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Chapter 16
Due: 12:00am on Saturday, July 3, 2010
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Specific Heat, Latent Heat, and Temperature versus Time Graphs

Description: An introduction to specific heat and latent heat, with an emphasis on interpreting temperature versus time
graphs under constant heating/cooling conditions.
Learning Goal: To understand specific heat and latent heat and how they are related to temperature versus time graphs.
Energy can be added to a system either by doing work

on it or by adding heat

to it. Energy transfer by work requires a

force to act through some distance. Energy transfer in the form of heat occurs between objects that are at different
temperatures, with energy spontaneously traveling from the higher-temperature object to the lower-temperature one. When
energy is added to an isolated system in the form of heat, either the temperature
of the system will increase or the
system will undergo a phase change at a fixed temperature.
The specific heat
of a sample characterizes the rate at which it changes temperature per unit mass when it receives energy
in the form of heat. The relationship between the energy input in the form of heat
and the resulting temperature change
is
,
where
is the mass of the sample and
is its specific heat, which depends on its phase. For this problem, assume that
specific heat values are a constant for all temperatures within a given phase, which is a good approximation.
The latent heat

of a sample characterizes how much energy is required per unit mass to force the system to undergo a

phase change at a fixed temperature. The amount of energy input in the form of heat
phase of a sample with mass

required to completely change the

is
.

Phase changes between solid and liquid phases are characterized by a latent heat of fusion
and gas phases are characterized by a latent heat of vaporization

. Phase changes between liquid

In general, every phase (solid, liquid, or gas) has its own specific heat value and every phase change has its own latent
heat value.
This graph in the figure shows how the temperature of an initially solid
sample changes as time goes by when it is placed above a flame that
delivers a constant heating power (that is, a fixed amount of energy input
in the form of heat each second). The process occurs in five distinct
steps:
1. Increase the temperature
temperature.
2. Melt the solid to form a
3. Increase the temperature
temperature.
4. Boil away all the liquid
temperature.
5. Increase the temperature
sample is confined).

of the solid until it reaches its melting

liquid, maintaining a constant temperature.
of the liquid until it reaches its boiling
to form a gas, maintaining a constant
of the gas (this assumes that the gaseous

Part A
Use the graph to rank the sizes of the following:
A. specific heat of the solid,
B. specific heat of the liquid,
C. specific heat of the gas,
Keep in mind that energy is being delivered to the system in the form of heat at a constant rate by the flame.
Hint A.1

Relate rate of temperature change to specific heat

Recall that specific heat

heat

and temperature change

, the more energy in the form of heat

are related by the equation

. The larger the specific

is required to achieve a specific temperature change (e.g., an increase of

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). In this problem, heat is delivered at a constant rate, so more heat requires more time. Thus, the slope of the
temperature versus time graph for a phase with a large specific heat will be ________
ANSWER:

higher than the slope for a phase with a small specific heat.
equal to the slope for a phase with a small specific heat.
less than the slope for a phase with a small specific heat.

Now compare the slopes of segments A, C, and E on the graph to answer the original question.
Rank from largest to smallest specific heat. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:

View

The smaller the specific heat, the more quickly the temperature can change, so the steeper the slope on a temperature
versus time graph.
Part B
Use the graph to rank the sizes of the following.
A. latent heat of fusion,
B. latent heat of vaporization,
Keep in mind that energy is being delivered to the system in the form of heat at a constant rate by the flame.
Hint B.1

Relate duration of phase change to latent heat

Recall that latent heat

latent heat

and the energy transferred by heat

, the more energy in the form of heat

are related by the equation

. The larger the

is required to change the phase. Thus, the amount of time it takes

to accomplish a phase change with a large latent heat will be _________

ANSWER:

longer than the time required to complete a phase change with a small latent heat.
equal to the time required to complete a phase change with a small latent heat.
shorter than the time required to complete a phase change with a small latent heat.

Now compare the durations of segments B and D on the graph to answer the original question.
Rank from largest to smallest latent heat. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.
ANSWER:

View

You can tell that the latent heats match because the horizontal segments are the same length. However, latent heats
can be very different from one another. With water, for example,
= 2256
is nearly seven times the magnitude of
= 333.7

Refer to the temperature versus time graph when answering the questions
in Parts C through F. A system consists of 250
of water. The system,
originally at
= 21.0 , is placed in a freezer, where energy is
removed from it in the form of heat at a constant rate. The figure shows
how the temperature of the system takes
to drop to
, after which the water freezes. Once the freezing is complete, the

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temperature of the resulting ice continues to drop, reaching temperature

after an hour. The following specific heat and latent heat values for
water may be helpful.

specific heat of ice (at

= 2.10

latent heat of fusion (ice to water phase change at

specific heat of water (at

= 4.186

latent heat of vaporization (water to steam phase change at

specific heat of steam (at

= 333.7

= 2256

= 2.01

Part C
How much energy must be transferred out of the system as heat
Hint C.1

to lower its temperature to

How to approach the problem

Decide whether this is a single-phase/changing-temperature situation or a single-temperature/changing-phase situation;

then calculate
accordingly using the equations from the introduction. Look up specific heats and/or latent heats for
water in the table.
Express your answer numerically in joules.
ANSWER:

Part D
What is the cooling power

? Recall that the rate at which energy is removed, also called the cooling power, was described

earlier as being constant.

Hint D.1

How to approach the problem

Power is energy transferred per unit time. Since power is constant, any specific value for energy transfer along with the
corresponding time it took to transfer that energy will suffice to calculate power. Use your answer to Part C to
calculate the cooling power.
Express your answer numerically in watts (i.e., joules per second).
ANSWER:
=

Part E
At what time
Hint E.1

will the water be completely frozen so the temperature can begin to fall below

How to approach the problem

First calculate how much energy needs to be removed from the system to freeze the water. Then use the cooling power to
figure out how long that will take. Don't forget to take into account the time it takes to cool the water down to
freezing as well.
Hint E.2

Calculate energy extracted during this phase change

How much energy

needs to be removed from the sample, already at

, to turn all the water into ice, still at

Express your answer numerically in joules.

ANSWER:

Hint E.3

Calculate time required to change phase

Recall that power is energy transferred per unit time. How much time
into ice, still at

does it take to freeze the water, already at

? Note that this is not the answer to the overall Part E question.

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Express your answer numerically in seconds.

ANSWER:
=

Express your answer numerically in seconds.

ANSWER:
=

Part F
If the cooling power remains constant, what will be the temperature of the system

after it has been in the freezer for

exactly 1 hour? This temperature is off scale on the figure.

Hint F.1

How to approach the problem

After you cool the water to

and then freeze it, how much time remains before the one-hour mark? Use that time, coupled

with the constant cooling power, to determine how much more energy will be removed. Then calculate the final temperature
of the system.
Hint F.2

Find the time remaining to chill the ice

How much time

remains to lower the temperature of the ice before the one-hour mark?

Express your answer numerically in seconds.

ANSWER:

Express your answer numerically in degrees Celsius.

ANSWER:
=

In actuality, the idea that the refrigerator removes energy from the sample at a constant rate is a bit unrealistic.
Warm objects lose energy more quickly than objects near the temperature of the freezer. This is described by Newton's
law of cooling, discovered by Sir Isaac Newton.

Problem 16.30
Description: (a) How thick a concrete wall would be needed to give the same insulating value as 3 (1 over 2) in.of
fiberglass?
Part A
How thick a concrete wall would be needed to give the same insulating value as

of fiberglass?

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:

Problem 16.53
Description: A ## kg car moving at ## km/h is brought to a sudden stop. (a) If all the car's energy is dissipated in
heating its four ## kg steel brake disks, by how much do the disk temperatures increase?
A 1600

car moving at 65

is brought to a sudden stop.

Part A

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If all the car's energy is dissipated in heating its four 6.0

steel brake disks, by how much do the disk temperatures

increase?
Express yor answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
=

Problem 16.23
Description: The average human diet contains about ## kcal per day. (a) If all this food energy is released rather than
stored as fat, what is the approximate average power output of the human body?
The average human diet contains about 2200

per day.

Part A
If all this food energy is released rather than stored as fat, what is the approximate average power output of the human
body?
ANSWER:
=

Problem 16.34
Description: A horseshoe has a surface area of ## cm^2, and a blacksmith heats it to a red-hot ## degree(s) C. (a) At
what rate does it emit energy by radiation?
A horseshoe has a surface area of 55

, and a blacksmith heats it to a red-hot 910

Part A
At what rate does it emit energy by radiation?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:

Problem 16.37
Description: The filament of a ## W lightbulb is at ## kK. (a) What's the surface area of the filament?
The filament of a 95

lightbulb is at 3.4

Part A
What's the surface area of the filament?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
=

Problem 16.55
Description: A piece of copper at ## degree(s) C is dropped into ## kg of water at T_2. (a) If the equilibrium
temperature is ## degree(s) C , what is the mass of the copper?
A piece of copper at 260

is dropped into 1.4

of water at 23

Part A

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If the equilibrium temperature is 28

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, what is the mass of the copper?

Express your answer using two significant figures.

ANSWER:
=

Problem 16.73
Description: A friend of yours is writing a novel about the impact of a small asteroid on Earth. Such an event has been
credited with causing a "nuclear winter" that may have killed the dinosaurs. Dust from the impact would darken the
atmosphere and cause a...
A friend of yours is writing a novel about the impact of a small asteroid on Earth. Such an event has been credited with
causing a "nuclear winter" that may have killed the dinosaurs. Dust from the impact would darken the atmosphere and cause a
reduction in the solar radiation received at the surface and thus lower the average surface temperature.
Part A
Your friend would like to know the change in Earth's average temperature of 287

if the impact caused a 15

reduction

in solar intensity.
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:
=

Problem 16.44
Description: A circular lake 1.0 km in diameter is 10 m deep (see the figure ). Solar energy is incident on the lake at
an average rate of 200 W/m^2. (a) If the lake absorbs all this energy and does not exchange heat with its surroundings, how
long will it take...
A circular lake 1.0

in diameter is 10

deep (see the figure ). Solar

energy is incident on the lake at an average rate of 200

Part A
If the lake absorbs all this energy and does not exchange heat with its surroundings, how long will it take to warm from 10
to 20
?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:

Problem 16.60
Description: You're considering installing a 5 ft by 8 ft picture window in a south-facing wall where the average
sunlight intensity is 180 W/m^2. The wall has R_cal -19 insulation. The window has R_cal = 2.1 ft^2 * degree(s) F * h/Btu .
(a) If you install the...
You're considering installing a 5
180

. The wall has

by 8

picture window in a south-facing wall where the average sunlight intensity is

-19 insulation. The window has

= 2.1

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Part A
If you install the windows, how much more oil, at 100,000
outdoor temperature averages 15

per gallon, will you have to burn in a winter month when the

and the indoor temperature is 68

ANSWER:

extra consuming of 6
conserving of 6

of oil
of oil

extra consuming of 10
Installing window results in

conserving of 10

of oil
of oil

extra consuming of 16
conserving of 16

for one winter month.

of oil
of oil

Problem 16.68
Description: A star whose surface temperature is 50 kK radiates 4.0 * 10^27 W. (a) If the star behaves like a blackbody,
what is its radius?
A star whose surface temperature is 50

radiates

Part A
If the star behaves like a blackbody, what is its radius?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
ANSWER:

Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 0%.
You received 0 out of a possible total of 56 points.

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