Plain & Reinforced

Concrete-1
CE-313

Lecture # 1
6th Feb 2008

Introduction

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Plain Concrete
 Constituent material of concrete and their properties.
 Hydration of cement.
 Properties of fresh and hardened concrete and factors effecting them.
 Curing of concrete and its significance.
 Testing of concrete for various properties including physical tests,
strength tests.
 Crushing or ultimate strain.
 Modulus of elasticity of concrete, types, tests. Determination and
significance.
 Design of normal concrete mixes, factors affecting the workability of the
fresh concrete and strength & durability of the hardened concrete.
 Alkali aggregate reaction, carbonation and sulfate attack.
 Additives and admixtures for concrete.
 Cracks in concrete.
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Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

 Basics of composite action of steel and concrete.
 Stress-strains curves of steel and concrete.
 Actual, simplified and equivalent stress blocks.
 Behavior of reinforced concrete members including columns, beams
and slabs at working and ultimate loads.
 Specifications, codes of practice and design loads.
 Analysis, design and detailing of
 Simply supported rectangular and T-beam by ultimate strength
design method
 Simply supported and continuous one way and two way slabs.

 Reinforced concrete members for axial compression and tension.

 Tied and spiral columns.
 ACI code provisions for design of columns.
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Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete (contd…)

 Shear and diagonal tension in concrete, design and detailing of flexural
members for shear.
 Corner reinforcement in slabs.
 Assessment of crack width in flexural members.
 Introduction to alternate method of design with applications

Practical
 Physical testing of constituent material for concrete.
 Acceptance test for cement.
 Test on fresh and reinforced concrete for workability, compressive
strength, tensile strength, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity.
 Casting of different types of beams and columns and testing to study the
effects of various factors.
 Detailing of designed elements.
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 Text Books
 Design of Concrete Structures (13th Edition)
by Arthur H. Nilson, David Darwin & Charles W.
Dolan
 Concrete Structures by Prof. Dr. Zahid Ahmed
Siddiqui
 References
 Reinforced Concrete (5th Edition) by Edward G. Nawy
 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-08)

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Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine and coarse aggregate.
Concrete mainly consists of a binding material and filler material. If
filler material size is < 5mm it is fine aggregate and > 5mm is coarse
aggregate.
Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate without any
reinforcement is known as PCC.
PCC is strong in compression and week in tension. Its tensile strength is
so small that it can be neglected in design.
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)
Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate with
reinforcement is known as RCC. (Tensile strength is improved)

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Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) contd..
Mix Proportion
Cement : Sand : Crush
1 : 1.5 : 3
1 : 2 : 4
1 : 4 : 8
Water Cement Ratio (W/C)
W/C = 0.5 – 0.6
For a mix proportion of 1:2:4 and W/C = 0.5, if cement is 50 kg
Sand = 2 x 50 = 100 Kg
Crush = 4 x 50 = 200 Kg Batching By Weight
Water = 50 x 0.5 = 25 Kg

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Mechanism of Load Transfer

Load
Function of structure
is to transfer all the Roof Surface
loads safely to
ground. Roof Slab

A particular Beams
structural member
Column
transfers load to
other structural Foundation
member.
Sub Soil
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Merits of Concrete Construction
1. Good Control over cross sectional dimensions and
Shape
One of the major advantage of concrete structures is the full
control over the dimensions and structural shape. Any size and
shape can be obtained by preparing the formwork accordingly.
2. Availability of Materials
All the constituent materials are earthen materials (cement, sand,
crush) and easily available in abundance.
3. Economic Structures
All the materials are easily available so structures are economical.
4. Good Insulation
Concrete is a good insulator of Noise & heat and does not allow
them to transmit completely.

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Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
5. Good Binding Between Steel and Concrete
there is a very good development of bond between steel
and concrete.
6. Stable Structure
Concrete is strong in compression but week in tension and
steel as strong in tension so their combination give a
strong stable structure.
7. Less Chances of Buckling
Concrete members are not slim like steel members so
chances of buckling are much less.
8. Aesthetics
concrete structures are aesthetically good and cladding is
not required
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Merits of Concrete Construction (contd…)
9. Lesser Chances of Rusting
steel reinforcement is enclosed in concrete so chances of rusting
are reduced.
Demerits of Concrete Construction
1. Week in tension
Concrete is week in tension so large amount of steel is required.
2. Increased Self Weight
Concrete structures have more self weight compared with steel
structures so large cross-section is required only to resist self
weight, making structure costly.
3. Cracking
Unlike steel structures concrete structures can have cracks.
More cracks with smaller width are better than one crack of
larger width.
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Demerits of Concrete Construction
4. Unpredictable Behavior
If same conditions are provided for mixing, placing and
curing even then properties can differ for the concrete
prepared at two different times.
5. Inelastic Behavior
concrete is an inelastic material, its stress-strains curve is
not straight so its behavior is more difficult to understand.
6. Shrinkage and Creep
Shrinkage is reduction in volume. It takes place due to loss
of water even when no load is acting over it. Creep is
reduction in volume due to sustained loading when it acts
for long duration. This problem is not in steel structures.
7. Limited Industrial Behavior
Most of the time concrete is cast-in-situ so it has limited
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Specification & Codes
These are rules given by various organizations in
order to guide the designers for safe and
economical design of structures
Various Codes of Practices are
1. ACI 318-05 By American Concrete Institute.
For general concrete constructions (buildings)
2. AASHTO Specifications for Concrete Bridges.
By American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials.
3. ASTM (American Standards for Testing and
Materials) for testing of materials.
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Specification & Codes (contd…)
No code or design specification can be construed
as substitute for sound engineering judgment
in the design of concrete structures. In the
structural practice, special circumstances are
frequently encountered where code provisions
can only serve as a guide, and engineer must rely
upon a firm understanding of the basic
principles of structural mechanics applied to
reinforced or pre-stressed concrete, and the
intimate knowledge of nature of materials

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Design Loads
 Dead Load
“The loads which do not change their magnitude
and position w.r.t. time within the life of
structure”
Dead load mainly consist of superimposed loads and self load
of structure.

 Self Load
It is the load of structural member due to its own
weight.
 Superimposed Load
It is the load supported by a structural member. For
instance self weight of column is self load and load of
beam
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Design Loads (contd…)
 Live Load
“Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in
buildings and traffic loads on bridges”

 They may be either fully or partially in place or not

present at all, and may also change in location.
 Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are
uncertain, and even their maximum intensities
throughout the life time of the structure are not known
with precision.
 The minimum live loads for which the floor and roof of a
building should be designed are usually specified in the
building codes that governs at the site construction.
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Densities of Important Materials
Material Density (Kg/m3)
PCC 2300
RCC 2400
Brick masonry 1900-1930
Earth/Sand/Brick ballast 1600-1800

Intensities of Live Loads (Table 1.1, Design of concrete structures by Nilson)

Occupancy / Use Live Load(Kg/m2)

Residential/House/Class Room 200
Offices 250-500
Library Reading Room 300
Library Stack Room 750
Warehouse/Heavy storage
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Basic Design Equation
Applied Action x F.O.S = Max. Internal Resistance
Factor of Safety
F.O.S. = Max. Failure load/Max. Service Load
Following points are relevant to F.O.S
1. It is used to cover uncertainties due to
1. Applied loads
2. Material strength
3. Poor workmanship
4. Unexpected behavior of structure
5. Thermal stresses
6. Fabrication
7. Residual stresses
2. If F.O.S is provided then at service loads deflection and
cracks are within limits.
3. It covers the natural disasters.
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Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
Strength design method is based on the philosophy of dividing F.O.S. in
such a way that Bigger part is applied on loads and smaller part is
applied on material strength.

Material Strength ≥ Applied Load x F.O.S.1 x F.O.S.2

{1 / F.O.S.2} Material Strength ≥ Applied Load x F.O.S.1

F.O.S.1 = Overload factor or Load Factor {greater than 1}

1/F.O.S.2 = Strength Reduction factor or Resistance Factor {less than 1}

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Ultimate Strength Design (USD)/LRFD Method
(contd...)

ΦSn ≥ U
Where
Sn = Nominal Strength
ΦSn = Design Strength
Φ = Strength Reduction Factor
U = Required Strength, calculated by applying load factors
For a member subjected to moment, shear and axial load:
ΦMn ≥ Mu
ΦVn ≥ Vu
ΦPn ≥ Pu
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Allowable Strength Design (ASD)
In allowable strength design the whole F.O.S. is applied on
material strength and service loads (un-factored) are taken
as it is.
Material Strength / F.O.S. ≥ Service Loads
In both Allowable strength design and Ultimate strength design
analysis carried out in elastic range.

fc’
fu
Stress

Stress
fy
fc’/2
Concrete Steel
fy/2

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Plastic Design
In plastic design, plastic analysis is
carried out in order to find the behavior
of structure near collapse state. In this
type of design material strength is taken
from inelastic range. It is observed
that whether the failure is sudden or
ductile. Ductile failure is most favorable
because it gives an warning before the
failure of structures
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Capacity Analysis
In capacity analysis size, shape, material strengths
and cross sectional dimensions are known and
maximum load carrying capacity of the
structure is calculated. Capacity analysis is
generally carried out for the existing structures.

Design of Structure
In design of structure load, span and material
properties are known and cross sectional
dimensions and amount of reinforcement are to
be determined.
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Objectives of Designer
There are two main objectives
1. Safety
2. Economy
Safety
The structure should be safe enough to carry all the
applied throughout the life.
Economy
Structures should be economical. Lighter structures
are more economical.
Economy α 1/self weight (More valid for Steel
Structures)

In concrete Structures overall cost of construction

decides the economy, not just the self weight.
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Load Combinations
To combine various loads in such a way to get a critical
situation.
Load Factor = Factor by which a load is to be increased x
probability of occurrence
1. 1.2D + 1.6L
2. 1.4D
3. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
4. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (1.0L or 0.8W)
Where
D = Dead load
L = Live load on intermediate floors
Lr = Live load on roof
W = Wind Load
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Strength Reduction Factor / Resistance Factor, Φ

Strength Condition Strength Reduction

Factor
Tension controlled section 0.9
(bending or flexure)
Compression controlled
section
Columns with ties 0.65
Column with spirals 0.7
Shear and Torsion 0.75
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Shrinkage
“Shrinkage is reduction in volume of concrete due to
loss of water”
Coefficient of shrinkage varies with time. Coefficient of
shortening is:
 0.00025 at 28 days
 0.00035 at 3 months
 0.0005 at 12 months

Shrinkage = Shrinkage coefficient x Length

Excessive shrinkage can be avoided by proper curing

during first 28 days because half of the total
shrinkage
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Creep Compressiv Specific

“creep is the slow e strength Creep
deformation of material
over considerable (MPa) 10-6 per MPa
lengths of time at
constant stress or load”
Creep deformations for a
21 145
given concrete are practically
proportional to the magnitude 28 116
of the applied stress; at any
given stress, high strength 41 80
concrete show less creep
than lower strength concrete. 55 58
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Creep (contd…)

How to calculate shortenings due to creep?

Consider a column of 3m which is under sustained load
for several years.
Compressive strength, fc’ = 28 MPa
Sustained stress due to load = 10 MPa
Specific creep for 28 MPa fc’ = 116 x 10-6 per MPa
Creep Strain = 10 x 116 x 10-6 = 116 x 10-5
Shortening due to creep = 3000 x 116 x 10-5
= 3.48 mm

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Specified Compressive Strength Concrete, fc’
“28 days cylinder strength of concrete”

 The cylinder has 150mm dia and 300mm length.

 According to ASTM standards at least two cylinders

should be tested and their average is to be taken.

ACI 5.1.1: for concrete designed and constructed in

accordance with ACI code, fc’ shall not be less than 17.5
Mpa (2500 psi)

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Specified Concrete Compressive
Strength, fc’
BSS specifies the compressive strength in
terms of cube strength.
 Standard size of cube is 6”x6”x6”

 BSS recommends testing three cubes and

taking their average as the compressive
strength of concrete

Cylinder Strength = (0.75 to 0.8) times Cube

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Strength 31
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Concrete Concrete
Cylinder
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Cube 32
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Relevant ASTM Standards

 “Methods of Sampling Freshly Mixed

Concrete” (ASTM C 172)

 Practice for Making and Curing

Concrete Test Specimens in Field”
(ASTM C 31)

 “Test Methods for Compressive

Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Specimen” (ASTM C 39)
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Testing of Samples for Compressive
Strength
Cylinders should be tested in moist condition
because in dry state it gives more strength.
ACI 5.6.2.1: Samples for strength tests of each class of
concrete placed each day shall be taken :
 Not less than once a day

 Not less than once for each 115m3 of concrete.

 Not less than once for each 450m2 of concrete.

Code allows the site engineer to ask for casting the test
sample
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Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
ACI 5.6.3.3: Strength level of an individual class
of concrete shall be considered satisfactory if
both of the following requirements are met:
 Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive
strength tests equals or exceeds fc’.
 No individual strength test (average of two
cylinders) falls below fc’
 by more than 3.5 MPa (500 psi) when fc’ is 35 MPa (5000
psi) or less; or
 by more than 0.10fc’ when fc’ is more than 35 MPa

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Acceptance Criteria for Concrete Quality
(contd…)
Example
For Required fc’ = 20 MPa, if following are the test results of
7 samples
 19, 20, 22, 23, 19, 18, 24 MPa
Mean 1 = (19 + 20 + 22) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
Mean 2 = (20 + 22 + 23) / 3 = 21.67 MPa
Mean 3 = (22 + 23 + 19) / 3 = 21.33 MPa
Mean 4 = (23 + 19 + 18) / 3 = 20.00 MPa
Mean 5 = (19 + 18 + 24) / 3 = 20.33 MPa
1. Every arithmetic average of any three consecutive
strength tests equals or exceeds fc’.
2. None of the test results fall below required fc’ by 3.5 MPa.
Considering these two point the quality of
concrete is acceptable
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Mix Design
 Ingredients of concrete are mixed together in order
to get a specified Required Average Strength, fcr ’ .

 If we use fc’ as target strength during mix design the

average strength achieved may fall below fc’.

 To avoid under-strength concrete fcr ’ is used as

target strength in-place of fc’.

fcr ’ > fc’

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Mix Design (contd…)
ACI-5.3.2 Required Average Compressive Strength
Table 5.3.2.1-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data are
Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation

Specified Compressive Required Average

Strength, fc’ (MPa) Strength, fcr ’ (MPa)
fc’ ≤ 35 Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-
2)
fcr ’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss (5-1)
fcr ’ = fc’ + 2.33 Ss – 3.45 (5-2)

fc’ > 35 Larger of value computed from Eq. (5-1) & (5-
3)
fcr ’ = fc’ + 1.34 Ss (5-1)
Ss = Standard deviation offccompressive strength
r ’ = 0.9fc’ + 2.33 Ss (5-3)
test
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Mix Design (contd…)
Table 5.3.2.2-Required Average Compressive Strength when Data
Are Not Available to Establish a Sample Standard Deviation

Specified Required Average

Compressive Strength, fcr ’ (MPa)
Strength, fc’ (MPa)
fc’ < 21 fcr ’ = fc’ + 7

21≤ fc’ ≤ 35 fcr ’ = fc’ + 8.5

fc’ > 35 fcr ’ = 1.1fc’ + 5
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Stress Strain Curve of Concrete
•The first
portion of
curve, to about
40% of the
Crushing ultimate
Stress strength fc’, can
fc’ 0.85fc’ be considered
linear.

0.4 fc’ •The lower the

strength of
concrete the
0.0028 to greater will be
0.0045, Strain the failure
generally strain
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0.003
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Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not
have a fixed value of modulus of elasticity
Initial
tangent
Modulus Tangent Modulus

0.4fc
Stres ’
s
Secant
Modulus

Strain
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Tangent and Secant Moduli of
Concrete
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Modulus of Elasticity (contd…)

Secant modulus (Ec) is the one which is being used in design.

Ec = 0.043 wc1.5 √fc’

wc = density of concrete in kg/m3

fc’ = specified cylinder strength in MPa
For normal weight concrete, say wc = 2300 kg/m3

Ec = 4700√fc’

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Reinforcing Steel
Steel bars are:
 Plain
 Deformed (currently in use)
Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs
provide a good bond between steel and concrete. If this bond
fails steel becomes in effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:

 Young's modulus, E (200 GPa)

 Yield strength, fy
 Ultimate strength, fu
 Size and diameter of bar
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Steel Bars
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Reinforcing Steel (contd..)

Stress Strain Curve for Steel

fu
yielding Strain Hardening
fy
Stres

fy/2
s

Strain

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Reinforcing Steel (contd…)
Steel Grade Designation FPS
 Grade 300, fy = 300 MPa For40
Grade hot rolled
 Grade 420, fy = 420 MPa steel
Grade 60 bars
 Grade 520, fy = 520 MPa Grade 70
Cold
Grade twisted
520 steel bars
Grade are
450 available in
Stres Grade grade 420
s 300

For hot rolled steel bars

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Strain
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Reinforcing Steel (contd..)
For simplification the stress strain diagram is consider bilinear
because after yielding cracks appear and concrete becomes in
effective.
Bilinear Curve

Stress

Strain
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 Concluded

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