Design and Simulation of

Communications and Radar Systems

Armerkom
Istanbul, Turkey
February 28, 2014

Nick M. Zayed

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.1

Agenda
Time

Title

Building Communication System Simulations

9:00 10:00

Constructing a basic QPSK communications model in Simulink

802.11a Wireless LAN example
Adding RF design detail

10:00 10:45

4G LTE Design using the LTE System Toolbox

10:45 11:00

Break

11:00 11:30

Options for Accelerating MATLAB Simulations

11:30 12:15

Electronic Interference and Array Signal Processing

12:15 13:15

Lunch

End-to-End Modeling of Radar Systems

13:15 14:15

Radar Analysis with User-Interface Apps

Integrating the RF Subsystem

14:15 14:30

Break

14:30 16:30

Hands-on Workshop: Phased Array Systems

2

Building Communication System

Simulations
9:00 10:00

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.3

Challenges:
From specification to implementation

Elaborate specifications
into models

Assess system-level
performance of your design

Introduce innovative
proprietary algorithms

Where do MATLAB and Simulink fit?

MATLAB and Simulink for algorithm
development and analysis
Floating and Fixed-Point

MATLAB and Simulink for dynamic

and large scale system simulations
Uniting Baseband and RF

Quickly proceed from MATLAB and

Simulink models to implementation
with
C and HDL code generation
5

Core MathWorks Products

The leading environment for modeling,

simulating, and implementing dynamic
and embedded systems
Linear & nonlinear, continuous & discrete-time,
hybrid, and multi-rate systems
Foundation for model-based design, including
physical-domain modeling, automatic code
generation, and verification and validation
Open architecture for integrating
models from other tools

Applications in controls, signal processing,

communications, and other system
engineering areas

Communications System Toolbox

Over 100 algorithms for

Modulation, Interleaving, Channels, Source Coding

Error Coding and Correction
MIMO, Equalizers, Synchronization
GPU-optimized components, SDR hardware

Algorithm libraries in MATLAB

Algorithm libraries in Simulink

Building a Physical Layer (PHY) model

of a QPSK communications system

Demo
>> QPSK

IEEE 802.11a Wireless LAN System

Demo
>> wlan_eml_noRF

Communications System Toolbox

Communications System Toolbox provides algorithms and tools for the design,
simulation, and analysis of communications systems

Measurements
Examples
Code
Generation
BER,
EVM,
ACPR,
CCDF,
Eye Diagram
LTE,
802.16,
802.11,
Zigbee,
C and
HDL code
Bluetooth,
DVB-S.2,
ATSC

Physical Layer (PHY) in MATLAB or Simulink

GPU
Acceleration
Turbo / FEC
Coding,
Source Coding, Interleaving,
Viterbi decoder, Turbo
decoder,
Modulation, Synchronization,
Channel
Models,
LDPC decoder, AWGN
Equalizers, MIMO

Hardware Connectivity
USRP Radios

10

Sharing information between digital

and RF engineers
Eb/N0
Amplitude@nominal
Heres my digital 1
Intersymbol
interference
model.
Can you
add
Delay RF?
spread
some
BER

How
much
Circuit
Noise
Measured
Figure,
RF
would
you like?
Level
Design?
S-Parameters?
IP3?

Idealized
Equivalent
Circuit
Envelope
Baseband
Baseband

11

RF Modeling Technologies in Simulink

Higher
Fidelity

Circuit envelope

Multi-carrier systems and arbitrary architectures

Equivalent baseband

Single carrier cascaded systems

Idealized baseband

Demo
>> simRF libraries
>> wlan_eml_rf3

Mathematical analytical models

Faster
Simulations

12

Direct Conversion ISM Band Receiver:

Circuit Envelope Model

RF Design Detail

Demo
>> simrfV2_direct_conv

System Performance
Metrics
14

Summary

Simulink is the ideal platform for system-level simulation

Works seamlessly with MATLAB
Provides multi-domain modeling capability
(RF, Analog, and Digital)

Communications System Toolbox is ideal for getting

baseband models up and running quickly

SimRF provides an easy-to-use way to include RF

effects in system-level simulations

15

Agenda
Time

Title

Building Communication System Simulations

9:00 10:00

Constructing a basic QPSK communications model in Simulink

802.11a Wireless LAN example
Adding RF design detail

10:00 10:45

4G LTE Design using the LTE System Toolbox

10:45 11:00

Break

11:00 11:30

Options for Accelerating MATLAB Simulations

11:30 12:15

Electronic Interference and Array Signal Processing

12:15 13:15

Lunch

End-to-End Modeling of Radar Systems

13:15 14:15

Radar Analysis with User-Interface Apps

Integrating the RF Subsystem

14:15 14:30

Break

14:30 16:30

Hands-on Workshop: Phased Array Systems

16

4G LTE Design using the

LTE System Toolbox
10:00 10:45

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

17

What is the LTE System Toolbox?

Release 8,9 and 10 (LTE-A)

~200 functions for physical layer (PHY) modeling

Link-level simulation

No C or HDL code generation

Scope
TDD & FDD,
Uplink & Downlink
Transmitter & Receiver

Conformance tests
18

Standard-Compliant Solution

Tested against instrument-generated signals

Rohde & Schwarz
Agilent

Used in the industry since 2009

Initially under Steepest Ascent
MathWorks acquired Steepest Ascent

Successfully demodulates live LTE signals captured in

the field

19

Typical Use Cases

1)

Golden reference to verify in-house PHY models

2)

Modular end-to-end link-level simulation

3)

Signal generation and analysis

Transmitter
Test Waveform
Generation

4)

Signal information recovery

20

(1) Golden Reference for Verification

"We used LTE System Toolbox to validate our LTE baseband IP cores
and example design C models. This meant we could trust our own C
models matched the 3GPP specification and allowed us to verify our
RTL designs against the C models with confidence. Catching issues
early in simulation saved a lot of time later when it came to
hardware testing. The MATLAB environment allowed us to rapidly
assemble and run test cases."
Bill Wilkie, Director of Communications Signal Processing
(Europe), Xilinx.

21

(1) Golden Reference for Verification

Objective:
Need to validate internal models against an external reference

Features:
Standard-compliant reference
Varying levels of modeling detail:
low = scrambling, turbo coder, .
medium = transport channels,
physical channels

Benefits:
Reduce risk

Detect errors early

Independently confirm understanding of specifications
22

(2) End-to-End Link-Level Simulation

"We rely on Steepest Ascent's LTE Toolbox for a variety of

project needs. One use is as a golden reference for our own
in-house simulator where the Toolbox's complete feature set
has allowed us to build industrial strength simulations rapidly
with guaranteed baseline requirements. Its extensible
design enables us to customise these models for our
own LTE research work. All this is made easier by the
great documentation and excellent product support."

23

(2) End-to-End Link-Level Simulation

Objective:
Want to design or optimize a subset of the LTE system

Features:
Complete, verified environment available
Simulations already set up to measure link-level performance

Throughput, BER, block error rate

Benefits:
Time savings
Easy maintenance (documentation, support & tracks standard)
You can focus on added value

24

(2) Demo: Equalizing the Downlink Grid

Transmitter
Test Waveform
Generation

Channel
Fading Channel

Receiver
Synchronisation &
OFDM Demodulation

Channel Estimation
&
Equalisation

25

(3) Signal Generation and Analysis

Objective:

Tx

Ch

Rx

Need to generate standard-compliant signals, for example to test a

component such as an antenna or an amplifier

Features:

Transmitter

High-level tools that generate customizable

standard-compliant signals
(lteRMCULTool,lteRMCDLTool,lteTestModelTool)

Test Waveform
Generation

Powerful analysis capabilities (EVM, ACLR, )

Benefits:
No need for LTE expertise
Flexibility due to parameters and MATLAB code
Realistic signals to test components and model interferences
27

(3) Signal Generation and Analysis

Reference Measurement Channels

TS 36.101

Standard-compliant
signal available in the
MATLAB workspace

>> lteRMCDLTool
28

(4) Signal Information Recovery

Defense company

We have used Steepest Ascent software to successfully

process the standards-based aspects of data produced
from live exercises. Based on the excellent performance of
the toolkit, we feel that our decision was correct and justified

29

(4) Signal Information Recovery

Objective:
Want to extract information from a real-world LTE signal

Features:
Synchronization and demodulation of actual signal
Signal intelligence such as MIB and SIB1 extraction
Positioning information

Benefits:
Off-the-shelf demodulation capability
Extensible, MATLAB-based solution

>> SIB1RecoveryExample
30

Ease of Use and Flexibility

Granular transmit receive processing chains provide

access to

Ready-to-use conformance signals

Transport-channel level functions
Detail of processing chain

31

High Level: Conformance Signals

Signal Generators

GUI-based

MATLAB
Function

32

Mid-Level: Transport Channels

Downlink
overview

Uplink example
33

Fine: Details of Processing Chain

PDSCH Example

Fine
Mid-level

34

LTE Toolbox channel support

Comprehensive set of functions covering:
Downlink

Uplink

Transport Channels & Control

Information

Transport Channels & Control

Information

DL-SCH

HI

UL-SCH

BCH

CFI

UCI

DCI
Physical Channels and
Signals

Physical Channels and

Signals

PDSCH

PDCCH

PUSCH

SRS

PBCH

Reference
Signals

PUCCH

PRACH

PCFICH

PSS - SSS

DRS (PUCCH)

PHICH

DRS (PUSCH)
35

35

Documentation
Shipping Examples

Functions

36

Summary of Main Benefits

Comprehensive
Comprehensive set of PHY models
Numerous preset, extensible examples

Open environment
MATLAB-based
Link to test and measurement instruments

Standard-compliance
Tested against hardware-based signal generators
Trusted by numerous customers
37

Agenda
Time

Title

Building Communication System Simulations

9:00 10:00

Constructing a basic QPSK communications model in Simulink

802.11a Wireless LAN example
Adding RF design detail

10:00 10:45

4G LTE Design using the LTE System Toolbox

10:45 11:00

Break

11:00 11:30

Options for Accelerating MATLAB Simulations

11:30 12:15

Electronic Interference and Array Signal Processing

12:15 13:15

Lunch

End-to-End Modeling of Radar Systems

13:15 14:15

Radar Analysis with User-Interface Apps

Integrating the RF Subsystem

14:15 14:30

Break

14:30 16:30

Hands-on Workshop: Phased Array Systems

43

Options for Accelerating MATLAB

Simulations

11:00 11:30

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

44

Simulation acceleration options in MATLAB

Best
Practices

Users Code

MATLAB to C
(MEX)

Parallel
Computing

Pre-allocation / Vectorization
System Objects

MATLAB Coder

Parallel Computing Toolbox

GPU System objects
comm.gpu.TurboDecoder
comm.gpu.ViterbiDecoder

GPU
processing

comm.gpu.LDPCDecoder
comm.gpu.PSKDemodulator
comm.gpu.AWGNChannel
phased.gpu.ConstantGammaClutter
45

Parallel Simulation Runs

Worker

TOOLBOXES
Worker

BLOCKSETS

Worker
Worker

Task 1

Task 2

Task 3

Time

Task 4

Time
46

parfor construct

matlabpool available workers

No modification of algorithm

Use parfor loop instead of for loop

Parallel computation leads to further acceleration

More cores = more speed

Demos
>> DemoScript_SimAccel

47

MATLAB Acceleration Strategies

Option
1. Best Practices in Programming

Vectorize & Pre-allocate Arrays & Matrices

Use System Objects instead of functions
2. Compiled Code (MEX)

3. More Processors or Cores

Parallel constructs (e.g., parfor, matlabpool)
GPUs (GPU system objects)

Product

MATLAB, Toolboxes,
System Toolboxes

MATLAB,
MATLAB Coder
Parallel Computing
Toolbox

48

Agenda
Time

Title

Building Communication System Simulations

9:00 10:00

Constructing a basic QPSK communications model in Simulink

802.11a Wireless LAN example
Adding RF design detail

10:00 10:45

4G LTE Design using the LTE System Toolbox

10:45 11:00

Break

11:00 11:30

Options for Accelerating MATLAB Simulations

11:30 12:15

Electronic Interference and Array Signal Processing

12:15 13:15

Lunch

End-to-End Modeling of Radar Systems

13:15 14:15

Radar Analysis with User-Interface Apps

Integrating the RF Subsystem

14:15 14:30

Break

14:30 16:30

Hands-on Workshop: Phased Array Systems

49

Electronic Interference and

Array Signal Processing
11:30 12:15

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

50

Modeling Electronic Interference Scenarios

Partition model into Transmitter, Jammer,

and RF subsystems

Introduce Jamming, Co-channel Interference,

and Smart Antenna Configurations

Simulate to determine expected performance

and operational limits

51

Array Signal Processing Algorithms

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

52

Receiving Signals with an Omnidirectional

Antenna

53

Receiving Signals with a Sensor Array

54

Receiving a Broadside Signal (azimuth = 0)

with a Sensor Array
t = 0

55

Aligned or Coherent Signals

Signal
Wavefronts

Enhanced Signal
(coherent sum)

56

Receiving a Signal from an Arbitrary Azimuth ()

sin

57

Non-aligned or Non-coherent Signals

Signal
Wavefronts

t2
t1

Non-coherent Sum
S

t1 =
t2 = 2

= sin

58

Array Response Pattern

59

Alignment via time delays

Signal
Wavefronts

t2

delays

t1

Aligned
Signals

Enhanced Signal
(coherent sum)

t2
t1

60

Converting Time Delays to Carrier Phase Shifts

sin

= 2

= 2 sin

= /

(non-aligned)
Non-coherent Sum

= /2
= sin

61

Electronic Steering

Signal
Wavefronts

t2

t1

Phase Shift

Aligned
Signals

Enhanced Signal
(coherent sum)

tf22
tf11

fn = A + i B
Demos
>> Array Processing

= sin
62

Agenda
Time

Title

Building Communication System Simulations

9:00 10:00

Constructing a basic QPSK communications model in Simulink

802.11a Wireless LAN example
Adding RF design detail

10:00 10:45

4G LTE Design using the LTE System Toolbox

10:45 11:00

Break

11:00 11:30

Options for Accelerating MATLAB Simulations

11:30 12:15

Electronic Interference and Array Signal Processing

12:15 13:15

Lunch

End-to-End Modeling of Radar Systems

13:15 14:15

Radar Analysis with User-Interface Apps

Integrating the RF Subsystem

14:15 14:30

Break

14:30 16:30

Hands-on Workshop: Phased Array Systems

66

End-to-End Modeling of Radar Systems

13:15 14:15

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

67

Radar Block Diagram

Waveform
Generator

Transmit
Amplifier

Rx Power = Tx Power - 10*log10(AircraftDistance^4) +

10*log10(AircraftCrossSection*(lambda^2)/(4*pi)^3)

RX Signal
Processor

RF Front
End

Radar
Target

Receive
Array

68

A Multi-Disciplined Challenge
Digital
Waveform
Generator

Analog / RF

Mathematical

Transmit
Amplifier

Radar
Target

RX Signal
Processor

RF Front
End

Receive
Array

69

Radar Analysis with User-Interface Apps

Phased Array System Toolbox Apps

Waveform
Generator

Radar Waveform Analyzer

Rectangular

FM Modulated
Pulse-Coded

Radar Equation Calculator

Transmit
Amplifier

Range
Peak Transmit Power
SNR

70

Simulating Radar Systems with

MATLAB and Simulink

Demo
>>Simulink Radar Model

71

Radar Component Specification

Redesign system to meet changing requirements
Increase detection range from 5 km to 10 km
Maintain 50 m range resolution
Reuse existing RF hardware (i.e., retain peak transmit power)

Demo (Apps)
>>Simulink Radar Model

72

Radar Array Processing Algorithms

RX Signal
Processor

Beamforming
phased.PhaseShiftBeamformer

Direction Of Arrival Estimation

phased.BeamscanEstimator

phased.CFARDetector

RG (K)

Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR)

Range

Space-Time Adaptive Processing

phased.STAPSMIBeamformer

Chan (M)

Angle (Spatial)
73

Radar Targets and Environment

Radar Targets

Radar
Target

phased.RadarTarget

Jammers
phased.BarrageJammer

Clutter
phased.gpu.ConstantGammaClutter

74

Modeling the RF Subsystem

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

75

How do we bridge the gap between engineers

who speak different languages?

Range
Radar Cross Section
Doppler
PD, PFA

Huh?

76

How do we bridge the gap between engineers

who speak different languages?

Huh?

Noise Figure
Power @ 50
S-Parameters
IP3

77

Solution: Multi-domain Modeling

Here are
some initial
RF specs

Heres the
RF model

End-to-end model serves as:

Executable Specification
Test Environment
78

RF Subsystem Design using SimRF

SimRF allows us to model RF architectures and RF

components using:
Standard RF parameters (e.g., IP3, noise figure)
Measured component data (e.g., measured s-parameters)

79

SimRF Simulation Technologies / Libraries

Equivalent Baseband
(faster)

Circuit Envelope
(more accurate)

Demo (RF)
>>Simulink Radar Model

80

Workflow with MATLAB and Simulink

Engineering Tasks

Features of MATLAB and Simulink

81

Workflow with MATLAB and Simulink

Engineering Tasks

MATLAB User-Interface Apps

Specifications and
System Tradeoffs

82

Workflow with MATLAB and Simulink

Engineering Tasks

Signal Processing & SimRF Libraries

Specifications and
System Tradeoffs
Explore Digital
Algorithms and RF
Architectures
RF Front
End

83

Workflow with MATLAB and Simulink

Engineering Tasks

Simulink plus SimRF

Specifications and
System Tradeoffs
Explore Digital
Algorithms and RF
Architectures
Multi-domain system
simulation combining
digital and analog
subsystems
84

Summary - What We Used Today

layers

codewords

Simulink & MATLAB

Scrambling

Modulation
mapper
Layer
mapper

Communications
System Toolbox

LTE System Toolbox

MATLAB Coder

Parallel Computing
Toolbox

Phased Array
System Toolbox

SimRF

Scrambling

antenna ports

Modulation
mapper

Resource element
mapper

OFDM signal
generation

Resource element
mapper

OFDM signal
generation

Precoding

85

Key Take-Aways
MATLAB and Simulink provide:

Single platform that facilitates collaboration between multiple

engineering teams
System engineers
Signal processing engineers
RF engineers

Robust and user-friendly environment to explore design

tradeoffs between multiple domains
Digital: Communications and Radar algorithms
Analog: RF receiver architecture

86

Thank You for Attending!

2013 The MathWorks, Inc. MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of The MathWorks,
Inc. See www.mathworks.com/trademarks for a list of additional trademarks. Other product or brand
names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

87

Agenda
Time

Title

Building Communication System Simulations

9:00 10:00

Constructing a basic QPSK communications model in Simulink

802.11a Wireless LAN example
Adding RF design detail

10:00 10:45

4G LTE Design using the LTE System Toolbox

10:45 11:00

Break

11:00 11:30

Options for Accelerating MATLAB Simulations

11:30 12:15

Electronic Interference and Array Signal Processing

12:15 13:15

Lunch

End-to-End Modeling of Radar Systems

13:15 14:15

Radar Analysis with User-Interface Apps

Integrating the RF Subsystem

14:15 14:30

Break

14:30 16:30

Hands-on Workshop: Phased Array Systems

88

Phased Array Systems Workshop

14:30 16:30

Armerkom
Ankara, Turkey
February 28, 2014

Nick M. Zayed

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

89

The Pre-requisites

Basic familiarity of the MATLAB language and

environment

Attended seminars/webinars/presentations on the

Phased Array System Toolbox

Have engaged in the phased array related

projects/programs, such as radar system design

Eagerness to learn and use the product

90

Agenda

Introduction (5 minutes)

Exercise # 1: Array Design and Analysis (40 minutes)

Exercise # 2: Digital Beamforming (40 minutes)

Exercise # 3: Modeling a Mono-Static Radar System

(20 minutes)

Q & A (15 minutes)

91

Phased Array System Toolbox

A rich set of features with an open and extensible framework
Phased array design and analysis

Linear, rectangular, conformal geometries

Shading, tapering
Element position and orientation
Gain, delay, steering vector
Subarrays

Waveform design and analysis

Pulsed CW, FMCW

LFM and stepped FM
Phase coded
Staggered PRF
Ambiguity function
Matched filter

Signal modeling framework

Monostatic and multistatic scenarios

Transmitter and receiver preamp models
Point target and Swerling target models
Narrowband and broadband modeling
Platform motion
Clutter and jammer models

Temporal processing

Time varying gain, pulse compression

Coherent, non-coherent integration
Signal detection and ROC curves
CFAR processing, range/Doppler estimation

Spatial processing
Digital beamforming: narrowband & broadband,
Conventional, MVDR, LCMV, Frost, time delay,
time delay LCMV, subband phase shift
DOA processing: Monopulse, MVDR,
beamscan, ESPRIT, Root-MUSIC

Space-time adaptive processing

Displaced phase center array (DPCA)

Adaptive DPCA
Sample matrix inversion (SMI)
Angle-Doppler response

92

Exercises #1: Array Design and Analysis

a.

Creating/defining a 10 element Uniform Linear Array

b.

Analyzing and visualizing the array response

c.

Examining the use of steering vector on an ULA

d.

(Optional) observing the ULA responses for azimuth

cut with different elevations

e.

(Optional) creating a comformal array of 8 elements (a

circular array)
93

Exercises #1: Array design and Analysis

Screenshots
1

0.8

Azimuth Cut (elevation angle = 0.0)

-90

-120

0.6

-60
z

-10
-20

0.4

-150

-30
-30
0.2

-40
180

0
-2

-1

0.5
1

1
x

150

30

120

60
90

Normalized Power (dB), Broadside at 0.00 degrees

Normalized Power (dB)

Before steering

Normalized Power (dB)

Normalized Power (dB)

0
-20
-40
-60
-80

-80

-60

-40

-20
0
20
Azimuth Angle (degrees)
After steering

40

60

80

-80

-60

-40

-20
0
20
Azimuth Angle (degrees)

40

60

80

0
-20
-40
-60
-80

94

Exercises #2: Conventional and Adaptive

Beamformers
a.

Simulating the Radar return Signal

b.

Create a beamforming array

c.

Perform beamforming with a Phase Shift Beamformer

d.

Modeling the Interference Signals

e.

Use MVDR Beamformer when interferers are present

f.

(Optional) Apply and observe LCMV beamformer

95

Exercises #2: Conventional and Adaptive

Beamformers
Screenshots

Azimuth Cut (elevation angle = 0.0)

Output of Phase Shift Beamformer

20

0.8

0
-10

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2

-5

Power (dB)

Magnitude (dB)

Magnitude (V)

0.7

-10
-15

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Time (s)

-40

-70

1
x 10

-4

-25

Pulse at Antenna 1

-80

10

Time (s)

x 10

-5

20

-20

Time (s)

x 10

-5

Pulse at Antenna 2
10
0

10

Power (dB)

-40

-60

0
-10
-20

-80

-10
-20

LCMV
MVDR

30

-10
-20

-50
0
50
Azimuth Angle (degrees)

Azimuth Cut (elevation angle = 0.0)

Output of MVDR Beamformer With Presence of Interference

0

Magnitude (dB)

Magnitude (dB)

-30

-60

-20

Magnitude (dB)

-20

-50

0.1
0

MVDR
PhaseShift

10

0.9

-30
-100

6
Time (s)

x 10

-5

4
6
Time (s)

-40

8
x 10

-5

20

40
60
Azimuth Angle (degrees)

80

96

Exercises #3: Modeling Mono-static Radar

System

Waveform design/generation
Receiver design
Thermal noise, no clutter

Transmitter design
Determine required SNR and transmit peak power
Design Radiator and Collector

Targets and environment

Signal processing and detection
Perform beamforming & matched filtering
Perform range normalization
Range detection & Doppler estimation
97

Exercises #3: Modeling Mono-static Radar

System
Screenshots

Azimuth Cut (elevation angle = 0.0)

-90 0
-120
-60
-10

Nonfluctuating Noncoherent Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curves

1

Normalized Power (dB)

SNR=5dB

0.8

SNR=3dB

Pd

0.6
SNR=0dB
0.4

-20

-150

-30

-30
-40
180

150

30

0.2
120
-5

10
Pfa

10

Normalized Power (dB), Broadside at 0.00 degrees

1000 1500

2000 2500

3000 3500

4000 4500

500

1000 1500

2000 2500

3000 3500

4000 4500

500

1000 1500

2000 2500

3000 3500

4000 4500

-150

-150

-150

-150

-150

-200

-200

-200

-200

-200

-200

-250

-250

-250

-250

-250

-250

-300

-300

-300

-300

-300

-300

-350

-350

-350

-350

-350

0.5

1.5
Time (s)

2.5

3
x 10

-5

0.5

1.5
Time (s)

2.5

3
x 10

-5

Power (dBw)

-150

Power (dBw)

Power (dBw)

500

Distance (m)

Distance (m)

Distance (m)
0

60
90

0
-10
10

0.5

1.5
Time (s)

2.5

-350

3
x 10

-5

98

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Inc. See www.mathworks.com/trademarks for a list of additional trademarks. Other product or brand
names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

2013 The MathWorks, Inc.

99