CHAPTER 1

Computer Ha rdwa re
Introduction
The term computer hardware refers to the physical components of a computer,
namely Keyboard, Monitor, Mouse, and Printer, including the digital circuitry.
Computer hardware is an integral part embedded in all modern day automobiles,
microwave ovens, electrocardiograph machines, compact disc players, and other
devices. The hardware of a computer is not changed frequently, in contrast with
software and data. The present computers are much advanced in terms of
processing speed and have an efficient memory structure. The present lesson
aims at providing an insight into the hardware concepts of a Computer System.

Personal Computers
A personal computer, very commonly known as the PC or the home computer,
refers to a microcomputer whose price, size, and capabilities make it suitable for
personal usage. They are normally single-microprocessors, single user systems
designed for general-purpose applications. They have sufficiently large amount
of internal memory to store programs and documents. A computer, indeed, is a
machine that can perform a number of tasks for us. It can accept and store data,
process it and produces the output. For performing these functions, computer
systems consist of Input devices, a Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Output
Devices.

Input Devices
The foremost task of a computer is to accept data. An input device is used to
accomplish this task. An input device is used to enter the data and instructions
into the computer. Advancement in the computer technology has resulted in a
variety of input devices being available in the market. Keyboard and mouse are
the most commonly used input devices.
Keyboard: Keyboard is the most popular input device that allows users to type
alphabets, numbers, and operators, and also to control the cursor on the screen. A
simple keyboard layout is given below:

Mouse: Mouse is a pointing device that allows user to point to a specific position on
the screen. It has two or three buttons on top for selecting/executing different
operations. Pressing buttons of mouse is known as clicking of mouse. The mouse is
placed on flat surface and moved around to move its controlling arrow on screen.
The arrow showing the position of mouse on screen is known as mouse pointer. Left
button of mouse is used execute the operation associated with it. Right
button/Middle buttons are associated with special operations in different
situations.

Scroll
Button
Right
Button
Left
Button
Some of the other Input Devices are enlisted below:

Device

Identification

Usage

Joy Stick

It is a device used to control

cursor on screen. Normally it is
used in Games and specially
designed simulation software.

Light Pen

It is a device used for drawing

pictures and for directly
controlling screen operations.

Microphone

It is a device used to accept audio

inputs from the user.

Scanner

It is a device used to capture

digital images of printed
documents, graphics or other
printed media.

Touch Screens

It is a display device, which is

touch-sensitive and allows user to
interact with the computer
system by touching an area on
the screen.

Bar Code Reader

It is used to accept barcode inputs.

A barcode is a series of vertical
bars representing numbers and
alphabets printed on product
labels. One must have noticed all
standard items like perfumes,
greeting cards, books, cassettes
available in the market have
similar lines as shown in the figure,
known as bar codes. These can be
read with the help of bar code
readers.

Web Camera

It is an easy to connect lowresolution digital camera normally

employed for transfer of
images on the web-based
conferencing.

Digital Camera

It is a high-resolution camera,
which captures images and stores
them in digital format. It has
provision to connect to the
computer using special computer
communication cables (such as
USB cables).

Output devices
It is a device used to provide the processed data from the computer to the user.
Monitor (VDU/Screen) and printer are the most commonly used output devices. The
usage of some of the commonly used output devices is tabulated below:

Device
Monitor

Identification

Usage
A Monitor is an output device, very
similar to the television screen. It
displays the information as it is
typed and also displays the
processed result or the output. It is
available in many forms cathode
ray picture tube based display,
liquid crystal based display(LCD),
plasma panel display, and touch
panel display.

Printer

It is an output device to produce

paper copy (hard copy) for a
document, pictures etc. The job of
a printer is to put on paper what is
seen on the monitor. Printers vary
mainly in cost, quality, speed and
noise levels. Eg: Dot Matrix Printer,
Inkjet / Deskjet / Bubblejet
Printer, Laser Printer.

Plotter

Plotters are expensive output

devices specially designed to
produce outputs of diagrams,
illustrations and other graphics.

Printers
The printers are classified as under:

Impact Printers - These printers have a mechanism that touches the paper in
order to create an image. The Dot Matrix Printer is an example of this type.

Non-impact Printers - These printers do not touch the paper when creating
an image. The inkjet and laser printers are examples of this type.

Dot Matrix Printer

Printers in this category print the characters / images using dots through inked
ribbon. These printers are very economic and
require very less maintenance cost. The print
quality of the dot matrix printer is decided by the
quantity of pins it has. The number of the pins can
vary from nine to twenty four, depending on the
kind of dot matrix printer. When compared to the
other kind of printers, like the laser printers or the
ink jet printer, the dot matrix printer is much more
expensive. The dot matrix printer has a tendency
to make a lot of noise when compared to the other
kinds of printers. This is why the dot matrix printer
is not very popular among customers. Quality of
print in this category is not very high but is highly
suitable for printing situations requiring multiple copies. These printers can print
through hammering pattern of dots on the printing ribbon and can thus print
multiple copies of document if
multiple papers separated by
carbon papers are inserted in it.
Note that this feature is not
available with any other category of
printers.

Inkjet/Deskjet/Bubblejet Printer
Printers in this category are most popular. These printers are very low priced with
high running/maintenance cost. These printers work on liquid ink technology and
print the image using circuit-controlled jet of ink. An inkjet sprays the ink onto the
paper in tiny droplets to form text and graphics. Printing speed of these printers is
not very high compared to Laser Printers. These printers are
suitable for people having less printing jobs with a desirable
print quality. These printers are available in 'Coloured' and
'Black & White' options.
Different companies have branded their products using the
same technology with different names e.g.

Hewlett Packard (hp) manufactures DeskJet Printers

Epson manufactures Inkjet Printers
Canon manufactures Bubble Jet Printers

Laser Printer
These printers use a technique, which is a combination of
laser and Xerox technology. The technology involves dry
powder based ink, which is adhered to a drum through
magnetic force, and when a paper is passed through the
drum it releases ink on that paper. These are the fastest
available printers in the category and are most suitable for
uses involving high-speed quality prints.

Storage devices
Storing data is an important part of a computer system. The main concern of all
computer designers is to create fast and efficient storage devices. As is commonly
known, the primary memory inside the computer (Random Access Memory or RAM) is
volatile i.e. whatever is stored in RAM is lost as soon as the computer is switched off.
So if there is a need to save data from getting lost, it can be put on a storage device
like floppy disk, hard disks and CD-ROMS before switching off the Computer.

Floppy Disk
It is a smaller capacity removable storage device. It is made up of thin and flexible
plastic material. This thin plastic film is coated with a magnetic material known as
iron oxide for recording data and is protected by a hard outer cover. It is very useful
in transferring data from one computer to another.

Plastic Jacket

Write Protect Notch

Although technology has not changed substantially, floppy disks have certainly
changed considerably in order to meet the very demanding needs of the
marketplace. From an 8 inch size they have evolved to a much smaller size with
larger capacities. Today's standard 3.5 inch diskettes hold a formatted capacity of
about 1.44 megabytes. The evolution of the personal computer acted as a catalyst
primary for designers to reduce the size and cost of floppies. Very quickly the floppy
became the standard method of exchanging data between personal computers. It
also became the popular method of storing moderate amounts of information
outside of the computer's hard drive. Diskettes are small, inexpensive, readily
available, easy to store, and have a good shelf life if stored properly.

Working of a Floppy Disk

Conventional floppy drives contain the following basic components:
1.
A spindle clamping mechanism to hold the diskette in place as it spins
2.
Either one or two magnetic read/write heads mounted on a mechanism that
moves the heads across the diskette's surface
3.
A sensor that detects the rotational position of the diskette via an index hole
(or magnetic sensor in 3.5 inch drives) on floppy disks.

Tracks

The floppy disk is divided into tracks and sectors. In the adjacent figure, the
concentric circles are tracks and the sliced parts of these tracks are called sectors.
When the computer system needs to access data on the diskette, the read/write
heads are stepped by signals generated by the computer system's floppy controller.
These steps are along invisible concentric cylinders, which are usually referred to as
"tracks". The turning on of the computer system's power results in the read/write
heads of the drive being automatically set to track 0 (the first track and starting
position). In most drives, this starting position is located by means of a sensor in the
drive, which has been adjusted to tell the floppy controller when the heads have
reached the first track. If this sensor is not in proper adjustment, then this initial
starting calibration is also incorrect and the heads are not properly positioned over
track 0. In order to move the heads from this first track to other tracks, the head
positioner simply moves in or out one track for each step pulse received from the
computer's floppy controller.

Hard Disk Drive

It is a storage device with very large capacity, which ranges from 1GB to Terabytes in
the modernscenario. It is placed in side the cabinet of CPU (Although external hard
drives are also available these days). It is not a removable drive in normal
circumstances. A hard disk has a much larger storage capacity than a floppy disk. It
is fitted inside the computer and cannot be seen by us. There can be one or more
hard disk in the system unit of a computer. They were originally called "fixed disks"
or "Winchesters". They later became known as "hard disks" to distinguish them from
"floppy disks." Hard disks have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium, as
opposed to the flexible plastic film found in tapes and floppies. At the simplest
level, a hard disk uses magnetic recording techniques just like the floppy disk. Major
benefits of magnetic storage - the magnetic medium can be easily erased and
rewritten, and it will "remember" the magnetic flux patterns stored onto the
medium for many years. The working of a hard disk is similar to that of a floppy disk.
In order to increase the amount of information the drive can store, most hard disks
have multiple platters.

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)

It is a storage device with medium capacity i.e. to hold 650 MB/700 MB (60/80 Min.
Audio/Video). Computer has special drive known as CD-Drive to provide support for
placing and running CDs. It can store data, audio and video. It is made up of plastic
with special surface having optical sensitivity. CD-Drive has a laser light source that
reads data from the CD-ROM. The CD-ROM surface is a mirror covered with billions of
tiny bumps that are arranged in a long, tightly wound spiral track of data, circling
from the inside of the disc to the outside. The CD-Drive reads the bumps with a
precise laser and interprets the information as bits of data. CD-ROMs are
economical and easily available storage media. CDs are available in variations such
as CD-R (Compact Disk Recordable) and CD-RW(Compact Disk Rewritable). The data
on CD-R media can only be written once whereas CD-RW media allows multiple
write/over-write operations on it. There are two types of CD Drives, one known as
CD-R Drive that performs only read operation, and the other known as CD-RW Drive
(or CD-Burner) that performs read as well write operations.

Working of a CD-ROM Drive

When you play a CD, the laser beam passes through the CD's polycarbonate layer,
reflects off the aluminum layer and hits an optoelectronic device that detects
changes in light. The bumps reflect light differently than the flat parts of the
aluminum layer, which are called lands. The optoelectronic sensor detects these
changes in reflectivity, and the electronics in the CD-player drive interpret the
changes as data bits.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disc)

Computer has special drive known as DVD-Drive to provide support for placing and
running DVDs. A DVD is very similar to a CD, but it has a much larger data storage
capacity. A standard DVD media holds about seven times more data than a CD media.
This huge capacity means that a DVD has enough room to store a full-length, MPEG2-encoded movie, as well as other information.
A DVD can store data, audio and video. It is made up of plastic with special surface
having optical sensitivity denser as compared to CDs. A DVD drive is capable of
running a CD media also. The DVD media can store up to 4.7 GB of data as compared
to 650-700 MB storage capacity of CD-ROMs.
DVDs are of the same diameter and thickness as CDs, and they are made using some
of the same materials and manufacturing methods. Like a CD, the data on a DVD is
encoded in the form of small pits and bumps in the track of the disc.

Pen Drive
This is a type of flash memory storage device of the
size of a thumb and can plug into the USB port of the
computer. USB flash drives are more compact,
generally faster, hold more data, and are more
reliable (due to their lack of moving parts) than disk
storage. Most flash drives use a standard USB
connector, which is connected directly to the USB port on a personal computer.
Flash drive is nearly free from scratch and dust problems that exist in the other
storage media, such as floppy disks and compact discs. This makes it ideal for
transporting data or work files from one location to another, such as from home to
school or office or work places. It also allows one to perform multiple read-write
operations. Flash drives are also a relatively dense form of storage, where even the
cheapest will store dozens of floppy disks worth of data. Some can hold more data
than a CD (700 MB). Top of the line flash drives can store more data than a DVD. Flash
drives often last for 500,000 or more erase/write cycles. Optical storage devices are
also slower than their flash-based counterparts.

PC Ports and Connectors

In a computer there are various connectors and ports, which help in establishing a
communication path between the CPU and the various above mentioned Storage
devices. Before learning about the various available connectors, it is essential to be
familiar with the following terms:
1.
Cable is a wire
2.
Socket is the female side of a connector.
3.
Pin is the male side of a connector.
4.
Port is generally a place for physically connecting to some other device
usually with a socket.

PC Ports
Parallel Port
Parallel ports can be used to connect a host of popular computer peripherals like:

Printers
Scanners
CD burners
External hard drives
Iomega Zip removable drives
Network adapters
Tape backup drives

Parallel ports were originally developed by IBM as a way to connect a printer to PC.
Parallel ports are also known as LPT ports. When a PC sends data to a printer or any
other device using a parallel port, it sends 8 bits of data (1 byte) at a time. These 8
bits are transmitted parallel to each other all at once. The standard parallel port is
capable of sending 50 to 100 kilobytes of data per second.

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The original specification for parallel ports was unidirectional, meaning that data
only traveled in one direction for each pin. With the introduction of the PS/2 in
1987, IBM offered a new bi-directional parallel port design. This mode is commonly
known as Standard Parallel Port (SPP) and has completely replaced the original
design. Bi-directional communication allows each device to receive data as well as
transmit it.

Serial Port
Serial ports, also called communication (COM) ports, support sequential data
transmission and are bi-directional. As explained above, bi-directional
communication allows each device to receive data as well as transmit it. The name
"serial" comes from the fact that a serial port "serializes" data. That is, it takes a
byte of data and transmits the 8 bits in the byte one at a time serially one after the
other. The main advantage is that a serial port needs only one wire to transmit the 8
bits (while a parallel port needs 8 because all 8 bits are sent in one go). The
disadvantage is that it takes 8 times longer to transmit the data than it would if
there were 8 wires. Serial ports lower cable costs and make cables smaller. A serial
port is commonly used to connect external modems,
scanners or the older computer mouse to the computer. It
comes in two versions, 9-pin and 25-pin. 25-pin COM
connector is the older version while the 9-pin connector
is the current standard. Data travels over a serial port at
115 Kb per second. The following is a 9-pin serial port.

USB(Universal Serial Bus) Port

In the past, connecting devices to computers had been a real headache. Printers
connected to parallel printer ports, and most computers only came with one. Things
like Zip drives, which need a high-speed connection into the computer, would use
the parallel port as well, often with limited success and not much speed. The earlier
version of Serial Port (COM Port) had 9 pins in it. Modems used the serial port, but so
did some printers and a variety of odd things like Palm Pilots and digital cameras.
Most computers have at most two serial ports, and they are very slow in most cases.
Devices that needed faster connections came with their own cards, which had to fit
in a card slot inside the computer's case. Unfortunately, the number of card slots is
limited and a Ph.D. was needed to install the software for some of the cards.
USB, introduced in 1997 is a plug and play peripheral connection, which was
invented to solve all these headaches. It is used to connect various devices, for
example, digital joystick, a scanner, digital speakers, digital cameras, or a PC
telephone etc. to the computer. USB is generally a two-and-a half-inch long port on
the back of computers or built into a hatch on the front of a computer.
The Universal Serial Bus provides a single, standardized, easy-to-use way to connect
up to 127 devices to a computer. Just about every peripheral made now comes in a
USB version. A sample list of USB devices that you can buy today includes:

Printer
Scanner
Mic
Joystick
Flight yoke
Digital camera
WebCam
Scientific data acquisition device
Modem
Speaker
Telephone
Video phone
Storage device such as Zip drive
Network connection

Connecting a USB device to a computer is as simple as finding the USB connector on

the back of the machine and plugging the USB connector into it. If it is a new device,
the operating system auto-detects it and asks for the driver disk. If the device has
already been installed, the computer activates it and starts talking to it. USB
devices can be connected and disconnected at any time.
Many USB devices come with their own built-in cable, and the cable has an "A"
connection on it. If not, then the device has a socket on it that accepts a USB "B"
connector.

A typical "B" connector

The USB standard uses "A" and "B" connectors to avoid confusion: "A" connectors
connect towards the computer while the "B" connectors connect to individual
devices. By using different connectors it is impossible to ever get confused. Connect
any USB cable's "B" connector into a device, and it is sure to work.
The Universal Serial Bus is the hottest product in the computer market because of
the following features:
The computer acts as the host.

Up to 127 devices can connect to the host, either directly or by way of USB hubs.

Individual USB cables can run as long as 5 meters; with hubs, devices can be up to
30 meters (six cables' worth) away from the host.
With USB 2, the bus has a maximum data rate of 480 megabits per second.

A USB cable has two wires for power (+5 volts and ground) and a twisted pair of
wires to carry the data.

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On the power wires, the computer can supply up to 500 milliamps of power at 5
volts.
Low-power devices (such as mice) can draw their power directly from the bus.
High-power devices (such as printers) have their own power supplies and draw
minimal power from the bus. Hubs can have their own power supplies to provide
power to devices connected to the hub.
USB devices are hot-swappable, meaning you can plug them into the bus and
unplug them any time.
Many USB devices can be put to sleep by the host computer when the computer
enters a power-saving mode.

Firewire Port
This port was originally created by Apple and standardized in 1995 as the
specification IEEE 1394 High Performance Serial Bus and is very similar to Universal
Serial Bus (USB). The most important features of Firewire port are:
Fast transfer of data - the latest version achieves speeds up to 800 Mbps. At
some time in the future, that number is expected to jump to an unbelievable 3.2
Gbps
Ability to put lots of devices on the bus It is possible to connect up to 63 devices
to a FireWire bus. Windows operating systems (98 and later) and Mac OS (8.6 and
later) both support it.
Hot-pluggable ability - they can be connected and disconnected at any time,
even with the power on.
Provision of power through the cable - FireWire allows devices to draw their
power from their connection.
Plug-and-play performance - if you connect a
new FireWire device to your computer, the
operating system auto-detects it and asks for
the driver disc. If you've already installed the
device, the computer activates it and starts
talking to it.
Low cabling cost

Low implementation cost

Ease of use
The key difference between FireWire and USB is that FireWire is intended for
devices working with a lot more data -- things like camcorders, DVD players and
digital audio equipment. Implementing FireWire costs a little more than USB, which
led to the adoption of USB as the standard for connecting most peripherals that do
not require a high-speed bus. Speed aside, the big difference between FireWire and
USB 2.0 is that USB 2.0 is host-based, meaning that devices must connect to a
computer in order to communicate. FireWire is peer-to-peer, meaning that two
FireWire cameras can talk to each other without going through a computer.

PS/2 Port
IBM developed the PS/2 port. It is also called a mouse port. It is used
to connect a computer mouse or keyboard. A PS/2 connector is a
round connector with 6 pins. Nowadays few computers have two PS/2
ports, one for keyboard and one for mouse. A colour code is used to
distinguish between the two ports the keyboard port is green and the
mouse has a purple port.

Keyboard Socket
In earlier computers the keyboard was connected using a 5-pin DIN
connector with a small notch on one side. The purpose of keeping the
notch was to avoid a wrong connection. With the advent of the PS/2,
this socket has become obsolete.

Monitor Socket
This connector is used to attach a computer display monitor to a computer's video
card. The connector has 15 holes.

Audio/Speaker and Microphone Socket

At the back of the computer system we can find
three small sockets of blue, green and pink colours
used to connect speakers, audio input devices and
microphones to the PC respectively. The connectors
for microphone and speakers look like as shown in
the adjacent figure. They are colour coded to help in
troubleshooting.

Setting Display Properties

The Display Properties dialog box allows the user to customize his/her desktop by
changing the screen saver, colors, font sizes and screen resolution. Open the Display
Properties dialog box by choosing the Display option in the Control Panel or by right
clicking anywhere on the desktop and choosing Properties option from the pop-up
menu. The Display Properties dialog box is displayed.
The Display Properties dialog box has five tabs explained below:
Themes tab To apply a predefined theme (collection of desktop backgrounds,
sounds, icons etc) from an available list.
Desktop tab To change the desktop background image.

Screen Saver tab To change the screen saver.

Appearance tab To change the appearance of various windows, dialog boxes

and icons.
Settings tab To set the screen resolution and Color quality properties.

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Style for Windows

and buttons
Choose Color
Choose Font Size

15

Setting Printer Properties

To set printer properties, right click on the printer name and choose the Properties
option.

16

The following dialog box is displayed.

Name of the printer

Choose this option

to set preferences

Choose this option

to print a test page
to check the alignment
and printing quality

Select the number

of pages to be
printed in one sheet
Select the
print quality

17

Choose the
paper size

18

Select number of
copies to be printed

Preview of the
page orientation

Points to remember

The term hardware refers to the physical components of the computer.

A Personal Computer is a single-microprocessor, single user system.

An input device is used to enter the data and instructions into the computer.

An output device is used to provide the processed data from the computer to
the user.
A printer is an output device to produce paper copy (hard copy) for a
document, pictures etc.
Printers are classified into two categories namely impact and non-impact
printers.
Floppy Disk and Hard Disk are popular magnetic storage devices.

DVD - DVD also known as Digital Versatile Disc" or "Digital Video Disc" refers
to an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage,
including movies with high video and sound quality.
A Compact Disc (CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally
developed for storing digital audio.
A serial port transmits data serially, one bit at a time.
A parallel port transmits 8 bits in parallel, thereby transmitting 1 byte in one
go.
USB and FireWire ports are gaining popularity due to fast storage transfer
and plug-and-play features.

Practice Time
1.
a)

Name the hardware device used for the following jobs:

To transfer a photograph from
paper to computer.
__________________

b)

When low volume of data is required to be

transferred from one computer to another

__________________

To work with windows operating system

without touching the keyboard.

__________________

When high volume of reading of data is

required at a high speed.

__________________

To write the data from hard disk to CD

__________________

c)

d)

e)
2.

Name the type of printer to be used for the following types of output:
a)

To print high quality of text.

__________________

b)

To print text and graphics with high

speed but at low cost.

__________________

c)

To print high quality of text and graphics.

__________________

d)

To print photographs in color.

__________________

e)

To print the technical diagram of a machine.

__________________

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f)
3.

To print the text in different languages.

__________________

Write the full form of the following:

a) CD-ROM
b) CD-RW
c) CD-R

d) USB

e) LCD

4.

Differentiate between
a) Impact Printers and Nonimpact Printers
b) CD-R Media and CD-RW Media
c) Floppy Drive and Pen Drive
d) COM and LPT ports

5.

Answer in brief:
a) Define the term 'Hardware'.
b) What is an input device used for? Name any two input devices used
for capturing images.
c) Explain in brief the working of (i) a Dot Matrix Printer (ii) a Laser
Printer.
d) Which of the two storage devices, CD-ROM or DVD has more capacity
to hold data?
e) Which port should a mouse be connected on and why?
f) Enumerate the differences between a USB and a Firewire port.