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What Detectors Look Like: PH5211 - High Energy Physics Unit 4 - Part 1 1

This document discusses different types of particle detectors used in high energy physics experiments. It describes how charged particle tracks can be measured using proportional chambers, drift chambers, and time projection chambers. It explains how electromagnetic and hadronic showers are measured using sampling calorimeters which alternate layers of dense material and active material to sample the shower. It also discusses how photons can be detected using photomultiplier tubes and how the critical energy affects particle interactions in different materials.

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48 views14 pages

What Detectors Look Like: PH5211 - High Energy Physics Unit 4 - Part 1 1

This document discusses different types of particle detectors used in high energy physics experiments. It describes how charged particle tracks can be measured using proportional chambers, drift chambers, and time projection chambers. It explains how electromagnetic and hadronic showers are measured using sampling calorimeters which alternate layers of dense material and active material to sample the shower. It also discusses how photons can be detected using photomultiplier tubes and how the critical energy affects particle interactions in different materials.

Uploaded by

unwanted
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What detectors look like

PH5211 - High Energy Physics


Unit 4 - Part 1

What do detectors look like

PH5211 - High Energy Physics


Unit 4 - Part 1

The Bethe-Bloch formula


Describes the mean energy loss of a charged particle
per unit distance travelled (dE/dx). In natural units:

PH5211 - High Energy Physics


Unit 4 - Part 1

Tracks in typical detector - solenoid

Measurements
along track

PH5211 - High Energy Physics


Unit 4 - Part 1

PH5211 - High Energy Physics


Unit 4 - Part 1

Proportional chamber
Charged track

Tube filed with gas


Outer surface conducting and grounded
Wire at centre held at positive potential

Electrons liberated by ionisation drift toward anode


Sauli
PH5211 - High Energy Physics
Unit 4 - Part 1

CDF: Central Outer Tracker

3m long with radius from 0.4m to 1.4m


Wires are both anodes for signal and cathode
field shaping wires
96 concentric layers of wire

PH5211 - High Energy Physics


Unit 4 - Part 1

CDF: COT cont

Each wire has


can measure to
140 microns
With timing
information

PH5211 - High Energy Physics


Unit 4 - Part 1

DELPHI-Time Projection Chamber

PH5211 - High Energy Physics


Unit 4 - Part 1

Critical energy, Ec
EC

600 MeV
Z

Material

X0 (cm)

Air (STP)

30.42102

(for Z 6)

EC (MeV)

18.8

103

Al

8.9

47

Fe

1.8

24

Pb

0.6

PH5211 - High Energy Physics

10

Photons interaction with materials


Different
processes at
different
energies

Pair production

Pair
production
dominates at
high
energies

PH5211 - High Energy Physics

11

Simplified electromagnetic shower


model t distance in X
0

t=0

t=1

t=2

t=3

t=4

e
e
e

e
E0

e+

e+

e+

PH5211 - High Energy Physics

12

Photomultipliers used to detect


single photons

PH5211 - High Energy Physics

13

Sampling calorimeters

PH5211 - High Energy Physics

14

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