1

Unix Shell Programming by Dinesh Kumar S

PDF by http://www.k2pdf.com

Contents

Chapters
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11

Topic
Introduction
SSH Client
Unix Shells
Text Editors
A Beginning to Shell Scripting
Operators
Variables Manipulation (Advance)
Conditional Statements
Looping Statements
Control Statements
Functions

Page no.
3
4
8
11
19
33
39
43
47
74
79

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Introduction

Chapter 1
Linux:

It is an operating system based on UNIX.

Kernel:
It is the backbone of Linux OS, which is used to manage resources of Linux OS like memory,
I/O, software, hardware management processes.

User
Shell Script
Kernel
PC h/w

User writes script.

Script contains instructions.
Kernel interprets the instruction in machine language.
As per the instruction kernel controls the PC hardware.
Shell script:
Its a collection of OS commands or instructions.

Advantages of Shell Script:

Script is always a platform independent.
Performance will be faster than programming languages.
Very easy to debug.

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SSH Client

Chapter 2

Secure Shell (or) SSH is a network protocol that is used to exchange or share information
between two different networks.
This is used on Linux & UNIX systems to access SHELL accounts.
All the information exchanged/transmitted between networks is encrypted.
It uses public key cryptography to authenticate remote computer user.

Free Serial, Telnet, and SSH client




Putty
Tera Term

Putty:
It is a terminal emulator application which acts as client for SSH, Telnet, rLogin.
Download: http://www.putty.org/

Tera Term:
Its an open source terminal emulator. It emulates different terminals from VT100 to VT382.
It also supports telnet, SSH1, SSH2 and serial connections.
Download: http://hp.vector.co.jp/authors/VA002416/teraterm.html

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Putty:
Double click Putty.exe then,

Input the server IP Address and open the session. Provide Username/password.

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Tera Term:
Double click TeraTrain.exe then.
Input the IP Address. Then select the options as per the screen shot below and press ok.

Now provide the username & password.

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Then click ok.

I will be using Tera Term SSH Client.

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Chapter 3

UNIX Shells

UNIX shell is a command line like DOS in Windows. Its a user interface for UNIX operating
system. Mainly shells are used for inputting user OS commands.
It is called Shell because it hides all the information behind the shell interface.

Types of Shells:

Bourne Shell (sh):

Its the default UNIX shell. Most of the scripts to configure OS is written using this shell. It
was developed by Stephen Bourne.

C Shell (csh):
It is called C shell because the syntax used here is similar to c language. It adds many features
compare to bourne shell. This shell is not widely used now. It was developed by Bill Joy.

Korn Shell (ksh):

This shell is backward compatible with bourne shell & inherits many features of C shell. This
was developed by David Korn.
Bash Shell (bash):
It stands for Bourne again Shell i.e. It is superset of bourne shell. It was built by Stephen
Bourne.
Note: I have discussed only main shells used in UNIX.

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Finding Shell:
How to find which shell we are working at?
There is a simple command to check which shell we are working at.
echo $SHELL (or)
echo $0

To check Shells available in UNIX, type the following command

Cat /etc/shells

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Switching Shell:
We can switch between shells in two ways:



Temporarily
Permanently

Temporarily:
By default we will be using bash shell. After logging into the UNIX we can change to other shell
in same session. This is done by entering the name of the shell.

Bash Bash Shell

Ksh - Korn Shell
Csh - C Shell
Tcsh - TENEX C Shell

zsh - Z Shell
scsh Scheme Shell (not found)
dash Debain Almquist Shell (not found)

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Permanently:
To change the shell permanently whenever we log in into the UNIX use the command chsh
(Change Shell).
For these changes to be done we need to modify shell and environment variables.

I have changed the shell from bash to csh (c Shell). When I check the current shell for the
current session it is bash.
Now log in again & check which shell you are in for current session, it will be csh.
As I am using SSH client, we cannot change the shell.

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Chapter 4

Text Editors

Text editors have similar functionality like word processors. Several text editors are available
in Linux. We are going to see only major ones.

Editors:
Vim
Pico
Emacs
Joe

Vim:
Its an improved version of Vi. It is also called as programmers editor. Also it contains many
power tools.
Pico:
Its a simple text editor with pine e-mailer. It is very easy to use & powerful.
Emacs:
Its an extensible & customizable editor. This editor is user friendly & supports many languages.
Joe:
Its a full featured terminal based editor. It is very similar to WordStar & Emacs word
processor.

Note: I am going to use Emacs for all exercises.

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Basics Command in Emacs:

Help Commands:
Ctrl + h
Ctrl + h t

help command.

help with tutorial

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File Commands:
Ctrl x + Ctrl f

Finds file, it prompt for a file name & loads the file into editor.

Ctrl x + Ctrl s

Saves the buffer with associate file name.

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Cursor Movements:

Ctrl + a

Move Cursor to beginning of line.

Ctrl + e

Move cursor to end of line.

Ctrl + n

Move cursor to next line.

Ctrl + p

Move Cursor Previous line.

Esc + f

Move cursor one word forward.

Esc + b

Move cursor one word backward.

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Ctrl + f

Move cursor one character forward.

Ctrl + b

Move cursor one character back.

Ctrl + v

Scroll file forward by one screen.

Esc + v

Scroll file backward by one screen.

Copy, Paste, Delete Commands:

Original Text:

Ctrl + d

Delete a char.

Esc + d

Delete word.

Ctrl + k

Kill line.

Ctrl + @

Set region.

Ctrl + w

Kill region.

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Ctrl + y

insert at cursor position.

Esc + w

Copy region.

Search Commands:
Ctrl + s

Search forward.

Ctrl + r

Search backward.

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Esc + %

Search & Replace.

Press y to replace n to skip.

Save & Exitcommands:

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A Beginning to Shell Scripting

Chapter 5
Rule to write Shell script:

Write Script

Give Execute
permission to user

Run Script

Debug (optional)

Write Script:
Create a shell script using a text editor (Emacs). Save the script file as,

.sh
.bash
Example: emacs my_first_script.bash
emacs my_first_script.sh

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Setting up Execute Permission:

Before executing the script you need to set permission to read, write and execute.
To set file permission use command,

Chmod 777 <script_name>

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Run Script:
Run the shell script as below,
Bash <script_name>
Sh <script_name>
./<script_name>

Debug:
If there is an error in shell script, to find out the error we need to type the following command
with options.
Bash <option> <script_name>
Sh <option> <script_name>
Options:
v
Print script line as they read.
x
While executing command it expands system variables and arguments.

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Comments in Shell Script:

To make the script understandable to other users we need to add comments inside shell script.
To comment the lines add # before the line. When a line is commented that is ignored when
the script is running.

Now see the commented lines are not displayed in output.

Command Separator (Semicolon):
We can write two or more commands in single line. To do this we need to use semicolon (;).

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Variables in Shell Script:

When we are executing or running any operation is OS with the help of RAM (Random Access
Memory). RAM is divided into many locations with unique number.
When we run a shell script some data will be processed and will get stored in RAM in some
memory location. Now it will difficult for the user to identify that memory location to reuse the
data value. To avoid this situation we assign a unique name to each memory location such that we
can access that data value during runtime of the script. This is done by creating a data
variable.
Types of Variables:
System Variable
User Defined Variable
System Variable: Created by Operating System (OS). Example, SHELL, HOME
User Defined Variable: Created by User. Define a user variable as
Variable_name=value
Multiple variables in single line is defined by command separator.
Variable_name=value; Variable_name=value
To print a variable add $ in front of variable.

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Note: While initializing a variable there should not be any space between variable, operator and
value.
We can display multiple variables in single echo command.

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echo Command:
This command is used to display variable values or texts.
Syntax:
Echo

#Displays empty line

Echo <option> $variable_name

Echo <option> texts
Echo <option> $var1. Texts $var2
Example: echo e texts \t $var1 \n $var2
Options:
\a
alert
\n
new line
\t
tab
\r
carriage return
\\
back slash
-n
do not output trail new line
-e
enables the above option to use in echo command. (Mandatory)
Shell Arithmetics:
To perform a arithmetic operation we need to use key word expr.

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Quotes:
Types of quotes:

Double quote
Anything inside double quotes removes meaning of string except \ and $.

Single quote
Anything inside single quotes remains unchanged.

` `

Back quote
Anything inside back quote executes command.

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Exit Status:
As we know we can embed a shell command inside shell script. If we want to know about the
status of the executed command i.e. whether it is success or failure we are going to use exit
status.
Syntax: exit $?
Zero (0)

success
Others

Error

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Read variables from user:

To read an input from keyboard the following syntax is used.
read variable_name

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Redirecting input/output:
Types: There are 3 redirection types as follows:

1) >
2) >>
3) <

>:

This will redirect the output to a file.

Example: ls > out_redirect1

>>:

This will append the output to existing file at last. If data exists it will be left if not it
will be added. Example: ls >> out_redirect1

<:

This will take input from file to a command.

Example: cat < out_redirect1
Example 2: cat < out_redirect1 >> out_redirect1 > out_redirect2
This will take input from out_redirect1 & append the result again into
out_redirect1, then sends the complete output to out_redirect2.

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ls >> out_redirect1

cat < out_redirect1

We will be getting the same output as above.

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cat < out_redirect1 >> out_redirect1 > out_redirect2

Pipe: (|)
Pipe is used to link output of one program as input to another program.
Example: ls | cat
As above the output of ls is given as input to cat command.
Example 2: w | sort > out_redirect3
The output of w i.e. users will be sorted & output will be redirected to the file.

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Output:

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Operators

Chapter 6
Test Operators:
Test Operators
-e
-f
-b
-c
-p
-s
-r
-w
-x
-g
-u
-O
-nt
-ot

True then
File exists
File is normal file not directory or system or device files.
File is blocked device
File is character device
File is pipe
File is symbolic link
File has read permission
File has write permission
File has execute permission
Group id flag set to file
User id flag set to file
User is owner of file
Newer than (f1 nt f2)
Older than (f1 ot f2)

Comparison Operators:
Numbers:
Operator
-eq
-ne
-gt
-ge
-lt
-le
<
<=
>
>=

Description
Equal
Not equal
Greater than
Greater than or equal to
Less than
Lesser than or equal to
Less than
Less than or equal to
Greater than
Greater than or equal to

Example
if [$var1 -eq $var2]
if [$var1 ne $var2]
if [$var1 gt $var2]
if [$var1 ge $var2]
if [$var1 lt $var2]
if [$var1 -lt$var2]
if (($var1 < $var2))
if (($var1 <= $var2))
if (($var1 > $var2))
if (($var1 >= $var2))

Note: While using operator use double parenthesis.

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Strings:
Operator
=
==
!=

Description
equal to
For comparison
Not equal to

<

Less than

>

Greater than

-z
-n

String is null
String not null

Example
if [$var1 = $var2]
if [$var1 == $var2]
if [$var1 != $var2]
if [[$var1 < $var2]] (or)
if [$var1 \< $var2]
if [[$var1 > $var2]] (or)
if [$var1 \> $var2]
if [-z $str]
if [-n $str]

Note: you can use ( ) parenthesis or [ ] Square brackets to enclose variables in conditions.
Example 1: Using operators with integers.

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Example 2: Using operators with strings.

Arithmetic Operators:

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Logical boolean Operator:

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Comma Operator:
It combines two or more arithmetic operations. But only last arithmetic operation is value is
returned.

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Chapter 7

Variables Manipulation (Advance)

Builtin Variables:
These are variables which affect bash script behavior.

Variables
$BASH
$BASH_ENV
$BASH_VERSINFO
$BASH_VERSION
$EDITOR
$EUID
$GROUP
$HOME
$HOSTNAME
$HOSTTYPE
$MACHTYPE
$IGNOREOF
$LINENO
$OLDPWD
$OSTYPE
$PATH
$PPID
$PROMPT_COMMAND
$PWD
$REPLY
$SECONDS
$SHELLOPTS

Description
Displays bash path.
Points to bash environment variables.
Displays bash shell version.
Displays bash version.
Displays editor used by script.
Displays user id.
Displays user group id.
Displays home directory of user.
Displays host name.
Displays host type.
Displays hardware type.
Ignore EOF.
Displays line number in script.
Displays old directory which user worked.
Displays Operating System type.
Displays all path of user.
Displays process ID.
Displays variable holding command to execute.
Displays present working directory.
Default value when value is not given to read variable.
Displays no. of seconds script being executed.
Displays list of shell options.

Note:
I have not discussed all the internal variables but most commonly used.
All the built-in variable command should be in UPPER CASE.

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Command Line Arguments:

Command Line arguments are nothing but passing a Parameter for a script to run. Such as,
Plsql:
SQL> Select f1 (10, 20) from dual;
Here 10 & 20 are passed as argument to function f1 to be executed successfully.
In the same way we pass arguments to Shell Script at runtime to have user interaction with
command line.
Syntax:
./Shell_Script_name.bash arg1 arg2 arg3 .. arg9
Example:
. /Dinesh 10 2
Dinesh Script name
10 Parameter 1
2 - Parameter 2
Note: We can pass maximum of 9 command line arguments only.

Positional Parameters:
Positional Parameters are passed from command line to script or to a variable.
In a simple manner when arguments are passed from command line to script it is called
command line arguments. The same variables, when used inside the script are called as
positional parameters.

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Positional Parameters
$0
$1 to $9
$#
$*
$@

Description
Script Name
Arguments passed to the script
No. of command line arguments
Displays all parameters in single line
Same as $* but considers each parameter as a single word

Consider the script below.

Output:

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Chapter 8

Conditional Statements

Conditional Statements:
if condition
if else if condition
Nested if
if elif Condition
I. if condition:
If the condition is satisfied then statements inside body is executed.
Syntax:

II. if else if Condition:

If 1st condition is not satisfied then statements in else body will be executed.
Syntax:

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III. Nested if:

A condition is defined within a condition statement.

IV. Multi if else if:

If we want to check multiple conditions we will use multilevel if else statement.

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Method I:

Method II:

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Method III:

Method IV:

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Looping Statements

Chapter 9

Loop:
A Loop is a block of code which repeatedly executes statements until loop condition is satisfied.
Bash Scripting Supports

for Loop
while Loop
until Loop

Points to note:
Variables in loop conditions should be initialized.
Before executing the loop body test condition should be satisfied.
In body of loop the test variable should be modified.
For Loop:
Syntax:
For Variable_name in [List]
Do
Statements..
Done
(Or)
For Variable_name in [List]; Do
Statements..
Done
Note: If do & for in same line then separate it by using semicolon ;.

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Simple for Loop:

Note:
Sakthi Vinush Hima Shovan Senthil Lokesh Sudhir Vishnu Srikanth
If you give the list within then it becomes single string.

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For loop with two Parameters:

Example 1:

Example 2:

Note: Use can access multiple values in list using Positional parameters such as $1, $2.
In Example_1 $1
Vinush
$2


CSE

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Storing for Loop LIST in a Variable:

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Operating files in for loops List:

Pattern Recognition:
Pattern Description

*
[ab]*

Recognizes all file formats

Recognizes files beginning with a or b

Example 1:

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Files in the Present working Directory:

Example 2:

Example 3:

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Excluding in [List] in for loop:

If we exclude it the loops works with positional parameter $@ therefore script executes
successfully.

Without Command line arguments:

With Command line arguments:

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Command Substitution for [List] in for loop:

Note: While executing command use back quote.

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Function Substitution for [List] in for loop:

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II.While loop:
While loop checks the condition first & execute the loop statements till the condition is
satisfied. This loop is compliment to for loop. This loop is mainly used when the loop repetition
is not known.

Syntax:

While [ condition ]
do
Statements.
done

(Or)

While [ condition ]; do
Statements.
done
Note: If do & for in same line then separate it by using semicolon ;.

(Or)
While [[ condition ]]; do
Statements.
done

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Simple while loop:

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Using string in while loop condition:

I can use strings in while test condition to compare with other string.
In the below example I am going to read variables from user until he/she types the word stop.

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Multiple Statements in while loop:

We can give multiple statements; each statement should be given in separate line. In this case
the loop control is decided by last statement.
Syntax:

While statement_1
statement_2
statement_3
statement_4
do
body_statements.
done

# this statement takes loop control (i.e. Test condition)

(Or)

While statement_1
statement_2
statement_3
statement_4; do
body_statements.
done

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Statement 1:
Statement 2:
Statement 3:

# this condition controls the loop

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C Programming syntax in while loop:

C Syntax:
While [ Condition )]
{
Statements
}
Example:

Unix Syntax:

To execute condition & variable increment in same way UNIX uses the syntax below.
While (( Condition ))
do
Statements.
done
Example:

Note: When we use (( )) double parenthesis two points to be noted:

1. It helps in making a mathematical calculation without using $ or let or expr command.
2. Also it helps in incrementing variable like C syntax.

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Example 1:

Example 2:

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While loop calling a function inside test brackets:

Syntax:
Function_name ()
{
Statements.
}
While function_name
Do
Statements.
Done
(Or)
While function_name; do
Statements.
done

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Reading a file using while loop:

We can read a file with the help of while loop. For reading we can use either cat or More
command.

Ways to read a file:

1. Line by line
2. Value by value
Method 1:
While read line
do
echo $line
done
Method 2:

While read Value

do
echo $value
done

Example 1:

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Example 2:

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III.Until loop:
Until loop check condition at first and executes the statements in loop body till the condition is
false.
This is compliment to while loop. Also it checks for Termination Condition at top of the loop.

Syntax:
Until [Checks True_Condition]
do
statements
done

(Or)

Until [Checks True_Condition]; do

statements
done

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Explanation:
Iteration 1:

5<0

Iteration 2:

4 < 0 False { 2 * 4 =8 }

Iteration 3:

3 < 0 False { 2 * 3 =6 }

Iteration 4:

2 < 0 False { 2 * 2 =4 }

Iteration 5:

1 < 0 False { 2 * 1 =2 }

Iteration 6:

0 < 0 False { 2 * 0 =0 }

Iteration 7:

False { 2 * 5 =10 }

-1 < 0 True Exit since condition not satisfied

Note:
The statements in body is executed only when condition is false than is when checking the
condition it should be compliment or opposite one. Then only control flow passes into loop.

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Nested Loops:
Loop within a loop is called Nested loop.
Syntax:
For Variable_name in [List]
Do
Statements..
For Variable_name in [List]
Do
Statements..
Done
Done
(Or)
While [ condition ]
do
Statements.
While [ condition ]
do
Statements.
done
done
(Or)
Until [Checks True_Condition]
do
statements
Until [Checks True_Condition]
do
statements
done
done

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Example:
Script to display the below pattern:

Expected output:

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Commands affecting Loop Control & behavior:

There are two commands which affect the loop behavior,
1. break
2. continue
I. Break:
Break command terminates the loop that is comes to end of program.
Example:
if [ condition ]
then
break;
fi
II. Continue:
Jump command jumps to next iteration of the loop, by skipping remaining commands in the loop.
Example:
if [ condition ]
then
Continue;
fi

Example 1: This script to demonstrate how to use continue statement.

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Example 2: This script to demonstrate how to use Break statement.

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Control Statements

Chapter 10

Control Statements direct the program flow based on the condition.

Case statement
Select statement
Case Statement:
Case statement is an alternative to multi level if then else statement. It is similar to switch
case in C++.
Syntax:
Case $variable in
Condition_1) Command;;
Condition_2) Command;;
.
Condition_n) Command;;
* ) Command
esac

# Default Option

(Or)
Case $variable in
Condition_1) Command;;
Condition_2) Command;;
.
Condition_n) Command;;
esac

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Example 1: Menu Program

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Example 2: Performing Menu Program till user wants

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Example3: Menu Program with command line arguments

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Select:
Select statement is adopted from Korn shell. This is also used to build menus.
Select variable [list]
do
Command
Break
done

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Chapter 11

Functions

A function is a subroutine, which when executed implements some set of operations or task.

Syntax:

function func_name ()
{
Command
}

(Or)

func_name ()
{
Command
}

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Example 1: Simple Function

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Example 2: Passing argument to a Function

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Example 3: Passing argument to a Function from Command Line

Note:

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Example 4: Function calling another function

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Example 5: Defining Function inside another function

We are going to modify example 4 to explain this concept.

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Example 6: Multiple Functions with same name inside shell script

When multiple functions with same name is defined inside a shell script only second function i.e.
lastly declared function will be active.

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