CSCE 3110

Data Structures &

Algorithm Analysis

Arrays and Lists

Arrays
Array: a set of pairs (index and value)
data structure
For each index, there is a value associated with
that index.
representation (possible)
implemented by using consecutive memory.

Arrays in C++
int list[5], *plist[5];
list[5]: five integers
list[0], list[1], list[2], list[3], list[4]
*plist[5]: five pointers to integers
plist[0], plist[1], plist[2], plist[3],
plist[4]
implementation of 1-D array
list[0]
base address =
list[1]
+ sizeof(int)
list[2]
+ 2*sizeof(int)
list[3]
+ 3*sizeof(int)

Arrays in C++ (contd)

Compare int *list1 and int list2[5] in C++.
Same: list1 and list2 are pointers.
Difference: list2 reserves five locations.
Notations:
list2 - a pointer to list2[0]
(list2 + i) - a pointer to list2[i] (&list2[i])
*(list2 + i) - list2[i]

Example
#include <iostream>
void print1(int *ptr, int rows)
{
int i;
cout << "Address Contents" << endl;
for (i=0; i < rows; i++)
cout << ptr+i << " " << *(ptr+i) << endl;
}
void main(){
int one[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}; //Goal: print out address and value
print1(one, 5);
}

Address Contents
0xbffffbb4 0
0xbffffbb8 1
0xbffffbbc 2
0xbffffbc0 3
0xbffffbc4 4

The Array ADT

Objects: A set of pairs <index, value> where for each value of index
there is a value from the set item. Index is a finite ordered set of one or
more dimensions, for example, {0, , n-1} for one dimension,
{(0,0),(0,1),(0,2),(1,0),(1,1),(1,2),(2,0),(2,1),(2,2)} for two dimensions,
etc.
Methods:
for all A Array, i index, x item, j, size integer
Array Create(j, list) ::= return an array of j dimensions where list is a
j-tuple whose kth element is the size of the
kth dimension. Items are undefined.
Item Retrieve(A, i) ::= if (i index) return the item associated with
index value i in array A
else return error
Array Store(A, i, x) ::= if (i in index)
return an array that is identical to array
A except the new pair <i, x> has been
inserted else return error

Questions
What is the complexity of retrieve in an
array?
What is the complexity of store in an array?
What about insertion and deletion for ordered
elements in an arrary?

Other Data Structures

Based on Arrays
Arrays:
Basic data structure
May store any type of elements
Polynomials: defined by a list of coefficients and
exponents
- degree of polynomial = the largest exponent in a
polynomial
p( x ) a1 x e1 ... an x en

Polynomials A(X)=3X20+2X5+4, B(X)=X4+10X3+3X2+1

Polynomial ADT
Objects:

a set of ordered pairs of <ei,ai>

where ai in Coefficients and
ei in Exponents, ei are integers >= 0

Methods:
for all poly, poly1, poly2 Polynomial, coef Coefficients, expon
Exponents
Polynomial Zero( )
::= return the polynomial p(0)
Boolean IsZero(poly)
::= if (poly) return FALSE
else return TRUE
Coefficient Coef(poly, expon)
::= if (expon poly) return its
coefficient else return Zero
Exponent Lead_Exp(poly)
::= return the largest exponent in
poly
Polynomial Attach(poly,coef, expon) ::= if (expon poly) return error
else return the polynomial poly
with the term <coef, expon>

Polyomial ADT (contd)

Polynomial Remove(poly, expon)

::= if (expon poly) return the

polynomial poly with the term
whose exponent is expon deleted
else return error
Polynomial SingleMult(poly, coef, expon)::= return the polynomial
poly coef xexpon
Polynomial Add(poly1, poly2)
::= return the polynomial
poly1 +poly2
Polynomial Mult(poly1, poly2)
::= return the polynomial
poly1 poly2

Polynomial Addition (1)

Use an array to keep track of the coefficients for all exponents
A(X)=2X1000+1
Running time?
B(X)=X4+10X3+3X2+1
A
B
advantage: easy implementation
disadvantage: waste space when sparse

Running time?

Polynomial Addition (2)

Store pairs of exponent and coefficient
A(X)=2X1000+1
B(X)=X4+10X3+3X2+1

advantage: less space

disadvantage: longer code

starta finisha startb

finishb avail

coef
exp
0

Sparse Matrices
col1 col2 col3 col4 col5 col6

15 0
0 11

row0
row1

22 0 15
0 0

0 6 0

0 0

row4

0
91

0 0

row5

0 28

0 0

row2

row3

5*3

15/15

8/36
sparse matrix
data structure?

0
0

0
0
0

6*6

Sparse Matrix ADT

Objects: a set of triples, <row, column, value>, where row
and column are integers and form a unique combination, and
value comes from the set item.
Methods:
for all a, b Sparse_Matrix, x item, i, j, max_col,
max_row index
Sparse_Marix Create(max_row, max_col) ::=
return a Sparse_matrix that can hold up to
max_items = max _row max_col and
whose maximum row size is max_row and
whose maximum column size is max_col.

Sparse Matrix ADT (contd)

Sparse_Matrix Transpose(a) ::=
return the matrix produced by interchanging
the row and column value of every triple.
Sparse_Matrix Add(a, b) ::=
if the dimensions of a and b are the same
return the matrix produced by adding
corresponding items, namely those with
identical row and column values.
else return error
Sparse_Matrix Multiply(a, b) ::=
if number of columns in a equals number of rows in b
return the matrix d produced by multiplying
a by b according to the formula: d [i] [j] =
(a[i][k]b[k][j]) where d (i, j) is the (i,j)th

Sparse Matrix Representation

(1)
(2)

Represented by a two-dimensional array.

Sparse matrix wastes space.
Each element is characterized by <row, col, value>.
The terms in A should be ordered
based on <row, col>

Sparse Matrix Operations

Transpose of a sparse matrix.
What is the transpose of a matrix?
a[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

row col value

6 6
8
0 0
15
0 3
22
0 5 -15
1 1
11
1 2
3
2 3
-6
4 0
91
5 2
28

transpose
[5]

b[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
2 5
[6]
[7]
[8]

row col value

6 6
8
0 0 15
0 4 91
1 1 11
2 1
3
28
3 0 22
3 2 -6
5 0 -15

Transpose a Sparse Matrix

Write Pseudo codes for transposing sparse
matrix.
Analyze its complexity.
Example:
(0, 0, 15) ====>
(0, 3, 22) ====>
(0, 5, -15) ====>
(1, 1, 11) ====>

(0, 0, 15)
(3, 0, 22)
(5, 0, -15)
(1, 1, 11)

Note: your array is one dimensional

Linked Lists
Avoid the drawbacks of fixed size arrays with
Growable arrays
Linked lists

Growable arrays
Avoid the problem of fixed-size arrays
Increase the size of the array when needed
(I.e. when capacity is exceeded)
Two strategies:
tight strategy (add a constant): f(N) = N + c
growth strategy (double up): f(N) = 2N

Tight Strategy

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Add a number k (k = constant) of elements

every time the capacity is exceeded
C0 + (C0+k) + (C0+(S-1)k) =
S = (N C0) / k
Running time?
C0 * S + S*(S+1) / 2 O(N2)
S: number of times array
capacity is exceeded

Tight Strategy
void insertLast(int rear, element o) {
if ( size == rear) {
capacity += k;
element* B = new element[capacity];
for(int i=0; i<size; i++) {
B[i] = A[i];
}
A = B;
}
A[rear] = o;
rear++;
size++; }

Growth Strategy

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

S: number of times array

capacity is exceeded

Double the size of the array every time is

needed (I.e. capacity exceeded)
C0 + (C0 * 2) + (C0*4) + + (C0*2s-1) =
s = log (N / C0)
Running time?
C0 [1 + 2 + + 2 log(N/C0)-1 ] O(N)

How does the previous

code change?

Linked Lists
Avoid the drawbacks of fixed size arrays with
Growable arrays
Linked lists

Using Dynamically
Allocated Memory (review)
int *pi = new int;
float *pf=new float;
*pi =1024;
*pf =3.14;

request memory

cout << an integer << *pi << a float = << *pf;

free(pi);
free(pf);

return memory

Linked Lists

bat

cat

sat

vat

NULL

Singly Linked List

next

A singly linked list is a concrete

data structure consisting of a
series of nodes
Data item

Each node stores

NODE

Data item
Link to the next node

HEAD
A

CURRENT

TAIL

Insertion
A

X
A

B
3

X
A

Deletion
A

B
C

Implement a Linked List

Single Linked List (.h, .cpp, test program)
Double Linked List (.h, .cpp, test program)

Linked List vs. Array

Linked list can be easily expanded or reduced; Array
needs a contiguous memory space and may not even
be possible to resize.
Insertion and deletion in linked list are O(1) while it
takes O(n) for array.
Array allow random access and the indexing of an
array takes O(1). The sequential access with linked
list makes it more expensive in indexing, which takes
O(n)

Questions
Can we do insertion BEFORE a node in singly
linked list?
Can we do deletion BEFORE a node in singly
linked list?

List ADT
The List ADT models a
sequence of positions storing
arbitrary objects
It establishes a before/after
relation between positions
Generic methods:
size(), isEmpty()

Query methods:
isFirst(p), isLast(p)

Accessor methods:
first(), last()
before(p), after(p)

Update methods:
replaceElement(p, o),
swapElements(p, q)
insertBefore(p, o),
insertAfter(p, o),
insertFirst(o),
insertLast(o)
remove(p)

Doubly Linked List

A doubly linked list provides a natural
implementation of the List ADT
Nodes implement Position and store:
element
link to the previous node
link to the next node

Special trailer and header nodes

header

prev

next

elem

node

nodes/positions trailer

elements

Insertion
We visualize operation insertAfter(p, X), which returns position q

p
B

p
B

p
B

q
X
q
X

Deletion
We visualize remove(p), where p = last()

p
D

p
D
A

Running Time Analysis

insertAfter
deleteAfter
deleteBefore
deleteLast
insertFirst
insertLast

O(?)
O(?)
O(?)
O(?)
O(?)
O(?)