STUDYSMART
CHEMISTRY FORM 4
CHAPTER 8 : SALTS
8.1 Synthesising Salts
8.2 Synthesising qualitative analysis of salts
8.3 Practising to be systematic and meticulous when carrying
out activities
8.1 SYNTHESISING SALTS
A salt is a compound formed when the hydrogen
ion, H+ from an acid is replaced by a metal ion
or an ammonium ion, NH4+
Examples
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
2HNO3 + Zn Zn(NO3)2 + H2
H2SO4 + MgCO3 MgSO4 + H2O + CO2
Complete the table below
Metal
Ion
Sulphate salt Chloride salt
(From H2SO4) (From HCl)
Nitric Acid
(From HNO3)
Carbonate salt
(From H2CO3)
Na+
K+
Zn2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Cu2+
NH4+
Ba2+
Al3+
Pb2+
Ag2+
INSOLUBLE SALT
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Solubility of salt.
All K+ , Na+ and NH4+ salts are soluble
All nitrate salts are soluble
All carbonate are soluble except K2CO3, Na2CO3 and (NH4)2CO3
All Sulphate salts are soluble except BaSO4 , CaSO4, and PbSO4
All chloride salts are soluble except AgCl2 and PbCl2
The preparation of salt on its solubility of the salt and the nature of the reaction.
Preparation of salt
METHOD 3
METHOD 1
Soluble
K+ , Na+ NH4+
Other than K+ , Na+
NH4+ salts
Acid + Alkali Salt + H2O
Titration of acid and alkali
- Add acid to the alkali until it is neutral
with the aid of an indicator
- Repeat the procedure without using an
indicator
Insoluble
METHOD 2
Acid + basic oxide Salt + water
Acid + metal Salt + Hydrogen gas
Acid + Metal Carbonate Salt + Water + CO2
- Mix two solution containing cations and
anions of insoluble salts
- Stir using glass rod
- Filter using filter funnel
- Rinse the residue with distilled water
- Dry the residue with filter paper
- Add basic oxide fillings/metals/metal carbonate to the acid and heat
it until some of it no longer dissolves. (This mean all acid has reacted
with the basic oxide/metal/metal carbonate)
- Filter to move excess solid residue
2
2
- Gently heat the filtrate to obtain a saturated solution (one-third of its original
volume remains)
- Cool the hot saturated solution to allow it to crystallize
- Filter and dry the crystals by using filter paper
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TRY THIS 1
Write all possible chemical equation to prepare soluble salts and chemical equation for insoluble salt
*******KEY*******
S = SOLUBLE SALT
IS = INSOLUBLE SALT
SALT
Zinc Chloride
SOLUBILITY
CHEMICAL EQUATION
Sodium
Nitrate
Silver Chloride
Copper(II)
Sulphate
Lead(II)
Sulphate
Aluminium
Nitrate
Lead(II)
Chloride
Magnesium
Nitrate
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Potassium
Chloride
Lead(II)
Nitrate
Barium
Sulphate
Ammonium
Sulphate
Numerical problem involving stoichiometry reactions in the preparation of salts
A student prepare copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 by reacting copper(II) oxide, CuO with 100 cm3 of 1.5
mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3. Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide, CuO needed to react
completely with the acid. [RAM : Cu,64 ; O,16]
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8.2 SYNTHESISING QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALTS
Colour of Salts
SOLID
White salt
Green
Light Green
Blue
Brown
Black
Yellow when hot
White when cold
Brown when hot
Yellow when cold
AQUEOUS
Colourless
Insoluble
Light Green
Blue
Brown
Insoluble
Insoluble
SOLID/METAL OXIDE
Insoluble
Confirmatory test for several gases
GAS
COLOUR
SMELL
EFFECT ON
DAMP
LITMUS
PAPER
REAGENT
USED
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Hydrogen
Colourless
Odourless
No effect
Lighted
splinter
Oxygen
Colourless
Odourless
No effect
Glowing
Splinter
Carbon
Dioxide
Colourless
Odourless
Blue red
Lime water
Ammonia
Colourless
Pungent
Smell
Red blue
Concentrated
HCl
Chlorine
Greenish
yellow
Brown
Pungent
Smell
Pungent
Smell
Pungent
Smell
Blue red
white
Blue red
Bring a lighted splinter to the
mouth of test tube. It gives
pop sound
Bring a glowing splinter to the
mouth of test tube. The
glowing splinter lights up
Bubble the gas produce into
lime water. Lime water will
turns chalky/milky/cloudy
Dip a glass rod into
concentrated HCl. White
fumes is released
-
Blue red
Turns acidified potassium
manganate (VII) solution from
purple to colourless
Pungent
Smell
Blue red
Acidified
potassium
manganate(VII)
solution
Concentrated
ammonia, NH3
aqueous
Nitrogen
Dioxide
Sulphur
dioxide
Hydrogen
chloride
Colourless
Colourless
Dip a glass rod into
Concentrated ammonia, NH3,
white fumes is released
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Action of heat on salts
a) Most compound which decomposes leave behind oxides
Salt
metal oxide
+
gas
(residue identification
(gas identification
refers to specific cations
refers to anion)
only)
b)
Types of gas
released
Can predict the
identify of anions
presence in salt
Colourless
residue
Can predict the
identify of cations
presence in salt
c) Test of carbon dioxide gas liberated when the carbonate salt is heated strongly
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d) Write down the chemical equation for the reactions that occur.
Carbonate Salt
Nitrate Salt
Is not decomposed by heat
Decompose into O2 gas and metal nitrate
Ion
K+
Na+
Ca2+
Decompose into metallic oxide and CO2
Decompose into metal oxide, NO2 and O2
2+
Mg
Al3+
Zn2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Pb2+
Cu2+
Sulphate salts usually do not decompose
Chloride salts do not decompose except NH4Cl
NH4Cl (s)
NH3 (g) + HCl (g)
[sublimation]
Confirmatory test for anions
Unknown Salt Solution
+ dilute
acid
Gas turns
limewater
__________
+HNO3
+ AgNO3
+ H2SO4 dilute
+ FeSO4
+ H2SO4 conc
+ HNO3
+ Ba(NO3)2
__________
Precipitate
formed
__________
precipitate
formed
________
________
__
Confirmatory test for cations
a) The presence of cation can be detected by using two common bench alkalis namely
i) _____________________________ solution
ii) _____________________________ solution
b) Write the ionic equation for the reaction of cations and sodium hydroxide
The function of the alkalis is to produce a precipitate that is
Metal hydroxide
METAL + HYDROXIDE ION METAL HYDROXIDE
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Ion
Aluminium ion
Ionic equation for the reaction of cations and sodium hydroxide
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
Lead (II) Ion
Zinc Ion
Magnesium Ion
Calcium Ion
Copper (II) Ion
Ferrum (II) Ion
Ferrum (III) Ion
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NH4+
Ca2+ , Fe2+ ,,Fe3+ ,
Cu2+ , Mg2+
No
Formation of
Precipitate precipitation &
Non-soluble in
excess
Zn2+ , Al3+, Pb2+
Formation of white
precipitate & then
soluble in excess
K2Fe(II)(CN)6
K2Fe(III)(CN)6
KSCN
+NaOH a little
and then in
excess
Fe2+
Light Blue
precipitate
Dark Blue
Precipitate
No Change
Fe2+
NH4+, Ca2+
No
Precipitate
Fe2+ ,,Fe3+, Al3+
Pb2+, Mg2+
Formation of
precipitation &
Not dissolve in
excess
SO42ClNO3-
Fe3+
Pb2+
,
Confirmatory test
precipitate is
formed & dissolve
in excess
ION TEST
Blue
precipitate
Brown
Solution
Red solution
NH4+
+ KI, yellow precipitate
occurs and dissolved in
hot water
Anion to be test:
CO32- SO42- Cl- NO3-
Examples
Anion
CO32-
Zn2+ Cu2+
Fe3+
+ HCl, white precipitate
occurs and dissolved in
hot water
CATIONS TEST
+NH4OH a little
and then in
excess
Test
+ HCl
+ HCl
+ BaCl2/ Ba(NO3)2
+ HNO3
+ Ag(NO3)2
+ H2SO4 (Dil)
+ FeSO4
+ H2SO4 (conc)
Observation
Gas form white
precipitate with lime
water
White precipitate is
formed
White precipitate is
formed
Brown ring is formed
+ Nessler reagent, brown
precipitate is form
ANION TEST
Pre-Test
Confirmatory test
Gas evolved from the
reaction with salt
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Test for cations
Cations
Al3+
Pb2+
Zn2+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Cu2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
NH4+
Test with a small amount of NaOH solution
until in excess
White precipitate soluble in excess. NaOH
solution
White precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH
solution
White precipitate, soluble in excess NaOH
solution
White precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH
solution
White precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH
solution
Blue precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH
solution
Green precipitate, insoluble in excess NaOH
solution
Brown precipitate, insoluble in excess
NaOH solution
No precipitate
Test with a small amount of NH4OH until in
excess
White precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH
solution
White precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH
solution
White precipitate, soluble in excess NH4OH
solution
White precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH
solution
No precipitate
Blue precipitate, soluble in excess NH4OH
solution
Green precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH
solution
Brown precipitate, insoluble in excess NH4OH
solution
No precipitate
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