AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

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Theres always a solution in steel!

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American Institute of Steel Construction

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

AISC is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of

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Theres always a solution in steel!

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The American Institute of Steel Construction 2014

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Course Description
So you want to use K-factors, do you?
May 8, 2014
With the introduction of AISC 360-05, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,
the direct analysis method with K = 1.0 for frames in which sidesway is not
prevented was introduced. To understand the significant benefit to the designer
in taking K = 1.0, this presentation will discuss what is meant by a rational
method of analysis as required by the 1963 Specification, will consider the Kfactor alignment charts first introduced in the Commentary to the 1963
Specification, and will show comparisons between values obtained through the
alignment chart and those obtained through rational methods of analysis.
Results from design examples implementing the effective length method, that is
K by a rational analysis, and the direct analysis method will be discussed and
recommendations on selecting the appropriate method will be given.

Theres always a solution in steel!

Learning Objectives
Become familiar with the history of K-factor in the AISC
Specification.
Learn and understand the assumptions built into the
alignment charts used to determine K.
Learn and understand what is meant by a rational method of
analysis as required by the Specification.
Gain an understanding on how to select an appropriate
method of analysis through the comparison of design
examples using the effective length method vs. the direct
analysis method.
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Presented by
Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E.
Emeritus Professor at Penn State University
Former Vice-President at AISC

Theres always a solution in steel!

AISC Webinar

So you want to use K-factors,

do you?
May 8, 2014
Louis F. Geschwindner, Ph.D., P.E,
Professor Emeritus
Architectural Engineering
Penn State University

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Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Outline

History of column equations

Euler buckling
Effective length factors
Elastic buckling analysis
Alignment chart problems
AISC 360-10 Appendix 7 ELM
Examples
Theres always a solution in steel!

Some History
Pieter van Musschenbroek, 1729
Empirical formula for rectangular columns

Leonhard Euler, 1757

Flexural buckling of flagpole column

Thomas H. Johnson, 1886

Practical end conditions made a difference

Friedrich Engesser, 1889

Inelastic buckling
Theres always a solution in steel!

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10

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Some History
Prior to the 1961 AISC Specification, columns
were designed based on their length.
Several general styles of equations have been
proposed over the years.
Straight-line, parabolic, Rankin, and others

Some say there is no more variation in the

results of these equations than in the results of
column tests.
Thus, the goal has usually been to use simple equations rather
than more accurate yet complex theoretical equations.
11

Theres always a solution in steel!

Some History
Straight-line formulas:
s1 s

where

L
r

s1 the allowable stress

L length of column
r radius of gyration
an empirical constant
s an arbitrary constant

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
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12

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Some History
Straight-line formulas:
Suggested by William H. Burr in 1882
Widely used in US practice after 1885
Good results for L/r from 50 to 120
1892 Carnegie Phipps & Co. Ltd.
L
50
r
L
L
16, 000 55 for 50
r
r

Fa 12, 000 for

13

Theres always a solution in steel!

Some History
16000

14000

12000

10000
1892
1903
1911

8000

1921
1932
6000

4000

2000

0
0

50

100

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150

200

250

14

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May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Some History
Parabolic formulas:

where

L
s1 s
r

s1 the allowable stress

L length of column
r radius of gyration
an empirical constant
s an arbitrary constant
15

Theres always a solution in steel!

Some History
Parabolic formulas:
Proposed by J. B. Johnson in 1910
Good results for L/r from 0 to 140
1936 AISC
2

L
L
Fa 17, 000 0.485 for 120
r
r

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Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

16

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Some History
18000

16000

14000

12000
1892
1903

10000

1911

Parabolic

1921

8000

1932
1936

6000

4000

2000

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

17

Theres always a solution in steel!

Some History
Rankine-Gordon formulas:
s1

where

L
1
r
s1 the allowable stress
L length of column
r radius of gyration
an empirical constant
s an arbitrary constant

Theres always a solution in steel!

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18

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Some History
Rankine-Gordon formulas:
Thomas Tredgold first introduced in 1822
Gordon adapted it at a date unknown
between 1840 and 1858
Rankine modified it before 1866
Schwarz (1854) and Laissle and Schubler
(1857) independently came up with the same
formula.
19

Theres always a solution in steel!

Some History
Rankine-Gordon formulas:
1919 Cambria Steel

12,500

Fa
1

1 L

36, 000 r

1923 the first AISC Specification

Fa 15, 000 for

L
60
r

18, 000

1 L

18, 000 r

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

for

L
60
r

20

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May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Some History
18000

16000

14000

12000

1892
1903
1911

10000

1919
1921
8000

1923

Rankine-Gordon
1919, 1923

6000

1932
1936

4000

2000

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

21

Theres always a solution in steel!

Some History
Modern design formulas
Column Research Council proposals
Curve fit for elastic and inelastic buckling
1961 AISC, effective length concept introduced

Fa

L
1 r

2Cc2

F .S .

L
Cc
r
2
L
L
for C
r
r

Fy for

149, 000, 000

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

22

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Some History
Modern design formulas
Column Research Council proposals
Curve fit for elastic and inelastic buckling
1963 AISC, effective length factor introduced

KL
1
r

2Cc2

KL
Fa
Fy for
Cc
F .S .
r
2
KL
for
149, 000, 000 KL
C
r
r

23

Theres always a solution in steel!

Some History
Modern design formulas
Column Research Council proposals
Curve fit for elastic and inelastic buckling
2005 AISC, first unified specification
Fy

Fa

0.658 Fe Fy
1.67

for

KL
E
4.71
r
Fy

0.877 Fe
KL
E

for
4.71
1.67
r
Fy
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

where
Fe

2 E
KL

24

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Some History
25000

20000

2005, Fy = 36 ksi
L

1892
1903
1911

15000

1919
1921
1923
1932
10000

1936

1961 , Fy = 36 ksi

1961
2005

5000

0
0

50

100

150

200

250

Theres always a solution in steel!

25

Effective Length vs. Actual Length

1961 AISC Specification introduced
effective length concept.

1963 AISC Specification introduced

effective length factor, K.

2005 AISC Specification introduced

Direct Analysis using K = 1 for moment frames
Limitations on the applicability of the Effective
Length Method
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26

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May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective Length Method vs. Direct

Analysis Method
DA

ELM
Limited
applicability
Must determine
K-factors
Uses actual
modulus of
elasticity

No limits to
applicability
K-factor always
taken as unity
Uses a reduced
modulus of
elasticity

27

Theres always a solution in steel!

Stability
Determine the elastic buckling load for a
column.
Assumptions
P

Perfectly elastic
Perfectly straight
Constant cross section
Pin ends
Equilibrium at a point on a free body
in the displaced configuration

P
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Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

M x Py
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Stability
Determine the elastic buckling load for a
column.
From the principles of mechanics
using small displacement theory

M
d2y
x
2
dx
EI

Combining and rearranging terms

d2y P

y0
dx 2 EI
29

Theres always a solution in steel!

Stability
Determine the elastic buckling load for a
column.
Define

k2
x

P
EI

The result is the differential equation

of the column

d2y
k2y 0
2
dx
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Stability
Determine the elastic buckling load for a
column.
Solution

y A sin kx B cos kx
x

From boundary conditions

B0
A sin kL 0
31

Theres always a solution in steel!

Stability
Determine the elastic buckling load for a
column.
Thus,
and
x

sin kL 0

kL n

The shape of the deflected column is

y A sin
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nx
L
32

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May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Stability
Determine the elastic buckling load for a
column.
Remembering that

k2
x

P
and kL n
EI

thus,

P n 2 2
k
2
EI
L
2

33

Theres always a solution in steel!

Stability
Determine the elastic buckling load for a
column.
The solution for the differential
equation is

n 2 2 EI
P
L2

which has a minimum value

when

n 1

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Stability
Determine the elastic buckling load for a
column.
Thus, we have the well known
Euler Equation for the elastic
buckling load:
x

2 EI
Pcr 2
L

35

Theres always a solution in steel!

Effective Length Factor

Look at the higher buckling modes

n=1

n=2

n=3

n=4

The definition of n is dependent on the definition of L

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May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Elastic Buckling Load

The Perfect Column - The Euler Buckling
Equation:
2

Pe

EI
L2

The real column, as part of a structure with

imperfections, bracing, end conditions, etc.:

Pcr Pe (adjustment factor)

37

Theres always a solution in steel!

Definition of Effective Length

Factor
Define the adjustment factor as:
adjustment factor n 2

1
2
K exact

Thus, the elastic buckling load for a real

column is given by:

2 EI
Pcr
( K exact L) 2
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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective Length Factor

Consider member bracing

L
L/2

K = 1.0

K = 0.5

L/3

K = 0.33

L/4

K = 0.25

The definition of K is dependent on the definition of L

39

Theres always a solution in steel!

Effective Length Factor

K exact

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
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Beginning the
recognition that
real columns are
not exact.

40

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Effective Length Factor

Braced frame members: ends do
not sway relative to each other

KL

KL

Theres always a solution in steel!

41

Effective Length Factor

Every approach we have for determination of
the effective length factor, K, is an attempt to
determine the exact effective length factor,
Kexact, such that the exact critical buckling load
may be determined, without the need to resort
to an elastic buckling analysis.
So what is an elastic buckling analysis?

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Eigenvalue Analysis
General form of the eigenvalue problem

K K 0
o

K o linear stiffness matrix

K g geometric stiffness matrix
43

Theres always a solution in steel!

Elastic Buckling Analysis

Eigenvalue Analysis

Reduction to standard form H Y Y

Solution techniques
Y eigenvector
Polynomial expansion
Power method
Iteration
others

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eigenvalue

1
load ratio

44

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Elastic Buckling Analysis

P

0.01P

10.0 ft
20.0 ft
All members W8x24

45

Theres always a solution in steel!

Second Order Analysis Results

500

400

First Order Elastic Analysis

Load (kips)

0.571 in., 232 kips

300

Elastic Buckling Analysis

200

Second Order Elastic

Analysis
100

0
0

12

16

20

Lateral Displacement (in.)

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46

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective Length Factor

Goal
Develop equations that may be used to
determine the effective length of columns in
moment frames or braced frames without
requiring an elastic buckling analysis.
In your practice, how do you determine Kfactors?

Theres always a solution in steel!

47

Effective Length Factor

Nomograph Assumptions:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Behavior is purely elastic.

All members have a constant cross section.
All joints are rigid.
In sidesway inhibited frames (braced frames),
rotations at opposite ends of beams are equal
producing single curvature.

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48

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Effective Length Factor

Nomograph Assumptions:
5. In sidesway permitted frames (moment frames),
rotations at opposite ends of restraining beams are
equal producing reverse curvature
6. Stiffness parameter L P EI of all columns is
equal
7. Joint restraint is distributed to column above and
below in proportion to I/L
8. All columns buckle simultaneously
9. No significant axial force in girders
49

Theres always a solution in steel!

Effective Length Factor

Sidesway Inhibited (Braced Frames) C-A-7-1
GAGB
G GB
/ K
tan 2 K
( / K ) 2 ( A
)(1
) 2(
) 1
4
2
tan K
K

Sidesway Permitted (Moment Frames) C-A-7-2

2

GAGB ( K ) 36
K

6(GA GB )
tan K
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50

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective
Length

K varies from 0.5 to 1.0

Nomograph or
Alignment Chart
for Braced Frame
At each end, A and B

I L c

I L g

51

Theres always a solution in steel!

Effective
Length

K varies from 1.0 to infinity

Nomograph or
Alignment Chart
for Moment Frame
At each end, A and B

I L c

I L g

Theres always a solution in steel!

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective Length Factor

Problems with nomograph
Real structures rarely satisfy all assumptions
Gravity only columns
Stiffness parameters not usually the same
All columns don't buckle simultaneously
Different end conditions means I/L is not a good
measure of stiffness at a joint
Columns may not behave elastically

53

Theres always a solution in steel!

Effects of Inelasticity
Inelastic buckling residual stresses
When the stress-strain relationship is no
longer linear, use the Tangent Modulus of
Elasticity at the level of loading.
ET

Stress, F

Fy

Plastic Behavior

Elastic

ET
E

Strain,
Inelastic

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Effects of Inelasticity
Look at the stiffness ratio at each end of the
column. The derivation had originally included E.
Gelastic

EI L c

E I L g

I L c

I L g

If ET is used for the columns and it is assumed

that all columns at the joint have the same ET,
then
E I L
E I L
Ginelastic

E I L g

E I L g

b Gelastic

55

Theres always a solution in steel!

Effects of Inelasticity
Depends on the level of axial stress in the
member given by ratio of required strength
to yield strength:
when Pr Py 0.5;

b 1.0

when Pr Py 0.5;

P
b 4 r
Py

1.0 (LRFD)
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(C2-2a)

Pr
1
Py

(C2-2b)

1.6 (ASD)
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Effects of Inelasticity
Moment Frame Column
Beams W16x36, L= 24 ft, Ix = 448 in.3
Columns W10x88, L = 14 ft, Ix = 534 in.3
At each end, A and B

Gelastic

I L c

I L g

534
2

14

2.04
448
2

24

K 1.6
Theres always a solution in steel!

57

Effects of Inelasticity
Moment Frame Column
If the LRFD load on the column is Pu =
950 kips,

Pr
950

0.731 0.5
Py
50 26.0
P P
b 4 r 1 r
Py
Py
4 0.7311 0.731 0.786

Ginelastic 0.786 2.04 1.60

K 1.5
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58

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective Length Factor

Problems with nomograph
Real structures rarely satisfy all assumptions
Gravity only columns
Stiffness parameters not usually the same
All columns don't buckle simultaneously
Different end conditions means I/L is not a good
measure of stiffness at a joint
Columns may not behave elastically

59

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling vs. Nomograph

K exact

29, 000 82.7

EI

2.66
232
Pcr 10(12)
P
10.0 ft

20.0 ft
All members
W8x24

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

Nomograph
K = 2.63
The structure and loading are
close to satisfying the
derivation assumptions. Thus,
the results are close.
60

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Buckling vs. Nomograph

K exact

29, 000 82.7

EI

1.89
Pcr 10(12)
460
P
Nomograph
K = 2.63

10.0 ft
20.0 ft

The structure and loading are

far from satisfying the
derivation assumptions. Thus,
the results are quite different.

All members
W8x24

61

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling vs. Nomograph

P

10.0 ft
10.0 ft

All members
W8x24

20.0 ft

PCR = 1378 kips

Sidesway Prevented
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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Buckling vs. Nomograph

All members W8 x 24

Nomograph
Kupper = 0.88
10.0 ft

Klower = 0.95

10.0 ft
20.0 ft

Elastic Buckling
Kupper = 1.09

All members
W8x24

Klower = 0.77
63

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling vs. Nomograph

P

10.0 ft
10.0 ft

All members
W8x24

20.0 ft

Pcr = 140 kips

Sidesway Permitted
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Buckling vs. Nomograph

P

10.0 ft
10.0 ft

All members
W8x24

20.0 ft

Pcr = 242 kips

65

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling vs. Nomograph

10.0 ft
10.0 ft

All members
W8x24

20.0 ft

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
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Pcr = 290 kips

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Buckling vs. Nomograph

All members W8 x 24
Nomograph
10.0 ft
10.0 ft

Kupper = 1.79
Klower = 3.18

20.0 ft
All members
W8x24

67

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling vs. Nomograph

Elastic Buckling compared to Nomograph
From Elastic Buckling, each load pattern
results in a different critical buckling load.
Both stories loaded,
Kupper = 3.43, Klower = 2.42

Upper story loaded,

Kupper = 2.61, Klower = 2.61

Kupper = 1.79
Klower = 3.18

Lower story loaded,

Kupper = ?,

Nomograph

Klower = 2.38

Theres always a solution in steel!

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Buckling vs. Nomograph

P

Pcr = 455 kips

2P

10.0 ft

1
2

20.0 ft

10.0 ft

20.0 ft
All members
W8x24

Theres always a solution in steel!

69

Buckling vs. Nomograph

P

Pcr = 487 kips

P

10.0 ft

1
2

20.0 ft

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

10.0 ft

20.0 ft
All members
W8x24

70

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Buckling vs. Nomograph

P

Pcr = 499 kips

0.5P

10.0 ft

1
2

20.0 ft

Theres always a solution in steel!

10.0 ft

20.0 ft
All members
W8x24

71

Buckling vs. Nomograph

Elastic Buckling compared to Nomograph
From Elastic Buckling, each load pattern
results in a different critical buckling load.
Nomograph
Loading; P, P, 2P
K1 0.950, K 2 1.90, K 3 1.90, K 4 1.34

Loading; P, P, P
K1 0.919, K 2 1.84, K 3 1.84, K 4 1.84

Loading; P, P, 0.5P,

K1 1.16
K 2 1.45
K 3 1.79
K 4 1.28

K1 0.907, K 2 1.81, K 3 1.81, K 4 2.56

Theres always a solution in steel!

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective Length Factor

Problems with nomograph
Real structures rarely satisfy all assumptions
Gravity only columns
Stiffness parameters not usually the same
All columns don't buckle simultaneously
Different end conditions means I/L is not a good
measure of stiffness at a joint
Columns may not behave elastically

Theres always a solution in steel!

73

Gravity only Columns

What are gravity only columns?
Columns that do not contribute to the lateral load
resistance of the structure
They rely on the remaining portion of the structure to
provide their lateral restraint
Also called leaning columns
Designed with K = 1.0

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

74

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May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Gravity only Columns

In the left to right direction, this structure shows
12 gravity only columns, 50%, but the relationship of loading based on
tributary area is more like 64% on the gravity only columns
Moment Frame
40 ft
Gravity only Columns
30 ft
Gravity only Columns
40 ft
Moment Frame
75

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
P

Restraining
Columns

Gravity only Column

P/2

P/2

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

76

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns

Q
L

77

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
P

Q
MBA

Q
L

D
L

Q
L

MAB
P

Using the same model as that used for developing the nomographs
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

78

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
Nomograph type equation for sidesway uninhibited including gravity only columns

GAGB ( / K ) 2 36 Q
/ K Q
6 tan( / 2 K ) Q Q
1
1
0
6(GA GB )
P
tan(

/
K
)
P
(
G

A GB )( / 2 K ) P P

Q represents the sum of the load on all of the

gravity only columns attributed to the frame

P represents the sum of the load on all of the

restraining columns attributed to the frame
79

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
GAGB ( / K ) 2 36 Q
/ K Q
6 tan( / 2 K ) Q Q
1
1
0
6(GA GB )
P tan( / K ) P (GA GB )( / 2 K ) P P

No load on gravity only column

Q = 0, K = 2.0
Equal loads on restraining and
gravity only column

Q/P = 1, K = 2.7

Other combinations

Q/P = 2, K = 3.25

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

Q/P = 10, K = 6.07

What would you do if there
were no load P?

80

40

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
Develop a simplified approach for
determination of K considering gravity only
columns.
Either design the column for a larger load, or
Design the column with a larger K-factor

81

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
P

(P+Q)

Q
L

Q
M P Q

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

P+Q
M P Q
N40.82

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
(P+Q)

Design this column for the load (P+Q)

using the nomograph effective length
factor, Ko.

P Q

EI
2

Ko L

P+Q
M P Q
83

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
P

Or, design this column for the load P using

the modified nomograph effective length
factor, Kn.

2 EI

Kn L

P
M P
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

84

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
Solve both equations for

2 EI
L2

2 EI
2 EI
2
K o P Q and
K n2 P
2
2
L
L

Set equal and solve for Kn

Kn Ko

PQ
Q
Ko 1
P
P
85

Theres always a solution in steel!

Buckling with Gravity Only

Columns
Q

Kn Ko 1

Q
P

No load on gravity only column

Q = 0, K = 2.0

Equal loads on restraining and

gravity only column

Q/P = 1, K = 2.8
Other combinations

Q/P = 2, K = 3.46
Q/P = 10, K = 6.63

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

What would you do if there

were no load P?

86

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May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

AISC 360-10
Alternate Methods of Design for Stability
App.7.1. General Stability Requirements
General requirements from Chapter C
still apply subject to limitations given in App.7.

App.7.2. Effective Length Method

App.7.3. First-Order Analysis Method

87

Theres always a solution in steel!

Effective Length Method

App.7.2.1. Limitations
(1) Structure supports gravity loads primarily through
nominally vertical columns, walls or frames
(2) Second-order effects must be limited

B2

2 nd order
1.5
1st order

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

88

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May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective Length Method

App.7.2.2. Required Strengths
Must satisfy the general stability requirements of Section
C2.1
For out-of-plumbness must use notional loads in gravity
only load cases

Theres always a solution in steel!

89

Effective Length Method

App.7.2.3. Available Strengths
Calculated in accordance with the provisions of Chapters
D through K.
Effective length factors taken as K = 1.0 when lateral
stability does not rely on flexural stiffness (braced
frames).
In moment frames, K determined through a sidesway
buckling analysis.

If 2 nd order 1st order 1.1 then K 1.0

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

90

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Effective Length Method

Design process
Apply notional loads, Ni =0.002Yi in the
gravity only load cases
Perform a second-order elastic analysis
Determine K-factor from a sidesway buckling
analysis
Check strength using interaction equations

91

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
300 kips
20 kips

300 kips

PL 420 kips

rigid element

W 20.0 kips

W14x90
Column A

PD 75.0 kips

15 ft

Column B

1.2 D 0.5 L 1.0W

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

92

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (LRFD)
First-order elastic analysis
300 kips

300 kips

20 kips

W14x90

15 ft

Column B

1st

M ux 300 ft-kips
K ox 2.0

rigid element

Column A

Pu 300 kips

K oy 1.0
Lb 15 ft

Pl 3
20(15)3 (1728)

1.34 in.
3b EI 3 1.0 (29000)(999)

Theres always a solution in steel!

93

Example 1 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Notional load
Yi 300 300 600 kips
N i 0.002(600) 1.2 kips

Apply notional load only for gravity only load

case
Note that notional load is less than applied
lateral load
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

94

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (LRFD)
Stiffness reduction b 1.0 for
P
4 r
Py

Pr
0.5
Py

Pr
1
Py

Pr
0.5
for
P

Pr
1.0(300)

0.23 0.5
Py
50 ksi 26.5 in.2
Thus

b 1.0

No need to reconsider
deflection or consider
inelastic buckling

Theres always a solution in steel!

N40.95

Example 1 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
member effect.
Since there are no moments in this example without
lateral displacement, there is no need for B1

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

96

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect

B2

1
1.0
Pstory

Pstory 600 kips

H 20 kips
H 1.34 in.

Pe story

97

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect
Pmf
RM 1 0.15
P
story

Pe story RM

300
1 0.15
0.925
600

20 15.0 12
HL
0.925
2, 490 kips
H
1.34

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

98

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect
B2

1
1.32 1st 1.5
2 nd
1.0 600
1
2490

Thus, this method is applicable

99

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (LRFD)
Second-order moment

M r B1M nt B2 M lt

(A-8-1)

M u (0.0) 1.32(300) 396 ft-kips

Second-order force

Pr Pnt B2 Plt

(A-8-2)

Pu 300 1.32 0.0 300 kips

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

100

50

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (LRFD)
Determine the effective length, including
the gravity only column
K ox 2.0 (for a cantilever column)

To include the gravity only column

K nx K ox 1
K nx 2.0 1

Pgravity
Pstability
300
2.83
300

derived earlier
101

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (LRFD)
Determine member strength
K nx L 2.83 15.0 ft =42.5 ft

c Pn 721 kips

K oy L 15.0 ft
Lb 15.0 ft

b M n 574 ft-kips

Interaction Eq. H1-1a

300 8 396

1.03 1.0 ng
721 9 574
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

102

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (LRFD)
Had you not considered the gravity only
columns impact on K
K ox L 2.0 15.0 ft =30.0 ft

c Pn 929 kips

K oy L 15.0 ft
Lb 15.0 ft

b M n 574 ft-kips

Interaction Eq. H1-1a

300 8 396

0.94 1.0 ok
929 9 574

But we now know this

would have been
incorrect.
103

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
390kips
9 kips

390 kips

PL 420 kips

rigid element

W 20.0 kips

W14x90
Column A

PD 75.0 kips

15 ft

Column B

D 0.75L 0.75 0.6W

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

104

52

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
First-order elastic analysis
390 kips

390 kips

9 kips

W14x90

15 ft

Column B

1st

M ax 135 ft-kips
K ox 2.0

rigid element

Column A

Pa 390 kips

K oy 1.0
Lb 15 ft

Pl 3
9(15)3 (1728)

0.603 in.
3b EI 3 1.0 (29000)(999)

Theres always a solution in steel!

105

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Notional load
Yi 390 390 780 kips
N i 0.002(780) 1.56 kips

Apply notional load only for gravity only load

case
Note that notional load is less than applied
lateral load
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

106

53

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
Stiffness reduction b 1.0 for
P
4 r
Py

Pr
0.5
Py

Pr
1
Py

Pr
0.5
for
P

Pr
1.6(390)

0.47 0.5
Py
50 ksi 26.5 in.2
Thus

b 1.0

No need to reconsider
deflection or consider
inelastic buckling

Theres always a solution in steel!

107

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
member effect.
Since there are no moments in this example without
lateral displacement, there is no need for B1

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

108

54

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect

B2

1
1.0
Pstory

Pstory 780 kips

H 9 kips
H 0.603 in.

Pe story

109

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect
Pmf
RM 1 0.15
P
story

Pe story RM

390
1 0.15
0.925
780

9 15.0 12
HL
0.925
2, 490 kips
H
0.603

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

110

55

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect
B2

1
2.00 1st 1.5
2 nd
1.6 780
1
2490

Thus, this method is NOT applicable for ASD.

111

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (ASD)
Consider the Direct Analysis Method
390kips
9 kips

390 kips

PL 420 kips

rigid element

W 20.0 kips

W14x90
Column A

PD 75.0 kips

15 ft

Column B

D 0.75L 0.75 0.6W

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

112

56

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
First-order elastic analysis
390 kips

390 kips

9 kips

W14x90

15 ft

Column B

1st

M ax 135 ft-kips
K ox 1.0

rigid element

Column A

Pa 390 kips

K oy 1.0
Lb 15 ft

Pl 3
9(15)3 (1728)

0.755 in.
3b EI 3 1.0 0.8 (29000)(999)

Theres always a solution in steel!

113

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Direct Analysis method
Notional load
Yi 390 390 780 kips
N i 0.002(780) 1.56 kips

Apply notional load only for gravity only load

case unless second-order effects are too great
Note that notional load must be added to the
lateral load in our case since the second-order
effects will be shown to be large.
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

114

57

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
Pa 390 kips

First-order elastic analysis

390 kips
9+1.56 kips

390 kips

M ax 135 23.4
158 ft-kips

rigid element

W14x90
Column A

15 ft

K ox 1.0
K oy 1.0

Column B

Lb 15 ft
1st

Pl 3
9(15)3 (1728)

0.755 in.
3b EI 3 1.0 0.8 (29000)(999)
115

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (ASD)
Stiffness reduction b 1.0 for
P
4 r
Py

Pr
0.5
Py

Pr
1
Py

Pr
0.5
for
P

Pr
1.6(390)

0.47 0.5
Py
50 ksi 26.5 in.2
Thus

b 1.0

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

No need to reconsider
deflection or consider
inelastic buckling
116

58

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Direct Analysis Method
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
member effect.
Since there are no moments in this example without
lateral displacement, there is no need for B1

117

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Direct Analysis Method
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect

B2

1
1.0
Pstory
Pe story

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

Pstory 780 kips

H 9 kips
H 0.755 in.

118

59

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Direct Analysis Method
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect
Pmf
RM 1 0.15
P
story

Pe story RM

390
1 0.15
0.925
780

9 15.0 12
HL
0.925
1,980 kips
H
0.755

Theres always a solution in steel!

119

Example 1 (ASD)
Design by Direct Analysis Method
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect
B2

1
2.70 1st 1.5
2 nd
1.6 780
1
1980

But, there is no limit on applicability of this method

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

120

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AISC Live Webinar

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 1 (ASD)
Second-order moment

M r B1M nt B2 M lt

(A-8-1)

M u (0.0) 2.70(158) 427 ft-kips

Second-order force

Pr Pnt B2 Plt

(A-8-2)

Pu 390 2.70 0.0 390 kips

121

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 1 (ASD)
Determine member strength
K nx L 15.0 ft

Pn
667 kips

K oy L 15.0 ft
Lb 15.0 ft

Interaction Eq. H1-1a

Mn
382 ft-kips

390 8 427

1.58 1.0 ng
667 9 382
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

122

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AISC Live Webinar

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 2 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
300 kips

Column A load

PD 75.0 kips

500 kips

Column B load

20 kips

PD 125.0 kips

rigid element

PL 420 kips

W14x90

15 ft

PL 700 kips

W 20.0 kips
Column A

Column B

1.2 D 0.5 L 1.0W

123

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 2 (LRFD)
First-order elastic analysis
300 kips

500 kips

20 kips

W14x90

15 ft

Column B

1st

M ux 300 ft-kips
K ox 2.0

rigid element

Column A

Pu 300 kips

K oy 1.0
Lb 15 ft

Pl 3
20(15)3 (1728)

1.34 in.
3b EI 3 1.0 (29000)(999)

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

124

62

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 2 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Notional load
Yi 300 500 800 kips
N i 0.002(800) 1.6 kips

Apply notional load only for gravity only load

case
Note that notional load is less than applied
lateral load
125

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 2 (LRFD)
Stiffness reduction b 1.0 for
P
4 r
Py

Pr
0.5
Py

Pr
1
Py

Pr
0.5
for
P

Pr
1.0(300)

0.23 0.5
Py
50 ksi 26.5 in.2
Thus

b 1.0

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

No need to reconsider
deflection or consider
inelastic buckling
126

63

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 2 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
member effect.
Since there are no moments in this example without
lateral displacement, there is no need for B1

127

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 2 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect

B2

1
1.0
Pstory
Pe story

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

Pstory 800 kips

H 20 kips
H 1.34 in.

128

64

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 2 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect
Pmf
RM 1 0.15
P
story

Pe story RM

300
1 0.15
0.94
800

20 15.0 12
HL
0.94
2,530 kips
H
1.34

Theres always a solution in steel!

129

Example 2 (LRFD)
Design by Effective Length Method (App. 7.2)
Amplify first-order analysis; Appendix 8
structure effect
B2

1
1.46 1st 1.5
2 nd
1.0 800
1
2,530

Thus, this method is applicable

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

130

65

AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 2 (LRFD)
Second-order moment

M r B1M nt B2 M lt

(A-8-1)

M u (0.0) 1.46(300) 438 ft-kips

Second-order force

Pr Pnt B2 Plt

(A-8-2)

Pu 300 1.46 0.0 300 kips

131

Theres always a solution in steel!

Example 2 (LRFD)
Determine the effective length, including
the gravity only column
K ox 2.0 (for a cantilever column)

To include the gravity only column

K nx K ox 1
K nx 2.0 1

Pgravity
Pstability
500
3.27
300

derived earlier

Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

132

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Example 2 (LRFD)
Determine member strength
K nx L 3.27 15.0 ft =49.0 ft

c Pn 610 kips

K oy L 15.0 ft
Lb 15.0 ft

b M n 574 ft-kips

Interaction Eq. H1-1a

300 8 396

1.11 1.0 ng
610 9 574
Theres always a solution in steel!

133

Examples
Note that load on the gravity only column
has significant impact on the restraining or
stability column.
In these examples, we had one gravity
only column and one restraining column.
In real structures we can expect multiple
numbers of each type column.
Using the correct K-factor is critical.
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

134

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

If you want to use K-factors you

better use the correct ones
What approach does your software use?
Calculates the elastic buckling load______
Calculates K based on the alignment chart
equations_____
Requires K as an input variable for each
column_____
Assumes a K based on a default_____
Assumes all K = 1.0_____
135

Theres always a solution in steel!

OR
Use the Direct Analysis method of AISC
360-10 Chapter C with

K 1
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

136

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AISC Live Webinar

May 8, 2014

So you want to use K-factors, do you?

Thank You
American Institute of Steel Construction
One East Wacker Drive, Suite 700
Chicago, IL 60601

Theres always a solution in steel!

137

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your junk folder!
Completely fill out online form. Dont forget to check
the boxes next to each attendees name!
OR
Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

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AISC Live Webinar

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So you want to use K-factors, do you?

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Theres always a solution in steel!

Copyright 2014
American Institute of Steel Construction

70