Kajian Malaysia, Vol. 27 No.

1 & 2, 2009

1948 AND THE COLD WAR IN MALAYA: SAMPLINGS OF

MALAY REACTIONS
Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail
School of Humanities
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Malaysia
[email protected]

This paper is a preliminary report of an on-going research on the

reactions of the Malays in Malaya to the coming of the Cold War to the
region, with particular reference to the importance of the year 1948. For
the majority of the Malays, the Cold War was most popularly associated
with the Emergency, which British authorities had declared in the effort
to quell the armed uprising mounted by the MCP. The vast majority of
Malays in Malaya were not interested in the on-going Cold War between
the Western bloc led by the United States on the side the Eastern bloc
led by the Soviet Union on the other. The preoccupations of the Malays
during the immediate post-Pacific War period was nationalism and the
concomitant effort to gain independence for Malaya from Britain. In
particular, they had been rather anxious that the Malays, who were the
native of the land, were not robbed of the custodianship over Malaya
and political privileges of the Malays in independent Malaya. Consumed
with these issues, the Malays had little interests in external affairs. It
was perhaps the lack of Malay support that foredoomed the fate of
communism in Malaya.
Keywords: Cold War in Malaya, 1948, Malay reactions, Malayan
Union, Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya, Communist
Party of Malaya, Malayan Democratic Union

THE YEAR 1948

In the political history of Malaysia, and particularly Malaya, the year
1948 is significant in a number of ways:
To the administrators and the Malays, it marked the official formation of
the Federation of Malaya beginning in February, which partly fulfilled
155

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

the British scheme of a better coordinated and more uniform

administration for the whole of Malaya (excluding Singapore), though
not as centralised as envisaged under the Malayan Union (MU) scheme
introduced immediately after the Pacific War. It also signified the
official annulment of the MU and Britains failure to recolonise the
protected Malay States and the whole of Malaya as planned during the
War. Although starkly incongruent with the spirit of the Atlantic Charter
of 1941 and in order to camouflage their imperialistic design to exercise
complete control over Malaya (and Singapore), the British embellished
the MU with the anomalous pronouncement of preparing the peoples of
the colony for self-rule in the near future. 1 Conceived some time in
1943, the MU was officially inaugurated on 1 April 1946 amidst nonviolent but intense and thunderous protest by the Malays throughout the
Peninsula. In fact, all of the Sultans and Malay members of the Councils
boycotted the inauguration ceremony. Politically, the introduction of the
MU had, in a way, momentarily stalled the split between the Malays into
the Left and the Right, the Upper Stream and the Lower Stream
in Malay leadership 2 , and between the Rakyat and the Raja. Faced with
the threatening fate of being relinquished of their role and status as the
determinant people in the new political nation (bangsa politik)
imposed by the British, for the first time the Malays of all walks of life
and shades of political inclinations throughout Malaya came together as
a unified force to reject the MU.
But as was to be proven later, Malay unity, as manifested during the
early phase of the pan-Malaya Malay congresses from March to May
1946, was not to last very long. In June, Parti Kebangsaan Melayu
Malaya (PKMM) (Malay Nationalist Party of Malaysia) and two other
organisations left the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO),
which they had helped to officially set up in May. As claimed by leaders
of PKMM, the basic difference that set them apart was UMNOs

Albert Lau, The Malayan Union Controversy 19421948, Singapore:

Oxford University Press, 1991.
Kepimpinan Arus Atas and Kepimpinan Arus Bawah, as discussed in
Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail, Revolusi di Malaysia, in Abdul Rahman Haji
Ismail et al., Nasionalisme dan Revolusi di Malaysia dan Indonesia,
Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2006, 9296.

156

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

unwillingness to gear the struggle towards independence from the

British.
To many, in the context of the Cold War, 1948 is usually associated with
the Emergency declared by the British Malayan authorities of the
Malayan Union in June in their efforts to confront and quell what they
claimed was an armed uprising led by the Communist Party of Malaya
(MCP). Paradoxically, it was the Japanese invasion and British
collaboration and assistance on the eve of the Pacific War and during the
Japanese Occupation that had contributed to the burgeoning of MCP
military strength, which was seen as the security threat that led to the
declaration of the Emergency.
Another significant aspect of 1948 that is generally neglected in
previous studies is the growing and increasingly forceful involvement
and radicalisation of the Malay (and non-Malay groups, especially the
Chinese) masses (rakyat) in political movements in Malaya during the
few years prior to the declaration of the Emergency. Malay political
leadership, which had generally been the preserve of the upper echelon
of a community that consisted of aristocrats and emerging Englisheducated bureaucrats, had, since the period of the Japanese Occupation,
been rivaled, if not challenged, by a new breed of leadership from
below. This new leadership was composed of Malay-educated and
moderately English-educated youth as well as religiously inclined
intellectuals. The beginnings of this phenomenon are traceable to the
formation and activities of Kesatuan Malaya Merdeka, KMM (more
popularly known as Kesatuan Melayu Muda) before and on the eve of
the war, Pembela Tanah air and Kesatuan Rakyat Istimewa
Semenanjung (KRIS) during the war, and Parti Kebangsaan Melayu
Malaya in 1945, and it reached its climax with frequent gatherings and
seminars on serious issues pertaining to the Malays, especially centring
around the madrasah Ihya-As-Syarif, Gunung Semanggol, Perak in 1947
and 1948.
These rakyat-initiated gatherings involved peoples from all walks of life
and political orientations from all over Malaya, including some members

157

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

of UMNO who attended as individuals. 3 Leftists and even communists,

such as Rashid Maidin, Abdullah Cek Dat and Musa Ahmad, and
occasionally even non-Malay members of the Malayan Democratic
Union (MDU), such as Gerald de Cruz and John Eber, attended the
gatherings together with respected Islamic religious personalities, such
as Fadhlullah Suhaimi, Abdullah Fahim, and Burhanuddin Al-Helmi.
The dynamic Islamic scholar (ulama) and principal of Il-Ihya, Abu
Bakar Al-Bakir (also al-Baqir), who hosted the gatherings was no doubt
among the busiest and most active catalysts. It was from these
gatherings that various working committees such as Lembaga
Pendidikan Rakyat/Council for the Peoples Education (LEPIR), Pusat
Perekonomian Melayu Se-Malaya/ Pan-Malaya Malay Economic Centre
(PERMAS), and Majlis Agama Tertinggi Se-Malaya/Pan-Malaya
Supreme Religious Council (MATA), etc., were formed to enhance
efforts towards uplifting the Malays in all aspects of life. The gatherings
even proposed the establishment of a Malay Bank and Malay University
and, on 14 March 1948, established the first Islamic-based political
party, the Hizbul Muslimim (Party of Muslims), which vowed to
struggle for independence and turn Malaya into Darul-Islam (Islamic
state).
OTHER RELATED DEVELOPMENTS
In the meantime, partly due to the political manoeuvring of the Japanese
and the blatant harshness of some elements of the Malayan Peoples
Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) and Kuomintang agents, serious SinoMalay clashes broke out, especially in Johor and Perak. These clashes
added a harsh new variable, i.e., head-on collision between the Malays
who claimed Malaya as their exclusive and native home and a major
immigrant community who challenged such a claim. Thus, the
complexity of the situation was compounded on the eve of the
decolonisation process that Britain tried to stall after the War, which
coincided with the beginnings of the Cold War.

UMNO officially prohibited its members from participating in the

gatherings.

158

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

Among the Malays (and the peoples of Malaya), the first political party
to emerge after the war was the PKMM, officially formed on 17 October
1945 in Ipoh, Perak. The party was established by young political
activists, many of whom were associated with the periodicals Suara
Rakyat and later Voice of the People which were put up immediately
after the war with the organisational assistance of Mukhtarudin Lasso,
an Indonesian member of the MPAJA Among other things the aim of the
party was to achieve independence within the Republic of Greater
Indonesia. In detail, the stated policies (dasar) of PKMM were:
1. To unite the Malay nation (bangsa Melayu) and to inculcate national
feelings in the hearts of the Malay people with the ultimate aim of
making Malaya united with the big family, namely the Republic of
Greater Indonesia (Republik Indonesia Raya).
2. To strive for freedom of speech, press, assembly, and freedom to
pursue knowledge.
3. To uplift the Malay economic position by promoting industry,
commerce and agriculture.
4. To strive for freedom of agriculture in the sense that no tax should
be imposed on agricultural land, and farmers should reserve the
freedom to market their products as they like.
5. To strive towards the granting of complete freedom for the Malays
to establish their national schools using their language as the
medium of instruction.
6. To strive for freedom for the Malays to publish their own books, to
encourage the spread of education democratically in order to
enhance the position of the Malays in the political arena thus
improving the sense of nationalism amongst the Malays.
7. PKMM is willing to cooperate with other peoples and to work
towards the unification of all peoples living in Malaya (Malayan
United Front) to make Independent Malaya prosperous and blissful
as a component member of the Republic of Indonesia.
8. To support the Indonesian people in their struggle for Independence.

159

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

Mukhtaruddin was elected President and Dahari Ali, an editorial board

member of Suara Rakyat, was elected Secretary General. Interestingly,
Dr. Burhanuddin Helmi, who was not present at the meeting, was chosen
as Vice-President in Absentia. The twenty-five year old Abdullah Sani
bin Raja Kecil (better known later as Ahmad Boestamam), the Chief
Editor of Suara Rakyat and main initiator of the Party, was elected to the
Central Committee together with the prolific writer Ishak Haji
Muhammad and journalists such as Zulkifli Auni and Abdul Rahman
Rahim, among others.
Despite some traces of communist manipulation and influence, the core
spirit of the PKMM was nationalism (semangat kebangsaan). This
became even more pronounced when Mukhtaruddin disappeared and the
more religiously-inclined Dr. Burhanuddin was nominated President in
his place. Anti-colonial sentiment and nationalism had no doubt united
the participants, but two main strands of variant ideologies were
observable at the inaugural meeting. Communists and communistinclined members such as Mukhtaruddin insisted that the party be named
Parti Sosialis Malaya (Socialist Party of Malaya), but the name Partai
Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya, proposed by the nationalists and supported
by the majority of those present, was finally adopted. The nationalist
character of PKMM was strengthened by the participation of many
former members of KMM and later more popularly known as KRIS or
Kesatuan Rakyat Istimewa Semenanjung (more popularly known as
Kesatuan Rakyat Indonesia Semenanjung). Although the populist
character of PKMM could be taken advantage of by the Malayan
Communist Party (MCP) to spread its influence through its United
Front strategy, the participation of other elements such as Islamic
religious teachers put a check on MCPs success.
The nationalist character of PKMM was made clearer by the writing and
speeches of Dr. Burhanuddin as is observable in Perjuangan Kita
(Our Struggle), a monograph that he wrote in conjunction with the first
anniversary of the party in October 1946. To Burhanuddin, the impetus
for the formation of national organisations such as the PKMM was no
other than to achieve independence for the nation and the country

160

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

(kemerdekaan bangsa dan tanah air) 4 . Quoting a number of verses from

the Quran, Burhanuddin expressed his agreement with the oft-quoted
Arabic maxim, Loving the Nation is part of the Belief in God
(Hubbulwatan min al-iman). With the involvement of Islamists such as
Burhanuddin, Abu Bakar Al-Bakir, and many religious teachers and
students, communist ideology failed to manifest among the Malays. As
is evident in Perjuangan Kita, Burhanuddin even stressed that Islam was
an essential element of Malayness; therefore it would be redundant and
unnecessary to include the word Islam in the name of PKMM. 5 He
elaborated that the nationalist basis of PKMM stood on five principles:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

Oneness of God,
Nationalism,
Sovereignty of the People (rakyat),
Universal Brotherhood,
Justice in Society. 6

However, it was also noted in Perjuangan Kita that many people had
joined PKMM in its first year of existence, and its success was to some
extent attributable to the activities of Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (APIthe
PKMM youth wing), Kesatuan Buruh Melayu Malaya (Malaya Malay
Workers Union) and Kesatuan Kaum Tani (Peasants Union). 7 Existing
studies generally view the API as communist-inclined and the latter two
of the groups as front organisations for the MCP.
Formed and headed by the indefatigable Ahmad Boestamam on 17
February 1946, and inspired by and supportive of the Indonesian
struggle for independence, API was vigorous in its efforts to gain
political independence from the British. With the slogans Merdeka
(Freedom), Sekali merdeka tetap merdeka (Once freed forever free)
and Merdeka dengan Darah (Freedom through Bloodshed) as its warcries, API reinforced the fighting spirit of its members through regular

5
6
7

Burhanuddin, Perjuangan Kita, Singapore: Parti Kebangsaan Melayu

Malaya, 1946, 38.
Ibid., 52.
Ibid., 5253.
Ibid., 62.

161

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

talks and military-styled marches, carrying mere sticks or bamboo poles

in place of guns. It was at about the same time that the womens section
of the PKMM was also reorganised and given the catchier name of
Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS [Beware], the acronym for Angkatan
Wanita Sedar.
When the Emergency was declared in June 1948 and thousands of
people were detained in due course, some members of the PKMM,
especially those from API and a number from AWAS, were forced to go
underground to avoid the police net. It was in this setting that some of
them willingly or were forced by circumstances to join or work
militarily with the MCP in their common efforts against the British
(See, for example, Memoir Shamsiah Fakeh: Dari Awas ke Regimen
ke-10).
In the meantime, following the publication of his Testament Politik API
(The Political Testament of API) on the occasion of the first anniversary
of the PKMM youth wing, Boestamam was convicted of sedition in
April 1947 and API was proscribed on 17 July. The proscription
hampered the activities of API members, whose urge to act facilitated
the establishment of Ikatan Pemuda Tanahair (PETA), headed by the
former API leader Wahi Anuar, who was also a member of the MCP. It
should be noted here that when the Emergency was declared for the
whole of the Federation on 18 June 1948, following the murder of three
European planters in Sungai Siput by MCP elements on the 16th, the
MCP continued to exist as a legal body. It was only on 23 July, i.e.,
about a year after the proscription of API and more than a month after
the declaration of the Emergency, that MCP was finally banned as a
political party by the British. This raises the interesting question of who
was regarded as more dangerous by the Malayan British Government
during those years: MCP, API/PKMM, or Hizbul Muslimin?
Another very significant development that took place prior to the
imposition of the Emergency was the emergence of the All-Malaya
Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) (representing a number of non-Malay
organisations including the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese ExComrades Association and Malayan New Democratic Youth League,
which were believed to be MCP front-line organisations) and PUTERA
(representing a number of left-wing Malay political organisations
headed by PKMM), which collaborated to draft the Peoples
162

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

Constitutional Proposals for Malaya in July 1947 as an alternative to the

Malayan Union and the Federation of Malaya schemes. The non-MalayMalay AMCJA-PUTERA political coalition predated the UMNO-MCAMIC alliance of 1954. But the Peoples Constitutional Proposals was
rejected by the British government and the hartal that the coalition
launched towards the end of 1947 in protest failed to block the
implementation of the Federation of Malaya. Conventional scholarship
generally concluded that it was the MCP that was the dominant schemer
behind the AMCJA-PUTERA negotiations and proposals. But taking
into consideration the ten major points of the Peoples Constitutional
Proposals, especially with regard to matters related to the Sultans and
Islam, could it not have been otherwise? It should be remembered that it
was after the British rejection of the AMCJA-PUTERA initiatives that a
more religiously oriented political organisation, the Hizbul Muslimin
officially came into being in March 1948, and the Emergency was
declared in June. What was the decisive factor behind the declaration of
the Emergency? Was it the MCPs terrorist stance or the upsurge in the
peoples political consciousness and anti-colonial spirit which united
peoples of different ethnic groups against British continued presence and
activities that transcended ethnic considerations and led the people to the
brink of and all-out rebellion? 8

THE COLD WAR AND THE MALAYS

Back to the main theme of this paper, in what ways and to what extent
were the Malays of 1940s aware of the conflict between the so-called
East and West, and how and to what extent were the Malays involved in
the historical process related to the phenomenon called the Cold War?
To answer these questions, ideally one needs to examine contemporary
documents produced by the Malays themselves and related to the
Malays, which consist of, among other things:

For an alternative view of the matter, see Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail (ed.).
Malaysia: Sejarah Kebangsaan dan Politik, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa
dan Pustaka, 2005, 318.

163

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

i)

Newspapers and periodicals such as Warta Malaya, Majlis, Utusan

Melayu, Suara Rakyat, Pelita Malaya, Suloh Malaya and Warta
Negara. Special attention should be paid to the editorials, reports on
political and semi-political gatherings and resolutions, speeches of
leaders of political organisations, and letters to the editors.

ii) Official documents of Malay associations/organisations such as

PASPAM, Persatuan Melayu Selangor, Kesatuan Malaya Merdeka
(albeit Kesatuan Melayu Muda), Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya
(PKMM), Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API), AWAS (if any) and
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (UMNO).
iii) Memoirs and biographies of political personalities such as Ibrahim
Yaakob, Onn Jaafar, Mustapha Hussain, Burhanuddin al-Helmi,
Ishak Haji Muhammad, Ahmad Boestamam, Abu Bakar al-Bakir,
Rashid Maidin, Abdullah CD, Musa Ahmad, Shamsiah Fakeh,
Abdul Samad Idris, Khatijah Sidek and Aishah Ghani.
iv) Reminiscences of the past written by contemporary leaders such as
Ahmad Boestamam, and mid-level and lower-level political activists
of the time such as Abdul Majid Salleh, Kamaluddin Muhammad
and Jaafar Hussain.
v) Creative writing in the form of novels, short stories and poems by
writers such as Harun Aminurrashid, Ishak Haji Muhammad, Keris
Mas and Usman Awang.
Below are a few samples to demonstrate what transpired. Looking
quickly at the sources at hand would immediately suggest that the
Malays in Malaya, except for a very few, were generally unaware of the
Cold War (Perang Dingin) and did not pay much attention to the EastWest or CommunistNon-Communist issues before the declaration of
the Emergency in 1948. As is evident from contemporary Malay
newspapers, prior to the Japanese surrender in August 1945, literate
Malays, including the intellectuals of the 1930s and 1940s, were more
concerned with the lot of their bangsa (nation/race) economically and
socially, especially when compared to that of the immigrant
communities. Politically, they were anxious to ensure that they were not
deprived of ownership of Tanah Melayu (Malay Land/Malaya),
164

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

which they claimed to have inherited from their forefathers. With regard
to British presence, as was seen even when opposing the Malayan
Union, the Malays kept on pointing out that Britain-Malay States
relations were based on treaties that recognised the sovereignty of the
Malay governments headed by the Sultans and that Britains duty was to
protect and not betray the Malays.
With regard to the Cold War, we can perhaps, as is generally perceived,
link Malay history to the presence of a number of Indonesian
nationalists-cum-communists who have escaped to Malaya since the
1920s. Personalities such as Tan Malaka, Subakat, Djamaluddin Tamin,
Alimin, Musso, Darsono, Nata Zainuddin, Burhan Djamin, Semaun,
Sutan Djenain and Mukhtar Lutfi are known to have attempted
spreading communist-socialist ideology among the Malays, but without
much success. Except for a number of isolated cases, Malays in Malaya
were not attracted to communism, which they perceived as foreign and
particularly Chinese. It was only in the wake of the upsurge of the antiimperialist/anti-British consciousness, i.e., nationalism, in the late 1930s,
especially during the Japanese Occupation and more so following the
Malayan Union episode and the enforcement of the Emergency
Regulations beginning in June 1948, that some Malays began to join the
MCP front organisations and later the armed-rebellion led by MCP. As
narrated by Mustapha Hussain, Boestamam, Aishah Ghani and a number
of other Malay nationalists, it was during these latter years that the
impact of the activities of Indonesian communists/nationalists such as
Alimin and Sutan Djenain was felt, especially among the Malay Left.
Common anti-imperialist activities of some Malays and non-Malays
(especially Chinese) during the Japanese Occupation had helped to thaw
the racial sentiments and contributed to the MCP being seen in a better
light among the Malay Left.
The AMCJA-PUTERA common agenda, as portrayed in their Peoples
Constitution proposals, brought non-UMNO Malay political activists
and the non-Malays, including those from the MCP, even closer. To ease
Malay suspicion against the MCP even further, Chinese MCP members
such as Chen Kwang Chan (Chen Nan) turned themselves Malay by
assuming names such as Haji Hashim and lived and spread their
propaganda works amongst the Malays. The Sino-Malay collaboration
among the Left and especially within the communist-led anti-British
groups grew to the point of symbiosis after the declaration of the
165

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

Emergency and the formation of the Malay-Muslim Tenth Regiment

within the MCP in May 1949. For example, a very experienced and
persevering female MCP activist, Eng Ming Ching, was assigned to the
Tenth Regiment and became Muslim, assuming the name Suriani
Abdullah. She married the regiments Malay Commander, Abdullah
C.D., and both continued their struggle against the imperialist. 9 The
same was true with Chau Chi Chu, who became Selamah Abdullah
and married Rashid Maidin.
AWARENESS OF GLOBAL POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT:
SOME SAMPLES
Below are some samples of cases to demonstrate this phenomenon:
1.

Rashid Maidin

In the preface to his memoir published in 2005, Rashid Maidin, the selfconfessed first Malay member of MCP writes:
I got involved in the MCP struggle against the
imperialist British for the sake of the independence of
the motherland since 1930s.
I had suffered under British and Japanese imperialism.
During the Japanese occupation (19411945) I fought
against the occupation as much as I can effort to. The
same is true when the British returned to colonize
Malaya once again in 1945. During the peaceful struggle
against the British between 19451948 I was one of
MCP front representatives that got involved in mass
9

See, for example: Abdullah C.D., Memoir Abdullah C.D.: Zaman

Pergerakan Sehingga 1948, Selangor: Strategic Information Research
Development, 2005; Rashid Maidin, Memoir Rashid Maidin: Daripada
Perjuangan Bersenjata kepada Perdamaian, Selangor: Strategic
Information Research Development Centre, 2005; Suriani Abdullah,
Memoir Suriani Abdullah: Setengah Abad dalam Perjuangan, Selangor:
Strategic Information Research Development Centre, 2006.

166

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

work for independence. After the imposition of the

Emergency in June 1948 I was detained in the
imperialist jail till 1952. Luckily I was able to escape
and joined the Tenth Guerilla Regiment headed by my
close friend Abdullah CD. In 1955 I was involved
together with Chen Ping and Chen Tien in the Baling
Talks. 10
Rashid also tells of his admiration for my political mentor, Lai Raifel
(Toh Lung San), the MCP activist who died heroically at the hands of
the Japanese in 1943. It was Lai who helped set up the Kinta Mining
Workers Association that united Chinese, Malay and Indian workers in
their common struggle for better treatment by their employers. Rashid
also tells of his visit to London and his transit in India, where he met
representatives of communist parties from other countries, which
enhanced his awareness of the global nature of his political activities.
2.

Abdullah C.D.
In his memoir published in 2005, the former head of the
MCP Tenth Regiment writes:
in 1939, when studying in English school, I became a
member of Kesatuan Melayu Muda (KMM). I read
struggle materials brought in from Indonesia and had the
chance to be tutored by Indonesian independence
fighters (including Alimin) who were forced to take
refuge in Perak
During the Japanese Occupation, I continued to be active
in KMM in Perak while taking part in underground
works against the Japanese under the leadership of MCP.
When the Japanese surrendered in August 1945, I got

10

Rashid Maidin, Memoir Rashid Maidin: Daripada Perjuangan Bersenjata

kepada Perdamaian, Selangor: Strategic Information Research
Development Centre, 2005, 1.

167

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

involved in setting up PKMM in October At that time

I was already in the MCP Malay Mass-work Department
together with Rashid Maidin, to arouse the Malay
masses to oppose the imperialist. I headed the PKMM
Workers Section and continued to actively organize the
workers. I was together with Dr. Burhanuddin, Ahmad
Boestamam, Ishak Hj. Muhammad, Ustaz Abu Bakar
Al-Baqir, and many more nationalist figures and
independence fighters in PKMM at that time to struggle
against the British.
Negotiating peace in the inter-ethnic disturbances
instigated by Japanese and British agents in Perak, Johor
and Pahang was a very important experience (which)
strengthened my determination to struggle to eliminate
the imperialist and unite the people in our country 11
Describing the initiation ceremony in which he was officially admitted
into the MCP in 1945, Abdullah C.D. continues:
In Mei 1945, Seman and I were admitted as members of
MCP. We were the first Malays in Lambor to become
MCP members. The initiation ceremony took place at
Semans house. Present at the ceremony was Tuan Kecil
(Siao Hong) who presided The ceremony was not
done secretly because in Lambor at that time, not only
were the Penghulu, Tok Imam and the masses supportive
of anti-Japanese struggle, a sort of peoples rule had
been established. Apart from mass-army as the armed
forces of the kampung, there were Anti-Japanese
Peoples League and Peoples Court.
The main hall in the house was brightly lighted with
gasoline lamps. The space (reserved for the) initiation
(ceremony) was decorated with pictures of Karl Marx,
Engels, Lenin, Stalin and Mao Zedong. On the left and

11

Abdullah C.D., Memoir Abdullah C.D.: Zaman Pergerakan Sehingga

1948, Selangor: Strategic Information Research Development, 2005, 12.

168

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

right side of the pictures were the red sickle and hammer
flags, the symbols of the Communist Party
The Chairmans speech was followed with oath-taking
ceremony among other things we pledged to be
absolutely loyal to the party, to sacrifice our body and
soul for the sake of the party and the revolution, to be
exemplary, disciplined etc 12
Elsewhere in his Memoir, Abdullah also tells of the sympathy and
participation of MCP members in the Indonesian and Vietnamese wars of
independence. 13
3.

Shamsiah Fakeh
In her memoir published in 2004 the former head of
AWAS writes:
I ran into the jungle to participate in the armed
struggle against the British imperialist, to fight for
independence for Malaya. At that time I was twenty-four
years old. Since then, I had left my parents, family and
village (to struggle) for the independence of the
motherland. 14

Shamsiah, head of AWAS, also told of her involvement in the military

training that was especially held for Malay cadres of the MCP at Lubuk
Kawah, in Temerloh, Pahang some time from late May to early June in
1948. According to Shamsiah:
At that time there was as yet no communist-scare for the
MCP was legal with its main office at the Foch Avenue
in Kuala Lumpur. Indeed, I often discussed and changed

12
Ibid., 5556.
13
14

Ibid., 156160.
Shamsiah Fakeh, Memoir Shamsiah Fakeh: Dari AWAS ke Rejimen Ke-10,
Bangi, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2004, 16.

169

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

ideas with Wahi Anuwar, Musa Ahmad and other

comrades about the struggles within and outside Malaya
including issues related to communist movements
throughout the world I had the occasion of attending a
course conducted by Wak Karto, an Indonesian
Communist Party cadre sent to assist the Malay fighters
who were shallow in their understanding of politics and
lacking of experience
At midnight of 20 June 1948 the Emergency Regulations
was declared throughout Malaya. The British imperialist
authorities immediately detained thousands of cadres
and members of the party, and of patriotic and
democratic organisations of the Left Thousands of
independence fighters consisting of the cream of young
Malay men and women were thrown into jail, detained
in detention camps throughout Malaya, tortured, hanged
or exiled (deported). 15
The situation was intense. We were ordered to go into
the jungle around Lubuk Kawah. I thus entered the
jungle and began my new phase of struggle with
weapons. The love for the country and loyalty to the
struggle made me strong The most important thing is
to achieve independence. 16
4.

Ahmad Boestamam

Ahmad Boestamam was one of the most colorful figures amongst the
Malay nationalists and politicians in Malaysia in the Twentieth Century.
A prolific writer and journalist, he has written a number of books about
the politics of his time, in addition to reports, editorials in newspapers
such as Suara Rakyat and Pelita Malaya, short stories and poems. His
Merintis Jalan Ke Puncak contains much vital first-hand information
about the politics in Malaya, especially among the Malays in the 1940s

15
16

Ibid., 54.
Ibid., 56.

170

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

and 1950s. His Testament Politik API distributed to the API members on
the occasion of the organisations first anniversary from 22 to 24
December 1946 was a harsh jolt to the British authorities, who perceived
it as a threat to peace and security in Malaya; consequently, Testament
was banned. Boestamam was convicted for sedition and API was
proscribed on 17 July 1947. Some excerpts from the Testament are
presented below:
The world surely cannot ignore the energy of the
youth In all spheres there exist the essential energy of
the youth Isnt it the Indonesian youth who are behind
the Republic of Indonesia who are defending the
country?... We confront imperialism with revolution. We
will not hesitate to soak (membasahkan) the earth with
blood. Let the youth be squashed, safe the motherland is
saved.
The stark evidence of the gigantic energy of the youth is
the establishment of the World Federation of Democratic
Youth. This organisation has been established in a huge
conference of youth in London in November 1945 which
was attended by representatives of youth from 64
countries representing 300,000,000 youth from all over
the world. 17
Boestamam then elucidates in detail the Constitution and future plan of
the Federation and continues:
Like in other countries, in Malaya too there are youth
movements. Since Malaya is domiciled by many races
(nations/bangsa) the youth movements in Malaya are
divided according to the races. Among the Chinese there
are San Min Chu, I Youth Corps and New Democratic
Youth League among the major ones.

17

As quoted in Ramlah Adam, Ahmad Boestamam, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan

Bahasa dan Pustaka, 1994, 407410 .

171

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

Among the Indians the biggest one is the Hind Volunteer

Service. Among the Malays there are a number of fronts
which are mostly state and district oriented such as
Perikatan Pemuda Melayu in Perak and Ikatan Pemuda
Melayu in Selangor.
The one which is pan-Malaya is Angkatan Pemuda Insaf
(API) Malaya. Among the youth movements in Malaya
only one, i.e. New Democratic Youth League, that has
affiliated itself with the World Federation of Democratic
Youths. 18
Boestamam also touches on the role of the Irish youth in the Sin Fein
Party, Russian communists headed by Lenin, and the Indian nationalist
movement headed by Nehru. With regard to the aims of API,
Boestamam, among other things, included:
to rebuild Malaya according to true Democracy based on
the sovereignty of the rakyat, and to demand for (peoples)
representation in the governing of Malaya.
Boestamam divided API ideology into Politics, Economy and Social.
With regard to Politics, he writes: API envisages an Independent
Malaya (Malaya Merdeka) based on true democracy, i.e., a Government
of the rakyat by the rakyat through representatives of the rakyat for the
sake, welfare and safety of the rakyat. 19 On the whole the API ideology
is anti-imperialist, socialistic and anti-capitalist. He urged Malay youth
to move fast and gain freedom for themselves, their nation and their
country; if necessary by BLOOD, i.e., MERDEKA DENGAN DARAH.
As mentioned earlier, to spread its ideas of freedom and independence to
the people, apart from Suara Rakyat, PKMM also published the daily
Pelita Malaya and weekly Suluh Malaya beginning in March 1946. In
the first issue of Pelita Malaya, published on 4 March, Boestamam, who
was also a member of the Editorial Board, writes:

18
19

Ibid., 410413.
Ibid., 417.

172

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

Pelita Malaya appears at the time when the world is loud

with demands for independence from nations that had
been colonised and subdued by the imperialist powers
greedy of colonies. In Indonesia, the struggle of the
Indonesian people to defend the independence that they
had gained continues. The same is true in Indochina,
Burma and India. In short, the one and only aim of those
countries is complete independence.
Wither we?
For hundreds of years we had suffered. For hundreds of
years we had been cheated politically. Are we to dwell in
such a situation till the Doomsday? We throw this
question to all Malays. MERDEKA. 20
5.

A REPORT IN UTUSAN MELAYU (February 3, 1948)

Rapat Umum membantah Persekutuan di Temerloh, Pahang

Termerloh 2 Februari Suatu rapat umum membantah Persekutuan
[oleh] umat Malaya telah dilangsungkan di tanah lapang dekat masjid
Temerloh pada hari Ahad tanggal 1 Februari 1948 semalam mulai dari
jam 10 pagi.
Rapat itu telah dianjurkan oleh PKMM cawangan Temerloh manakala
saudara Jaafar Husin, YDP Cawangan Temerloh telah mempengerusikan
rapat tersebut. Ahli-ahli dan orang ramai terutama rakyat jelata bangsa
Melayu yang mengerti akan tanah airnya yang telah terancam oleh
bahaya Persekutuan telah berduyun-duyun datang menghadiri rapat
umum.
Rapat itu telah dibuka dengan lagu Internasional pada para hadirin yang
diketuai oleh saudara Idris Haji Abdul Rahman (Ketua PETA Cabang
Pahang) berserta menaikkan bendera lambang perjuangan rakyat
setengah tiang. Istiadat itu diteruskan dengan tafakur selama 3 minit

20

Pelita Malaya, No. 1, 4 March 1946.

173

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

sebagai mengingat sepenuh dukacita kerana kedatangan persekutuan itu.

Saudara Jaafar Husin sebagai pengerusi rapat itu telah memberi
penerangan yang panjang lebar terutama membayangkan bagaimana
kebaikan perlembagaan Malaya yang dikenang oleh rakyat dan
membandingkan bagaimana pula keburukan di dalam idea Persekutuan
kelak. Sekalipun hari ini kita rakyat jelata berupa gagal dalam
memperjuangkan corak Malaya di masa hadapan, tetapi bukan kerana itu
semangat kita akan hilang dan kita berputus asa. Tetapi marilah kita
jadikan hari ini permulaan memantapkan lebih kuat lagi perjuangan
untuk membantahkan kuku imperialis di tanah air kita. kata saudara
Jaafar Husin dalam penutupan ucapan yang panjang.
Saudara Idris Haji Abdul Rahman, sebagai sifat beliau ketua PETA
cabang Pahang telah pula memberi sumbangan yang berapi-api yang
menegaskan supaya bukan sahaja ahli-ahli PETA akan lebih bergiat
berjuang di masa hadapan tetapi seluruh pemuda Melayu yang ada rasa
cintakan bangsa dan tanah air di sanubari masing-masing.
Saudara Kamaruddin wakil Malayan Communist Party turut memberi
pidatonya dengan menegaskan bukan sahaja tiap-tiap seorang itu mesti
berazam untuk menghapuskan imperialisme tetapi juga tiap-tiap seorang
dikehendaki menghapuskan warna kulit jiwa perhambaaan.
Saudara Musa Ahmad, Ketua BATAS yang telah dapat hadir bersamasama dalam rapat itu di dalam lawatan beliau ke Pahang telah
berkesempatan pula memberi sedikit sumbangan berupa pandangan
bagaimana kelak kedudukan rakyat jelata yang tertindas itu tidak diberi
mereka bersama-sama di dalam pemerintahan negeri mereka itu.
Saudaralah yang menjadi habuan, dan kepada saudaralah terletaknya
beban pekerjaan yang maha berat dalam mana soal memperjuangkan
nasib saudara di masa ke hadapan Wakil-wakil dalam badan-badan
lain yang turut memberi sumbangan di situ ialah wakil MDU dan wakil
Persatuan Buruh Mentakab.
Derma untuk memperkukuhkan perjuangan menentang persekutuan telah
dikutip di dalam rapat itu, yang mana berjumlah sebanyak RM28.35 dan
wang itu akan dikirimkan ke pejabat PUTERA dan AMCJA.
Rapat itu telah ditamatkan pada jam 1 petang dengan lagu kebangsaan
dan tiga tampik merdeka dan disambung di sebelah petangnya dengan
174

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

maesyuarat agong Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya Temerloh mulai

jam 2 petang. 21
CONCLUSION
Prior to 1948, before the Emergency was declared, Malays in Malaya
were generally unaware of the Cold War and of the conflict between
East and West. Rather, their main preoccupations were with attaining
political independence for Malaya from Britain, along with the attendant
concerns that the Malays were not divested of their political rights and
privileges as the natives of Malaya during the decolonisation
processes after the failure of the Malayan Union experiment. After the
declaration of the Emergency, the Malays were, by and large, not
attracted toward communism, which they saw as foreign and Chinese in
particular. The very few Malays who had participated in some capacity
in the MCP and other socialist organisations were mostly radicalised by
way of the Indonesian socialist movements.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abdullah C. D., 2005, Memoir Abdullah C.D.: Zaman Pergerakan
Sehingga 1948, Selangor: Strategic Information Research
Development Centre.
______, 2007, Memoir Abdullah C.D.: Penaja dan Pemimpin Rejimen
Ke-10, Selangor: Strategic Information Research Development
Centre.
Agastja, I. K., 1951, Sedjarah dan Perdjuangan di Malaya, Pertjetakan
Nasional: Jogja.
Ahmad Boestamam, 1972a, Merintis Jalan ke Puncak, Kuala Lumpur:
Pustaka Kejora.

21

Utusan Melayu, 3 February 1948.

175

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

______, 1972b,

Dr. Burhanuddin: Putera Setia Melayu Raya,

Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Kejora.

______, 1976, Tujuh Tahun Malam Memanjang, Kuala Lumpur: Amir

Enterprise.
______, 1979a, Memoir Seorang Penulis, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.
______,1979b, Datuk Onn yang Saya Kenal, Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan
Adabi.
Aishah Ghani, 1992, Aishah Ghani: Memoir Seorang Pejuang, Kuala
Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Aziz Ishak, 1977, Special Guest: The Detention in Malaysia of an ExCabinet Minister, Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Ibrahim Haji Yaakub, 1941, Melihat Tanah Air, Kota Bharu: AlIslamiah Press.
______, 1975, Melihat Tanah Air, Kuantan: Percetakan Timur.

Ibrahim Mahmood, 1981, Sejarah Perjuangan Bangsa Melayu, Kuala

Lumpur: Pustaka Antara.
Inson Sony Mustapha (ed.), 1999, Memoir Mustapha Hussain:
Kebangkitan Nasionalisme Melayu Sebelum UMNO, Kuala Lumpur:
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Jaafar Hussin, 1989, Kebenaran, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.
Kamaruddin Jaffar (ed.), 1980, Dr. Burhanuddin Al-Helmy: Politik
Melayu dan Islam, Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Anda.
Khatijah Sidek, 2004, Khatijah Sidek: Puteri Kesateria Bangsa, Bangi:
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

176

1948 and the Cold War in Malaya

Mohd. Asri Haji Muda, 1993, Memoir Politik Asri Meniti Arus, Bangi:
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Mohd. Reduan Haji Asli, 1993, Pemberontakan Bersenjata Komunis di
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Mohamed Salleh Lamry, 2008, Abu Samah Mohd. Kassim: Pejuang Kiri
Kemerdekaan Zuriat Datuk Bahaman, Selangor: Strategic
Information Research Development Centre.
Muhammad Yunus Hamidi, 1961, Sejarah Pergerakan Politik Melayu
Semenanjung, Kuala Lumpur: Pustaka Antara.
Ramlah Adam, 1992, Dato Onn Jaafar, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa
dan Pustaka.
______, 1994, Ahmad Boestamam, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka.
______, 1996, Dr. Burhanuddin Al-Helmi, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka.
______, 2004, Gerakan Radikalisme di Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur:
Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Rashid Maidin, 2005, Memoir Rashid Maidin: Daripada Perjuangan
Bersenjata Kepada Perdamaian, Selangor: Strategic Information
Research Development Centre.
Roff, W. R., 1967, The Origins of Malay Nationalism, Kuala Lumpur:
University of Malaya Press.
Rustam A. Sani, 2008, Social Roots of the Malay Left, Selangor:
Strategic Information Research Development Centre.
Sabda S. and Wahba, 1981, Musa Ahmad (Bekas Pengerusi PKM)
Kembali ke Pangkuan, Selangor: Tra-Tra Publishing & Trading.
Shamsiah Fakeh, 2004, Memoir Shamsiah Fakeh: Dari AWAS ke
Rejimen Ke-10, Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
177

Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail

______,2007, Memoir Shamsiah Fakeh: Dari AWAS ke Rejimen Ke-10,

Selangor: Strategic Information Research Development Centre.
Suriani Abdullah, 2006, Memoir Suriani Abdullah: Setengah Abad
dalam Perjuangan, Selangor: Strategic Information Research
Development Centre.

178

Copyright of Kajian Malaysia: Journal of Malaysian Studies is the property of Universiti Sains Malaysia and its
content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's
express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.