WERLINE REVIEW CENTER The Ultimate E.E. Review Center fa Amparo Bldg. G-M. Tolenting (formerty Catal) cor, Espaia Sts. Mania Mel Nos 735.7502 1758-2118 SIMPLIFIED meTHOD OF FAULT CALCULATION GILBERT B.HOLLMAN PEE 3009 ~ ”FAULT CALCULATIONS FAI POWER SY‘ 3: Is the unintentional or intentional connecting together of two or more conductors, which ordinarily operates with a difference of potential between them, The connection between conductors may be by physical metallic contacts or it may be through an ate. on a power system : - 1. Shunt faul 2. Series faults [ a) Three phase fault (36) a) One line open (LO) b) Line to line fault (LL) b) Two line open ( 210) c) Single line to ground fault (LG) 4) Double line to ground fault (LLG) ‘What are the effects of fault or short circuit? 1. Arcing and buming at location of fault. 2. Short-circuit currents (Ise) will flow from the source to the point of fault 3. All equipments/ components carrying (Isc) are subjected to thermal and mechanical stress, this stress is a function of Isc’ t, where tis the duration of flow. ‘ Loe bet Ahsan cgy 4, System voltage drops in proportion to the magnitude of faults at the point of fault, In tum there will be service interruption How to minimize? If not totally eliminate, ‘These hazard (faults) must be quickly cleared from the system, this is the function of protective devices, relays, circuit breakers , power fuses and their tespective attachments, and these said devices must be properly rated to be able to withstand and interrupt the maximum Isc which will flow to the system. What are the sources of Fault Current: . | GENERATOR g_Transmission lines or " Zz i Ig / UTILITY X76 ye POWER TRANSFORMER ig oF Xu ar Xt SWITCHGEAR de exciter --~ Xm, Xém Xin Apslytlerntdin (2t0l20th. ge.) (Oto 4 threye.)L_ELECTRIC UTILITY / GENERATOR - usually represented by a single equivalent reactance ( for 600 volts above), Impedance ( for 600 volts below) referred to the users point of connection which is the equipment available short circuit current from utility. It can be expressed in 3 6 SC KVA/ MVA or 3 6 Ise ata given voltage. Or % or p.u. reactance on a specified KVA or KV bases. Or reactance in ohms per phase from a given voltage 2._ ROTATING MACHINES - reactance of a rotating machine is not one simple value like as in transformers and transmission lines, cable and busways. There are three (3) values of reactance which depends on the type of duration that elapsed after the occurance of fault a) Sub-transient reactance (X") The apparent reactance of the stator winding at the instant of fault (0~6". cycles), reactance in determining the stress on the bus. b) ‘Tiansignts reactance (X") ‘The reactance the determines the current flowing from 10” — 120". Cycles, also the reactance in determining the short circuit rating protective devices. c) Synchronous reactance (X) The reactance that determines the current flow at steady state condition, or after several seconds have elapsed after the occurance of fault. RATINGS OF CIRCUIT BREAKE R FUSES a) INTERRUPTING CAPACITY (IC) Maximum RMS symmetrical Isc that the CB can be interrupt in order to open the circuit, when the trip rating is exceed, it will trip (CB) of the contact will part, but the circuit is still complete due to the presence of are between the contacts, then extinguishment of the are will interrupt (open ) the circui b) MOMENTARY DUTY (MD) Maximum rms asymmetrical Isc the CB withstand prior to interruption without damage to itself. This rating is higher than IC rating,©) AMPERE ( for power fuses ) Value of current that the fuse can carry indefinitely within acceptable conditions. 4) INTERRUPTING RATING ( for power fuses) Value of asymme trical current that the fuse can interrupt without sustaining damage, -BY- TI 1 EI Step I: To determine either IC & MD of a CB, assume a 36 bolted fault ( that is having no fault impedance) occurs immediately after the said CB Step I: Assume the voltages in any part of the systeny circuit immediately BEFORE & AFTER the fault are equal to their respective nominal value. Step ITI: Prepare the one-line.diagram or schematic diagram of the given system. Step IV: Prepare the equivalent IMPEDANCE/ REACTANCE Diagram after identifying the CB to be resolved. 8) Forsyslem above 600 volls (HV CB) (i) provide one diagram for caleulation of IC Use: X," of Xs", Xen Xe & Zt, 10 Xing” Gi) provide one diageam for calculation of MD Use: Xe" or Xu", Xan”, Xin” Xi Be Zr MULTIPLYING FACTORS on the computed RMS symmetrical/ asymmetrical Ise ForlO=M x symm. Isc. Where: M for general case M for special case « 0 for 8 cycle duty 1 for 8 cycle duty 1 for 5 cycle duty = 1.2 for 5 cycle duty 2 for 3 cycle duty 3 for 3 cycle duty 4 for 4 cycle duty = 1,50 for i+ cycle duty above 500 MVA s.c, and principally fed from alternators or thru current- limiting reactors,For MD = M x asymm., Isc. Where: M = 1.5, above 500 MVA s.c. & principally fed from alternator = LS, 5 KV or less and directly fed from alternator, M= 16, above 5 KV and below 500 MVA sc. b) -For-System 600.voltsand-below: ( Fast acting CB Provide only one diagram for IC & MD : Use: Xp" or Xu", Xam”, Xin”, Xe & Zi | : For IC = 100% asymm. Isc & For MD = 125% asymm. Ise STEP V : Select suitable MVA/ KVA and KV/ volts bases for per unit (p.u.) solution and Homogenize the reactances/ impedances R fe ; ae 8) Synchronous motors (SM) of several thousands of HP, get X” & X° take corresponding KVA rating equal to HP rating 80% p.f b) Induction motors (IM) of several thousands of HP, get X” also the corresponding KVA rating equal to HP rating for 80% pf. ¢) Smaller motors, several hundreds and smallet HP can be grouped together and considered as one large motor with reactance X “ of 0.25 or 25% and equivalent KVA rating of: (@___If-served MCC (motor control center) equal to the total HP rating of motors (i) _Ifserved a subsiation transformer equal to 100% of transformer Kva rating for industrial load of 600 volts. & below. (ii) If served thru a substation transformer equal to $0% of transformer KVA rating for commercial load of 208/480 volt with substantial portion of lighting load. Step VI: To determine the rms symmetrical or rms asymmetrical Isc. Use THEVENIN'S_ THEOREM.CIRCUIT BREAKERS & POWER FUSES |. CIRCUIT BREAKERS A circuit breaker is a piece of equipment which can (@) Make or break a circuit either manually or by remote control under normal condition. (b) Break a circuit " automatically * under FAULT condition. {c) Make a circuit either manually or by remote.canditien-under FAULT conditions OPERATING PRINCIPLE : When the contacts of the CB are separated under FAULT conditions, an ARC is struck between them, then current stil flows until this ARC discharge ceases. The production of ARC not only delays the current interruption process but it also Generates enormous heat which may cause damage to the system or to the CB itself.” METHODS OF ARC EXTINCTION (1) HIGH RESISTANCE METHOD : Itis employed only in de. CB and low capacity ac CB: here the arc resistance is made to increase with time so that the current is reduced to a value insufficient to maintain the arc, then current is interrupted. This can be done by the following: {a) Lengthening the are {e) Reducing the cross-section of arc (b) Cooling the are (d) Splitting the are (2) LOW RESISTANCE ( or CURRENT ZERO ) METHOD : {tis.employed for arc extinction in ac circuits only. In this method, arc resistance is kept low until current zero where the arc extinguishes naturally and prevented from restriking inspite of the rising voltage across the contacts. The rapid increase of dielectric strength of the medium near current zero can be achieved by :(2) Causing the ionized particles in the space between the contacts to recombined into neutral particles, (©) Sweeping the ionized particles away and replacing them by un-ionized particles. Then the de-ionizing of the medium can be achieve by : (i) Lengthening the are (iil) Cooling (ii) High pressure (v) Blast effects IMPORTANT TERMS in CB. ANALYSIS (a) ARC VOLTAGE It is the voltage that appears across the contacts of the CB during arcing period. Its value is low except for the period the fault current is at near zero point. (b) RESTRIKING VOLTAGE Itis the transient voltage that appears across the contacts at near current Zero during arcing period. (c) RECOVERY VOLTAGE {tis the normal frequency RMS voltage that appears across the contacts of the CB after final arc extinction, it is approximately equal to the system voltage. RESTRIKING VOLTAGE RECOVERY VOLTAGE time CURRENT ZERO INSTANT SYSTEM voctioe. Swed FAULT CURRENT FIGURE 1:tl - FUSES A fuse is a short piece of metal, inserted in the circuit, which melts when excessive currents flows through it and thus breaks the circuits, IMPORTANT TERMS in FUSE ANALYSIS (a) CURRENT-RATING of FUSE ELEMENT {tis the current which the fuse element can normally carry without overheating or melting, (b) FUSING CURRENT {tis the minimum current at which the fuse element melts and thus disconnects the circuit protected by it. For a round wire the fusing current is given by I= d°, where dis the diameter of the fusing element (c) FUSING FACTOR {tis the ratio of minimum fusing current to the current rating of the fuse. (4) PROSPECTIVE CURRENT 'tis the RMS value of the first loop of the fault current obtained if the fuse was replaced by an ordinary conductor of negligible resistance. (e) CUT-OFF CURRENT tis the maximum value of fault current actually reached before the fuse melts. Fuses are designed to withstand maximum current equal to this cut-off value. (f) PRE-ARCING TIME Itis the time between the commencement of fault and the instant when cut-off cours. (g). ARCING TIME This isthe time between the end of pre-arcing time and the instant when arc Is extinguished. (h) TOTAL OPERATING TIME Itis the sum of pre-arcing time and arcing times. In general type of fuses the ‘operating time is quite low ( say 0.002 sec ) as compared to a circuit breaker (say 0.2 sec ).CUT-OFF CURRENT TA ASYMMETRICAL FAULT CURRENT TOTAL OPERATING TIME PRE—ARCING TIME ARCING * TIME FIGURE 2 : DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUSE and CIRCUIT BREAKER | PARTICULAR FUSE | CIRCUIT BREAKER Function | performs both detedtion Tt performs interruption only. | |__and interruption functions. _| The detection of fault is made by relays. | Operation | inherently completely Requires elaborate equipment | : | Automatic. |__ (ie. Relay) for automatic action. Breaking “| Small Very large __ Capacity Siaiisinii tne ‘Operating time Very small ‘Comparatively large Replacement | Requires replacement No replacement after operation. after every operationIsc Subtransient Period (0-6theya) x" Transient Sahoe (10-1201 | UN ll HU Steady-state Actual envelope value Extrapolated Transient envelope Fig. TRACES OF SYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT Ise ‘Total Asymetrical Component, AC Component ANAL. U y i “4 y q ' t \ ~_OC component (up to 4thvcyesy Fig. TRACES OF ASYMMETRICAL SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT' i / ' LEM 1: ‘The power system shown Determine IC & MD of CB's shown Ly j I2ohms Ls 10 MvA, Available s¢h}—— *- Vi iasKv Capacity.2000 MvA, . HHOKV, 38 Hoce Mieisn TH 12.5 MVA, N07 13.8 KV scoehiy face 13.8 kV BUS acs-3 a X x) 2000 HP = ISOOHP 80% pif, BOY pt. xe x's 20% tLe j0.4 ohms 2 MA, 13:8 KV/480 V X= 4% 480V BUS Group of IM’s, Lighting,ete. proup. at ighting, SOLUTION : CHOOSE BASES : MVAp= 12.5 Kvpany 110+9746) 0.80 p.£ KVA= Ore { 080" | 46) n since KVA = HP KVA(0.80) Xx. =22 2 j0.0124 p.u. = 0.9325 =93.25% 11068 J P. q x =j0.00(122)-yb08 pa. f @unity pf Hea P*0.746 “= j0.15} —— |=j 0.1875 KVA =——_—__= HP(0.80) ea (32) ee Lorog325 P08) 12. Kvn" (13.8) Xsm""1= j0.12) = 0.75 pu. Zp. = = 515.2350 sm"1= Jt ( 2 ) J Pu. Bz MYA, 125 Z 12.5 j04 |= X= = j0.02 i020 3 } j 1.25 pu. La T5335 710026 pau. Xne"=oas(23)-j a Xn=joe{!28) 025 pn 1.5 2 12.5 12.5) (B2)-i $625 pu. 100% Transformer rating (for industrial toad) For OCB: Assume 5 cycles duty) eae Xan = Xs" + Xx =j 0.00625 + j0.0124 = j0.01865 pu 1.0 [a aera ane Ig=j *) 001865 | Bai) min.JIC = 1.1 (3517.85) = 3869.64 say 3870 A, min.MD = 16 (3517.85) = 5628.56 say 3630 A.For ACB-1 (Assume 8 cycle duty) Inf, bus ie =j 19] 72500 0.1875 | 4303.8) 2789.13Amp min IC = 1.0 (2789.13) = 2789.13 say 2790 A min.MD = 1.5" (2789.13) = 4183.70 say 4190 A Teegt = 1.15"| 10.900 | 481.125 Amy . [ae 8) : ** directly fed from Generator ACB-I * over speed allowance for steam turbine alternator: For ACB-2 (Assume 8 cycle duty) Inf_ bus Xw= Xo"*Xey + Xi = 1-0-0625 +0.0124+ j0.08 = 0.09865 pu I= 10 12,500 1 5301.19Any 7) opoxes| a3) ° min JC = 1.0.(5301.19) = 5: min. MD = 1.6 (5301.19) = 8481.90 say 8485 A See Teont =522.964 @ (313.8) ACB-2 For ACB-6 (Assume 8 cyclé duty) For IC: 600 volt above Use: Xs"Xp",XuXusXem” NO Xi” 1 Inf,_bus Am = 1 70.0986 * jo.875* 1.23 * 1.116 0.05825 pu © FOOSE | (13.8) min JC = 1.0 (8977.89) = 8977.89 Amp _ 2.06500) Toon = =125.51Am Chom = "503.8 if Ir 12,500 jon 89Ampfor MD: 600 volt above: Use: Xs"Xq"\Xem" Xin" XeX. X =Xs+Xi+ Xu =0.09865p.u Inf_bus Xa = Xeq""+ Xa +Xi2 = j1,8385 pw. a 1 hen T T T T 7 1 Age JOURS * 70.1875 * 7Os361 * 7.38 * jEsEs + Tow xe Xr = j0.05p.u. XG XG Ip = =10,459.24Amp i 7 min.MD = 1.6 (10,459.24) = 16,734.79 min, MD =16,735 Amp ACE-6 39000..25) _ @ Neon =183.044 ie V3.8) Note: RATING of ACB ~ 6 is the same for ACB’s 3,4,5,87 For ACB-8 & 9. (Assume 8" cycle) For IC & MD : below 600 volts Use: Ky” X_"Xon" Xa, Xu, Xr, Xz x, 1 Inf. bus es eee SE REESE SEPEEED GEESE JOR J0.1875 * 70.75 ~ 70.536 ~ ji.25 Xeq =J0.0514 pu (eg + X12 +X pMX, Xu = Meat X1a* Kem") «97 pu xs 1 Keg *Xp2* Kia +X ene Xr = j0.271 par Xu Te= 20 [12500003 |_ 55 545.42, = 5 545.42.Any °° 7027113480) i *ne min IC = 1.0 (55,545,42) = 55,545.42 Amp min.MD = 1.25 (55,545.42) = 9.431,78 Amp 2000 Chon = eoaany "5 =3007.03 Amp.RATING OF CB’s OCB: IC =3870A, MD ACB :1C=2790A, MD ACB-2 _:[C=5307A, MD = 8485A, Cont. Amp = 522.96 @8 cycles ACB-3 to 7: IC = 8980A, MD = 16.735A,Cont. Amp = 183.04 @ 8 cycles ACB-889 55.545.42A, MD =69.431.78A, Cont. Amp = 3007.03 @ 8" cycles 5.61 @Seycles 481,125 @ 8 cycles M2: A small generating station has two altemators of 3MVA and 4.5 MVA and sub-transient reactances of j0.07 p.u. & 0.08 p.u. respectively. The CB's have an interrupting Capacities of 150 MVA each. It is desired to extend the system by a supply from the grid via a transformier of 7.5 MVA and j0.075 p.u. reactance. Find the reactance of the reactor connected in the bus section to prevent the CB’s being overloaded, if a 3 4 symmetrical short-circuit ocours on af outgoing feeder connected to it, Assume the bus- voltage of 3.3 Kvolt. Solution The line diagram: Choose 7.5 MVA as base UTILITY ce XS= negligible > uae 7.5 MVA X= j0.075pu, 3.MVA » X42 0.07 pu, 33 KV bus Fi Fe Fs Fa; Homogenizing Reactances 0. 07(33}=s0 175 pu. Xr =j 0.075 (33)-s0075pa 0.133..pu let X = reactance of the reactor Xp" =| 0.08 (33) (x j0.075)(X ge") Xu = yaa TE” Xe FOSS Ke" 0.175 0.133..) O17 40.135... Xqe"= j 0.07557 pu but. Xge"=j Where: Xru= looking back reactance from point of fault, x, 0.005668 + 0. aa u ; ty oisos7+x J? t 7 7 - But MVAcc = interrupting capacity of CB = 150 MVA. ( 7 : MVA 1 2 x / Since MVAs¢=——8 = aw 5 _7.5(0.15057 +X) _ Xz 0.005668 + 0.07557X ~ 0.005668 + 0.075570 ' 0.15057 +. Sacer 150 = _-7.5(0.15057+X) waiseeereoey thys «X= 0.07276 pu ohmi a) , Xvue = AFbase” 8:9 1 4500 MPA base X (in ohms) = X * Xyase = 0.07276 (1.452) 0.01562 |) | | |