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09 - Integration Methods Handout

The document summarizes several integration methods: 1) Algebraic substitution involves making a substitution of the form u = f(x) and integrating in terms of the new variable u. 2) Completing the square can be used to integrate functions of the form dx/(ax^2 + bx + c) by rewriting the denominator in a form with an integral table. 3) Trigonometric and hyperbolic identities simplify integrals involving trigonometric and hyperbolic functions using standard angle addition or subtraction formulas.

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Andy
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29 views

09 - Integration Methods Handout

The document summarizes several integration methods: 1) Algebraic substitution involves making a substitution of the form u = f(x) and integrating in terms of the new variable u. 2) Completing the square can be used to integrate functions of the form dx/(ax^2 + bx + c) by rewriting the denominator in a form with an integral table. 3) Trigonometric and hyperbolic identities simplify integrals involving trigonometric and hyperbolic functions using standard angle addition or subtraction formulas.

Uploaded by

Andy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Integration Methods

MATH142 - Essentials of Engineering Mathematics

Useful for integrals


of the form ...

Method

Algebraic
Substitution



g f (x) .f (x)dx

What to do

Comments

Let u = f (x)
then du = f  (x)dx ,
and we get


Make sure a constant multiple of f  (x)


is in the integrand.
Dont forget to back-substitute; or be
careful with limits of integration.

g(u)du .

Complete the square on


ax2 + bx + c

to obtain the form

dx
ax2 + bx + c
 
ax2 + bx + c

Complete
the Square

a( (x + )2 ) .

Make a substitution for


x+ then use the Table

Can be used for

dx
if
ax2 + bx + c

ax2 + bx + c is NOT factorizable.

of Integrals.



Trig or Hyperbolic
Identities

Simplify the integrand


using identities and the
expansions of

cos mx sin nxdx


sin mx sin nxdx

cos(A B)
sin(A B)
cosh(A B)
sinh(A B)

cos mx cos nxdx




sinn xdx,
cosn xdx

The aim is to rewrite the integral in


terms of standard integrals.

etc.

Integration
by Parts


f (x)g(x) dx

Partial
Fractions

p(x)
dx
q(x)

where p(x) and q(x)


are polynomials and
q(x) is factorisable.

Assign f and g to u
and v  as appropriate,
then

Carefully choose a function to integrate and a function to dierentiate.

u v dx

You may wish to introduce a factor of


1 as v  .

Find partial fractions for

Make sure you check for factorizable


quadratics.

uv  dx = uv

p(x)
q(x)

If you have an improper fraction to


start with, use long division to obtain
a proper fraction.

Keep the Table of Integrals handy, and make use of reduction formulae!

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