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Crucible Selection Guide: Product Datasheet

This document provides a guide for selecting crucibles for evaporating various materials. It discusses two standard crucible types (alumina and quartz) and notes that refractory metal liners can be used for materials that would react with or melt the crucible. Specialty crucibles have been developed for low-temperature organics, copper and selenium used in solar cell production, and pyrolytic boron nitride. The document also includes a table listing recommended crucible and liner materials for evaporating many common elements and compounds.

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135 views7 pages

Crucible Selection Guide: Product Datasheet

This document provides a guide for selecting crucibles for evaporating various materials. It discusses two standard crucible types (alumina and quartz) and notes that refractory metal liners can be used for materials that would react with or melt the crucible. Specialty crucibles have been developed for low-temperature organics, copper and selenium used in solar cell production, and pyrolytic boron nitride. The document also includes a table listing recommended crucible and liner materials for evaporating many common elements and compounds.

Uploaded by

kanchanabalaji
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Product Datasheet:

Rev2.2

Crucible Selection Guide

CrucibleSelectionGuide

Product Datasheet:
Crucible Selection Guide

Luxelofferstwostandardcruciblesandanexpandinglineofspecialtycrucibles.Allcruciblesarehigh
puritymaterialandhaveaprecisiongroundliptoprovideavaporseal,whichpreventscontaminationof
theradiationbaffles.Refractorymetalcruciblelinersareavailabletoensurecompatibilitywiththe
widestpossiblerangeofsourcematerials.

CrucibleSelection
Thetwoprimaryconsiderationsinselectingacruciblearechemicalandthermalcompatibility.Thereare
anumberofresourcesavailableonthewebfordeterminingcruciblechemicalcompatibilityofmost
commondepositionmaterials.Thermalcompatibilityisaconcernwithmaterialsthatmeltduring
evaporation.Moltenmaterialsconformtotheshapeofthecrucible.Afterthedepositionwhenthemelt
solidifies,differencesinthermalexpansionratescancausethecrucibletocrack.Inthecaseofmelting
materials,therearethreesolutionstoavoidcruciblecracking.Luxeloffersmetallinerswhichcan
withstandthedifferenceinexpansionwithoutcracking.Ifyoudesiretorunthesourcematerialwithout
usingametalliner,onesolutionistousealimitedamountofsourcematerialsothatthebottomofthe
crucibleisnotcovered.Asecondapproachwhichdoesnotrequirethemetallineristoensureall
materialisevaporatedfromthecruciblepriortocooling.Cruciblesshouldnotbefilledgreaterthan
fullwithnonsublimingmaterials.

Standard SizesRadakIII

RadakII

RadakI

1cc10cc

100cc

Figure1Left:Standardsizeswithcapacitiesof1,10,and100ccrespectively.Right:Recommendedfilllevelisfull.

StandardCrucibles
Ourstandardcruciblesarealumina(aboveleft)orquartz(aboveright).Onecrucibleissuppliedwith
eachRadakfurnacepurchased.Aluminaisthedefaultcruciblematerialwithquartzavailableupon
request.StandardcruciblesareavailableforboththeRadakIandRadakIIfurnaces.

360.378.4137 | 360.378.4266 fax | [email protected] | www.Luxel.com | P.O. Box 1879, 515 Tucker Ave., Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA

Page2of7

Product Datasheet:
CrucibleLiners

Crucible Selection Guide

Someapplicationsmayrequiretheuseofaninsertplacedinsidethestandardcrucible.Suchapplications
includeevaporatingmaterialsthatwouldreactwiththestandardcruciblematerial,andevaporating
meltingmaterialsthathaveahighercoefficientofthermalexpansionthanthecruciblematerial.Inthese
cases,atoughmetalinsertplacedinsidethestandardcrucibletoformacrucibleliner.Crucibleliners
containthemoltenorreactivematerialwithinthestandardcrucible,protectingthefurnace.
Cruciblelinersareavailableinthefollowing
materials:

Molybdenum

Tantalum

Tungsten

Nickel

Specialmaterialsuponrequest

Figure2:Avarietyofcruciblelinersareavailable

SpecialtyCrucibles
Somematerialspresentspecificchallengesthatcannotbeovercomeusingalineralone.Forthese
applicationswehavedevelopedmaterialspecificcrucibles.

Organics
Organicmaterialstendtoevaporateatrelativelylow
temperatures.Ourfurnacesaredesignedtominimizing
materialbuildupatthelipofthecruciblebyapplying
moreheattothetopofthecrucible.Someorganicssuch
asALQ3andCopperphthalocyanineareevaporatedat
suchalowtemperaturethatthetemperatureatthelipof
thecrucibleisinsufficienttopreventredepositingonthe
crucible.Inextremecases,thiscanleadtotheevaporant
blockingthemouthofthecrucible.Fortheseapplications,
wehavedevelopedalowtemperature,highthermal
conductivitycruciblewhicheffectivelyeliminatescrucible
choking.Thiscrucibleisforlowtemperaturematerials
onlyandshouldnotbeusedabove460C.

Figure3:OrganicCrucible

360.378.4137 | 360.378.4266 fax | [email protected] | www.Luxel.com | P.O. Box 1879, 515 Tucker Ave., Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA

Page3of7

Product Datasheet:

SolarCellProduction

Crucible Selection Guide

Materialsusedinsolarcellproductionsuchascopperandseleniumrequirespecialconsideration.Due
tothermalexpansion,theCumeltwillcausethecrucibletocrackoncooling,whichcandestroythe
furnaceuponremeltingthesourceifnotdetected.Toavoidthis,werecommendusingamolybdenum
liner.ThemolybdenumlinerfortheRadakIhasa1ccworkingvolume.ThelinerfortheRadakIIhasa
6ccworkingvolume.Forhighervolumeproduction,amolybdenumcrucibleisavailablefortheRadakII
butiscurrentlyacustomorder.
ForSeleniumdeposition,wehavedevelopedaceramiccoatedstainlesssteelcrucible.Thestainlessis
bothcompatiblewiththemoltenSeandtoughtowithstandexpansionduringheatingandcooldown.
Thiscruciblealsofeaturesareducedaperturetoreducepotentiallydangeroussourcespitting.For
materialswithahighpropensitytospit,Luxelcanprovidecustomdesignedcruciblebaffleswhichare
installedoverthecrucibletoeliminatelineofsightbetweensourceandsubstrate.Wewillbehappyto
discussyourapplicationrequirementsanddesignasolutionforyou.

We have solutions for spitting materials! Call to discuss your application.

Figure4:CoatedstainlesssteelcruciblewithreducedapertureforSelenium.Customcruciblebafflesforspittingmaterials.

PBNCrucible
LuxeloffersaPyrolyticBoronNitride(PBN)crucible.Thehighpurity(99.9%pure)PBNcrucibleshavea
nominal2%taperovertheirlength.
Please see our ever-growing table of crucible recommendations by material!

360.378.4137 | 360.378.4266 fax | [email protected] | www.Luxel.com | P.O. Box 1879, 515 Tucker Ave., Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA

Page4of7

Product Datasheet:
Crucible Selection Guide

Material
Symbol Crucible
Liner(ifrequired) MeltC S/D NOTES
ALQ3
ALQ3 Organic
Aluminum
Al
PBN
660
Antimony
Sb
Alumina
631
S
O,T
Arsenic
As
Alumina
814
S
O,T
Barium
Ba
Alumina
Ta
717
O,P,T
BariumCloride
BaCl2 Alumina
Ta,Mo
962
Beryllium
Be
Alumina
W
1284
Bismuth
Bi
Alumina
W,Ta,Mo
271
T
BoronNitride
BN
Alumina
2973
S
Cadmium
Cd
Alumina
321
S
P,T
Calcium
Ca
Alumina
810
S
O
CalciumFluoride
CaF2
Alumina
Mo,Ta
1418
Cerium
Ce
Alumina
785
H
CesiumIodide
CsI
Alumina
621
Chromium
Cr
Alumina
W
1857
S
Cobalt
Co
Alumina
1478
Copper
Cu
Alumina
Mo
1083
Copperphthalocyanine CuPC Organic
Dysprosium
Dy
Alumina
Ta
1409
Erbium
Er
Alumina
Ta,W
1522
S
Europium
Eu
Alumina
822
S
O
Gadolinium
Gd
Alumina
1312
Gallium
Ga
Alumina
30
Germanium
Ge
Alumina
959
Gold
Au
Alumina
1063
Holmium
Ho
Alumina
Ta
1470
Indium
In
Alumina
157
IndiumTinOxide
ITO
Alumina
1800
S
Iron
Fe
Alumina
1535
Lanthanum
La
Alumina
Ta,W
887
O
Lead
Pb
Alumina
328
T
Lithium
Li
Alumina
179
H,O
LithiumFluoride
LiF
Alumina
Ni
845
Lutetium
Lu
Alumina
1656
Magnesium
Mg
Alumina
651
S
O
MagnesiumFluoride
MgF2 Alumina
1261
Manganese
Mn
Alumina
1244
S
Neodymium
Nd
Alumina
1021
Nickel
Ni
Alumina
1455
Palladium
Pd
Alumina
1555
S
Phosphorus
P
Alumina
597
S
T,F

360.378.4137 | 360.378.4266 fax | [email protected] | www.Luxel.com | P.O. Box 1879, 515 Tucker Ave., Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA

Page5of7

Product Datasheet:

Polonium
Potassium
PotassiumBromide
PotassiumChloride
PotassiumIodide
Praseodymium
Rubidium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
SiliconMonoxide
SiliconNitride
Silver
Sodium
SodiumFluoride
Strontium
Sulfur
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thullium
Tin
TinOxide
TitaniumOxide
TungstenOxide
Victawet
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc

Crucible Selection Guide

Po
Quartz
K
Quartz
KBr
Alumina
KCl
Alumina
Ni
KI
Alumina
Pr
Alumina
Ta
Rb
Quartz
Sm
Alumina
Sc
Alumina
Se
CoatedSS
Si
Alumina
Ta
SiO
Alumina
Ta
Si3N4 Alumina
Ag
PBN,Alumina Mo
Na
Quartz
NaF
Alumina
Sr
Alumina
Mo,Ta,W
S
Quartz
Te
Alumina
Ta,W
Tb
Alumina
Tl
Alumina
Tm
Alumina
Sn
Alumina
SnO2 Alumina
TiO
Alumina
W,Mo
WO3 Alumina
VW
Alumina
Yb
Alumina
Ta
Y
Alumina
Zn
Alumina

254
64
734
770
681
931
38
1072
1397
217
1410
1702
1900
961
98
993
771
597
450
1360
304
1545
232
1630

T
F
S

F
O
O
T
S

T
S
S

1473

824
1477
419

NOTES:
H=Hydroscopicfilms
O=Oxidizesquicklyinair
T=Toxic
F=Flammableinair
P=Poisonoustovacuumsystemsduetolowstickingcoefficient
S=Sublimes
D=Decomposes

O,F
P
T

Figure5:Luxelcrucibleandlinerrecommendationsbymaterial

360.378.4137 | 360.378.4266 fax | [email protected] | www.Luxel.com | P.O. Box 1879, 515 Tucker Ave., Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA

Page6of7

Product Datasheet:
Disclaimer

Crucible Selection Guide

Giventherangeofmaterialsandpossibledepositioncombinations,allcrucibleshavenotbeentested
foreveryapplication.Luxelhasmanyyearsofexperienceevaporatingnumerousmaterialsandour
technicianswillhelpguideyouinyourcrucible/linerselectionhowever,itisultimatelytheresponsibility
oftheendusertoverifycompatibilitywiththeirspecificapplication.

CrucibleOptionsbyRadakFurnace

RadakI
RadakII
RadakIII
CrucibleSize
1HX0.495OD2cc
2HX0.995OD15cc
3.91HX1.96OD140cc
UsableCapacity
1cc
10cc
100cc
Materials
Alumina,Quartz,PBN,CoatedStainlessSteel,Organic
Liners
Molybdenum,Nickel,Tantalum,Tungsten
SpecialRequestonly
LinerCapacity
0.5cc
6cc

Fullcapacityliners(sameascrucible)areavailableinMolybdenum

MaximumOperatingTemperature
PleasenotethatthemaximumoperatingtemperatureoftheRadakfurnacewiththeradiationbaffle
installedis1500C.Certaincruciblesandlinershavemaximumtemperaturesbelow1500C,pleasesee
thetablebelow.
MaximumOperatingTemperature(C)
Crucibles
Alumina
PBN
Quartz
CoatedStainless
Organic

1500
1500
1000
900
460

Liners
Molybdenum
Tantalum
Tungsten
Nickel

1500
1500
1500
1200

Exceedingthemaximumoperatingtemperatureofthefurnaceorthecruciblewillvoidtheproduct
warranty.

360.378.4137 | 360.378.4266 fax | [email protected] | www.Luxel.com | P.O. Box 1879, 515 Tucker Ave., Friday Harbor, WA 98250, USA

Page7of7

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