has been suggested (Minerva, Vol 1)N0.4, pp. 410, Scotland Yard ate of the opinion that the treasure was orginally smuggled out of Yugoslavia without the Knowledge and peemission of the Yugoslav authorities. The hoard te said to have been discovered by elite troops. The silver hoard, stacked in a bronze cauldron, came to light when troops were enlarging a limestone cave to Jct as an ammunition store between Pula and Rovinf fn the Adriatic coast of Yugoslavia, Fourteen pieces have now been declared fr sae, consigned to Sothebys by Lord Northampton, who acquired them In two groups and had no knowledge of thelr putative “agoslav ong, However, i now appeats that there may be as many as another sixteen item, Including a vast silver dish With a portrait ofthe emperor Constantine the Great in the centre and Hlanked by four smal roundel portraits, possibly the four Tetrarchs, The Yugoslav authors are Pursuing thelr enguices and in March a New York court save them just a week to present documentary evidence {back thelr claims The discovery was probably made in the eatly 19708, and pat ofthe treasure was sent ili to Lom don, probably viaadiptomatc bag. with tnstuctions to digpose of ie without the Ambassador being aware of existence, The family ofthe late President are sak to be involved inthe transaction, "we understand that Air Keys 1s awaiting further information from hs Eastern European sources that could well throw mote light on this extraordinary ta Sure and its story, possibly even indeating the oxginal vila ofthe Seuso refered to In the couplet on the large {ish who has given his name to the whole treasure. (Confirmation of the accuracy of this story is not avallabe at present) STOP PRESS... a ‘The storeroom - 4 ‘ tee Museum, Libya, has been broken into. The statue of the Three Graces (ee Minerva, January 1990, page 25) was smashed and the heads stolenMuseum Exhibition ANCIENT ECUADOR: ANTIQUITIES REPATRIATED . An exhibition of Precolumbian arteiacts at the San Diego Museum of Man (26 May to 3 September, 1990) Alana Cordy-Collins Ecuador sits astride the Equator on the north-west __catlre of researchers who are rapidly expanding the ; ‘ picture of the ancient peoples. Extraordinary coast of South America. The coast is washed by the PIGuscol the ancien! peoples Extraordinary warm Guayaquil Current, but inland the country —_fevised our understanding of the pace and nature of rises sharply to the summits of snow-capped volca- noes which mark the northern extension of the Andes mountains. From these heights the terrain drops downward Into the lush Amazonian interior. The land's ancient inhabitants were a precocious people whose artistic virtuosity and innovative tal: ents resulted in spectacular achievements, among, the most notable of which were the design and construction of the New Worlds first ceremonial centres and the invention ofits earliest ceramle ta: dition. Furthermore, the ancient coastal peoples were accomplished seafarers whose trading expedi, tions led them north into West Mesice saga southward Into Peru. Aithough less is knows about thelr inland cousins, they too seem to have developed fr Sung ela contact It is lamentable that relatively little of Pre- columbian Ecuador's tentarkabie pie See beyond its own borders, or outside of the MINERVA 4 a ieee life there in prehistoric times. Jonathan Damp, of the University of Calgary, has found the earliest examples of pottery in the Americas, fired some £6000 years ago," while Jorge Marcos, of the Escuela Politecnica del Litoral, has found evidence for the carliest manufacture of woven cotton cloth in the hemisphere.* Donald Lathrap, of the University of Minois, excavated the site of Real Alto which proved to be the first example of a ceremonial cen- tre yet known.' Leon Doyon, of Yale University, has tunearthed royal tombs just outside the modern cap- ital city of Quito which contained emeralds and gold-spangled textiles Presiey Norton, of the Pro- grama de Antropologia para el Ecuador, revealed that late prehistoric coastal Salango was the head- quarters for a highly stratified league of merchant r seamen. Many other scientists and excavators are currently at work, patiently peeling back the layers | of time to reveal even more of ancient Ecuador'sextraordinary heritage However, while some individuals strive to under- stand the ancient cultures in all their complexity by painstaking and detailed excavation, others are con- tent to acquite the ancient objects solely for their aesthetic of monetary value. In an attempt to alter this situation, the government of Ecuador has organised an exhibition which is travelling throughout the United States and is aimed at two targets. Is primary conceth is to establish Ecuador's place in the scheme of ancient cultures and to make this position known to the broadest possible audi- ence. Its secondary purpose is to alert that same audience to the widespread problem of antiquities theft, After an eight year period of litigation in Ital ian courts, 9263 Precolumbian ceramic and stone artifacts which had been clandestinely removed from Ecuador were successfully repatriated. The exhibition (which opens at the San Diego Museum of Man in Balboa Park on 26 May) consists of 64 of these repatriated antiquities. The pieces represent eleven cultural traditions which span the years 1000 B.C. until A.D. 1500, Civilisation seems to have begun with a culture named after the site of is fist discovery, Valdivia. Valdivia ceramics are noted for highly burnished shallow bowls and miniature female figurines with claborate coifures. Peter Stahl has suggested, based om his studies of these wares, that Valdivia ceramic artisans were inspired by the use of hallucinogenic agents, a suggestion which implies thatthe society 35.2 whole was one with a shamanistle religious Fig Stone mortar ofa zoomorph. Chorera eture. 2g 2190m. Fig 2.Geramic uma efigy af ‘drummer ama ‘Coague culture. "262 MINERVA 5S. core. While that interpretation 1s still somewhat equivocal, it Is known for certain that the Valdivia people had established contact with preceramic cul- tures on the north coast of Peru, Junius Bird's exca- vations In the formative levels of Huaca Prieta in the Chicama Valley produced two tiny gourd con- tainers exquisitely carved with Valdivia-style images.’ The ensuing Machalilla culture seems to have maintained such contacts. Machalilla is best known for its development of the stirrup spout bot. tle from the earlier double spout and bridge bottle.* It is curious that the form was not continued in Ecuador, but rather found its greatest expression in ‘the somewhat later ceramic tradition of north coastal Peru. Nonetheless, itis with Chorrera (1000-500 B.C.), ‘the earliest Ecuadorian culture represented in the exhibition, that the contacts with northern Peru are most apparent. Design motifs on a variety of Chor. rera ceramic forms illustrate pronounced similarities with the Cupisnique (coastal Chavin) design reper- toire, However, the Chorrera peoples also seem to have established a relationship with cultures in western Mexico, a connection suggested by striking ly similar vessel forms.? Chorrera ceramic wares were crafted by master potters; deft modelling and skillful polishing result in elegant images of human and animal life. Open containers and single spouted bot- tles, some with delicate whistle mechanisms, charac: terise the vessel forms. Stone carving was more stylised, but very expressive. The Chomrera lithic tra dition is represented in the exhibition by small square-chambered zoomorphic mortars (Fig. 1). The Formative Perlod in Ecuador was brought to a close by rapidly diversifying cultural traditions. Bahia ($00 B.C.-A.D. 300), Jama-Coaque (400 B.C. A.D. $00), Guangala (400 B.C.-A.D.500), and La Tolita (300 B.C.-A.D. 200), among others, were par- ticipants in the coastal expression of the succeeding Regional Development Period. Of the four, perhaps the best known is Bahia: Very large, hollow, some- es bearded, human figures, usually bedecked with elaborate head-dresses and multiple orna- ments (ear and nose rings, lip plugs, collars, bracelets, and anklets), are the most impressiveMuseum Exhibition ne Musicians are shown with their instruments: pan- pipes and drums (fig. 2). One twelve-inch high fig- ture exhibited represents an elaborately-garbed per- son holding his coca leaf chewing paraphernalia. Among the Guangala ceramic figures, incision as well as painting provides the clothing detail, Guan- gala clothing seems to have been less ornate than that of their Jama-Coaque contemporaries; they wear close fitting caps rather than flamboyant headgear. This simpler treatment readily reveals the cranial deformation characteristic of many of these ancient cultures. The La Tolita tradition also ére- quently includes examples of individuals with par- ticular anomalies, such as steatopygia and skeletal | deformations. Yet supernatural images permeate the art of La Tolita as well. An example is a highly eni- mated figure whose body is entwined with serpents, Many other examples of La ‘Tolita supernatural images incorporate feline, probably jaguar, features, In collections of Ecuadorian art the very expres- red paint- Ceramic bound sive figured pottery often tends to overshadow (end ezause Joma Sometimes completely eclipse) the simpler, mare ceramic artistry from this period. Post ing is a characteristic feature of Regional Develop- ‘ment ceramics. On the Jama-Coaque figural wares [-20'Scm, traditional bow! and bottle forms. This tendency pastels such as yellow and turquoise green accentu: notwithstanding, a number of basic vessel forms ate the costumes and accouterments, Jama-Coaque hhave been included in this exhibition, All are repre- pottery affords considerable insight into ritual and sentative of the sophisticated techniques employed elite activity, Extracrdinarily ornate head-dresses, by the inland cultures: Panzaleo and Puruha (AD, ‘often replete with animals, shells, or fruit, play 500-1500), Tuncahuan (A.D, 500-1250), Carchi ‘counterpoint to intricately designed costumes. (A.D. 850-1500), and Cuasmal (A.D. 1250-1500), NERV The Complete Minerva! MINERVA MI MINERVA Back issues are available now. Price £2.50 (£3.50 outside Europe) Please make cheques payable to Aurora Publications Ltd. Ween 01.631 3707 using your WIE Nea sh To order copies, please provide the information required on the coupon below To: MINERVA Magazine, 8 Cavendish Sq., London WIM OA]. Please send QJANUARY CFEBRUARY OQ MARCH QAPRIL at £2.50 each UK & Europe £3.50 elsewhere l enclose cheque/P.O. value £. or please charge my VISA/ACCESS/MASTERCARD pi LOTTI O Address I : Expiry Date JJ. = Postcode MINERVA 6 nO eeCCCt‘S;Fig 3 Ceramic ‘fey incense Parmer Manteno culture een. Many of the tall, elegant ampnora-like Tuncahuan containers and crisp pedestal footed bowls are embellished with designs created with the painstak- ing negative resist technique. A Tuncahuan clay trumpet (pututu) and a Cuasmal ceramic flute (oca- rina) add another seldom seen dimension to the potter's art of ancient Ecuador. ‘The period from A.D. $00 to 1500 Is referred to as the Integration Period. This seems to have been an era when the diversified cultures of the preced- ing period coalesced into larger social units, On the coast the dominant group at this time is known as Manteno. It was these people who built large sailing. rafts of balsa logs which plied the coastline from Chincha in southern Peru to the state of Colima in West Mexico. Their objective appears to have been, peaceful trade in luxury goods. On Pizarro's south- Ceramic human ex efiey vases. chorea eure 19, 19.9 cm. Alana Conty-Cottins, PhD. is Associate Professor inthe “Anthropolegy Department, University of San Diego, and Curator of Precolumbian Collections, San Diego Museum of Man MINERVA 7 ‘ward journey when he conquered the Inca Empire, he overtook one of these rafts and listed its contents: people and animals, metal and textiles were signifi cantly represented. His account also lists an abun- dance of red sea shells. These undoubtedly were the spectacular Spondylus shells which were venerated by ancient Andeans and Mesoamericans alike.!° Apparently a monopoly on these shells was held by the Ecuadorians at this time; thelr retrieval from deep waters required skilled divers. An imposing Manteno male figure in the exhibition, actually a hhuge incense burner, testifies to the important role this shell played in the lives and livelihood of this last prehistoric Ecuadorian aristocracy. Seated serenely upon a small throne, his right shoulder elaborately tattooed, this elegant figure wears a pait of large earrings whose centre is inlaid with discs of Spondylus shell (Fig 3). Notes 1, Anonymous, 1989. Fest Pottery in the New Wold. Archaeology 42(6):26. 2. Marcos, Jorge. G. 1973. Woven Textiles in a Late Val divia Context (Ecuador), The Junius B. Bird Precolumbian Textile Conference:19-26. The Textile Museum and Dumb- arton Oaks. Washington, D.C. 3. Lathrap, Donald W. 1977. Real Alto: An Ancient Cer ‘monial Centre. Archaeology 30(1):2-13. 4, La Florida mortuary fabrics: the oldest extant textiles, from Ecuador. Paper presented by Dz Suzette Doyon: Berard at the Institute of Andean Studies, Berkeley (an- uary 9, 1990), 5. Norton, Presley, et al. 1988, Excavaciones en Salango, provinea de Manab. Miscelanea Arguelalogica 39-72. 6. Stahl, Peter. 1985. The Hallucinatory Basis of early Valdivia Phase Ceramic Bowl Iconography. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 17:105-123; 1986. Hallucinatory Imagery and the Origin of Farly South American Fig- urine Art, World Archaeology 18(1):134-50, 2. Bird, Junius B. 1967. Pre-Ceramic Art from Huaca Pi eta, Chicama Valley. Peruvian Archaeology: Selected Reai- ings: 62-71. Peek Publications. Palo Alto. 8. Lathrap, Donald W. 1975. Culture, Clay, and Creativity '3000-300 B.C. The Field Museum, Chicago. 9. Bid. 10, Cordy-Collins, Alana. 1990. Fonga Sigde: Shell Pur vveyor to the Chimu Kings. The Northem Dynasties: King dom and Statecraft in Chimor. Dumbarton Oaks. Washing- ton, DC.a — __ Egyptian Newsletter [-——— Exhibiting Egyptian Art Outdoors Stavros Aspropoulos ne of the more noticeable the Lanor Temple @ changes inthe appronch of cise wonder, therefore, that the present Egyptian govern these newly planted gardens at ‘ment to archaeological sites Is the ‘ ¢ numerous archaeological sites are appeintment of graduates from Fac- often adorned with ancient sculp- Ultles of Agriculture to oversee the tures moved to their present loca: landscaping and maintenance of gu tions as part of this new programme den; on Antiquities Department of site beautification lands. This is extremely noticeable in Ti Alexandra, the process of mov- the area of the Luxot and Karnak ing sculpture back to the sites is Temples and on the sites ia and much in evidence at Kom esch- around Alexandria where the usual f Chugafa, “The Hill of Potsherds Inspectors assigned by the Fayptian famous for its catacombs and the Antiquities Organisation share desks rock-cut tomb decorated with Fayp: side by side with their landscape tianising scenes. This was accidental- counterparts, The maintenance of ly aiseqvered in 1900 when a donkey, lawns with shrubbery, trees, and hauling an awesome load, slipped flowers is a welcome relief in many 4 . and drove one ofits hooves through instances and reminds the visitor and ‘the covered light well. A selection of scholar alike that the ancient Egyp- some of the pieces at present adorn- tans themselves were proud of gat Ing the grounds of that site and bask- ddens erected in the precinet of their ing in the bright Alexandrian sun- temples. The rock-excavated pits for light is highlighted below. Special tues are still plainly marked at the thanks are due to Mr Mostafa front of the Mortuary Temple of z fe Mohamed Anwar Morsy, Curator of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari, the Catacombs, as the site of Kom and a recently recovered inscription cesch-Chugafa is known locally, for informs us that the pharaoh his assistance on the notes for the Nectanebo of Dynasty XXX planted following staves in his care, tuees and flowers ofall varieties along Flanking the doorway of the site's the sphinx-lined processional road to offices are two headless quartzite MINERVA 8sphinxes, measuring just slightly over a metre and a half in length (Figs. 1,2). Each is inscribed with the names and titles of the pharaoh Apries who ruled Egypt in Dynasty XXVI from $89-568 #.C. The inver tory records that both sphinxes were actually found at Kom esch-Chugata in 1899, a year before the discovery of the great tomb. A wonderful column capigal in green schist, which formerly stood ‘Outside of the entrance to Room 8 in ‘the Graeco-Roman Museum, has now been moved to Kom esch-Chugata (Pig. 3). Measuring 83cm in height by 44cm in width, the object was dis- ‘covered in 1905 in the vicinity of the ‘old fortifications’, actually to the south of the city’s Old Rosetta Gate. The capital depicts Hathor Quadulfrons, a four-headed manifes {ation of the goddess most associated with the Ptolemaic temple at Den dera, Each of the four heads, repre- senting one of the four comners of the ‘world, associate Hathor in this form with her universal power. The senst- tively modelled face and ripples of her Colffure indicate a date within the Saite Period, Dynasty XXVI, although, admittedly, the style of such column capitals appears not to have changed significantly over the centuries. ‘Among the more Interesting Clas sical pleces now adorning the site isa stela in such bold relief that the stat- ‘ue appears to be almost in the round (Gig. 4). Sculpted from the soft local Alexandrian numilitic, of shelly, limestone, it represents a youth who holds a ship's rudder as his attribute. ‘The forms of the body, imbued with a slight contraposto, are majestically played off against the deapery. Dis covered in the vicinity of Canopus, to the west of Alexandria, and approximately 1.30m In helght, t has been described asthe funerary monu- ‘ment of a seaman, perhaps an officer, erected during the Imperial Roman Period. The iconography is without parallel In the vast collection of the Graeco-Roman Museum and should MINERVA 9 ig. 3 Green seist cum capa of Hathor Quarfrons (eopaste, fare? Cquartite spinses ‘7A Fig. 4 Limestone sta with rei of man holding hips rudder Figs Granite Statue of elephant » be noted by Classics ‘Most tourists, and many scholars, may not be aware that there is a small temple to the goddess Isis standing in Aswan, almost directly behind the Egypt Ale Office on the cotniche and before the road begins its climb toward the hotel district at the south end of the town. This Iseion was decorated under Ptolemy MH, Euergetes 1 and Ptol Philopator, according to the lamentable remains of the reliefs which are still visible today. Recently 8 construction team, working a scant 250 metres north-west ofthis temple, found an unusual statue (Pg, 5), This granite object, measuring 1.5m. in Iength, represents an elephant with part of its head missing, The name Milephantine’, was applied to the region of Aswan, possibly on account fof the shape of the Island as an ele- pphant’s head and also because of the presence of elephants which have Tong since abandoned this area, In keeping with the current practice of adorning sites with local finds, this granite elephant has been placed at the south end of Elephantine Island, just to the west of the tiny kiosk recovered from Kalabsha and pic- turesquely re-erected in its present location, in the same area, the botanical enhancement of the temples of Phi lae, reconstructed on the nearby island of Agikia, i proceeding apace. ‘The flowering shrubs and trees are ‘now taking a good hold and return: ing Philae to its delightful aspect of the pre-1900 High Dam days when it was trly the ‘Peatl of Egypt.Stuart Piggott is one of the few British archaeol- ogists whose career stretches back apparent- ly endlessly to the pioneering work of Crawford, Keiller and Wheeler. As he approaches his eightieth birth- ‘day on 28 May he can look back ‘on 65 years of archaeological research from his schoolboy dis- covery of a Roman-British site ‘on the Sussex Dewns to his recently published history of Ideas about Antiquity, Ancient Britons and the Antiquarian Imagi- nation. There Is a curious feeling of inevitability in his career from the moment that he decided, at the age of fourteen, that his future lay In prehistory, a field that was then barely in its infan- x. Piggott in fact was to be one of those who dragged the gentle men’s archaeology of the nine- teenth century into the modern academic arena. Of those early days he writes: "There were not many of us, and we had a lot to deal with, but we were doing our best to see archaeology as a whole,’ The history of British archaeology in the twentieth cen- tury has been ore of steady growth, from the relatively ama- teur work of the tum of the cen- tury to the high-tec, high-budget excavations of organisations such as the London Department of Urban Archaeology and the York Archaeological Trust. Nobody in the 1920s could have foreseen ‘ther the authentic smells of the Vikings at the Yorvik Experience or the alliance of actors and archaeologists against developers at the Rose The- atre in 1989 (Minerva, February 1990, 14-17, 24-5). There were a great number of problems to be faced by Piggott, along with Glyn Daniel, Grahame Clarke, Richard Atkinson, Christopher Hawkes and. various other soon-to-be-illustrious academics, as they quietly carved up vast tracts of time between them. ‘Among us juniors, Clarke was grappling with the Mesolithic, Hawkes with the late Bronze and Iron Ages, so the Neolithic and earlier Bronze ‘Age were a field open to me.’ In the narrowly spe- lalised world of 1990s archaeology, with whole dissertations sometimes lavished on a single type Of pot In a particular country, the concept of a sin- gle-handed assault on the whole of the British Neolithic is distinctly reftpshing. At that time the monumental works of Gordon Childe, the great archaeological theorist, were still relatively hot off SPLOT SE PIGGOTT Twentieth-Century Antiquary Jan Shaw Tee MINERVA 10 the press and large areas of pre~ history were being properly stud- fed for the first time. Admittedly the problems faced by the new archaeological rebels of the 1920s and 1930s were not as great as those faced by Edward Lhuyd (one of the seventeenth-century antiquarians in Piggot’s latest ook) who had to explain to his Scottish contemporaries that flint arrowheads were not ‘elf bolts’ shot by faites, During the Second World War archaeologists were among those whose specialist abilities were redirected into the war effort Piggott spent the first two years of the War as a clerk in hls local anti-aircraft battery at Longford Castle, but in 1941 he joined Glyn Daniel in the Central Air Photographic Interpretation Unit. After his work with the Welsh Anclent Monuments Commission. he was already well equipped to decipher the aerial photographs of occupied Europe, and, accord: ing to Piggott, ‘There was a time when I could have told you the deck armaments for every ship in the German navy’. Astonishingly, throughout the war, many archaeologists seem to have managed to combine the acquisition of military trivia with the continuation of at least some of their research. Piggott, tem: porarily posted to Cairo, learnt from Islamic architecture. Then, from 1942 to 1945, while serving as a General Staff Officer in India, he became involved in Indian archaeology, eventu- ally producing Some Ancient Cities of India in 1945. This foray into oriental archaeology, however, was never more than a sideline, for in 1939, ‘fired with, enthusiasm by Grahame Clarke's Mesolithic Settle ment of Western Europe, he had already resolved to produce a book on the Neolithic cultures of the British Isles. Having narrowly avoided Mortimer Wheeler's efforts to enlist him on the staff of his Indian excavations (‘It would have been absolute hell!’), Piggott returned to Britain in 1945 in search. of both academic qualifications and a job. By the end of 1946 he had risen meteorically to succeed Gordon Childe as Professor of Archaeology at Edin- burgh University, where he was to stay until his, retirement in 1977, Despite his insistence that he has ‘never liked excavation’, and has always preferred the painstak- ing synthesis of archaeological information, Pig. gott’s fieldwork has taken in thrce of the best loved British sites: Stonehenge, Avebury and Sutton Hoo. He recalls Sutton Hoo with understandable ‘mixedfeelings of inevitable excitement at the splendour ofthe finds, and 2 sense of frightened inadequacy in making the drawings to record the burial deposi, in which every feature was unique and starting, and where no precedent existed to guide us’ While Professor of Archaeology at Edinburgh he revolutionised Scottish field archacology. “The general standard of excavation in Scotland was lagging far behind what I was accustomed to in Eng: land.’ With the help of his wife Peggy (also an archaeologist), Pig ott excavated an enormous vari ety of Scottish prehistoric sites, including chambered tombs in Galloway, @ stone circle in Perthshire and a hillfort in Rox. biurghshire. Stuart Piggott is extremely affable, but two topics are guaranteed to raise his hackles: the modern population of archaeology and the obsession of the so-called New Archaeology with pure theory and philosophising. His views on the current exploitation of Britain's heritage are relatively well known, ‘Archaeology is being treated as a leisured ‘occupation - people don't like academic disciplines and you're never going to get them interested in teal archaeology. The general public, and this Includes the educated public, don’t seem to know any more about prehistory than they did when T started, and they still ask the same questions. It's damned hard to understand the past, but people like pandering to the preconceptions of the public and they think that they're doing a good job’. In this obituary of his great friend Glyn Daniel he asks, ‘To what degree was the public interest in archaeology, 30 ‘vigorously promoted in the post. war decades, a genuine under- standing of a complex intellectual discipline and how much a super- ficial vulgarisation of largely mis- understood techniques?” Unlike lyn Daniel, who always remained optimistic about archacology’s popularisation, Pig- gott feels that the subject has gone too far down the road of mindless entertainment (‘But they're not even entertaining!’), so that the idea of educating the public with real archaeological facts has been virtually thrown overboard, ‘There are clearly two Piggotts struggling to make themselves heard ~ the puritan and the anti- auarian, The puritanical Piggott is in sympathy with the values of diligent, commonsensical schol- MINERVA 11 arship (as opposed to the jargon- ridden philosophising of the 1990s). It is this Piggott who stresses certain basic values that the archaeologist neglects at his peril ‘Archaeology for me has always been tangible and visible, and not an exercise in academic theory, and I have pursued it with unashamed enjoyment for the intellectual pleasure it has given me’. He sees the New Archaeolo- gists as divorced from reality. ‘One of the criticisms I have is that they spend an immense amount of time in impenetrable jargon and end up with a com- monplace’. In contrast, he and many other archaeologists of his generation were brought up in rural backgrounds with, as he sees it, ‘archaeology all around them’, keeping their feet firmly rooted in the real world, and giving them ‘a sympathetic understanding of prendustrial archaeology’. Piggott knows that, like the antiquaries Stukeley and Aubrey, he is trapped in the ideas and prejudices of his own time but, unlike them, he rises above this to make sense of the rising tide of information. In 1965, in the intro: duction to Ancient Europe, he wrote, “my task has been one of selection from the mass of available evidence - often confused and ambiguous, some- times admittedly conflicting - and foliowing selec: tion, that of interpretation with I believe honesty, and I hope clarity’ ‘The other Piggott, however, like his antiquaries, is an extravagant enthusiast with a zest for facts, taking an aesthetic pleasure in the sheer flair and craftsmanship of archaeology, which all too often can be reduced to a sterile and pseudo-scientific exercise. It Is among the sketches, engravings and meticulous plans of pioneers like Stukeley and Aubrey that Pi got seems most in his element, If he shied away from working with Wheeler he nevertheless wholeheartedly prefers Wheeler's old-fashioned stylish draughts- manship to the modern ‘di grammatic austerity and the ineptitudes of misused Letraset’ Piggott’s own enthusiasm for the subject is undiminished, and his books have ranged from one of the most readable accounts of European prehistory (Ancient Europe) to a series of absorbing forays into the diverse worlds of druids, antiquarians and ancient ‘wheeled vehicles. For several gen- erations of the reading public Piggott’s books have exemplified just how entertaining archaeolo-a rains recente one ris en = PAM | BAckGROUND READING FEMA | 1 Dai! ana csp cipal oy =~ pees ; hatte Monument: Bayon n be without oversimpliying or compromis- MMMM | cpt ture ieton th os hg, When the seventeenth-century weiter Bt. Gent MRE 2-7 Bl Fuicted the ntguary sss crus Cate in ld (MM | S88 na, Onor Universes 1988 Coins, Stones and Inscriptions, in Worm-eaten [ia Ancient Buope. Edinburgh University Press, 1965. Records, and ancient Manuscripts; also one that rears William Stukeley: An Eighteenth-Century Antiquary. eae SE ao oneal ‘Thames and Iiudson, 2nd ed, 19 affects and blindly doats on: Relicks, Ruins) Old'Gus- Dan The Druids. Thames and Hudson, 2nd ed. 1985. thumbnail sketch of Piggote, who 1s clearly 27 ga archaeologist’s archaeologist. centile Thames and Hudson, 1989, ACANTHUS Pre Crn It NEW YORK, NY 10028 STEEL aCe Daa MINERVA 12| Museum Exhibition HALCOLITHIC CYPRUS Jerome M. Eisenberg Excavations in Cyprus over the past fifteen years have dramatically changed the picture of Cypriot prehistory, €.3800-2300 B.C. Once thought to be a Short, transitional period of limited Importance between the Stone Age and Bronze Age, exciting finds in the area north of Paphos have shown that south ‘west Cyprus was an important cultural centre for about 1500 years. In addition to the unusual architecture of circular stone buildings which existed for over 1000 years, distinctive ceramics and small sculpture were pro- duced by an artistically prolific society, not affected by outside {influences In the Early Chalcolith- ic (c.3800-3500 B.C.) sites, Including Kisson- erga-Mylouthkia and Kalavassos-Ayious, mostly fragmentary painted terracotta fig- turines were found, along with pieces of zoomorphic vessels, the first evidence of Cypriot coroplastic art. Pendants were produced in bone, Shell and in a green to blue-green picrolite, a soft stone similar to steatite. A large amount of ceram- pendants occur {es was also found both in grave at these sites, sites and in set- which were primarily depres: Fig.2 The Lema Lady. Fddleshaped fete ewe with tlements. The wear-marks com- sions, pits and tunnels, perhaps ?&ls;shaped head and neck, limestons from Lemba-Lakiou. mon in the drilled holes indicate "tide chalcone Pea ght acm. No LS. remnants of destroyed super- oh com Nene that they were worn in daly life. structures The circular buildings first appear at Lemba in the Middle Chalcolithic Period (¢-3800-2800 B.C.) About three metres in diameter, they had central platform hearths and rammed earth foundations. The later sites, including Lemba Il, Erimi VILXIH, Lapithos. and Kythrea, have stone wall bases and are often torice as large. Small rectangular buildings appear in addition at Kissonerga-Mosphilia. The exciting discovery in 1987 at this site of a group of stone and pottery figurines housed in a > ‘miniature pottery building was described in the March 1990 Minerva (page 26). ‘The rapid develop- ment of anthropomor- phic forms in both sculpture and pottery is very evident during this period of time. Sculptures ~ ‘were created in limestone, steatte, picrolite, terracot- ta and bone; human and animal forms in pottery became more common. Unusual cruciform pen- dants of picrolite (Fig.1) often have striking human features, usually with flattened faces, very long, thin necks, elongated ow stretched arms, the legs separated only by deep grooves and with the knees drawn up sharply. These MINERVA 13Etruscan youth with discus. Bronze, 470 B.C. (Ht. 4 inches) ATLANTIS ANTIQUITIES Greek, Roman and Etruscan Art « Ancient Coins WW 40 East 69th Street New York, New York 10021 (212) 517-4411 By AppointmentThe smaller figurines were hung on necklaces; eleven very small figurines of grey picrolite were found, alternated with dentalium shells, on a neck lace at Souskiou-Vathyrkakas. Larger figurines were suspended from the neck, as indicated on a steatite female figurine from Yialla Due to the limitations in size of the occurrences Of steatite and picrolite, large representations were produced from a soft limestone, Only two such sculptures have been found to date. The ‘Lemba Lady’ (Fig.2), ¢.3000 B.C., was found against the back wall of a building, apparently in storage, at Lemba-Lakkous, This massive fiddle-shaped figure, 36cm. in height, has a strongly phallus-shaped head. land neck. The simple eyes and nose are in low relief and the hairline is indicated by an incised line. The arms and legs are very short and the hips very wide, The breasts, pubic area and legs are delineated by incised lines and the belly of this flattened figure has a slight bulge. The ‘Malibu Lady’ (Fig. 3 and front cover), a far more sophisticated sculpture, is said to have been found at Souskiou. The flattened oval head is well carved with round eyes, prominent brows and hairdo, but with a very small incised mouth. It is tilted backward on an elongated neck The outspread arms are broad, without features except for a relief decoration of two strands on each arm, perhaps representing jewellery. The breasts are deeply cut and flattened. She is depicted in a squat- ting position, with flattened thighs. The toes are indicated by incised grooves, unlike the Lemba Lady, whose legs end in a rounded, splayed base. ‘The broken left arm was repaired in antiquity. Nearly all of these early Cypriot figurines appear to be associated with sexuality, fertility and child- birth. Many of them are depicted with knees drawn up sharply, in the birth position. This Is especially obvious in the Kissonerga find, where three fig- urines are seated on stools, and one female is actual- ly in the process of giving birth. The pottery of the Middle Chalcolithic Period continues to feature the Red-on-White Ware of the Early Chalcolithic Period, with its strong geometric Fg 1.Cructform dal of igh green ‘toate from ‘Sous Chatcottie Povind. Heh “rem No. wan ar10 pre aac, Fig. 3 The Matou Tay Cruciform figure of a fry godess ime ‘one, sad tobe i Susi Chatetithic Period Helge courtesy of the TP ety Neolihte ana Chalcot sites om Cypris. Fr ‘Cyprus Before the Bronze Age: Art of the Chatcolith Pevid™ ey Pout MINERVA 15 Museum Exhibition Much less has been found from the Late Chalcol- ithic Period (c.2800-2300 B.C). It is best known for the excavations of the cemetery of Philia-Vasiliko, where Red Polished ceramics and weapons were found in chamber tombs. At Lemba and Kissonerga renewed occupation of the circular buildings pro- duced basically monochrome ceramics along with a decline of figurative sculpture, A rapid collapse of the settlement in West Cyprus appears to have taken place, perhaps not unlike the end of Early Cycladic 11 in the Aegean, which was due in part to Anatolian raids, (The objects illustrated are in the ‘Cyprus Before the Bronze Age’ exhibition, now at the Menil Collection in Houston, Texas until 26 August,ength ica sca) Held at Getty V ‘The J. Paul Getty Museum was recent= ly host to a special exhibition ‘Cyprus Before the Bronze Age: Art of the Chal- colithic Period’, featuring small-scale sculptures and ceramics dating from €.4000 to 2500 B.C., including 32 objects from the Cyprus Archaeologi cal Museum, three small idols from the Menil Collection, Houston, together with the magnificent ‘Malibu Lady’ (Fig. 3) from the Getty Museum, Examples of several Neolithic stone sculptures and vases are also included, This exhibition is now being shown at the Menil Collection, Houston, where it will be on view until 26 August 1990, A catalogue illustrating all of the objects on exhibit, with essays by Dr vVassos Karageorghis and Dr Edgar Pel tenburg, and descriptions by Dr Pavlos Flourentzos, ‘Cyprus before the Bronze Age’, is available for$12.50 J. Paul Getty Museum, 1990, 48 pp., 45 illus- trations). A. symposium, ‘Chalcolithic Cyprus," was held 22-24 February, 1990 by invitation at the J. Paul Getty Museum, Organised by the Getty Museum and the Depsrtment of Antiquities of Cyprus, it addressed var- lous aspects of Cypriot art and archae Conference isn: hde Height 21.70, No ves00 Chalcolithic Cyprus Symposium ology during the Chalcolithic Period. ‘The following papers were presented: New Discoveries from Prehistoric Cyprus. Vassos Karageorghis, Leventis Founda tion, Nicosia \Vasilikos Valley and the Chalcolithic Period in Cyprus. lan Todd, Brandeis University, Rebuilding the Past: The Lemba Ancient Village Project. Gordon ‘Thomas, University of Edinburgh. Kissonerga-Mosphilia: A Major Chal- colithic Site. Edgar J. Peltenburg, Uni- versity of Edinburgh. Remarks on the Discoveries from the Chalcolithic Cemetery 1 at Souskiou- Vathyrkakas. Demos Christou, Depart- ‘ment of Antiquities, Cyprus. The Kissonerga Hoard and the Ritual of Birth from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day in Cyprus. Nicosia. Metals and Metallurgy in the Chalcol- Ithic Period. Noel Gale, University of Osfor, Man and Beast in Chalcolithie Cyprus, Paul Croft, Lemba Project. Some Aspects of the Religion of Chal- colithic Cyprus. Jacqueline Kara -seorghis, Nicosia. The Sacred Images of Chalcolithic MINERVA 16 RnR eyo ter Be) ada elie} Cyprus in the context of Old Buro- pean Religion. Marija Gimbutas, Uni- versity of California. The Evolution of the Chalcolithic Painted Style. Diane Bolger, Frankfurt. Rock Sources of Ground Stone Tools of the Chalcolithie Period in Cyprus Carolyn Eliott, Lemba Project Picrolite and’ Communal Interaction in Prehistoric Cyprus. Edgar J. Pel- tenburg, University of Bmburgh Pictolite Provenance, Usage and Possi- ble Distribution Patterns in the Chal- colithic Period of Cyprus. Costas Xenophontas, Geological Survey Depart- ‘ment, Nicosia Stone Sculpture in Chalcolithic Cyprus. Lucia Vagnetti, Istituto per sit Studi Micenei ed Fgeo-Anatotici, Rome. Pottery Figurines: The Development of | a Coroplastic Art in Chalcolithic Cyprus. Elizabeth Goring, National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh A Privately Owned Cypriot Chalcolith- ic Figure. Pat Getz-Prezasi, New Haven. The Timing and Nature of Anatolian Contacts with Chaleolithic Cyprus, Machteld Mellink, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mau, Paacer FAN screen means Selo eee pelgrerbore bony Spee ee eee Ses pos eee ae oe oes ie ata as ior Gare ata ay eee aa ere eee Sameer sare cece eee ae eerie ee sears in evareciesee eae Sneaetes ee ee eae pide bers seems fae Sasgeee! tery cate eee Joana = See Sue Peete ar dees ota ee Sie tooo eats oe eee cea Piecetieeele oa cetaeeess ae ae oe oor ae oo ates ae oe Speen eee See pln Paerecees orcs tance agence os =e ae aecsare fees oe foe Sees Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus, 1989 Ly eke NVA aR AOL Communications (clam Volk erm eest(6) SS coe aceon cca TSUN Re tee TE UIs) PV ROY ny £30. contributions in French, one partly in German, along with one in Greek, while all the rest are in English, One of the few criticisms is, indeed, that In a few cases where the author's first language is not English, more careful proof correcting would have eliminat- ed the occasional infelicitous phrase. This however is a minor detail, and a In many respects the headlong rush of Greek Cyprus into the last decade of the twentieth century imperils the heritage of the past. It is the achieve- ment of the Department of Antiquities first to struggle to preserve that heritage, and secondly to increase awareness of it. much more important point should be ‘emphasised. It has to do with the nature of the essays themselves. That they include reports of digs, such as that dealing with the ‘Excavations at Kissonerga-Mosphilia, 1988" by Edgar Peltenburg and other members of the project, and the article by S. Hadjisav- vas on'"Two Cypro-Archaic I Tombs at Alassa-Kampos’, is to be expected. Nor is it surprising that there is an essay MINERVA 17 dealing with work on the surface, ‘The 1988 Field Survey in the Vasilikos Val- ley’ by L.A. Todd, and another, ‘The 1987 and 1988 Field Seasons of the Kalavasos-Kopetra Project’ by Murra C. McClellan and Marcus L. Rautman, reporting on a combined field survey and excavation. What is so thoroughly satisfactory is that techniques which used to be unknown to archaeoloy have prompted insights, There could bbe no better example of this than the thought-provoking essay by A.G. Orphanides on “The Chemical Charac” terisation of the Bronze Age Terracotta Anthropomorphic Figurines from Cyprus: A New Perspective’. ‘Nor is this all: the Report also pr sent contributions of outstanding value to those concerned with disci- plines other than archaeology. For instance, ‘Excavations at Ayla Varvara- as’ by Walter Fasnacht and oth- ers, throws valuable light on ancient mining techniques, while Marie-Lulse von Warburg and E.G. Maier with their “Excavations at Kouklla-Palaipaphos. 15th Preliminary Report: Seasons 1987 and 1988" continue to reveal much concerning the techniques of sugar production, ‘At the same time it ought also to be stressed that the essay by A. Papa- georghiou entitled ‘Syrie et les Ieones de Chypre. Peintres Syriens a Chypre! makes an original contribution which should not be overlooked by art histo- lans. As he has done before, Dr Papa georghiou places students of the icon in his debt, He also underlines a key to an understanding not only of art in Cyprus, but also to one of the current strengths of the Republic of For thousands of years C been both the meeting place of differ- ent peoples and a spot where distinc- tive cultures, born of disparate influ- ences, have flourished, Today in the -yprus this is remem. Republic of bered. Indeed, itis one of the merits of the Department of Antiquities of the Republic of Cyprus that they have encouraged and worked with many foreign archaeologists. This report includes evidence as to how fruitful such collaboration has been. In many respects the headlong rush of Greek cyprus into the last decade of the ‘twentieth century imperlls the her- ‘tage of the past. It is the achievement of the Department of Antiquities first to struggle to preserve that heritage, and secondly t0 increase awareness of it Terence MullalyHARLAN J. BERK LTD. Dealers in Ancient Coins & Antiquities Want Lists Solicited and Filled Buy or Bid Sales (em or visit our location 31 N. Clark St. Chicago, Illinois 60602 Phone (312) 609-0016 FAX(312) 091-3090 Superior Galleries Coins And Antiquities From The Ancient World Alen Tetra ‘vin dese Spt Leading Auctioneer in the field of Ancient Coinage Bi Monthly Pricelist of Egyptian Beonze i" Antiquities and Ancient Coins nae Also Specializing in United States Coinage, Paper Money, and World Coinage Highest Prices Paid For Quality Ancient Coins And Antiquities A Division of 3 & Superior Stamp & Coin Co., Inc. eS te 9478 West Olympic Boulevard, Beverly Hil, California 90212-4289 Phone; (213) 208855 Outside California: (800) 421.0754 PAX: @18) 208-0196 Established 1930‘akes FINDING THE FAKES ‘Lam most grateful to Roger Bluett for whet- ting my appetite for antiques and indeed for the very existence of my collection of Chinese pottery. In a sense he changed my life at a time when I was totally green (in the old sense), When ‘was young you could have sold me any old rubbish, and it is @ pleasure to record that the dealers with ‘whom I negotiated were not only inherently honest but knew that as [became more knowledgeable I could always have gone elsewhere. Tt was this competition of experts with their scrupulously honest behaviour (so far as I kriow) that made a number of firms interna- tionally respected at the time. Secondly, of course, they made my days of collecting Chinese pot- tery such fun, because collecting 40, even 20, years ago remained a somewhat light-hearted occupa- tion. Now that the South-East Asian competition has arrived it is a different matter. When I began. my collections it was something one could do in London in the afternoon before going back to ‘Oxford. Now that prices have esca- lated buying has become a much ‘more serious matter, and a very dif- ficult one, because of the problem of fakes. Undoubtedly the greatest single effect of the enormous Increase in prices is the increasing occurrence Of forgeries. Fakes have, of course, been perpetrated for centuries, if not millennia, but what is new is the size of the problem. One only thas to look at the area of, for exam ple, eighteenth-century English fur nniture and remember the number of people who could afford good: quality furniture In those far off Professor Edward Hall was, until recent- ly, the holder of the Chair of Archaeo- logical Science at the University of Oxford and remains both an involved collector of antiquities and a world- renowned expert in the detection of fakes, largely through the dating tech- niques he has developed in Oxford and applied to a host of material, most recently the Turin Shroud. Here we reproduce a fuller version of a speech he recently gave to the British Antique Dealers Association. radio-carbon dating but perhaps it isin the fied of ceramics where our skills have had their broadest appli- ‘ation, notably through the use of thermoluminescence dating for pottery. The laboratory has looked at some 1500 samples every year, of, which some 40% proved to be modern, How can I best illustrate the fact that faking pottery is a multimil- ion pound business? Potters are very active all over the world, but notably in South-East Asta, Turkey and Iran, as well as South America, where it Is particularly difficult to {quantify the scale of the problem. remember my own entry into this area after we had been dating archaeological sherds for some time and then realised the potential for the art market. I had bought an Amlash zebu (a hump-backed ‘mythological bull) at Christie's, of which I was quite proud. They had recently appeared on the market and it was assumed that they were delng smuggled out of Iran. My precious object tumed out to be of entirely recent manufacture; indeed, the 60 other pieces we dated also were modern forgeries; we now know they were being turned out on a considerable scale by a very skilled craftsman in ‘Tehran. Soon after this experience we looked at the pots coming from the Hacilat site in Anatolia, which were ‘meant to be 3500 years old. Again all 80 pieces we looked at were modern, in fact belng manufac. tured ona large scale by the local schoolmaster! Incidentally, I got my money back from Christie's after some argument, indeed I take my hat off to them ~ after all what was ther- ‘moluminscence dating then? Now, ‘of course, It is common practice to test an object before sale, and Indeed the laboratory Is partly sup- days, then look at what is allegedly avallable in Europe and America, let alone the rest of the world, to realise that the equation does not add up. Until a few months ago I ran a laboratory in Oxford across three decades and developed a number of techniques, some of which have found extensive applications in the authentica- tion of works of art. Some of our tests are based on MINERVA 19 ported by such activities under the direction of Doreen Stoneham. “My particular interest at the moment as a collector is clocks and scientific instruments. There is no doubt that in this area also the faker Is at work ~ now that pices have soared. It is here also that we must call in the scientist. The trouble is that even the greatest artHarmer Rooke Galleries hrp Established 1908 resents ABSENTEE AUCTION XXXVI MAY 1990 Featuring @ Quality Selection of Classical Antiquities from Egypt, Greece, Rome and the Ancient Near East; Pre-Columbian Art Tibal Ans ~ Indian and Ethnographic; ‘Ancient Numismatics Catalogue & Prices Realized ~ $10 ppd Auctions Purchases Sales Appraisals ‘Consignements For Future Sales Now Being Accepted! Individual Quality ems, Whole Collections. ‘nd Estates Are Always of Interest To Us Harmer Rooke Galleries 3 East 57th Street New York, New York 10022 In NYS, Call: 212-751-1900 Out of State: 800-221-7276 FAX: 212-758-1713 nen 30167 ear er tetracracion of tera fc ah Pate nowze sesrrserws iM be father of orien of ia 9108s Ran prin esi te rot MALTER GALLERIES For over 25 years, we have supplied collectors ‘with museum-quality coins and interesting collectibles from antiquity — both Old World and New World, (Our specialties include ancient coins, seals, and jewelry. We would be pleased to serve your collecting needs. ‘Our periodical, Collectors’ Journal of Ancient Art, is now available at $6 per single issue, $20 annual subscription (which includes both our Journal and our auction catalogues) Write for a copy today. ee 16661 VENTURA BOULEVARD, SUITE 518 ~ ENCINO, CALIFORNIA 91436 USA ofecinandinar tty one eabiverinkadsqes MAILING ADDRESS POST OFFICE BOX 777 ~ ENCINO, CALIFORNIA 91316 ad cope ip It nt Contry an. ‘TELEPHONE: (818) 784-7772, (813) 784-2181 + FAX: (818) 784-4726historian or art expert is fal lible. May I suggest he can also be a bit con- celled and believe that he knows more about the subject than any- one else, and so a faker could not beat him at his own game. Hows ever, if an expert as knowledgeable as hisn- self isa crook, he is in deep trouble. Some- body once said ‘to call fake object genuine is but an error of judgement, but to call a genuine object a fake is no less than a crime’. This Is more true as the reputa- tion of the expert is greater. There are many Instances where undoubtedly genuine objects are rejected by an authority and immediately lose their status ~ as I said before, aceime, ‘Again may I plead that the scientist should be called in where appropriate. This does not mean that it is, appropriate all that often, Moreover, this does not ‘mean any old scientist - I can say this because I recent- ly retired, There have been many instances of laborato- Hes setting themselves up as experts when they have no experience in what to look for and can give very misleading reports. It is, I believe, essential that only experienced laboratories are used. I know the problems in my own laboratory when inexperienced research assistants conduct the analyses and there has been at least one embarrassing occasion due to inexperience, Dut the less sald about that the better! ‘Naturally, Ido find some aspects of the trade partic. ularly depressing. There is the enormous imitation of Precolumbian pottery in South America for the market in the USA and Canada, but perhaps it is the current state of the faking industry in South-East Asia that is particularly alarming, It is not simply that parts of this market flourish - though I gather that the market in Tang material is currently depressed - but the mechan: ics of production, There are workshops, principally in Taiwan, where, as a matter of course, genuine ff ments of Chinese pottery are married with entirely modern fabrications, but nonetheless achieve a sales value for the markets of Europe and America. I find it particularly depressing that intermediaries in Switze land handle this material knowing full well it is not wholly genuine, let alone clear Amlash or Hacilar fakes While my Oxford Laboratory gained particular recognition for its examination of the Turin Shroud, it is fabrics from Asia that now require careful attention, A series of very early Tibetan silks and other fabrics hhave in recent years been brought onto the market, no doubt as a response to Tibetan sources reacting to polit ical change. This market is apparently organised in Khatmandu in Nepal and, while some of the material is genuine, the date of much of it should be treated with ‘The same applies to a class of object in which 1 would dearly like to develop investigative scientific analysis to establish the date, or at least, origin. This ‘material is ivory, stil traded ftom East Aftica to South- Fast Asia for its alleged aphrodisiac qualities, but a ‘more serious problem is presented by attempts to date objects in ivory and to move some way to establishing ‘whether the origin lies in Africa or Asia, This would be 4 fascinating fleld of Investigative research but to date ‘no funding has materialised to suppor it, (On a nowadays routine level, radio-carbon tests con: tinue to make progress. The laboratory has established the date of a chest in New College, Oxford to lie before Fakes ‘The rewards fora Successfl fake are A.D-1300 and recently confirmed the timber frame of the famous Mappa Mundi found in a storeroom in, high atcamBe * lereford tothe end of the thirteenth century ene Tam sue you know al sors of jokes about the fa- B70 fos exnty of auctioneers and auction houses, sch a8 “AR minty” auctioneer is. man who proclaims with a hammer Horscartn ang that he has picked 4 pocket with his tongue’ But We Dyna soldat ye all~ purchase, dealer, auctioneer, all the way back Bey tay to source in the same boat and dependent on mutual (Gee Minera, Feb $950, 48) honesty in our relationships. If the Oxford Laboratory has been seen to make a significant contribution to the process of verification, then I shall be content to have Contributed to such a move in the eight direction, AEGEAN ARGOSY ’90 JUNE 16 - JULY 3 Explore the varie islands of the Cyclades from your own 385 m motor sallec Discover ancient sanctuaries and port towns with an archaeologist as your personal guido. Participate in an informal, congenial learing experience. Enjoy the wino-dark sea and the frendlinass of remota places, Relax as the enchanting coasts and coves dif by. (Muse about tho past ANTICHITA Dept. M PO, Box 156 St, Catharines, Ont LA 684 Canada WRITE FOR A BROCHURE SUBSCRIBE MINERVA Essential reading for anyone interested in the ancient civilisations Only £17.50 for 10 issues Yes! Piease send me the UK. £17.50 next 10 issues of Minerva Europe £20.00 ex) - Rest of world: 1G Tenclose my payment U Please charge my credit card Card number Expiry date Surface £20 or $32 (US) Air £30 of $48 (US) Name Visa/Mastercard/Access = Address For convenience and savings, SUBSCRIBE NOW! MINERVA 21On Coins and Medals, &. Of the many hobbies that appeal to a refined taste, to the mind nurtured in the love of ancient and modern Himes, and to the cultured intellect which delights in unravelling the mysteries and the oft tangled skeins of mythology and history, no pursuit can clair priority of interest or fascination over the study and collection of coins and medals. ‘These small but intensely interesting and truly veracious monuments of both ancient and medieval times place before the student and collector ata slance something vividly characteristic ofthe period in which they were issued - it may be the finely chiseled features of some god or goddess of mythology, some long forgotten customs of 4 now extinct people, or the authentic portrait of some ancient conqueror of half a world. All these things, therefore, appeal to the well educated and enquiring connolsseur, and if he be (as who is not these days?) a lover of art as well, then he ‘can hardly fail to be attracted by the well-nigh irresistible charm which attaches to ancient coins. -1902, The Connoisseur. Volume IIT For fifteen years, we have given our attention exclusively to the study, art of collecting, and classification of ancient, medieval and British coins, Coins are purchased with the utmost care for authenticity and state of preservation. ur stock is replete with exquisite specimens of ancient Greek, Republican, Roman and Byzantine coins in all metals. Medieval and British hammered are only inventoried in top condition. All who are interested in the subject of classical ‘umismatics are invited to communicate with the offices of Victor England. Information and advice on the formation of a cabinet of coins, or the formation of a specialized collection will be gladly given. Inspection of coins is invited, FIXED PRICE LISTS AUCTIONS LITERATURE VICTOR ENGLAND Box 245 Quarryville, PA 17566-0245 USA (717) 786-4013 FAX (717) 786-7954 ANCIENT ART AND . ANTIQUITIES AUCTION XXX May 1990 Jeaturing selections from The Harry Houdini/ Jowoph Dunninger Collection fully illustrated catalogue, air mail delivery USSS MALLOY Ph: (203) 438-0396 Fax (203) 438-6744 Iran, Seljuk pesiod, probably Nishapur, 1th Century A.D, diameter 8. B BERNHEIMER'S ANTIQUE ARTS 52.C Brattle Steet Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 ANCIENT ART + EUROPEAN ART + ASIAN ART PRE COLUMBIAN & NATIVE AMERICAN ART ANTIQUE JEWELRY (617) 547-1177 MONDAY - SATURDAY 19.00-5.30 IN HARVARD SQUARE SINCE 1963 - FAMILY TRADITIONSINCE 1864Treasures Stolen From * Herculaneum Jerome M. Eisenberg Late at night on 2 February, 1990, two armed men overpowered six unarmed guards at the world famous site of ancient Herculaneum, in the shadow of Mount Vesuvius, victim of the same eruption which devastated Pompeii in A.D.79.. thieves scaled a fence and a furniture leg, and a dove found at #fsoldmaclets with occur in Italy each year. With its “Tipe head term AN fter tying up the guards, the clinlum (couch), a female herm ftom (abun) Oneofapair case. Many hundreds of art thefts mak: ameter 9 om entered the storeroom by Torre del Greco, One of the most millions of art treasures to guard, it breaking a small hole through the important objects was an elegant —"“imena’ 3007" is nearly impossible for the govern wall, For four hours they looted the bronze vase with silver and copper ment 10 take fully effective steps storeroom of some of its finest trea- inlays in the form of the head of a both to secure and to recover small sures, including objects found dur- young female with her halr tled ‘works of art, even with an 80-mem- ing the last few years, some of back. 25 bronze lamps were also ber arttheft squad. ttaly has 1500 ‘which were featured in an exhibl- listed among the stolen objects but ‘museums and an estimated 36 mall- tion at Rome in 1988. While a no photos are available at this time. lion works of art, To give some idea museum had been constructed in Amongst the many pleces of jew. of the scale of the problem, in the Herculaneum in 1980, it was never ellery taken were four gold bracelets past 20 years the Carabinieri bave opened, partly because the officials (two with the head of a serpent and recorded the theft of 244,403 works In charge were unable to procure two with inlaid glass paste), thirteen of art, Including statues, frescoes, the £430,000 necessary for a securi- rings in gold, bronze and iron, over paintings, jewellery and coins. Of ty alarm system, 20 gold earrings, and a group of these, 117,378 objects have been ‘According to published reports, a gemstones in emerald, amethyst recovered, involving the arrest of \ total of 223 objects, almost all of and carnelian, Most of the jewellery 2590 people the first century A.D., were stolen, stolen was recently published by ‘We wish to thank Pino Bianco of Dut the writer has obtained lists Lucia Scatozzi Horlent in J Monili di Pavia, Italy, and Arte Kronos of which include quite a few addition- Ercolano, The coins included a gold Lugano, Switzerland for their help ‘ al pleces. Among the objects taken aureus of Nero with the goddess In obtaining these photographs. It were 27 bronze sculptures, includ- Salus on the reverse, six silver Is due to this example of close Ing a 68cm. high figurine of Diony- denarii, 121 bronze coins, all indi ‘cooperation between some of those sus, statuettes of Jupiter, Mercury, vidually catalogued, as well as an involved in the international antiq Hercules, Venus, Diana and the undetermined number of coins list. ulties market that we are able to Egyptian gods Iss and Bes. Included ed only in ‘groups’ police the illicit trade in cultural among the bronzes were an erotic It 1s suspected that a child was property and hopefully this will be tintinnabulum (a series of hanging employed due to the small size of 2 step towards eliminating it in the amulets to ward off the evil eye) of the hole In the wall of the store- future, As a monthly news publica- an ephebe, a reclining aymph, two room. A suspect has been arrested, tion with tight deadlines, iis Min Lares (household gods), and several but no further Information has enva’s intention to keep our readers appliques with heads and busts of been released as to the progress of ‘aware of the very latest happenings, Bos and Atti, the head of a horse the art-theft squad of the Cara- in advance of other publications, from a fulcrum (headboard) of a i. binieri, the Italian police, in this > MINERVA 23(in nF Dn 2214s) MINERVA 24D830) Bronze ppg of ‘trecntng nymph, emma, lef hand E1118) Rico (SeO)e)] mo. B77) 16srome ho E 2166) MINERVA 25 duces round Som mm 170)SHOULD YOU CONSIDER PURCHASING ANCIENT COINS ? WE THINK SO & THE REASONS ARE: 1) HISTORY & ART: Machine-made modem coins simply can't be compared to the skill and artistry utilized by ancient artisans in the designing and execution of ancient coins. Whether you consider a silver tetradrachm of Alexander the Great issued in 336 B.C. or a bronze sestertius of Nero struck in 54 ‘AD. the sense of history associated with ancient coins simply cannot be compared to mass-produced, machine-made coins issued during the past century. The artistry associated with ancient coins is often favorably compared with the finest of classical sculpture, pottery, and design. A perfectly preserved ancient coin is a master-piece of ancient art and of ancient history. 2) SUPPLY: When there were relatively few investor/collectors of ancient coins, the supply always seemed to be sufficient. Now that the numbers of buyers have increased, it has become painfully apparent that the number of new ancient colns coming onto the marketplace is simply not sufficient to meet current demands, let alone the numbers of coins which will be needed in future years. 3) DEMAND: When you have investment funds buying ancient coins and spending in 1987 - 1989 almost 40 million dollars and you add to this the numbers of new collector/investors who have become aware of the potential of ancient coins but who prefer to assemble collections on their own, itis readily apparent that there is a great deal of demand for choice ancient coirs. It is estimated by a number of independent dealers that the population of people who actively buy ancient coins has tripled in the past 3 years. 4) SALEABILITY: Unlike national coinages, the market for ancient coins is truly international. Not one nation dominates the marketplace, and unlike some series of modem coinages, there has not been a system of artificial grading or price-structure which is recognized in one country but ignored in almost all others. Public auctions of ancient coins and coin shows which feature ancient coins are held on a regular basis in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, Switzerland, France, ltaly, and many other countries around the worid. The market price is determined not by a designated few, but by the open buying and selling of ancient coins and is truly international in scope. 5) POTENTIAL FOR PROFIT: From the above, one can readily see that ancient coins should be looked at very closely as a vehicle for potential future gain and as a very enjoyable and historically associated endeavor. We have built and continue to build some of the finest ancient coin collections in the world. If the above Points seem valid and if what we say makes common sense, then we urge you to contact us to learn more about the world of ancient coins. If you are seriously interested and would like to receive a free brochure more fully explaining this fascinating area, PLEASE CONTACT: RARE COINS & CLASSICAL ARTS LTD P.O. Box 374 South Orange, NJ 07079 “Specialists in Museum Quality Coins” Member: ANA, ANS, SAN, AINA, INS, Fellow RNS, BAOA. InN * In Calit.: (201) 761-0634 ° (619) 345-7161Stolen Objects Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum Theft On Sunday, 18 March, two men disguised as policemen tricked guards into letting them into the Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts. They then maced, handcuffed and gagged the two guards and escaped with eleven major paintings and an important Shang Dynasty bronze ku (beaker), c.1200-1100 B.C. The beaker measures 10.5 ins. high and 6 1/8 ins. in diameter, and is covered with a deep olive-green patina, The theft was not dis- covered until the following morning when maintenance workers found the bound guards. Even though the museum has a state-of- the-art security system, apparently most or all of the stolen works were not attached to the system. The estimated value of the stolen works is at least $10,900,000 and it is considered the largest art theft in US history. A $1,000,000 reward has been underwritten by Christie's and Sotheby's, the two leading interna- tional auction houses. In addition to the paintings (Rembrandt, Vermeer, Degas, etc) and the Chinese vessel, they took a gilt eagle finial from the pole of a silk Napoleonic flag. The museum was insured for damages, but not for theft. Statue Stolen from British Museum A Japanese porcelain statuette has been stolen from a new gallery at the British Museum. The unique late seventeenth-century piece, the figure of a young man, was stolen two weeks before the opening of the three new Japanese galleries (see page 45). Mr Andrew Hamilton, a spokesman for the ak “B museum, said that the theft was noticed at 9.50 am, ten ‘minutes before the museum opened to the public. Staff reported variously seeing the piece still in place at 9 am and 9.30 am. The 30cm-high figure, in the Kakiemon style, was the only known piece in Britain from the Genroku period, 1680-1704. Entitled ‘Wakashu’, or ‘Young Man About Town’, with overglaze enamel, the figure has a Kosho-mage hairstyle and is wearing a kimono decorated with flowery boughs. The catalogue describes the man as ‘having a foppish manner’. MINERVA 27The question of authenticity thas Tong been a very compli- cated one affecting both ancient coins and cldssical art. With classical fine art we have litte ev dence that the works of famous artists, in marble sculpture or Attic pottery, were faked contemporine- ously. Perhaps they were and we may, in fact, accept some contemporary copies, 38 a spurious Dali lithograph might be 2000 years hence, but we hhave no real proof tothe fact. ‘With classical ancient coins it gets very complex indeed. Since many of the coins were struck in precious metals and actually traded as unit of weight, as against modern coinage which is traded as a unit of value, there was much more impetus to pro- duce fakes ‘Anclent fakes come primarily in two forms. The frst is the con. temporary counterfeit where a coin type is copied by an ‘unofficial’ mint and the amount of metal used is, below the. correct welght or Is less than the correct fineness, Here the counterfeter is relying on the coins not being examined closely in the market, nor being chisel-cut tested or weighed on a balance-beam scale, It is the same sort of risk that fone would undergo today in tzving to passa forged $20 bill, Bt the con sequences now aze certainly less severe, as an ancient counterfeiter caught trying to pass fake coinage might be dealt summary Justice on the spot, In today’s market for classical coins, thls unofficial minting still causes problems as was seen during the past year with a hoard of very tiny silver coins from the Greek cities fof Mesembria and Apollonia, both located around the Black Sea. This Infamous hoard consisted of several thousand pieces. It frst appeared in Germany and was then disseminated through a major American company that basically has no experience with ancient coins, but felt that the deal was ‘too good’ to pass by. Even though the coins have been con- ddemned by the British Museum, the International Association of Profes- sional Numismatists (IAPN), bank Leu, Seaby, Spink and a multitude of others, the owners still claim that ‘hey could be rel but of a previously uunknown unofficial mint, This mat- ter should be settled at the Chicago International Coin Show where a symposium on the coins is to be held, the results of which wil. be reported in Minerva The second type of ancient coin fake that still causes problems ¥s the so-called ‘fourée'. Hefe a very fancy i eeeeeeeC‘ “LS The Forgery of Ancient Coins Dr Arnold Saslow name is given to a coin that would ‘otherwise simply be called plated. 1 often think that the fact that the ‘name is in French somehow justines the coin being considered official Here we have two problems. One Is that many of these plated coins were probably made at official mints ‘afterhours, and the coins are found both the Greek and Roman series In modern times the problem has cropped up numerous times, where ‘mint employees have been kiown to se official dies to stake coins in the wrong metals or to make deliberate striking errors. In ancient times it appears that it was possible some- times to obtain original dies Alain par nia veri rise begs viously daring nT, ethene ide Tram some sof hese between December fourées can be Joan Deter fatched to knows weap dletypenthe eh seston Sealy tetuable Benne ef Coppes cores we ee emai, used with a thin Pein poet Beis pie yer of sveron oth sides of the coin. The metal was then heated and dle-struck. The fact that the coin was not pure silver would not be detectable unless the coin was ‘weighed or the thin silver layer had ‘worn through, showing the copper Enough of these coins appear today, especially in the Roman series of the Julio-Clatdian period, that one suspects there may be another side to the fourée coinage. The coins may have been made, in some cases, with the knowledge and blessing of the Emperor himself as an emergency Issue of coinage at a time when not enough pure silver was available, or the royal coffers were getting thread- bare. The theory makes sense from the point of view of some issues being used to pay troops whist sta- tioned in foreign countries. They might not have cared if the coins were underweight and worth much less, as they would be used in a mare Jason he rg, the Golden Fleece MINERVA 28 Numismatic News _ _ -——_ keet-place far from Rome and, in some cases, in dealing with ‘barbarians’ who had no idea of what the coin ‘was supposed to weigh to begin with. Its also unlikely that a conquered people would be in a very good pos!- ‘on with the local military to begin ‘with. Enough ‘funny’ stores circulate about the Emperors Tiberius and Nero to add some credence to this theory The next group of classical coins ‘that often appear on the market and ‘cause problems with some newer col Tectors, of those who have no idea of what an ancient coin is really like, are the infamous ‘Paduans’. These copies, usually of Roman sestertii, ‘were supposedly made in Padua in Traly by one Cavino, a very talented dle-cutterin the mid’sixteenth centu- ry, Original Paduans, which were actually hand-struck at the time, are rare and collected as examples of Renaissance Art. The problem is that the dies were found years later, and there are any number of so-called Paduans which are actually cast ‘bronzes made from colns struck at a much later date than the original pieces. Why Cavino was making these coins is a matter of speculation, Te has been suggested that so little was known of classical coins at the time that these beautiful works of art could be sold to the nobility and “Tanded-gentry’ of the period as original examples of Roman bronze coinage. Tn fact, some of Cavi- ‘no's products far sur- ‘pass the original art ‘work which he was tuying to copy. The cast, modern exam: piles of this coinage are readily identifi- able as being false since theiz appearance would fool few people other than the beginner or those who would prey on them, ‘Most of the fake classical coins ‘that would be seen by readers of Min erva might be offered In the follow. Ing fashion. You are on a tour of Fgypt, Morocco, Turkey, Tunisia, oF some similar place and, as you leave ‘the security of the tour bus, you are met by young lad about fen years old, barefoot and dressed in tattered clothing, who tells you a sad story, in. broken English, about how poor they are, and that the coins he has are & family treasure, found long ago In: ) tomb, b) while digging in the felds, © on Masada, or d) taken from an, archaeological site, and that if his family knew he had them, they would give him a fearful beating, but they are so poor, they need the money so badly, etc, ad Infinitum, You look at the coins, you look at the child, and you think, "My gosh, heonly wants $5.00 and Aunt Tilly ‘would love to have something like this. So you pay the money, secretly ‘thinking that you have probably just ‘made a real ‘kiling’ and you bring your treasure home. When you get home, you promptly forget about what you bought until you hear of a large coin fair coming to town, when yyou decide to trot the coin out and see how much you took the poor lad for. At this point, you invasiably find ‘out that, a) the coim is fake, b) it isa fantasy piece, c) itis cast, and d) if original it would be worth $3.00. Twas amazed on a recent trip to Luxor to see the local lads offering ‘me fake small Romano-Egyptian bronzes that were hardly worth any ‘thing even if real, The reasons they offer you fakes Is because itis against the law to offer a genuine coin, and its much easier to produce hundreds ‘of cast copies than to try to find real coins. If you complain to the local it is denied that they jing you a spurious coin since, ‘everyone knows that it is ‘against the law’, they were, In fact, selling you a souvent ‘Aigai Numismadies ts curren Finest anctent Greek, Roman ‘mumismatie art tn the ‘When you consider the ease with Which cast coins can be made, then, aged quickly and artificially in some acidic solution, and that by having ten or twenty stnall boys working for you all day long and bringing in When you consider the ease with which cast coins can be made, then aged quick- ly and artificially in some acidic solution, and that by having ten or twenty small boys working for you all day long and bringing in $5.00 per item, the practice is a very lucrative one $5.00 per item, the practice is a very lucrative one in countries where & ‘monthly salary for peasants might be under $20.00, The next step up from this is the old ‘back of thg store’ routine which occurs frequently in Rome, Athens and Istanbul, where you enter @ sup: posed reputable shop selling ‘antig- tities. You are then taken into the back room to see the ‘special’ Items which they could never have on dis- play since they would be arrested. This obviously applies to classical antiquities also and, in this situation, some serious money has been known to change hands, much to the dismay Of the purchaser a some future time. (One must bear in mind that st is not uncommon to go into a small vil lage in Turkey or Jordan and find that the local supplier of ancient coins has last month's auction catalogue from CChuiste's o Bank Leu to hand - very disconcerting, but it happens routine. ly. Ieis very hard for even the sea. soned professional to make a real ‘find’ when out in the countryside and almost impossible for the ama. If you wish to purchase classical coins, then I suggest that you deal with a well-known and reputable Gealer, no matter what country you are in. A professional numismatist will guarantee the authenticity of what he sels, basically forever, and if you are thinking of spending any substantial sum, this is a guarantee that should not be taken lightly. KEVIN R. CHEEK 2800 S, University #22, Denver, Co, 80210 (G03) 329-5922 9:005.00 M-F + ilustrated Price Lists + Want List Search Service + Auction Representation + Market Price Comparables AR Termaonaci oF ATES 2460-440 8.6. SuPsno Conommon, ‘Great STs avo CenTERNG SAN ANS. Opening times: Mon — Fri 9.30 am — 5.00 pm. MINERVA 29 Change of Address From May 1990 B.A. SEABY LTD. will be moving to 7 DAVIES STREET LONDON WI1Y ILL Visit us at our new showrooms. NEW TEL No.: (071) 495 2590 NEW FAX No.: (071) 491 1595Excavations Volunteer Opportunities in Archaeology a a Bb | Prehistoric Africa Prehistoric Thailand ‘The period when metal-working Much is known about early man in became known in sub-Saharan Africa northern Thailand, but the southern enter eee Ne te nonprofit-making organisation that can be dated to 500 B.C. when the MUSIMCE Ne TUT NCS WANES AON) peninsula jutting into the Gulf of Nok culture used tron in northern (MEMeMgS COMMER MENUS Siam has been largely ignored by Nigeria Other sites have been discov UTTER SNEU RCO T UTE atchecologists because of Its moun fa poreyimplement caches nto. (SOURS SUG SLUMS se i eres erin, Recent, the early twentleth century, ACS eMac MN U SSE and researchers are excited about the Researchers in Namibia have recently EAT ERSEP EMMI M Se USC RUGS excavation of a large number of ate CER MeEM skills are helpful for specific proje facts, beads, shell bracelets and skele sites along the Oanab River Valley [Em tal remains. Growing evidence points and burials topped with stone cairns to larger populations in the south tncannily arranged along magnetic ENO MUReOMMOUREUMCDAMOMMLETN tran previously believed, who traded lines dating to the seventeenth cen- MCMC MERCME with northem peoples and migrated tury, Volunteers are needed to assist Pare ener own through Malaysia and event Jn the survey and excavation of fur ally Into Islands as far east as New ther remains of the cultural heritage [UMS SU MCD ESOC UM SCMOEMN Guinea. IRE teams will participate in of the people who settied this aid URES WOMEN RSD Ste CLUE] reconnaissance surveys of rock shel comme of SW Africa and whose hit. RMP ea OMEN L CMM excavation of known ses, and zany som bernie oe RMSE ESM Dr B Sandelowsky, Museum of SW Ce Ue Ut Ooo land Studies, Prince of Songkia Universi- Alea. Weey sessions unt Sept 30. Rieu unite ean 1p Tenday sessons begin 1,10, 20 of Contribution: 8790, May, June, uly, August. $1090 Sea attr hurt Archaeological Excavations in Israel JUNE [Age ste, east of Ashdod eighth sea- Contact: Israel; Dr Yosef Porath, of Archacology, University of Hal, son) Israel Antiquities Authority, POB Mount Carmel, Halla 30999. USA NE‘OT QEDUMIM: toman-byran- Directors: Profesioes Trude Dothan, 588, 91004 Jerusalem; Tel, (OS3) Katherine Dempsey, c/o Skiba Soa res eens ives | recite es eee geass sean ee eg eee eee tees eae ree ae fa aioe ea ee gi a foe eee een ee ee ea re Ree eta nee eae sepa eens ree ae ee ee et eae ea Institute, POR 19096, 91 190 Woodhead, British School of JULY PALMAHIM QUARRY: A salvage Jerusalem; Tel. (02) 282-131, (02) ‘Jerusalem ‘xcavation neat Paliahiin, on the 288-986. in U.S.: Dr E Fretich, SHUNE Homan that, remains of Roman and Byzantine periods. ‘oat south of Tal Avie Finds date to Director, Programme in Judai Stud aily Bronce and Cheol era ica, Brown Uniyeraty, Providence, {Gourah season) antes Thode island 02912-1826, USA. Te Director: Bll Shenhav, Jewish Director Bit Braun, Israel Antig- (401) 865.5900, John Woodhesd, POR 19283, National Fund tiles Authoety Jerusalem; Tel (02) 828-101 Dates: july = August Dates: Summer ‘TEL IFSHAR (TEL HEFER): Tal, Contact! Bil Shenhay, Jewish Contact lot Braun irae Antgul- at of Pubic and private National Fund, 11 201 shapira ‘Steet, Tel Aviv €4 358 (POB 11 =e oT 00k ofthe Middle Bronze Age 7 ‘Authority, POB $86, 31 004 bullings < ‘Tel aviv 61 113); Tel (08) 267111, {iit Meneame Antes ector: De You Porth, ae thoy Tel (2) 276627 ‘Aatiguitles Authority and. Dr Sbacirerign eee et + Semutl acy SUNY Bl USA ESHER BENOT YAAQOY: Pee. TEL MIQNE-EKRON: Large tron Dates: 12june-6 August tore (alseohthic ste i the N. MINERVA 30EL ‘A Walk on the Waters After Jerusalem and Capernaum, the town most frequently mentioned in the Gospels is Bethsaida ~ the birth place of the apostles Peter and Andrew and the home of Philip. It was here that Jesus healed a blind man and upon its ‘green grass’ the feeding of the multitude took place From its shor, Jesus was seen walking ‘on the sea, The quest for the proper site of Bethsaida reemerged with the rise of moder biblical research and it volunteers working sessions: 9-15 July, 23-29 July, 6-12 hhas only been since the Six Day War "onthe siteof”™ August, 13-19 August. Contribution: {in 1967 that the north-eastern region Beddtngham Vila, 5675, of the Sea of Galilee has become accessible, Now, archaeologists are certain that a large mound which rises above the plain is that city founded in 270 B.C. during the early Canaanite period. Volunteers are fed to assist excavating the site which includes digging, recording, photography, surveying and artefact process. Accommodation is in a tent camp. Dr Rami Arav, Golan Research Insti- tute, Weekly sessions begin Saturdays, 24 june - 3 August. $575. Beddingham Roman Villa In 1986 aerial reconnaissance neat Lewes, Bast Sussex, revealed a new is7z601 Caesar in England The Gloucester Cotswolds are low Ills located between two major por, Bristol and Gloucester, which were Important trasle centres for the Romans from the time of Christ to ‘AD.S0O, Roman generals and wealthy administrators built thelr villas nestling In these valleys and Its one Such site which a farmer discovered In 1981 while sinking postholes for a fence. ince 1984, the University of Keele has made Wortley Villa one of its principal projects, unearthing sev- tral rooms containing ceramics, lew tllery and coins. IRE volunteers will ‘work on all phases of excavation, ‘Dy David Wilson, Univesity of Kel, 11-25 he, 2-16 fly; 23 Jul-6 August vations for the last ‘three years have uncovered 2 settle ment spanning the first to the carly fourth cen: turies A.D, IRE volunteers will be involved in exca: vation work and Dr David Rud- Roman villa Exc. Steps of King Arthur, Wales JRE teams will return for a second sea- son to explore the Dark ages, a period Of British history unequalled In its obscurity, It was the period of St Patrick who took the Chistian Talth to reland and, if he could be proved 2 historical figure, the time of King Arthur, Situated in West Wales and ine mile from the se, the site com piss thee impressive earthen fori finds processing. cations. IRE volunteers will use trow~ els to dissect che layers of human ling, University of activity at the site. The latest methods onion. One week of surveying and photography willbe aught. The field c equipped with tents, kitchen and mp will be small brary. Kenneth Dark, Cambridge University. 1 week sessions. 23 July-9 September 8675 Symon’s Castle, Wales Located on a rocky promontory which projects out into the valley of the River Camlad, this thirteenth-cen- tury fortification served as an English defensive stronghold against the Welsh. Amotte and bailey type, It was abandoned when the Royal Castle at Montgomery was built by King Henry Ta few yeats Tater. Although Tittle Is. known about its history, it provides archaeologists with a rare glimpse of a type of construction which became obsolete in the thirteenth century. IRE teams will he trained in all phases of Christopher Arnold, University of Wales, 29 July-12 August. $1050. Archaeological Excavations in Israel RAMAT HANADIV: Village site. Roman, Hellenistic and possibly Ion Age remains to be excavated this season. (econd sxson) Director, Dr Yizhar Hirschfeld, Hebrew Dates: 17 July -17 August Contact: Irae: Anat Avidor, ns fate of "Tel Aw Unive sity, POB 39040, fel Aviv 65-978, US. Professor David Neiman, Boston College, Boston, Masachusens GILAT: Remains of Chalealithicset- Alement inthe northern Negev Directors: Dr TE. Levy, Hebrew Union College; David Alon, Israel Asiiguities Authority Dates: 22 July 31 Avgust ‘Contact: Me_ Hann Hirsch, Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, 13 King David Steet, 94 4101 Jerusalem; Tet. (07) 203-258. ‘TEL HAROR: Pubic strctures, for. ifcations and temple. Middle ‘Bronze Age and Phillstine remains ‘Contact: Professor Eliezer Oren, Archaeology Division, Ben-Gurion University FOR 683, Beersheva, ‘$4105; Tel. (office) 087-461092; ‘home 057-469701 SEPTEMBER TEL HANATON: Crusader and ‘Mameluke fortified seulement (hird season) Director: Ruth Gertwagen, Halla ‘tex: September (oat aa (Contact: Ruth Gertwagen, Institute ‘of Archaology, Hala Univers, Mt, Gazmel 31999 Hata: Tel (04) 240600, (0) 240 UBEIDIVA: Jordan Valley prehis- torle site. (econd season) Directors: Dr. Guerin, Universite (Claude Bemnard, Lyon, France: Pro- fesior E.Tehernoy, Hebrew Univer. Department of Zoology, The Hebrew ‘nlversty, Mt. Seopa Jerusalem 91 905; Dr C: Guin, CRE, ¢ Abraham Lincoln st. POB 847, 91004 Jerusalem; Tl (02) 211-942, France: ‘Dr Guer, Centre des Sciences de Ja Tere, Universe Claude Bernard = yon 1, 27-43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre, 69622 Villeurbanne (Cedex, France; Tel. 7244 80 OD/ext 5807 or 3828. Salvage and Rescue Excavations doc emetyeney surveys ed Psa emergency surveys al rsce fexcavitions thidughowt the Year at ‘Shor notice, and voluatesrs are ‘hen required These excavations Ste usualy conducted when an uigutiy sie ts endangered by Construction, cath works or other “uses Food and accommodetions for these digs ace csoally provided fc of charge For information contact Harit ‘Menahem, fae a ty, 91 004, Jerusalem, Tare. el (Oi 2rezh Fax (0D 278628 On {he Rockette Meum uling). MINERVA 31Douai, France Join the search for megieval man in Europe. Under the leadership of the city archaeological museum, volun- teers will unearth houses, workshops and kilns of the thirteenth century Known to exist from maps drawn in ‘the 1500'. IRE teams will be trained inal aspects of the dig, Dr B. Demolon, Sevice Archaeolog ‘al iu Musee de Doual. Weekly sessions from 3 July-26 August. Contribution: 5625, Late Hellenistic Italy IRE volunteers are needed 0 assist in excavations at a third-centuty B.C. hilltown in SW Calabria. This was the time of Greek settlements in the south, Hannibal's invasion and the Punic Wats, and the beginnings of Rome's consolidation of Its future empire. Oppido Mamertina was at the centre of the conflicts, yet remained unscathed by waz and was continuously occupied until the first century B.C, allowing archaeologists 2 are glimpse of the undisturbed his- tory of alittle known segment of late Greek and early Roman history. Vol uunteers will work on two houses in the central area of habitation and will contribute to the washing, recording and storing of the finds which include bone, metal and glass in adaition to pottery and tle. ‘Dr Paolo Visona, Univesity of Notre Dame. Tenday sessions begin 18-27 June, 27 june July et. to. 17 August. “ontribution: $1090. SOUTH Uruguay Archaeological and Anthropological Survey IRE teams are being organised to sist in the location of prehistoric Village sites along the Negro River Ind intervtew local fishermen, volun: ‘cers will work alongside scientists fen will exploce test trenches nd {econ al affects found, Researchers are expecially interested in how early than used food resources along the fiver. Curzent fishing communities willbe studied, thelr distribution, Ind the difficulties encountered in their economic environment. ‘Dr Arto Toscan, National Mase sum of Anthropology. 10-day sesions AERIC Excavations _-—-— begin on 1, 10, 20 of June and August, 1991. Contribution: $1320. Naina Barton Gulch Excavation Join the exploration at a late Paleo- Indian hunting complex nestling in a meadow overlooking the Ruby Mountains, Montana, Large projec: tile points formed from basalt, quartzite, chert and obsidian layered ‘over 11,000-year-old volcanic ash, ‘makes this site potentially one of the fldest in the Americas. IRE teams will participate for the third year in excavation and lab activites, Dr Les Davis, Montana State Uni- versity. One week sessions 19 June to 27, August. Contribution: $625 (two- week ‘sessions $990). Four Corners Projects IRE is this year sponsoring a series of excavations of ancent Anaser sites fn the southwest, including Lake Powell, Grand Canyon, Fish and Ow Canyons, Scorpion Gulch and Fools Canyon, San Jusn Mountains, and Kaiparowits Plateau, from 16 June Ahcough 9 November Further details ‘willbe supplied upon request. The Ein Yael Project ea iy icy i ea Sinn Se ‘etter conduits, reservoirs, artificially cut caves and pathways that ate all part of a pre- planned farming unit, a complete agricul- tural settlement of approximately forty in Yael will flourish again as it terraces are rebuilt and the Intricate irrigation sys- tem is re-established. Restored oll and wine presses will produce basic commotities to Support those who will work and liv in the reconstructed houses ‘Vohunteers and researchers are needed in both excavation and experimentation of ancient technologies. No previous experi- ‘ence is required but volunteers must be pre- ‘pared to work long hours inthe hot sun for a minimum perlod of two weeks. Cost for volunteers including meals, lodging and transportation to and from the site will be ‘approximately $350 per week. Spe ‘fic duties of volunteers will con: sist of uncovering the remains of this anclent farm, washing and Istering of pottery and small finds and experiementation in ancient technologies which interest them. ‘The 1986 season revealed a Roman Villa with remains of a beautiful mosaic floor, fresco walls and a bath house from the third century A.D. These finds are, thus far, unparalleled in Iseael. More rooms of this villa are awaiting dis: covery in the coming seasons. “Experimentation was conducted in ancient weaving and in the cre- ation of a pottery kiln based on types used in the Middle Bronze Period. A clay oven was also constructed and bread was baked according to ancient recipes. ‘Additional funds are needed to expand and ensure the existence of the Fin Yael Project in the future. The Project Is designed to afford children and adults from all over the world the opportunity to expe: rience the way their ancestors once lived. Plans include the construction of work: shops that will house three or four staff ‘members studying either ancient food preparation, agriculture, metallurgy, pot- tery or weaving, The establishment and operation of one workshop will cost approximately $25,000 per year or $2000 pee month. As funding becomes available an additional workshop will be created. MINERVA 32ae] Museum Exhibition ‘ OID, AND HIS ANTIQUITIES Peter A. Clayton MINERVA 33 A large double-fronted house in a broad, tree-lined road in Hampstead, north-west London, is hardly the place you would expect to find a large collection of, Antiquities, let alone one associated with the great- est psychoanalyst of the modem age, But there it is, at 23 Maresfield Gardens, London NW3 - the Freud Muscum. Freud came to this house, at the age of 82 in 1938, at the end of his life - he had just a year there before his death on 23 September 1939. A refugee from Hitler’ oppression of the Aus trian Jews In Vienna, he had stubbornly refused to leave with the rest of the predominantly Jewish pschyoanalytic community at the Nazi rise to power in 1933. Leaving it almost too late, he at least had the comfort of his family, especially his daughter Anna, his collection of antiquities and tte ar of freedom around him at the end. He chose to be cremated and his ashes were placed, with those of his wife, in one of his favourite fourth- century B,C, Greek urns from South Italy. A first impression of the house is one of a mag nificent pile, with fine rooms and a contrastingly uttered study and consulting room, full of books and antiquities, al jostling for position on the shelves of, especially In Freud!’ study, on the loacl fd tables, Freud had lived and worked for 47 years at Berggasse 19 in Vienna. His vast collection of over 2000 items was kept in the area of his work land did not impinge on his living quarters. Just before Freud's move from Vienna in 1938, Edmund Engleman took a series of detailed photographs of the working rooms, and Freud’s son Ernst used these to recreate in a Hampstead suburb his father's working environment. Freud was able to come from Vienna and settle down at his desk in his usual way, his favourite bronze statue of Athena in its normal pride of place, his famous couch nearby and, hanging above it, the colour print of Ramesses W's great rock-cut temple at Abu Simbel (upon Which Professor Henry Fischer several years ago ‘wrote an amusing skit, the ‘Abo Symbol’) ‘surrounding himself with ancient objects in the late 1890's gave Freud a physical reassurance of the reality of the illusory, distorted, and ephemeral memories that constituted his primary data as a scientist’ (Lynn Gamwell), Ellen Handler Spitz notes, ‘Treud’s cherished antiquities reflect his pro- found indebtedness to a past that Inspiced him to make dazzling theoretical and interpretative leaps Tt was a great privilege some months ago to be amongst a small part of fellow antiquity collectors ‘welcomed to the Freud Museum by the Director, Richard Wels, at an evening party. To be able to walk round the displays and then to have the {guard ropes dropped and be allowed to approach the packed cabinets and the loaded tables to scruti- nise more closely the pieces that Freud had loving ly collected as objects to assist his analysis, and also simply as objects he wished to own and cherish, is a memory for ever Freud collected antiquities, principally sculpture and largely Egyptian items, for over forty years. HisEGYPTIAN & CLASSICAL ANTIQUITIES We offer the collector a varled selection fof fine quality Anclent World Art 9 GLASS coms, @BRONZE «© @ SCULPTURE. JEWELRY @AMULETS @ WEAPONS. «= POTTERY ILLUSTRATED ANTIQUITY BROCHURE. M1 FREE (© FULL YEAR SUBSCRIPTION $5. OVERSEAS $10. ANCIENT WORLD ARTS, LTD. ‘50 West 76th St, @ New York 10023 Gallery by Appointment o (212) 724-9488 We are pleased to announce the re-opening of our Foreign Coin Department Jeremy Cheek will be delighted to hear from customers old and new. If you have coins to buy or sell, please contact him at our new showrooms. Monday - Friday 9.30 am - 5.00 pm BA Seaby Ltd_7 Davies Street. London Wi Tel: (071) 495-2590 Fax: (071) 491-1595 HARMER JOHNSON APPRAISALS Ancient Art American Indian Pre-Columbian African Oceanic Thirty years of specialised experience, serving collectors, museums, dealers and auction houses 38 East 64th Street NYC 10021 212-838-4680 Member: Appraisers Association of America EXPLORE //0 An exciting choice of over 90 different tours, treks, safaris & expeditions in more than 50 countries around the world. Seatreks & Sailtreks, Cultural & Adventure Touring, Day Walks, Rambles, Village-toVillage Hiking, Major Treks, Wildlife & Natural History, Wilderness Experience & Deserts, Raft & River Journeys. The kind of adventure travel most people only dream about. Ain Epos sper Sage cle bac, paved wih ma val Contact Explore Wordwide (MV), ‘LFrogriek St, Aldershot, Hants GUI 0 7 0252 344264 (2 Cainer Rortumbria ‘Archaeology of Oreney Istands Arcagnogy 8 Botany oMuseum Exhibition -—— library was also very extensive and he was no ama- teur in the subject. He di fall prey to forgeries from time to time (which collector does not?), Its an interesting exercise to note in his later works his rellance on and interpretation of some ofthe forged items (sce below). A harbinger of much of his later publications was the purchase in 1899 of a Roman Stone head of the two-faced god Janus, looking for wards and backwards at one and the same time, the origin of our month of January. In mid-May 1938, it Vienna, Freud was awaiting the report of the commission that was to decide if hhe would be allowed to take his beloved antiquities with him when he left the city. He had been off cially declared ‘Unbedenklichkeitserklarung’ - innocuous - but was the collection to be allowed to go free? On 23 May he wrote, with obvious relle Succeeding his previous agitation, ‘My collection has been released, Nota single confiscation, a mini- mal levy of RM 400" (about 100/663). The shippers could commence packing and in September he was settled in Maresfield Gardens, After Freud's death a year later, 23 September 1939, his daughter Anna Continued her own pioneering work at the house ‘The Sigmund Freud Archives, «registered English charity, ought the house in 1980, and when Anna Freud died in 1982 she left the contents to the museum trust Funds were provided by Anna's long: time friend Dr Muriel Gardiner, founder of the New-land Foundation Inc,, through which the Bronae statuette of the godess. ‘then. Roman, {stor dnd cenniry AD after a Greck arial of he Ste century He, ie na Te teas Freud vou antiquity Athenian Re Fig: sara a te Aplonta group. P0260 cs He ins. Oedipus sits font right, con ‘rent he Sphint seated left ‘na stylised rock (@restous page top) Sigmund Fred i hisstdy tn Vienna, c. 190s. ehind io reproduction of ‘Dying Save" (reviews page bottom) ‘Antiques and Study at Maresfeld Gardens MINERVA 35 museum was established, and it opened to the pub- licin July 1986 Since September 1989, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of Preud’s death, an exhibition of 65 objects drawn from the vast collection has been travelling in the USA. Entitled The Sigmund Freud Antiquities: Fragments of a Buried Past, itis organised by Dr Lynn Gamwell, Director of the University Art Museum, State University of New York, and Richard Wells, Director of the Freud Museum. The exhibition will have visited eleven cities nationwide by the time it finishes its two-year tour in April 1992 at the Art Gallery, Boston Univer- sity (the full itinerary is given below). ‘This ineredi ble American ‘pilgrimage’ of the objects has been sponsored by CIBA-GEIGY Pharmaceuticals and the National Endowment for the Att, CIBA-GEIGY has a strong history of supporting the arts and sponsor- ing educational programmes and, obviously, ambi: tious travelling exhibitions of this quality and inter- est are only possible by such generous support from the commercial world, ‘Accompanying the exhibition is a major new ook, Sigmund Freud and Art: His Personal Collection of Antiquities. Beautifully produced in large format it hhas 100 illustrations of which 90 are in colour. It is the happy result of close cooperation between scholars from different disciplines. There is an Introduction by Professor Peter Gay, Professor of History at Yale, and essays by Richard Wells, Direc: tor of the Freud Museum; Dr Lynn Gamwell, co: curator of the exhibition; philosopher Donald Kus pit, Professor of Art History, State University, New York; Martin Bergmann, Professor of Clinical Psy. chology, NYU; and Ellen Handler Spitz, Visiting. Lecturer in Aesthetics in Psychiatry at Cornell Uni- versity Medical College. Together these scholars explore Freud’s passionate interest in antiquitiesnd the effect that the new science of archaeology hhad on the development of his psychoanalytic the- ones The essays act asa background and interpreta: tion to the whole ofthe collection and the 65 pleces exhibited are all catalogued in full by six Eminent scholar (ive from the British Museum Sind one from Cambridge University). In many instances, there are additional relevant notes Dy members of the staff ofthe feud Museum. ‘Among the objects exhibited Is the Roman ‘bonne statuette of Athena which Freud particula- Iy treasured. She always stood atthe centre of his desk and was the one piece he had singled out to tee smuggled out of Austria in 1938 had the dec sion gomte against hirn and his collection been con- fiseated. He was patculrlyintigued by the god- dess's Medusa aegis, het usual attribute, and the Sexual symbolism of the decapitated Medusa head wwrathed In snakes ‘The Greek sphinx, another potent emblem in poyehoanalysi is represented by a slid-cast South Ttalian Greek terracotta shoving her squatting, winged, and wearing 2 tall polos on her head. Oedipus andthe Sphinx. a legend that played so. rman ar Targe'a part inthe development of psychoanalysis, smth addon in sepeecented on small Athenian Red Figure acnadand str hydra where Oedipus Is painted seated con. "HELMS Hellenistic Silver Treasure, Alexandria 2nd Century B.C. GALERIE ZIMMERMANN-KOUTOULAKIS 9 RUE DE L'HOTEL DE VILLE 1204 GENEVA. SWITZERLAND TEL: (022) 28 62 52 MINERVA 36“Museum Exhibition fronting the Sphinx. The Sphinx is also seen on an attractive small Athenian Black Figure chimney ekythos where she perches on a column capital between two seated and two standing Elders of ‘Thebes in Boeotia. A charming fragment of painted. wall plaster, probably from one of the villas destroyed in the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, also depicts a seated sphinx. Freud’s commitment to the Oedipus ‘complex’ was recognised by his friends on his fiftieth birth- day when they presented him with a medallion with his portrait on one side and Oedipus and the Sphinx on the other. It carried the appropriate quo- tation from Sophocles: ‘He who knew the famous riddle and was a most powerful man’. It was no doubt his knowledge of antiquity, coupled with his avid reading of excavation reports, that drew Freud to another piece in his collection, the upper frag- ment of a steatite dyad statue of the Egyptian pharaoh Amenophis 1, second king of the 18th Dynasty, seated beside his deified mother, Ahmose- Nofretiri, Their shared tomb was found at Thebes (modern Luxor) by the Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter In the 1913-14 season of excava- tions, their relationship surely food for Freudian thought. ‘A nineteenth-century A.D. Egyptian forgery of a wooden falcon-headed figure may have attracted hhim in view of the anxiety dreams that Freud had as a child when he saw his mother being carried into a room and laid on a bed by people with birds’ beaks. It apparently represented a meeting of inter- woven themes: the mother, death and Judaism, ‘Naturally, amongst his bronzes are statuettes of the great mother goddess Isis, and also of the deified vizier Imhotep, later assimilated with Asklepios as god of medicine. ‘An Etruscan bronze balsarium, an incense or per- Terracotta winged ‘sphine creck South Tay, ate Sthiearly 408 ‘century BC. He Paine, steatite dyad tutuctte of ‘Amenaphis Land ‘is mother, Anmose Nofretit. + Egypt, erly 140h eantury BO. Heating Egyptian bronze Statue of he godess 1 suckling the infant ‘He siins MINERVA 37 fume container, has the addorsed heads of a mae- nad and satyr, the male and female adherents of Dionysos, god of wine. To Freud they represented the symbols of impulse and sexuality. ‘The 65 items assembled by Richard Wells for the exhibition present a broad spectrum of Freud’s interests; three come fom the Ancient Near East, 26 are Egyptian, 17 Greek, three Etruscan, ten Roman. and six Chinese. Each piece has been carefully selected for the many facets that it can project, its, origins and also, more especially in the context of this exhibition, its location within the whole Freudian ethos. ‘The exhibition Is one not to be missed if there Is the opportunity of visiting it. The catalogue is a fine production, well illustrated, and a veritable mine of information that can be returned to many times with profit. 0 Exhibition Tour ~ past, present and future 1969 Univesity Museum of Archacology and Anthuopolgy, University fof Pennayvania Piadepha PA 8 ept18 Oct Mekindck Museum, Univerty of South Carolina, Columbia SC 1990 University Art Museum, State Univerty of New York, Dinghampton NY 9 Fb23 March David an Ae Smart Galery, Univers of Chicago, Chicago IL 19 peed? fe ‘nt Galles, Univer of Colorado, Boulder CO 6-18 Aug Lowe At Miseur, Univer of Mam, Coal Gables FL 7Sipe-21 Oct Art Gallery, Universty of Cabra, vine CA. 11 Nov 16 Dec ison ‘Museum of At, Stamford Univers, Palo Ato CA 15 Jan March [Net Orteans Museum of Art New Ouleans LA. 21 Api ane Bier Art Gallery, Univesity of Houston, Houston TX PSeet3 Ot “The owish Museum, New YorkNY 7 Novl8 Feb 1992 ‘At Gallery Boston, Univers, Boston MA 26 Rd6 Apri!i USEUNISIEMION 6,4 cron woe eases, Maes UNITED KINGDOM Seat AREHAEOLOEY, COLUMBIA Ur TikeNess an SEVONSponraarrssaou eusscow 7 As Ma UN rece Renita Mauri ena i eras ea ethene eeSde ionstes te ect Senal_ pean engravings: maps and phctegeah of ‘TERFOR AFRICAN Af 212) 861-1200. Una ‘he dation concentrates en the Roman MUSEUM (20S) 734-9020, Un 26 Jy Sceupation of Seatond in the frst trp cen” (hen to an Antonin). EXODUS AND EXILE: 2000 YEARS IN ANCIENT tses AB? The dry suramer of 1989 es to [SRAEL Angutes rom leat ana Amenean mary new dicoveties, Including fentnest HOUSTON, Texas reusing eh carl ana Tpetleie, Large colbur photographs, plus CYPRUS BEFORE THE BRONZE AGE: ART OF Jou practices Jelign MUStUne ‘vaterial suche jewellery, bronees and THE CHALCOLITHIC PERIOD. The calest 82) Boorse. tough Devenber 1950 [reccnes fund a one the ses Gypsies poy 40082500 ARTA NSEEM (NT 80s. ua SE BF bic rom er ae GLAS CATHERS. st 50 ets cone to ————— covered a and new fis fom ‘ered etd on prea CRUE ore rHousaNo suponAs (13)528 9400 "97 soni 26 age Fropd and Amaia GIES an FROM THE SUK ROUTE, Graogue $1250" seep. 13) URIBE ANT 219) 89 S500, 24 aye fn. ay 199 Major exhibition of Buddhist srt const se adalat ont contting Tanja the remarkable ods mage bys GOD. MAN, AND ANIMAL: PRE-COLUMBIAN shins at Cunpuang nding mamuscipts, RUT a oot nse Poie es on sa foment athe ER Ae vies irl Cer he yen tenon cessor ets CBSE a amt ipa i ace aeae ade BSP tas {AKE?: THE ART OF DECEPTION. MUSEUM GF rine ants (713) 326-1381 Thine 26 Rage atrigi MUSEUM, Crest Rural St London Unt ne ‘We18 30, (01) 325 8525, Una? Serember 7 ARDEA Pouncopnenen ners ANCE Noeecdaravach i980 p SSE INDIANAPOUS, in THANE Chr ca ae domes” Se lace aa en ie ee 6) S520. V6 hue Hay. Sed inlay rng te Slae s SAN ANTONIO, Texas Poets A RNAI SEs or ance ann: Lied Siete oae Fs wlon Sees ode das 8 cyl Ae UNITED STATES Se PGI Ee a Ee ATLANTA, Georgia NEWARK, New Jersey Water-buffato gab: SANLANTONIO MUSEUM’ OF ART SYRACUSE, THE PAMEST GREEK CITY. LEAVES TAOMSWE SOON race: THe anr oF —sanipptnltlin 912) 226-5544 37 Me eee eerie Ge Aime Cantar icra” MBC See ceumiston SRSuSB a Meg aS Aaa Tin” GO aS ee ert CELA BS Bip Selif nr s110U Ma PRL arr Coss SAN DIEGO, California ‘CHICAGO, tMinois MENTS FROM A BURIED PxST=8s Cre ‘scan, Homan, Egyptian and Aan argues neni aud acon nahn ‘egraphs om hs brary SMART CALLER, UNWEIT OF Chieas® (12) 7552121 ‘Unt Jue hen to Bou, Clore) Book wih ful eologue, hardcover 329.95, Seer} Ea te Reese hata taaaetities et abies ES oh ‘CINCINNATI, Ohio SUMMONING OF The SOUL: TREASURES Row Cit Foul Sec are pros acetone ecm ee eT sbs ENC ARE MOSEL $513) 721-52040.V9 May T fu (eee ‘ners, March 1980, 2 WASHINGTON, D.<. YORUGA™ NINE CENTUIES OF AFRICAN ART AND THOUGHT. The Yorubs of Nigeria and Bin ate hast one Oe olent Sno test arise wads i West Ais Ths exh iio, egonzed nd premeed bythe Caner ter At Nee ese 13 ers tots in torasots nd Brerve ing af carne cet, dan em be tnd private collections in North Americ, Iich Europe: NATIONAL MUSEUM GF Ie RicAN ART Coa) 357-1300. 8 Moy = 26 agua. Book wth ul catalogue 565. TME NOBLE PATH: BUDDHIST ART OF SOUTH SIMA atl 23 Buda cpr, Fi BC. to the 18th century trom ina, Nepal and bet seected wom te ealleciors Chie 10s Angles County tuseum af Ar. AarWUR M, SHENLER Gale, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION (22) 357-2700" Extend 920 Septet z ‘CLEVELAND, Ohio EARLY ISLAMIC TEXTILES FROM THE ‘MEDITERRANEAN AREA, 50 7010.13 Cn tary er om Earp, the Levant, ad Spl hing in ery ‘woven tS tary tre muteum'sclecton AUSTRALIA CtevecaNo MUSEUM OF ART (216) 420 CANBERRA 7340. 22 Woy" Spng 199 CMUSATION: ANCIENT TREASURES FROM MINERVA 38 aTHe BeTisH MUSEUM, A selection of lets {fom the Eni Nazeum representing he his {cay af Westen cfr rot 3200 8 to te {earth century AD. AUSTRALAN NATIONAL GALLERY 17 je hen Meboure). MELBOURNE CSMLISATION: ANCIENT TREASURES FROM THE BRITISH MUSEU. A'selecton of ejects fret rin Me repreeting te tony of Westen tre ron 3200 8 tothe Egonga Ab. MUSEUM OF CiORA 2B ine "30 teptobor. FRANCE ARIS BRONZES ANTIQUES. Ove 00 mal banat bets icing 8 name f ctu, fromm Caostoman tie bare oecrne 9, 73008. Unt aye ES ISRAEL JERUSALEM PERFUMES AND COSMETICS IN THE ANCIENT. WORLD. Over 1000 objects connected with the manufacture of cosmetic, perfume pro: duction and haying, Ickding hundreds of ‘esses and bronze utens. Alarge numberof Sculptures feature many of the halves of efent mes, Many afte abject came om ‘ion wl come tothe United States, but the spornoring museum hat not yet Been ISRAEL Museum (972) 02 69 6211 Ure 50 Jone Caslogu ITALY BOLOGNA, THE IDEA OF THE ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT. MUSEO CIiCO ARCHEOLOGICO. (st) 233 849, Ont 15 Ja FERRARA, GARDENS AND GHETTOS: THE ART OF JEWISH Tire IN TALL she tt par of hs mos come prehensive exhlbton ever held on the art Fegney of the Jews in aly focuses om the Roman Imperal etl, 18 to Sth centuries Olan cases Roman architectural frag ments snd arclent gold gun. PRLAZZO Deh Biabian (0332) Sossa, 37742 Une 8 fine Cotaiogue GALLERY EXHIBITIONS UNITED KINGDOM Lonoon IMPERIAL COLD FROM ANCIENT CHINA, ikistan BEYDUER GRENTAL BRONSES, S6 Mount St, London WI. 13-29 are UNITED STATES BEVERLY HILL, Catfornia THEBRONZE BULLIN ANCIENT ART. ROYAL ATENA GALES, 982 Narn Bey Ove 90210. Und 28 Moy BIRMINGHAM, Michigan ITH ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF ANCIENT Gass ay DONNA ACOs GaLLEny, 574 North Wood NEW YORK, New York STONE | VESSELS” FROM. aNTiQuiy. Ona ay 12 nn ST BROT BRONZE MASTERWORKS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, ROVALATHENA CALLERS, 153 Est 7th Street 10032. 19 May 50 Jone MAY 1990, Ancient Rome. 27 May 3 June. Current ‘Archaccagy Events (01) 806-4325, Jordon an sn: an, Zrthan, re tra Madaba, Aca, Wah fry, Nueb, Mout'sina 3 Aathesines 24 May —2 une £795. in Museum Classe Toure Rent House, 87 Regent Se-tondon WIR 81S. (01) paren Roman France: Lyon, Verne, Ales, Agnon, Aimee tors Sang: $y: Nee, 26 My "3 jure. £798. ish Museum sic fury Kart House, 87 fegen'S Lone Son viet. (01) 736 7921/2 JuLy 1990 Villoges inthe Landicope ~ Settlement and Desettion’ The seeelopmant of rural sete Terai Nao" Cure ehetkey eer (61) 0544525) ae AUGUST 1990 {search of Viking Age Musi. Cambridge aged discovery’ programme touring ay schnell stele at Angin reco F273 August $1,600" archoelogia Musca, 0 Box 38, Cambie, Enslana, Cb 1P0. Phoreohs andthe Nie. Cairo, Ben Hassan, ‘una ek-Gabel, fe €l Asma, Abydos: Ben: der, Luna, kab, Korn Gre As Seo, Meniphs, "$= 17 August £997, Bish Muse tim Classic Tour, Kant House, 7 Regent St tendon Wik ts: (01) 254 1521/2, Pharaoh, the lle and Tels. Calo, Aswan, Komombo aly, tower Dende, Tel Amar nar tuna el-Cebel, ent Pasan, Memphis Suara Tans, 128 duu, £1,085 drsh iuseury Clase Touts Rept ous, 87 agent Seandon Wik als. (1) 734795172 hen ef unta, Moscen Kn, Kos ‘oer, Hes Keats Yeni Gales, Stadar Leniared. 19 ugiat™ 2 Septehber Eas 29410, biel Muscurt Classe Todt, Kent Hote, 87 Regent St London WIR asPohy rsa 78H, SEPTEMBER 1990 Crete ond Cyprus. Heralon, Knowo, Zkc0, MINERVA 39 Yoruba head of « Pure, 12h 13th “he National ‘Museum of Apitean Art, Washington Malis, Ampisos,Achanes, Lato, Gouri Ayla {ingha,Phaestos, Gertym” Spinalenga, Paphos Keuran Maton, Sener Mesa (Sermon Alcoa Apa Pyats4 28 Sipterber "ish Mm Clea Tours Kent Hie #7 Regent London Wik BS (01) ay Ades IOVS MAY 1990 9.13 May, American Asocation of Museum, Aanuat Meeting Chicago iton and Towers, Chicago, tina (202) 289-1818 ss eet rp est ahaa JUNE 1990 15.17 lune, International Conference onthe Waly athe King ghee Case Enea, se Nihal: Reeves bighclere Cs, Mghciere Fark, Near Newbury, Bertshie, RGIS 9RN, Ui (0688) 253 2104 20 June ~ 7 July, Second internotional Congress on bibiee) Archaeology, frusion, Enguries to bie! Achacoiogy Society, 3000, ton, D.C. 20008.” (2025 387-8888,” : JuLy 1990 13:15 July, The Fate of Roman Lincoln, shop Grosseteste College, Newport, tincaln Engls tos tes Jat Duckworth Mes dy Matsell, Beaumont Fee Egucstion Cente Beaumont Fee, Lincoln, INT UU, (0523) Soi3e SEPTEMBER 1990 25.27 September, Bord Gomes. A cone nce, tobe held the Bish scum, which ‘wis primary wit the boars goes ofthe Scent wor Dut azo wil ook tnportant fumes tom Acs and the far. Erguies {ling Finkel, Department of Westra ‘Asiatic Angus, the Besh Museum, Lon donwere foe. Ee May 1990 23.May, Gresko amon Coins. Pub le in tari P77) 7864013, “4 May, Atigitet ond Souvenirs ofthe Grand Jour’ hie South Kensington London (iy ss 761" 29 May, Clasico! Coin and Antiquities. Over ood fete Jon L Mater Encino, California (Ghe) 784772, Catalog 510 30.31 May, Ancient Cons in Gold ond Siber. Superior Samp and Cain Co, Bevery His, a Ga) a0s"e4ss, (200) 421-0758, Cats togue sis. 31 May, Antiquities, Sotheby's, London (1) JUNE 1990 19 June, The Nelion Ber Hunt collection of reek Vases: he Wom Herbert Hunt cll: ton of Clsial Bronzer. Satheny 5, New York (12) 606-7328. Mardbound eaalegue S68 20 june, Antiguties and lorie Art. Sovnebys; New York (212) 606-7328. Cats iogue 19.22 une, The Nein Bunker Hunt collection ot Ancient Colm Satna, New York (212) 606.7391. Part 19 Je. Hordbound cata logue $73, "Pr it 21-22 jane. Hardboune ‘atalgue feo NSa Radiocarbon & Archaeology Radiocarbon is probably the most familiar of the many dating techniques currently used in archaeology. In this extract from her book Interpreting The Past (British Museum Publications, 1990, £4.95), Dr Sheridan Bowman explains the quirks of this powerful tool and how it works in practice. Inference linking event with con text and context with artefact need more careful examination, together with the implications of what is rep- resented by the 14C activity of a sample, Liaison between archaeolo- gists and radiocarbon scientists is therefore required from the plan- ning stage of an excavation in dis. cussing what radiocarbon can and cannot do, as well as practicalities such as sample size and packing. The better the lialson before and during excavation, the more likely it is that a useful series of samples will be processed. ‘The following sections elaborate on these points for the user, oF potential user, of radiocarbon dat- ing, {In 1983, following peat-cutting operations, the upper body of a man was found at Lindow Moss (near Wil slow tn Cheshire, England). Owing toathe preserving roperties of the peat, a range of forensic as well as ‘archacological techniques could be applied, and ft was discovered that Lindow Man appeared to have been rit. tually murdered. He had been gurrotted, his throat cut ‘and he had also received two severe blows to the head. Radiocarbon dating was supplied to small samples of various types from the body Itself, and two techniques, ‘accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and mini-gas Counting, were used. Unfortunately although the asso- dation between the samples and the event to be dated Were good, the agreement between the two techniques Events with contexts and fertures, | Was not. AMS suggests Lindow Man was Filled some- Sich as statigraphic levels tnd post. | tlme in the first century A.D., whereas mii-gas count holes, and to link these with arte-_| hae sugrests that the event occurred some three or four facts found within them. It the ate. | Centurles later: this i surely a mystery equal to that of fact is organic it can be radiocarbon | the motive for the murder itself! dated, but itis rare that a date for the artefact per se is required; of association of sample and context bn tga od Instead it asumed hat he slo. (Le bone and gave) and of cone The axiomatic sample- poraneity of sample and event {i event Bone and burial) are good. All {00 context relationship In many cases this may not be an often, however, i te samples sub- Deposition of any organic materia lunceasonable assumption. [i the — mitted for dating are even vo begin in'the ground obviously postdates dating of a bone from an artidilated to answer the chronological ques- the formation of that material and skeleton In a grave, the assumption tions being posed, the stages of the cessation of its exchange with MINERVA 40 Onn TT eC tLthe blosphere. All radiocarbon age offsets make samples older than ‘thelr usage or removal from the bio- sphere, and some, such as marine and ‘oid-wood’ effects, make them substantially older. The exception is contamination, which can make samples appear older or younger, but pretreatment is designed to remove this. Furthermore, all depo: sitional processes, other than, down- ward movement as through animal burrowing or root action, are such that a date for a sample pre-dates the context in which i was found. Hence all radiocarbon samples pro. Vide a ferminus past quem (date after which’) for their find context, How much they pre-date the deposit depends on both the nature of the sample and the taphonomic pro- cesses involved, The ‘old-wood’ problem Samples can appear to have a sgnf- Teant age at denth duc t9 resevolr tifecs Such as hard water or marine or voleanle origin af is carbon, However, the more commonly Sge a denth is when the organism ceased exchange wih the Dosphere tore desth, asin the case of wood. (Great cate must be exercised in the selection of wood or charcoal for radiocarbon dating. tre sp ‘rood to hesrtwood boundary IGenrifsble, the age offset ca be estimated wing ring counts, or can be minimised by dating sipwood alone. Indee, sfc ings ot propriate wood ae preset den drochronologiesl dating may be bet ter than raciocaoon. Atematvey twiggy material (dentable ifthe Complete cosssection is present by the presence of sapwood the smal nme of rings ana the curvature of the sample) isthe bet since the fe offset wil then be small and seasoning or rease of such materia ie'unlikely. tis highly advisable that a specialist identity the tice species from which the wood oF charcoal derived, since this will indicate whether the spectes was longlved and hence whether sg. riteant age ofc fs key fae fare of species represen, shot Ives ones can be spared ut and data When there Ino alternative to dating material derived from long lived Specs, Its important to ask tmnetne he fest wil useful and Thevefore whether the sample tro submitting: In some cam ances mature Gak may be quite helpful in providing’ an approx imate dete fora monument. Howev- ers Sample of tong-lived wood species should not be considered if iPovenes the comtext to be dated Samples with an unknown age off set cannot provide a tems ate quem (‘date before which’) for the deposition of the underlying con: Quite often this ‘old-wood’ prob: Jem is inadequately considered by those who submit radiocarbon sam piles. Pethaps if brstlecone pines and ‘yew trees, with potential longevities {of about 4000 arid 1000 years respec tively, were to feature more in the archaeological record, the problems ‘would be more readily appreciated! Association Apart from the importance of dating adequately sealed and unmixed con. texts, there are also various calibres fof association between the sample and the event to be dated. These were elucidated in the early 1970s by HiT. Waterbolk, a Dutch archaeolo. gist, but his sotind ideas often seem, to be overlooked in the pursuit of dates. The best association is obvi ously when a date for the sample Itself Is required and age offsets are small. For example, in the dating of a bog body such as Lindow Man, a date for the body is required rather ‘than a date for the bog in which It was found. The most dubious of associations can arise because the processes by which the sample and deposit have been brought together are ill defined or poorly understood. This 1s exacerbated by situations where — dispersed a material is bulked ([NTERPRETING THE PAST) together to provide a ‘single’ sample for [RADIOCARBON| myo DATING that needs to be con. sidered now. that facilities exist for pro- cessing very small samples. A small frag: merit of bone is more Susceptible to move: ment by natural and nthropogenic mech- anisms than a large bone and should not dedaed in preter | ence simply on the | SHERIDAN BOWMAN Dass of be tere s some reason for not destroying the intact bone, then a smal sample can be taken from it for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of mini-count- ing. On the other hand. there may bbe good reasons for dating single stains, despite the danger of mobil {yf the grain Is identified to species ahd its presence im the context Is of ‘major agricultaral significance Te archaeologist is of course best placed to judge the reliability of ass0- ation of sample and context, using the guiding principles of definable archaeological processes, selection of Coherent somples rather than bulked scatters and assessment ofthe like hood of intrusive materia MINERVA 41 Principles of Archaeological Stratification (second edition) Edward Marrs, Academic Press Ltd. (1989), 170pp, 68 Figures. ‘The concept of stratigraphy is ‘the most important factor in archaeological excavation, and this slim volume by Edward Harts sets out to make this very apparent. Early chapters discuss the concepts of archaeological stratigraphy and its birth within the discipline of geology. This historical overview continues by outlining the methods of archaeologists Wheeler, Kenyon and others, and how concepts of archaeological stratigraphy have become more sophisticat- ed. Chapters 3 and 4 discuss excavation and recording meth- ods, briefly outlining the con- trasting methodology or con- cepts of stratigraphic excavation and arbitrary level techniques, and the central importance to archaeological excavations of plans and section drawings and the categories into which vari- ‘ous methods used in their illus- tration fall. ‘The author then moves on to discuss the ‘Laws of Stratigra- phy’, leading to a short resume Of the principles of the Harris Matrix. This is followed by an analysis of types of stratigraphy, sections, plans, interfaces and the need for immediate deci- sions during excavation which are flexible enough to be modi- fied during post-excavation analysis. Finally, proposals are out- lined for site recording methods which will produce a competent ‘methodology for site analysis. Although the contents are highly theoretical, the book Is ‘well written, easy fo read and is never boring. This second edi- tion should be compulsory reading for all students of archaeology, and both profes sional and amateur field archae- logists who carry out archaeo- logical excavation. K MaudeRome's Desert Frontier from the Air 1. Kennedy and 9. Riley, ‘Batsford, London. 256 pp. Numerous figs. and plats. £29.95 aipnoerny Nas fe eae a ee poe eer The Ending of Roman Britain ASEsmonde Cleary, Batsford, London, 242pp. 11 plates, 48 line drawings. £19.95. The end of Roman Britain and its ultimate replacement by Anglo Saxon. England has been an area of much research activity in the last two decades. It has, However, lacked an ‘overview from the viewpoint of the collapse of the Roman Empire. As such, Cleary’s work is of the greatest interest to those concetned with the period. His approach is clearly stated; he avoids the two limitations, as he sees it, of previous work, namely an insular approach and overdepen- dence on historical sources. The Introductory chapters are designed to show the position of Britain in a con. tinental context. Second, the frag: mentary literary Sources are effective ly discarded, of downgraded, in favour of assessments based purely. fon archaeological evidence recovered from modern excavations. Cleary sees this as a fundamental necessity, in moving towards any descriptive history of the petiod in preference to ‘island hopping’ between brief, cryp- tie or downright unclear literary sources. Cleary thus examines the evidence of urban continuity from a strictly archaeological standpoint and {s also much concerned with the rela tionship between areas assimilated within the Anglo Saxon culture and ‘the native population of the west. At once stimulating and authoritative, The Ending of Koman Britain is basic reading for all those interested in this transitional period Les Tablettes Neo- Babyloniennes de la Bodleian Library Conservées a I’Ashmolean Museum, (Oxtord Editions of Cuneiform Texts vol Xl) Joannds, Clarendon Press Osford 1990; ISBN! 019-818467-1;pp.145 a pls, EXLIV; price £38.00 ‘A useful addition to a long sunning sees of cuneiform text publications from Oxford, this volume makes available in handcopy some 112 eco: nomic and administrative inscrip. tions from clay tablets of the Neo- Babylonian and Persian periods. ‘These texts had previously been known to science only in the form of summary descriptions in R. Campbell Thompson's now hard-to-find A Cat. logue ofthe Late Babylonian Tablets in the Bodleian Library, Oxford of 1927, MINERVA 42 and thus Joannés will have earned the gratitude of his fellow Assyriolo- sists in making these documents fully available. Four private letters earlier copied by Campbell Thomp- son in his book are recopied in the present volume. The principal importance of these texts to social and economic histat- ans wil be that they represent in the ‘main a single archive, that of Ba- iluta-bani of Borsippa, ot far from Babylon in southern Iraq. These tablets, stemming from illcit exceva- tions of the last century, belong with others now scattered in a range of ‘Museums (ena, Istanbul, Paris, Yale and Geneva), and has been identi‘ied by Joannés himself, and he promises a volume in which ‘the whole archive ‘will be studied as one. In keeping with the traditions of ‘the publication series, selected texts only ate edited here in transliteration fand translation, Generally speaking allthis seems as sound as one would ‘expect, but a check of transiterations against the cuneiform copies reveals at certain points an approach scarce- ly commensurate with contemporary standards, With difficult passages no pains have been taken to reflect what 's copied, and such items as ‘(NG)’ (le, restore a ‘nom géographique) in 1-79, 1, or ‘bx x x xl" Ge. space for fous Signs of which nothing survives) in A 110,9, correspond to substartial traces of preserved signs accozding to the coples themselves. Such discrep: ancies tend to weaken the reader's faith in the editor's care with minut ae, so crucial in the successful Fan. Gling of primary sources. The author's copying style appears sketchy and undecided (Babylorian scribes do not usually share these Idiosyncracies), and although captur- lng the characteristic late sign forms far better than his predecessor, he attends only approximately to deals, ‘of preservation, or smaller wedges, in the copies. Factors such as these make one suspicious of such remarks as ‘teste illisible’, applied to the reverse of A 79, al the more so as the copy itself shows many readsble Sighs, ancl one is left wondesing Bow much more might still be decipser- able onthe tablet itself ‘The volume also contains a descriptive catalogue providirg @ Quick overview of the whole group, and indices of personal and ge graphical names, both of which ele- ‘ments substantially enhance the use fullness of the work In short, a solid if unexciting con- tribution t0 Neo-Babylonian studies, although many will feel it somewhat lover priced at £35.00. Iiving Finkel Department of Westem Asiatic Antiquities, The British MusumAncient Persia The Pride that was China Shamanism with a good account of divination by yarrow stalks, to the John Curtis, Michael Loewe, ‘Dao (the mystic way), to Buddhism Britsh Museum Publications, London Great Cotisations Seles, Sldgwick & and the introduction of western reli 1989, ISBN 0.7141-2046-4 Jackson, London and St. Martin's Press, gions. Subsequent chapters deal with 2720p. 90 tlus., 40 in colour. 4-95 New York, 1990. 9.5 x 6.3 in, xxi+ philosophy, in which Confucianism 312 pp. 29 bfw plates, 10 fig, 11s unravelled from Daoism, Mohism The series of British Museum Publi- ‘maps. Clothbound, £20.00 and Neo-Confucianism; the philo- cations is admirably augmented by sophical legitimisation of the Man- this recent guide, with up-to-date Interest in things Chinese has been date of Heaven; and the vital role of text and excellent range and sare Stimulated duriag the lst decade by the administation In the Organs of of Mustrations. Ths sno cataiogue, AEG tlme the publication and exhibition of Government” and “Officas and thelr of course, buts general intoduction, when the sme ofthe grat achacalogial do. Duties hac ote ot not merely to the artefacts them coveries made In China in recent chapter surveying the whole o if Chinese are years. Ata time when the Chinese are Chinese literature introduces the Scie well displayed in'ahisttoor | Chine Saher, but slop to the envionment Raving to having to ve-valuate thei past in the Important subject of book produc- galley ut aso 10 the enone gate Uantot these finds, perhaps ton: Hghlgntng the intetcton of Of han and to the often blame cr. re-evaluate — TEromate that a western dppratel paper ty the four century ADs and by the British Museums These are their past in of Chinese culture be written, and the development of wood-block by.the Brith Museum. These ate ‘the fight of Misia! Licwe, lecturer in Chinese nting by ka he mnt The el Studies fC over tht yeas and well ifeante ote cpt ees ad te Onus'Teessuce, fist discovered in recent finds, Grd Tessie st iseovered i 5 Know for hs Scholar wevkcon the grestnessof the inperal tombs are : it is perhaps administration of the Han dynasty is examined next, and related back t0 provenance. The illustrations go far the philosophical basis of their con- BO Gna the objec ee wiecas appropriate —‘inenty well qualified to underake the philosophical bass of thet eceion such a survey. struction. The ars are deat with sum- precudig Pictures of Fenepolis and that a ‘As Loewe poipts out in his intro. marily, and followed by a more Pasargadae, as well a offs familar Wester duction this s not enother short his extensive enumeration. of ‘the {ory of China, Nonetheless his syn advancement of Science and its Appl Ie is peshaps inevitable that the appraisal of or Chinese istry m Chapter eaton Ths setion cludes uch prehistoric periods receive relatively" Chimese i “Kingdoms and Lmpirs: Moments gems. a8 the calculation of x to bef treatment; this is partly explica~ — uteure fe of Dynastic Change” is excellent. The 5.14159 a5 early asthe third century ble by the domination of the French entire structure of the book is the- A.D, the astronomical observation of at Susa, with the development of Written matic; in cach chaptet an aspect of the Stellar explosion which gave rise excavations over much of Iran only Chinese civilisation 1s examined to the Crab Nebula in 1054, and the in the last three decades, by which across the whole spectrum of history. military use of gunpowder in the time the greater part of the finds The chronology of each theme Js tenth century. The book concludes were assigned to the Tehran Muse Ilustrated very clearly by a seres of with an account of ‘Commercial Pac tim. A notable exception is the tables in each chapter, which are tice, with the introduction of paper British Museum's share of the silver lal typeset but very wach money, campant inflation and its hhoard found in the excavations at "Man and his Neighbours: Social cure it the tenth century: the Median site of Tepe Nusti jan Distinctions’ emphasises the impor- The text is excellent and well (fg. 0 being an example of the high tance of the men of letters in admin. informed throughout. The plates are photographie standard in ths Infor. Istration, and the farmers in the pro- ieresting, being mosty iustrations native guide). duction fields and silk farms a3 of archaeological finds which have instruments of continuity. ‘The Spo: not been published before In the ken and the Written Word’ explains west; but their direct relevance to the the history and associations of the text is sometimes hard to discern. The Chinese language, the development various maps, however, are clear and Of the written characters, as well as useful In all this isa very good book the history of romanisation, ending for all readers, specialist and hon-spe While the longest section Is understandably on the Medes and Persians, this does not really seem to Justify the choice of title, Persia tather than lean. Is thls perhaps sug- {gestive of nostalgia for the great days with the Chinese Pinyin systems clit andi one needed to read one of aimereenth century exploration ‘which i sensibly, used throughout. "book about Chinese civilisation, this fd archaeological discovery? "Beles, Hopes and Feast covers Would do wry ney. hares Burney religion; fiom the worship of Tan Thom Rcd Department of Archaeoegy, {hetver) to that of the five di (ihe he Royal Armour, Cie of Manchester {our dveetions plas the conte), via Tomer of London BRISTOL CLASSICAL PRESS 226 North Street, Bedminster, Bristol BS3 LID. Tel: (0272) 664093 ‘Aegean Bronze Age Chronology by P. WARREN and V. HANKEY Radiocarbon dating and its alfvation as well as historical synchronisms withthe Ancien Near Bast have provided mach information in recent years for the accurate ating ofthe Minoan and Myceraean civilizations ofthe Aegean Bronze Age. In this monograph the authors, who ave aleady published ‘several detailed papers on chronology, presen and comment onthe daa ad endeavour to make thee work readily available ina comprehensive court ISBN 0906515 57 X- £24.00 (cloth) ‘The Hellenistic Aesthetic by BARBARA FOWLER ‘Barbara Fowler's assured and graceful prose analyses of Hellenistic culture ae enhanced by 127 black and white illustrations, ranging from statues to ‘painting, mosaics to jewellery. This accesible book i a pleasure from which to read and lean ISBN 1 85399 1090. £19.95 net (eloh) ISBN I 85399 1104 £99 net (paper) ‘The Poems of Catullus by JAMES MITCHIE ‘With parallel Latin text; invodcton, noes and glossary by Robert Rowland SANT 85399 1295" 16:95 (paper) MINERVA 43@ APOLLO THE INT APOLLO. NATIONAL ART AND ANTIQUES MAGAZIN Send for a free copy and subscription details 22 DAVIES STREET - LONDON W1Y 1LH ‘TEL: 01-629 3061 FAX: NAST 8752 Archaeology Books | Ifyou have a fascination with Classical antiquity... The Liturgy of Funerary Offerings Epa ih unin by Emest A. Wallis Budge | w S&S Describes the offerings to the dead, eS and the consecrating formulae rected by the chief priest to the mummified body or statue. Reprintofthe1909 edition, 286 pp., illus., $22.00 A History of Egypt, 3 vol. set bby William M. Flinders Petrie From the earliest kings to the end of the XXXth dynasty, Petrie lets the texts and inscriptions of Egyptspeak forthemselves. Reprintof 1902revised tion, special sct price $88,50 ‘Antique Works of Art from Benin, West Africa by Augustus H, Lane Fox Pitt-Rivers ‘Nearly 400 detailed illustrations of jewelry, figures, masks, tools, weapons from an 1897 expedition. 110 p., reprint of 1900 edition, $12.50 ‘Mention this ad take 10% off! Send check, money order or credit ‘card info; add $3.50 sipping, $5 non-US. Must bein US funds | Ayer Company Publishers, Inc. P.O. Box 958 * Salem, NH 03079 for faster service call (603) 898-1200 Arch catalog free ponequest Roman cult Byzantium. You should be subscribing to: ‘The Popular Award Winning Newspaper ‘Specializing in Ancient Numismatics & Antiquities Offering Monthly: Clip & Save Coin File * Display & Classified Ads And Much More! ONLY $24.00 (US.andCanada) for twelve iesuse daivared ta your door ‘$48 via alr mailto all other adresses) The Celator, P.O. Box 123, Lodi, WI 53555 - USAie eee err iar li - a eaN ELLs ed RL ova TORUS PO OE construction of the British Museum’s new Japanese Galleries, the Konica Gallery, the Main Gallery and the Oe ROl dap aL eRe RO aeRO VL His Imperial Highness Prince Fumihito in the presence of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester. ‘The new Japanese Galleries have been Fe ean eS teeter eet ee Tene eu eV history and have cost some £5 million. Of this, about £4 million has been given by Japanese Sources, while the rest has been raised by donations Perec ener er rir hems Perea rer vara Tees Japanese-related ventures ~ loan exhibitions, pub- eeeeer renter ers Pree eee eng Cee ne er ned storage for the paintings, prints, books and lacquer. ‘Next to the Students’ Room is the upper gallery, called the Konica Galley after the biggest donors ee neon et ern ney peers earn en ates Rene CRU oR eRe ae oS cenrenes r eeee ees tara Gallery, paid for by the remaining donors ~ more Perec ene eee eee eerie Asahi Shimbun, and a most effective committee of senior Japanese financiers, industrialists and gdaummadlaee MINERVA 45Museum News ~ | ex-ambassadors. They are all acknowledged on a new staircase which connects with the Oriental and. Prints and Drawings Galleries on the floor below. The Japanese exhibitions use space which has never been seen by the public before. Described by the consulting engineer, Oscar Faber, as ‘the world’s biggest attic conversion’, they have added a whole new floor to the Western half of the King Edward VII Building, without altering in any way the out: side aspect of this listed monument, The process cannot in the future be repeated on the Fastern side, because it was a condition of planning permis- sion that the inside of the roof and its mouldings there had to be preserved for posterity. There were also aesthetic problems which had to be solved by the architects, Gordon Bowyer & Part ners. The Museum's Japanese specialists had out: lined a plan for a suite of galleries which would reflect well-established Japanese display practice. ‘The objective would be not so much a pastiche of Japanese traditional internal design as a fairly close copy of the sort of modern gallery now being built in Japan for native art and antiquities The aesthetic and practical needs resulted in a series of linked galleries marked by a sense of restrained austerity, the most visually pleasing background for Japanese art and antiquities and the most flexible. That is a very important considera- tion, for the nature of most of the exhibits forbids their permanent exhibition and hence demands a policy of changing display. The decor is dominated. by three colours — off-white, pale timber, and dark brown ~ the dominant timber veneer giving the galleries their individuality, The off-white material cover the backs and floors of the wall-cases which line the Main Gallery ea ree MINERVA 46 and the Konica Gallery, and these, together with the timber, will provide an ambient lightness of mood in spite of the very sparing use of lighting outside the cases themselves, Off-white, in the form of plaster and of paper coverings to wall-units, is one of the characteristic colours of Japanese culture, and offers the best general background to the rich variety of art and antiquities which will be shown| in the galleries. In the context of our own restless culture, it also has the advantage (like all truly clas- sic styles) of not seeming quickly out-of-date. The steel of the cases Is finished in a dark bronze, and the carpeting of the galleries will be a neutral brown. Both will appear quite dark in the limited lighting of the gallery - though there will naturally be plenty of lighting available within the cases. By these means the Japanese taste for cool, neutral decor picked out by dark brown or black will be properly reflected. An early decision was made to ‘carpet the floors, to reduce the noise of feet being, transmitted to the galleries below, and to help cre- ate an atmosphere of peace. In the Main Gallery the immediate impression is Of the size of the wall-cases mounted on each side {in two stretches of some 15m. each. The purpose of the length is to accommodate that most spacious of Japanese art-forms, the pair of folding screens, which can reach well over 7m. when fully unfold: ed, and occasionally to unroll to full length one or more pictorial handscrolls which. can be even more expansive ~ up to 15m. Is not at all unknown. This will not happen in the opening exhibition, where more traditionally tasteful lengths of handscroll will be on display. The height of the cases, at over 3m., Is also remarkable, prompted by the needs of the paper orsilk hanging scroll which holds a similar place in. Japanese culture to the framed ease! painting in the ‘West. Although few of these are more than 2m. long in themselves, the often splendid brocade, damask or simple silk mounts can add a further metre. The unusual depth of Im. to 1.5m. is pro- vided to allow flexibility in the installation of antiquities, especially sculpture. In fact, without this depth, the Museum could not now be planning the exhibition ‘Sculpture of the Kamakura Period’, which will be a major loan from Japan in October, 1991, Japanese sculpture is made mostly of wood or lacquer, easily damaged by handling or by adverse air conditions, as are paint- Ings and prints and indeed many artefacts, They therefore can be shown only behind glass in the cortect conditions of temperature and humidity. A policy was made from the beginning to keep to these conditions, and to extend them to the whole sulte of galleries, the storage, and the Students’ Room. This added to the considerable cost of the exercise, but the galleries would otherwise have been of little long-term use, except for ceramics. It would certainly not have been possible to plan a loan programme of great expense and upheaval Paradoxically, then, the new galleries have been designed expensively to avold future expense. It will be possible at any time to put out a representa- tive selection from the Museum’s widely diverse collections without major changes in installation, Bearing in mind the exceptionally large and strong. holdings of prints of all periods, the specification also included a series of boards which can be attached to the backs of the large cases. These will reduce thelr depth and allow mounted prints to be brought close to the glass. Alterations to the light ‘ng will ‘lose’ the tops of the cases. Thus an hour or two's work will change a relatively grand gallery into a print room. The objective was not so much a pastiche of Japanese traditional inter- ‘The main purpose of the project was to provide a proper home for the first time for the BM’s Japanese collections, which are the most represen- tative of any in Europé. The first exhibition will therefore be a selection of the finest things - ‘Mas. terpieces of Japanese Art from the British Museum’. The exhibits will all be published in a full-colour book by the three senior cura- tors In the Department of Japanese Antiquities (Lawrence ‘Smith, Victor Harris and Timo- thy Clark), generously sub- nal design asa fairly close sidised by the Pilkington copy of the sort of modern Anglo-Japanese Foundation. ‘gallery now being built in Subsequent showings of Master: Japan for nativeart and. vies willbe mounted during nauve the next five years, ringing the antiquities. changes on the contents of the poe book. In fact, some of the paint- Ings will be alternated after only a month, follow- ing Japanese museum practice. Public reaction to this will be interesting in a country like the United Kingdom which believes, on the whole, that all works of art should be on a wall somewhere all the ‘time, even if they do crumble and fade to nothing With so much discussion of changing exhibits, it may come as a surprise that the Japanese galleries will also include the permanent, or comparatively so, In the corridor before entering the Urasenke Gallery there are two cases funded by Brian and Esther Pilkington to hold displays of the decorative ‘miniature arts from two of the great benefactors. One will be of sword furniture from the bequest of Collingwood Ingram, the other of netsuke from the gift and bequest of the memorable Mrs Hull Grundy. These, too, will be rotated three times a year. ‘On entering the Urasenke Gallery, the first thing. the visitor will see will be the Tea House, built by MINERVA 47Ce een Re eres CON tc ELS eae es Cre eee outed Master, Sen no Rikyu (1522-91), and they are guardians of his traditions of performing the Tea or eee seen PU eRe eC ner cmc tes re Omar ae ocr as close as anything to doing that; It was therefore ‘thought suitable, as a permanent introduction to eee ee a ee oes entrance. It will be viewable even when the other Cec een ee Urasenke changing according to the winter and summer styles, The Ceremony will be performed for 5 Q Pee aC eri (Sth rn aa hay z ? fens eee Ar UU Le a pera ee eee ee em fro a tomb ear De ee CR aes colleen Pro Japanese Art: Masterpieces in the British Museum, So ee ee ee seed (£19.95 from other bookshops), and from which aces ents reese ce Ue nak a cuk Tene Seca reset ate] Sen ere eee earns MINERVA 48Royal-Athena Galleries . Select Works of Fine Art from the Ancient World Archaic Greek griffin head protome Roman bronce appliqué mask of Achaemeniansiler bull head Sybaris, South Ialy Dionysus protome Late 7th Cenowry BC. 27/8 Ca. Ist Century AD. 4 1/4" Ca, Sth Century B.C. 2.3/8" Royal-Athena now sells more select works ofancientartthan Send for our FREE full color 20-page brochure. The following any other gallery, having quadrupled its sales over the past two publications are also available years, We attribute this rapid growth to our thirty years of Internationally acknowledged expertise and connoisseurship, ART OF THE ANCIENT WORLD, Vol. IV (985), the desire to exhibit the widest range of ancient works of art, 679 objects, 192 color plates $15.00 currently over 3000 objects, at competitive prices and in an ‘open and friendly atmosphere. We are currently selling to THE AGE OF CLEOPATRA (1988), over 650 collectors, colleagues and museums in 18 countries. 150 objects, 29 color plates 2.00 ‘Whether you are interested in a Greek terracotta head for $200 or a masterwork bronze for $2,000,000, we would be GODS & MORTALS: Bronzes of the Ancient World pleased to add your name to our rapidly growing list of clients (0989), 180 objects, 49 color plates 4.00 GREEK, ETRUSCAN, ROMAN, EGYPTIAN & NEAR EASTERN ANTIQUITIES EUROPEAN SCULPTURE THROUGH 1800 + OLD MASTER PRINTS & DRAWINGS ISLAMIC, SOUTHEAST ASIAN & ORIENTAL WORKS OF ART PRE-COLUMBIAN & TRIBAL ART * GREEK, ROMAN & BYZANTINE COINS royal-athena galleries ? e new york - beverly hills Established 1942 153 East STth St New York, N-¥. 1002236, Place des Antiquaices, 125 East 57th St., 332 North Beverly Dr., Beverly Hills, Ca, 90210 ‘Tels (212) 355-2034 Fax: (212) 686-0412 New Yorky N.Y. 10022 Tel: (212) 593-1193" Tel: (213) 550-1199 | Fax: (213) 550395 Monday-Saturday, 10 10 Monday-Saturday, 11 0 6 Monday-Saturday, 10 0 6 Royal-Athena at Nahen Galleries (SoHo) Royal-Athena at B.A. Seaby Led, 381 W. Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10012 8 Cavendish Square, London WIM OA], England Tel: (312) 966-9313, “el: (44) -631-3107 Monday-Friday, 9:30 c0 5 nd fora free copy of “Antiquities Forum") Monday-Friday 10 to 6, Saturday-Sunday, 11 to 7ANCIENT ART FROM THE COLLECTIONS OF NELSON BUNKER HUNT AND WILLIAM HERBERT HUNT Sotheby's is proud to present the auction of Highly Important Greek Vases, Greek, Roman and Etruscan Bronzes and Greek and Roman Coins from the Hunt Collections of Ancient Art. June 19-22 ‘! INQUIRIES: Jn New York, Openijancis Richard Keresey, 212) 606-7238: Coins, Mish Tworkowski, 212) 6067391 Bh eee electri teat Behan adobe nee ne aoe (800) 44 SOTHEBYS. Outside the continental United Sates cal 03) 8470465, ‘An Attic Red igure Panathenaic Amphora tributed 9 the Bertin Painter, 490-480 LC. Height 25% inches (61.7 em) Asction estimate: $200,000.300-000, 1834 York AVENUE, Seay tc 9 Jo Mn pp ie 28 New York, New York 10021