Fundamental of

the Engine
operations

Fundamental of the Engine operations

Engine: is a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy.
The heat from burning a fuel produces power which moves the vehicle.

Automotive engine are internal combustion (IC) engine because the

fuel that runs them is burned internally, or inside the engines.

There are two types of engine
Reciprocating engine: piston moving up and down, or back and forth
Rotary engines: have rotor that spin or rotate
Essential for Engine Operation
The automobile engine has cylinders
Piston moves up and down in each cylinder

The car moves because the piston move

Engine must have available fuel for moving up and down the piston
Gravity, atmospheric pressure, and vacuum make it possible for the fuel to
get into the engine cylinders.
Fuel burns to produce power.
Vacuum is the absence of air.
When a piston moves down in a cylinder, the pistons creates a partial
vacuum.

Engine Cylinder

 There are at least two valve ports at the top of the cylinder
Intake and exhaust valve ports
Valve enter in each of the ports.

A valve is a device that can be opened and closed to control

the flow of gas.
Engine valve is a plug with a round head on a long stem
It moves up and down at the proper time by the valve train
When the port is closed, no A/F mixture enter or exhaust
leave the cylinder
A/F enters into the cylinder when the intake valve open
Exhaust leaves the cylinder when the exhaust valve open.

 Actions in the Engine Cylinder

The intake valve closes after the piston passes it bottom position

and starts to move up again

The bottom position of the piston into the cylinder is called bottom dead
center (BDC).

The piston moves up, compresses the A/F mixture into a confined

space is called combustion chamber

The piston reaches the top position and spark plug fire

The top position of the piston into the cylinder is called top dead center
(TDC).

The spark sets the fire to ignite the compresses the A/F mixture.
The temperature of the burning A/F mixture goes up as high as

33160C.
The high temperature makes the pressure as high as 4140 kPa
The 4140 kPa push down the piston of up to 17,792 N

This 17,792 N pushes the piston down

The downward movement, carried through the connecting rod, rotates the
crankshaft
The crankshaft turns the gears and drive shafts to move the car.

Four Stroke Cycle:

1.Intake
2. compression
3. power
4. exhaust

Engine construction
Piston and piston ring
Piston: are made of aluminum alloy. Its diameter

is slightly smaller than the cylinder which allows

the piston to slide up and down

It is called sliding fit

Piston rings are installed on the pistons ring

grooves for preventing excessive blow-by.

Compression ring: these form a sliding seal between the

piston and the cylinder wall.
Oil control ring (oil rings) :These scrape off most of the
lubricating oil splashed on the cylinder wall and return
the oil to the crankcase

Engine Operation
A diesel engine requires three of these systems:

Fuel system
Electric ignition system
Lubricating system
Cooling system
Fuel system: supplies gasoline or diesel fuel to the engine by the fuel pump.
The fuel mixes with the air to form a combustible mixture.
Then the mixture is compressed, ignite, and burn.
A fuel pump sends fuel from the tank to the fuel injectors.
Fuel injectors are controlled by Electronic control module (ECM)
Fuel delivery continues as long as the valve open.
The fuel flow time and amount is controlled by ECM
When the proper amount of fuel has sprayed out, the ECM turns off
the injector.
Carburetors, were part of most fuel systems. It is called mixing
device.
Air passing through the carburetor picks up and mixes with the fuel to
provide a combustible mixture.
It is replaced now by ECM control fuel-injection system

Operational Parameters
Foranyonecylinder,thecrankshaft,connectingrod,

piston,andheadassemblycanberepresentedbythe
followinggeometry:
b=Boreofthecylinder
L=connectingrodlength
a=crankradius
s=strokelength
q=Crankangle,degree

Thetopdeadcentre(tdc)ofanenginereferstothe

crankshaftbeinginapositionsuchthatq=00
Thevolumeinthispositioniscalledclearancevolume
(Vc)
Bottomdeadcentre(bdc)referstothecrankshaftbeing
q=1800
ThevolumeVLismaximumatbottomdeadcentre

Thecompressionratioisdefinedasthemaximumtominimum

volume,

r=Vbdc/Vtdc=VL/Vc

Thedisplacementvolume(Vd)isdefinedasthedifference

betweenthemaximumandminimumvolumeforasingle
cylinder,
Vd=VLVC=s(b2/4)

Foramultiplecylinderengine,thetotaldisplacementistheproductofthe

numberofcylinder(nc)andthedisplacementvolumeofacylinder.

Theinstantaneousvolumeatanycrankangleis,

V(q)=vc+y(b2/4)

Themeaneffectivepressure(mep)istheworkdoneperunit

displacementvolume.

Twousefulmeaneffectivepressureparameters:

imep:Theindicatedmeaneffectivepressureisthenetworkdoneperunitof
displacementvolumebythegasduringcompressionandexpansion.
bemp:istheexternalshaftworkperunitvolumedonebytheengine.

Volumetricefficiency:itisdefinedasthemassoffuelandair

inducedintothecylinderdividedbythemassthatwouldoccupy
thedisplacedvolumeatthedensity(i)intheintakemanifold.

Engine power
is power available from the crankshaft to do work.

The unit of engine power is in kW (or hp)

Three types of works are normally defined in case of
engine power,

Indicated horse power (ihp) : is the power developed inside the

combustion chambers during combustion
Frictional horse power (fhp): is the power required to overcome
the friction of the internal moving parts.
Brake horse power (bhp) : is the power available from the
engine crankshaft to do the work.
It is normally measured by braking the crankshaft.
Dynamometer: is used to measure the bhp.

bhp = ihp - fhp

Mechanical efficiency: is defined as the ratio of bhp to

ihp.