Pressure Vessels Handbook

Projeto de Vasos de Pressão

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Pressure Vessels Handbook

Projeto de Vasos de Pressão

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Antonio Carlos Rossini

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ee TT _s_—=™—__—_—*—Ss=_—EF__—F=_=— | PRESSURE VESSEL | HANDBOOK Fourteenth Edition Foreword by Paul Buthod Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma Eugene F. Megyesy PV PUBLISHING, INC. P.O. Box $7380 + Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73112 Phone: 405-849-7772 « Fax: 405-840-0003, Email: [email protected] + Web: www.pvpub.comCopyright © 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2008 bby PY Publishing, Ine, |All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2004115568 ISBN: 978-0-914458-24-1 Printed and bound in the United States of America It reflects the latest revisions included in the 2007 [ASME Code, Section VIII, Div.1 ~ Section TI, Part D, ASCE Standard 7-02 : ‘The latest editions of Specifications, Standards, Codes. Dieliner Publishing, ne. provides prot or the ross duis lp users with Fea ob des and acs. Afhough We GDC get lena to make an oa ae aecrate we Got pnrante there seitcy We recomend ae re infrmation and cat bined rm any product we preside, Sina any pod pi lm oie atures my aes ena Due to te nbrenly dangerous nature ofthe nds we seve TR vcnenenda that you sesying fhe accuracy of any proust yu ui to ptt your rtessonal dais FOREWORD Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature in the field of code requirements and PD = tr 2 NOTATION Mean diameter of vesse, inches Internal or external pressure, pst. I Kongitudinal stress, psi Circumferential (hoop) stzes, psi ‘Thickness of shell, corrosion allowence excluded, inches EXAMPLE 1s x 96 Troe 7 M40 rH | Given 96 inches 15 psi 5 0.25 inches 5 x 96 so PR 2 BES - re80 ps 2 2x 025 Fortowers under internal pressute and wind loathe ential height above which compres: sive ress governs can be approximated by the formula: PD FD here H = Critical eight of rome. n= Bw i ee INTERNAL PRESSURE 1. OPERATING PRESSURE “Thepressuie which is required forthe process, served by the vessel.at which the vessel is normally operated, 2. DESIGNPRESSURE “The pressure used in the design of vessel. Itis recommended to design a vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A Uesign pressure higher than the operating pressure with 30 psior 10 percent \whichever is the greater, will satisfy this requirement. The pressure of the Fluid and other contents ofthe vessel shouldalso be taken into consideration, See tables on page I? for pressure of fluid. 3, MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE ‘The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible paint, when the vessel is assumed to be! (@) in corroded condition (b) under the effect of a designated temperature (6) in normal operating position at the top (@)_undertheeffectof other loadings (wind load, external pressure, hydro statie pressure, et.) which are additive tothe intemal pressure When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the maximumallowable working pressure (MAWP) code 3-2, ‘A common practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure vessels isto limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings, ete ‘See tables on page29 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges. See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes. ‘The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very often. It means the pressure at whieh the weakest cloment of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel (@)_ isnot corroded (new) () the temperature does not affect its strength (room temperature) (cold) ana the ater endtions(€ and ¢ above) also need not fo taken into consideration 4. HYDROSTATICTEST PRESSURE Atleast 1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure or the design pressure to be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to determine the maximum allowable working pressure. Ifthe stress value ofthe vessel material atthe design temperature s ess than at the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased proportionally Hydrostatic test shall be conducted afterall fabrication has been completed.6 In this case, the test pressure shall be: ‘Value § at Design Temperature so [is “ettiwnes | vessels where the maximum allowable working pressure Timited by the flanges, shall | Setestd ata presi shown inthe folowing abe == ea eae 1501b | 300 Tb | 400 Yb | 600 tb | 9001) | 1500 tb | 2500 Tb won | so | 205 zs | sa = [Eee Code UG-99 (6) | | Myarostatc Shell j|_ Test Presi 2s 9000 | Hydrostati test of mult-chasnber vessel [A Pheumatie test may be used in lieu ofa hydrostatic test per Code UG-100 proof tests to esteblish maximum allowable working pressure when the strength of ny part ofthe vessel canot be computed with satisfactory assurance of sees, pre- riped in Code UG-101 | | MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES | “The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials are given in table on page 191. The maximum allowable compressive stress to be used in {he design of cylindrical shells subjected 1o foading that produce longitudinal com pressive stess inthe shell shall be determined according to Code par. UG-23 b,¢ & a JOINT EFFICIENCY | -the etticieney of different types of welded joints are given in table on page 172. The | efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 178. “The following pages contain formulas used to compute the required wall thickness and the maximum allowable working pressure for the most fequently used types of Shell and head. The Formulas of cylindrical shell are given forthe longitudinal seam, ly this governs. “The stress in the girth seam will govern only whea the circumferential joint efficiency is less than one-half the longitudinal joint efficiency. or when besides the internal pressure additional loadings (wind load, reaction of saddles) are causing longitudinal Pending or tension. The reason for it is thatthe stress arising in the girth seam pound per square inch is one-half of the stress in the longitudinal seam, PRESSURE OF FLUID STATIC HEAD The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity ofthe pressure ‘won the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions onthe sides or at bottom of the vessel vu is du to the height ofthe fluid above the point at which the pressure is considered “The static head when applicable shall be added tothe design pressure ofthe vessel. the tables below when applicable shall be added to the design pressure ofthe water “To find the pressure for any other fluids than water, the given inthe tables shall be mut- iplid with the specific gravity of the fluid in consideration. Pressure in Pounds per Square Tach for Different Heads of Water “The formulas forthe girth seam accordingly Head Feet — 0 0a 130 OSG) 8 10 433 «476 520 563 6.05 649 20-866 909-953-996 1039 1082 301299 1342 1386 1429 1472 15.15 o 1 2 3 4 eee: 4 1732 17.75. 18:19 1862 1905 1948 50 21.65 2208 2252 2295 2338 2381 6 2598 264i 2685 77128 2771 Wd 7 3031 3074 HIB 3161 3204 3247 80 346s 3507 3551 3594 3637 3680 9038973940 30.84 3070 41.13 Nols: One foot of water at 62° Fahrenheit equals 433 pounds pressure per square inch, To find the pressure per square inch for any feet head not given in the table above, mul iply the feer times 433, ‘Heads of Water in Feet Corresponding (0 Certain Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch ee 88 ea Fe a 10 231 25427-30023 4H 369 393 AL 2 462 485 S08 S31 584577 600 2A 64.7 30 693 716-739-162 7BS—«BOS BL 854 ATS wos 40 924 947 9To 993 50 183 178 1201 1224 1039 1962 108.5 1108 1270 1293 B16 1339 60 1386 1409 1432 1455 147.8 1501 1524 1547 1370 7 1617 1640 1663 1686 1709 1732 1755.178 1801 2032 80 1848 187.1 1894 191.7 1940 1963 198.6 200.9 90 21482171 2194 221.7 2240 ‘Note: One pound of pressure per square inch of water equals 2.309 feet of water at 6: Fahrenheit, Therefore, to find the feet head of water for any pressure not given in the table above, multiply the pressure pounds per square inch by 2.309,8 INTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENSIONS DESIGNDATA 100, join eficioney of seamless NOTATION P= 100 psi design pressure heads : f= 30.0b0 psi sbes value of = &Binches inside radius® P= Des rer of. alae sasieh peg 0 B= Seine ie dante werk peste pa oer ot xamined {= Teaired wall thickness, inches = Sees ale of material si pee Wathcknes, ne as. etcmneyohaotcraniied c= OSs iadscorroyonalowsee 2 Ca, = Corovionslowanee inches at * in corroded condition greater withthe corrosion allowance x SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE CYLINDRICAL SHELL (LONG SEAM)! PR parser SE-06P R08 Fe 1 Usually the ses in the fang seas governing, Se ‘retedng ne 2. When te wall thicknes exceeds one hal of tense ‘dsr Pexeeds 0.88 SE, the formulas given In GE Code Asonaic (2 stall be apotes Determine the resuired thickness, ota shell 190X4B125__9 SOOO XO.RS—06XTOO 0784" Use 6.500 in. plate Determine the maximum allowable working pressure ? for 0.500 in. tek Shell when the vessel sin new condition. 20,000 085 0.500_ 48+ 060.500 176 psi ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE ‘SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE, 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD PD 2SEt_ ‘= 73E=03F Deo Where the ratio ofthe major and minor axis is other tha 2: 1, sce Code 1-4 (4) When 1/D <0,002,, the rules of 1-4 (P) shall be met ite Determine the eequired thickness of seamless ellipsoidal head, 100x962 B SPH! and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD Ene ER ‘The head furnished without straight ftange . Determine the required thickness, Determine the maximum allowable are pa SEL {of abemispherieal head ‘working pressure, P for 0.3125 in thick 2SE—03P head, en itis ih new condition _——__1003<48.125 ae ed Tea KOS OFX ION |, 2x.20,900%085%03125 991 pi Leite SPinc had toshel jm se ian he eflensy sa | aeroaxosis Srife Seams the ead HOA auzsin 12. When the wall thickness exceeds 0.356 R or P exceeds 0.267 i, SUS SE ie pce Co At oe € SEE DESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGN DATA ABOVE, Determine he maximum allowable ‘working pressure, P for 0.250 in. tek seamless head, when it isin corroded condition p- 2X 20,000 1,0 0250 03x25 103 pstINTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES sngle, degrees Sess - L = Inside radius of dish, inches es fl 45 = Suess value of material psi, page 15 tse wc a, panne = Join efceney, page 172 = Mall ices eo es = LW, joimetTicieney of seamless the corosin allowance tice rads nes CAL = Caroson allowance, inches 1 SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE E = 0,85, efficiency ofspotexamined {0125 inches corrasion allowance in corroded condition greater with CONE Anp CONICAL SECTION 2SEt cos Po. Papel acs a ‘Fees a (SE—O6P) D « pal IE 1. “The half apex angle, ot greater than 30° 2. Whenais greater than 30% spcil analysis reaired. (Gone Append '3GD) FE (GORISPHERICAL HEAD) "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD When "ie = 16% USSF When Ur tess than 167, When 1/1, € 6,002 the ules of 14 () shal also be met a ‘When the min, tensile strength of =: material exceeds 7,000 psi, 82° ‘WSE-OP Code 0-32 (e) ‘VALUES OF FACTOR “M™ cos 30°= 0.866 Determine the required thickness, rofa cone Use 0.500 in, plate Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick ‘cone, when the vessel is in new condition, 20,000 0.850.500 0.866, ‘96120300 0.866 Pe SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE r= 168 Determine the required thickness, tof a seamless ASME flanged and dished head. 0.885 10096.125, ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressute, P for 0.5625 in. thick Seamless head, when the vessel isin new condition, M= 15 from table, Determine the required thickness «of seamless ASME flanged and dished 9,000 «1.00.1 x 108 046% pu 20000 10X56 SCA .125in. T885 X96-+ 0.1 X 03625 dss Ue 0525in ple SEEDESIGN DATA ABOVE SEEDESIGN DATA ABOVE ee eee or | eee rr, M= 1.75 from table Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P fora 0.5625 in. ESP Poca] aal™ a 25] fis] [eas]? [as]? fons]? | 4.00" | 5.00] **° 00] j_ 100X96.125X 75 thick seamfess head when the vessel is TTF ol aal hard fael hizel franf fish TAO OK IOO ON | in corroded condition, ast ral tse haat Oy AP, Fl] 220000 «100.5625 194 pi TL eslh solb sof rast final Lsnol fused “| 8 cca OMS | Peta tag “ Waal lial? [use| |i.se|' hical [rcs] ea er as ‘Use 0.5625 in, min, thick head li of “ater than 16%, (non-Code construction) the values of aay be calculated by the formulas M3 YL DESIGNSETS De eRe SeE Eee SEE SEE PEERED INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS NOTATION. = Design pressure of max. allowable working pressure pst 5 Suess value of material psi, page Wall thickness, inches. DESIGN DATA 'P = 100 psi design pressure ‘5 = 20,000 psistress value of SA 513-70 plate @ S00F E = 0.85,eficiency of spot examined joints of shell and hemis. head 10 EXAMPLES E = 1.00, jointefficiency of seamless heads R= 48 inches outside radius D = 96inches outside diameter 1 Required wall thickness, inches CA, = 0.125 inches conosion allowance ca 2 Conan aan ches igh x CYLINDRICAL SHELL Wong seam! SEEDISIGNDATA ABOVE SFEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Determine the required thickness. orate : : a Determine the maximum allowable t¢ Pag 100x48__—_.,.__| working pressure, P for 0.4375 in, thick F): R SE 04P R= 04 700K 0.83 -04 1007283 | Shell when the vessel is in new condi : 0,125 in, ae : oe 26,000085 04375 1 Gat ce ng ve : 4 eB OO XO8S O83 55 5 2. When the wall thickness exceeds one half of the inside ete ee eae Se as acd IEEE Apnea mel 7 rica aia BEMINERICRL HEAD SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Head furnished without straight ange iieenede acer te |p ue oe 2B hemispherical head. svorking pressure, P for 0.3125 in. thick ‘TSE + O8P a R=08 10048. fi head, when the vessel is in new TRAUB XOS “DEIN OSIM} condition Eas = sunsin, | p.2X20000%085x03125_555 Sees aaa Se Nets 92st 20,000% O85 X05125 9 pj 2. Whine wal mes res 03568 or Feat 1: 03125in min ihe Sg gE Wt amt het Ch Rona eee c 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the requited thickness of | petine the maximum allowable a 2sB seamless ellipsoidal ead werking pressure PforO.475 mn thick mh TSEFTEP & “10x86 gag. | hoa whens ne conan : 25x20 000% 101 g3ct00 159" 2x2 3 a5 7 Ws mara anor wea pain | rePARMOXLOXDS2 other than 2: L. see Code 1-4 (d) 0364 in, ‘When 10.9 0 0002 theres oF 1-4) 315m minh A= DA ‘shall be metBe INTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS ‘NOTATION 'P = Design pressure or max. allowable sevking presse pst es aloe of serial psi, pope in effi m 4h = Guide rads ches D = Outside damztes, inches 2 = One ball of the included (apex) sale, degrees 1 = Outside rains of dish, inches 1% frsie kuetle radius inches ‘Wall thickness, inches CA! = Corrsion allowance, inches D CONE anv CONICAL SECTION PD 2SEt cos a Tees a GEFOAP) =OBi cosa EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA: 100 psi design pressure ‘5 = 20,000psi stress value of ‘SA 513-70 pate @ S00"F = 0.85,elficency of spar-examined Treads R= 4 inches outside radius D = 96 inches ouside diameter a= 30°onehalfofthe apex angle TL = 96 inches outside radius of dish ‘1 ~ Required wall thickness, inches 1. The hal apex angle, not greater than 30° 2. When a is greater than 30", special analysis bs ‘eguired. (Code Appendix i518) joints ££ = 7°00 joitetticiency ofseamless _ C4: = 0:15 inches corosion allowance SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE, ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE 05 30°= 0.865 Determine the required thickness, ¢ of a cone 100% 96 -: sRmexeomoxas maa) *CA 0.1250, 0481. Use: 0.500 in. thick plate Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500 in, thick cone in new condition E "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE, Lir= 168 Determine the required thickness, rofa seamless ASME Hanged and dished head, ‘SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Determine the maximum allowable ‘working pressure, P for 0.5625 in, thick ¢may he caleutated by the formula: M: Whealie= 16s Seamless heady when the vessel ism 038510096 Gotroded concition gi SBSX 00X96 - narra ra 2Kj900 1.008% 100 1-05625-0.125= 04375 TRaSL—OR seh On 20000% LOXOATTS 955 ositin ae ar Use: 0.625 in min thik head When 171, < 0002 the rtesot Teel ale be me SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE | SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Wao don toa dcop of PLM ase sss Inaterial execods 70,000 psi, see |“ ZSERPCM—Oay: | P= MLO. M= 1.75 from table : le co ae ea ee Coie UG32¢0) polio ar M=1.75 from table terming the fequred thickness ofa cane vred thickness £08 | peisrmine te maximum allowable ‘VALUES OF FACTOR M seamless ASME flanged and dished | Wong pressure, # fora 0.3625 i, Nak seantoss head hen the vessel is Ts I oael Taal ael Tal co pec NOOXO6X1IS ——_ogroig, | mi eEE 1 Pa a ad an le t= mp LIS 0.9 | in coroded convo, 20), al snl 29h 3 I aol! has se 20 000% 1,0 04575 oa eo : ca opin | RSE TS tn aN {s0.5625 in in tik ead Pa FA WOTE: When the rao of Uri reir Wan I6¥_jwonCode conavaction) We values OL) DESIGNINTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS oo NOTATION P= Intemal or external design pressure psi E=joint ficiency Inside diameter of shell, in 'S- =Maximum allowable stress value of material, psi 1 = Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in, Actual thickness of head exclusive of corrosion allowance, in, = Minimum required thickness of seamless shell for pressure, in. = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in f INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE A CIRCULAR FLAT HEADS. 1 t= dVO13 PSE This formula shall be applied: a 1 When d does not exceed 24 in, 2. td is not less than 0.05 4 nor greater than 0.25 3, The bead thickness, 1, is oot less than the shell thickness, f, EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA P =300 psi design pressure -E=joint efficiency d= 24 in. inside diameter of shell ‘5 =17.100 psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate 1, =0.243 in, required thickness of seamless shell for pressure. 1, =0.3125 in. actual thickness of shell. DETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, ¢ t= d NO13 PISE = 24 Y0.13 x 30017,100% 1 = 1.t46in. Use 1.25 fn. head ts Las Checking the limitation of 4 = 25 2 8 a Se = 00052 ‘The ratio of head thickness to the diameter of the shell is satisfactory 1=aV@IS c= 0334,/ C min. = 0.20 If a value of «,/z,less than 1 is used in calculating ¢, the shell thickness ¢, shall be maintained along adistance inwardly from D _24,min. nor less than 1.25t, | the inside face of the head equal to atleast ‘peed not be greater than ¢ 2a, [Non-circulae, bolted flat heads, covers, blind flanges Code UG-34; other types of closures Code UG. | | [WZIZZR, | SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE 4 0.243 = 033 = 0.3125 12a (CPSE = 24 J0.26x300/17,100%1 = 1.620in. Use 1.625 in, plate = 033 Using thieker plate for shell, lesser thickness will be satisfactory for the hea, 1, = 0.375 in, = [OPE - 4 J Ua x HITT = 14710 Use 1.625 i, plate ‘The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2. fd, from the inside face of the bead 2 (2037S = 6 in8 es LOCAL THIN AREAS (LTA) | i PRESSURE — TEMPERATURE RATINGS ‘CODE, APPENDIX 32 FOR STEEL PIPE FLANGES AND FLANGED FITTINGS Stein ASME Standard B16.5 (2003) “The rules of Code, Appendix 32 permit Local Thin Areas (LTA) in cylindrical 7 nie Traoaics ean [aon es on shells, spherical vessels, hemispherical heads and in spherical portion of| Css sie 200 Ae eae es PO aout flanged and dished (torispherical) and ellipsoidal heads under internal pressure paydeosasictest | gen | 1,125 | 1,800 | 2225 | 3.350 fe The thickness of LTA may be less than required by UG-16, UG-27 or UG-32. pressure, pig : [Temperaue,F | MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NON-SHOCK PRESSURE PSIG NOTATIONS 2010 100 285] 740] 990] 1,480] 2.220] 3,705] 6.170 LorCorDy, L__egietetcremen 200 260| 675] 900) 1,380) 2025) 3,375] 5,625 oe Tenath of LTA in a eylingvieal 300 230] 6ss| 875] ais] 1970] 3.280] sro rin 2e depth ape . siecga, | ~isde dame of shell or head, eal el aes aes ee le 600 40} 550} 730] 1,095] 1,640] 2,735] 4.560) i D,= maximum extension of LTA, 650 125] 535] 713] 1,075] 1610] 2,685] 4475 [eens 700 110] 335] 710] 1,065] 1,600] 2,685] 4,440 1. = projected axial length of LTA . in a cylindrical shell, in. shall be 70 95] $08]. 670) 1,010] 1.510; 2,520] 4.200) uy : maximum YF 800 sol 410} sso} g2s! 1235/2060) 3,430 ~al¢ ee 850 65] 270] 355] 535] 80s] 1,340] 900 sol 170) 230) 345] sis] 860) 1.430 R= inside radius for eylindrical A APS Caurtzent | shell or spherical segment. For 2: 1 950 3s| 19s} 140) 205] 310) 515] 860 nee Ellipsoidal head & = 0.5D, in 000 | 20] 50] 70 tos) iss) 260] 430) uk = feud hikes rina REE A ea ecru) ‘ caeoe it LP . \A)A2LEG. a Lear arena ASIS Gr 10(1) A 516 Gr. 70(1) 2) A 531 Ch. YG) oa, f= minimum thickness of LTA shall not be less than 1/16 in., or CYLINDRICAL ae for compressed air, steam, or water ns Service 3/32 in, (UG168) 73D | ‘09 tonms%hein TELIPSODAL HEAD ; ssible but not recommended for prolonged use above 800 °F. (2) Not to be used aver 850 °F. (3) Not to be used over 700° (4) Not to be used over 50°F. Foroter pressue-temperature ratings see Code UG-11(a\2) Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock wotking pressures expressed as gage pres- a eau epee nd ay be inteplted betean tempers Temperatures are those on the inside ofthe pressure-coutaining shell ofthe ange. In peneral, itis the same as that ofthe contained material Flanged fittings shall be hydrostatically tested 1] |0 1 TABLES FFor quick comparison of required plate thickness and weight for various materials and ata different degree of radiographic examination 'A Suess values at termperature -20° to 500 °F. sanse | sasizeo | SAS870 sastea mie fas 14538 T7560 100% J. E. [ 15,700 17,100 20,000 B Ratios of Stress Values | rags [esis | isawe | m0 | TTa00 | 20000 13,345 1.09 rie | 127 4.28 ag | re ee 15,700 0.85 0.92 - 1.08 1.09 127 | Too | ars] eae | 0s8 tor | ue] vaio} vor | tas tom | oa | | oom [Toa [oom [an | om | om | “Table A shows the sitess value ofthe most frequently used shell and head materials, Table B shows the ratios of these stress values EXAMPLE: 1. Fora vessel using SA 515-70 plate, when spot radiographed, the required thickness (0.4426 inches and the weight ofthe vessel 12600 lbs. ‘What plate thickness will be required, and what will che weight ofthe vessel be using SA 285-C plate and full radiographic examination: In.case |. The stress value of the material 17,000 In ease 2. The stess value of the material 15.700 The ratio ofthe two stress values from Table B=I,08 In this proportion the required plate thickness and the weight ofthe vessel will be increased. 0.4426 x 1.08 = 0.4780 in. 3608 Ib. EXTERNAL PRESSURE, DESIGN PRESSURE When Code Symbol is to be applied, the vessel shall be designed and stamped vith the maximam allowable external working pressure. Its recommended that suitable margin is provided when establishing the maximum allowable external pressure (0 allow for pressure variation in service, Code UG-28() Vessels intended for service under external design pressure of 15 psi and less may be stamped with the Code Symbol denoting compliance with the rules for external pressure provided all the applicable rules of this Division are also satis- ied, Code UG-28((). -Tais shall not be applied if the vessel is operated at a temperature below minus 120° F, and the design pressure is determined by the Code UCS-66(¢}(2) or Code UHA‘51(b) to avoid the necessity of impact test. Vessels with lap joints; Code UG-28(g) Non-cylindrical vessel, jacket: Code UG-28(i), ‘TEST PRESSURE, Single-wall vessels designed for vacuum or partial vacuum only, shall be sub- [jected to an internal hydrostatic test or when @ hydrostatic test is not practicable, to a pneumatic test, Code UG-99(f). Either type of test shall be made at a pressure not less than 1¥s times the differ. ence between normal atmospheric pressure and the minimum design internal absolute pressure. Code UG-99(1), Preumatic test: Code UG-100. ‘The design method on the following pages conform to ASME Code for Pres-| sure Vessois Section VIII Div. 1.’The charts on pages 42-47 are excerpted from! this Code.ree eter tert ener ene EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES FORMULAS NOTAHION POE eat cosgn esr Br ir ce or rete, oo ee oe ee a et seionbaween fe cecdiicrenit ine on ahead one-third the deprh ofthe fadtangent ne, flfeaing ings Sino teeptnds nue 1o-eliner junetion of Jers re-lnder junction or knucte-10-elinderjuntion of a toveonia head or section, mee lube sheets (See page 39) ope 1 = Minimum required wal thickness in (CYLINDRICAL SHELL Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints When D_/¥ equal to or greater than 10 the maximum allowable pressure 4a 5D.) “The value of B shall be determined by the fc Town OSA ee pages 49.8) Ce Se canoe 2. Enter Fig. G (Page 42) atthe value of 1/D,, Enter at $0 when LiD, is greater than 50, and At 0.08 when LiD, is fess than 0.05, Pe 3. Move horizontally to the line, represent Bat. From the point of intersection move ver- {iealy to determine the value of factor 4 4, Entee the applicable material chart (pages 4343) atthe value oF A. Move verticaly {0 the ‘Spptieable temperature line’ 5, From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B ‘Compute the maximum allowable working pres u g sare g If the maximum allowable working pressure is z Sullee "than the design pressure the. design a procedure matt be repeated increasing the Ves e BaP ihikness oF decreasing L by stiffening rng 5 Fog values of A falling (0 the left of the ea ‘applicable temperature line, the value of fan be calculated by the forinla: DAE HO. when the value of Do/t is less than 10, the formulas given in the Code UG-28(c)(2) shall VESSEL, WITH STIFFENING RING be applied 4 DESIGN DATA P= 5 pris. external design pressure = 96 in- outside diatmeter of the shell Length of the vessel from tangent line to tangent line: 48 ft, 0 in Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material of shell SA = 285 C plate ‘Temperature 500° F En Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi. @ 50°F (see chart fon page 43) fo Determine the required shell thickness. Assume a shell thickness: 1 = 0.50 in. (see page 49) Length £.= 592 in, (length of shell 576 in. and one thicd of the depth of heads 16 in.) L/D, = 592/96 = 6.17 D,/t= 96(0.5 = 192 (90007 from chact (page 42)determined by the procedure described on the facing page. uure-line in Since the value of 4is falling tothe left ofthe applicable temp Fig, CS-2(p. 43), p, = 2AE/M(D,/)= 2% 0.00007 x 27,000,000/3 x 192 6.56 ps Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is smaller than the design presse P sitfening rings shall be provided. Using 2 stifening rings equally spaced between the tangent ines of the heads, Length of one vessel section, L « 200 in.(length of shell 192 in, plus one third of depth of head 8 in) L/D,= 200/96 = 2.08 De/t= 9610.5=192 ‘A =0,00022 from chart (page 42) {B= 3000 from chart (page 43) determined by the procedure desenibed on facing page P= 4B/MD4/t) =4 x 3000/3 x 19: 0.8 psi Sinee the maximum allowable pressure Pe is jpeater than the design pressure P, che assumed thieleness of shell using two stiffening rings, is satisfactory. ‘see page 40 for design of stiffening rings.34 EXTERNAL PRESSURE EXAMPLES FORMULAS NOTATION Pe Geral dais presse pi 2, Maximum allwsole working presse pi BL = Guage dameter ofthe heads Re ute rats of phere or hemispheres ead, 090, or isi! ‘ats ide crow ad of langed and ded hen = Minium eoved vl teks hes, = Movulurof cay of mater pi (nae 9) SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD ‘The maximum ae Bae alowable pressure: ** ~ (R,71) re vate o shal be determined byte fllowin pro cote Tr gssume the vale for # and cleat the vale of ‘Resin he fmt And 287 ait) ee age) 2. fer te apse mater chat pees 1-47 2 tee tauc ofA Move very tothe apple temperate ine | 3. From the intersection move horizontally and read (canbe ee the value of B. ot For vans oF A fling 10 th eft of the apt [TT] | She emperate tine the ae of can bee ulated by the formula: P= 0.06254 Rf) If the maximum allowable working pressure P, com puted by the formula above, is smaller than the design pressure, a greater value for ¢ must be selected and the design procedure repeated 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD ‘The required thickness shall be the greater ot ne following thicknesses. i (1) The thickness a5 computed by the formulas | given for internal pressure using « design pres- Sure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint efficiency £1.00. [8 || (2) The thickness proofed by formula f= B/Ry/t whereR,=0.9 D, ,and B to be determined as for sphere, "ASME FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD (TORISPHERICAL HEAD) | |e required thickness and maximum allowable pres- j | |sure shall be computed by the procedures given for ellipsoidal heeds, (See above) maximnum=D, DESIGN DATA: P = 15 psig external design pressure D,= 96 inches outside diameter of head Material of the head SA-285C plate SOO°F design temperature a Determine the zequired head thickness, SFE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Assume a head thickness: 48.00 in 25in. A= 0125448, 0000.25)=0.00005 From Pia, CS-2 (page 43) B= 8500 determined by the procedure deseribed on the facing page, P= 8500(48,000.25) = 48.27 psi Since the maximum allowable working pressure Py is exceedingly greater than the design pressure P, a lester thickness would be satisfactory. 041875 in For a second trial, assume @ head thickness: t Ry = 48.00 in. ‘A’ = 0.125448.000.1875) = 0.0005 1B = 6100, trom char (page3), P, = BIR!) = 6700256 = 26.2 pi ‘The assumed thickness: t= 0.1875 in. is satisfactory, SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2) Assume a head thickness: ¢=0.3125in,, R,=0.9 x 96= 86.4in A» 0.125/(86.4/0.3125) = 0.00045 ‘B= 6100 from chart (page 43), Pz = B/(R,/#)! = 6100/276 = 22.1 psi Since the maximum allowable pressure P. is greater than the design pressure the assumed thickness is satisfactory, SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2) Assume a head thickness: ¢ = 0.3125 in, R,=D, = 96 in. 4 =0.125/(96)0.3125) = 0.0008 B = 5200 from chart (page 43), P, = B/(R,/#)= $200/307 = 16.93 ps. Since the maximum allowable pressure P, is greater than the design pressure P the assumed thickness is satisfactory.36 EXTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS AS NOTATION Az Be De focior determined from fig UGO-280 (page 2 fector determined from chars (pages 43-47) one half ofthe inctoded (pen) angle, degrees futside ameter athe Tage end in coatide eimeterat the sallend, in rodslus of east of material (page 43) Tength ofeone in (02 page 39) Equivalent length of ‘conical section, ing@ay.+DD) cexernal design pressure, pel ‘Maximum allowable working pressure, ps ‘minimum required thickness, in, effective thickness, in. =I cos a CONE ax CONICAL SECTION Seamless or with Butt Joints ‘WHEN a5 EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN 60 and D/t, > 10 ‘The maximum allowable pressure: 4B Pe” FWD 1, Assume a value for thickness, f ‘The valves of B shal be determined by the following procedure: 2, Determine (dep, and the ratios L,/Dy and Dit 2. Enter chart (page 42) a the valu of Dy (LD, (Enter at $0 when ,/D, is greater than $05 Move horizontally to te line rep resenting Dy. From the point of iter. Section move vertically and rea the value od 4. Enter the applicable material chart at the value of At and move vertically to the ite of applicable temperature, From the intersection move horzontally and read the valve of B 5. Compute the maximum allowable working presure. IP, is smaller than the design pressure, the design, the design procedure must be repeated increasing the thickness or decreasing L. by ‘using of stiffening rings. ‘For values of A fling co the left ofthe applicable line, the value of P can be calculated by the formula: Py = 2A4E/MDiIt) ‘For cones having D /t ratio smaller than 10, see Code UG-33 (0) WHENGiIS GREATER THAN 60° “The thickness of the cones shal be the same as the reqused thickness for a flat head, the Giameter of which equals the largest outside ‘ameter ofthe cone Provide adequate reinforcing of the eoneto- cinder juncture. See page 159 Ed EXAMPLES DESIGN DATA P= 15 psi external design pressure Material of the cone SA 285-C plate 500 F design temperature CONICAL HEAD D, = 96 in, Determine the required thickness, t L Length, L=(D,/2)/tana=48/ 41421158, say U6in 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.3125 in a=25 degrees D,=0 2. tyat conan 0.3125 x 9239 = 0.288; L,=L/2 (14D /D1) = 116/2 xi + 9/96) = 58 D, TLD )=58/96 =0.8 Dy c= 96/.288 = 333 Le 3. 0.00037 (from chart, page 42) 4, B=5,200 (from chart, page 43) 4B 4x5,200 A 5 Pe= Dia) soe Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the assumed plate thickness i satisfactory CONICAL SECTION (See design data above) 44in,D, =96 in, = 30des. Determine the cequited thickness, Lenath, L=[(D-D)Aftane =24/.57 1.6 in. 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.375 i % 96/184) = 34.67 L/D, =34.67/ 1445 0.241 Dif =144/0.328~ 444 3, A=0.00065 (from ehart, page 2) 4, B=8,60 (from chart, pase 43) the maim allowable presse eter tan he design pressure P, the assuined thickness is satisfactory. e ‘EXAMPLES FOR CONICAL HEAD, WHEN @ iS GREATER THAN 60° [ARE GIVEN AT FLAT HEADS#8 39 XTERNAL PRESSURE FORMULAS NOTES 4 . ‘Use Lin caleuation as shown when ‘the strength of joints of eone to ylin- TEE | der does not mect the requirements + | described on pages 63 169 1 will result the thickaess for the cone not Tess than the minimum require thick- ‘nes forthe joining elindreal shel, ic ! ‘Use Lin caleulation as shown when the strength of ints of cone to otin- | dormeets the requirements described ‘on pages 163-169EXTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN OF STIFFENING RINGS EXAMPLES NOTATION A. = Factor determined from the chart (page 42) for the material used in the stiffening ring, 4, = Cross sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq in. D, = Outside Diameter of shell, in E_ = Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43) 1, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neural axis parae] to the axis ofthe shel, in‘. 1, = Required moment ot inertia of te stiffening ring combined with he sel Scolon chs oken ab contributing tthe moment of era, The width of the sll scion 1-10 in = The sum of one-half of he stances on bth sides of the sting ing rom Checene line of he ng to the (1) nex iffening ng (2) 10 the head ine t seth, (fa jacketeomcton or) 9 eonesoreynger junction P= External design pressure, psi {= Minirqumn required wall thickness of shel, i. T. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine its cross sectional area A H. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between Jacketed section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at ¥6 of its depth and ‘etermine dimension, L, IL Calculate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of| the ring combined with the shel section (see page 95). 1V. The available moment of inertia of a circumferential stiffening ring shal! not be Jess than determined by one of the following formulas: DL, (tAJL)A Dil, (t+A/L)A —“So5 Ce as The value of 4 shall be determined by the following procedure: 1, Cafoulate factor Busing the formule: up 22, oxcer,| 2. Bntr the applicable material chart (pages 42-47) st the value of 3 and move horizontal othe curve of design temperstre. When the value oF Bis fess hen 2500, 4 an be calulatod by the formula: 4 = 28/6 3, Frome intersection point move vertically tothe bottom ofthe chart and read value of 4 Caevlatethe required moment of inertia using the formulas above. Ifthe moment ofinertinof the ring or the ring combined wit the shel section is greater than the required moment of inertia, the stiffening ofthe shell is satisfactory. Otherwise moment of ene rere ieee rere rete r= DESIGNDATA’ P= 15psi, external design pressure. 96 in, outside diameter ofthe shell. Length of the vessel from tangent fine to tangent line: 47 ft 8 in, = $72 in, Heads 2:1 ellipsoidal Material ofthe stiffening ring SA-36 Temperature 500°F B= Modulus of elasticity of material, 27,000,000 psi, @ 500°F (see chart on page 43) 1 = 0.500 in. thickness of sell sen & I An angle of 6 x 4 %o selected. be 4, 7303 59, in = UL. Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between one-third the depths of heads (see figure), 1,- 196i, IL The moment of inertia of the selected angle: 11.4 in 16" 164 1. The value of Factor B: UPD MU ASL) Y%{1Sx96/(0.5 +3.03/196)] = 2095 2, Since the value of Bis less thar 2500, AP 2BIE — 2 2098/27,000,000= 0.00015 IN, The required moment of inertia: + Aull) A) _ 96° 19 7% Since the required moment of inertia (9,97 in) is smaller than the moment of inertia of the selected angle (11.4 in.) the vessel is adequately stiffened. Stiffening rings may be subject to lateral buckling. This should be considered EER oa dea eden dealer deb4% TUNSSAYd TVNUALXA WAGNA STASSIA YOI SVIAWUOA NI dasa. # MOLVA AO SINTVA FHL rissoms f lp 2d a -901 -¥S. spn iy £ 91s =v ‘D8 = VS sor ade aes -vs sis-vs Otsz- v8 sreuayeut posnfjatonbay sou Fu 9 Azone sg) 04, soo ur sd oorgetARwons PIex poyseds ayy pue je518 uoqsen Jo paronaiuod St Jassaa sip gar 2¢gnoicd awe uey> ayl 40 S264 2p ‘an vaouova « 0 000 Bee eo avenge weer et mar eres BES I Bas ql tesa egs rso'Du bicied £2 ie Sag Sag gz 2582 5 28s Z 2528 fe oeae BeZe Seek 2se5 ae Fe — Ao ls z is <8 Ege SO ia ES < £2 sine eg 53 is 2 ge e & 82 fe fsa 4 re ES 5 5 P zg . 2 = ez = E 2 3 REge SSSR GS CHAR RTRe” BRE RG §dk “OW -INS-UD81) [258 3 SAINSSAAd TVNAALX WAGNA STASSAA YOM SVIANAOA NI owe T-¥H ‘DIL ise Jo patanastico Sf asso ayp UDMA 210 @ YOLIVA AO SANTVA TEL vuolova (061 28d uo ¢ sgn) (OLE nde ave nay ayp Jo S2n[e UL asa teers yo eeee sa peer o3 Eon ese 23 at +08 3 of the end of the end of the temperature line, assume an intersection with the horizontal projection of the NOTE: In cases where the value of A falls to the right upper end of the temperature line, (b0€ 94K, ING-WOST) [255 90 fqsn Jo pa}anusu0D st S809 4) MOY ayquo4idde axe Ey (061 984 vo | 21981) Jo SANIEA BULL ‘AWASSAN TVNUGLNA WAGNA STASSAA HOI SVIANUOA NI Gasn WU YOLIVA AO SAN IVA GL VuoLova ° oo ecas yc 2 eases arerraes FACTORB ie, assume se the value of A falls to the right an interseetion with the horizontal projection of the: Of the end of the end ofthe temperature "upper end of the temperature linc. ‘NOTE: In cases wlsous go Q-O}V-INB-OSI) [9018 UDISNE Jo PEIDANS SUNSSAAd TWNUALXA AAGNN STASSAA YOA SV TAWAOA NI CISA {G61 aed wo y a1aeH) (TLL oo 91 ssn ayy ayes ojguoyfd eae ‘d YOLIVI AO SANTVA SHS vuolova | an intersection with the herizontal projection of the [upper end ofthe temperature lin. 46 g id pelea eZ ony : = = | | = = 7 = il is : - oa REQUIRED SHELL THICKNESS, 1N, . - CYLINDRICAL SHELL . ~ (Specined vil strength 30,000 to 3,000 ps, nce) . "3 To find the required shel thickoes : * T° Ener lowes chert Unto pgs atthe ae of ies E 2. Move horizontally to cure epresetng Bo . oo Ha. 8 Move vray tigen ine : ie AS “8 5: Eater chert abowe atthe value'at Daft i = 8: Move Soaeonaly to saat B - 1 i #: Move vealy Gown and read the value oft ” 4 + T . Cer { * i au E Dy = Ouhide dameter of sel 2 , AX | titi. & 1"Dastance betwnen the tangent tine of te heads plus one tied of he depth | ‘the heads if stiffening rings aze not used, in I = > 4 - = 2. The greatest distance between any two akjacent stiffening rings, in. Capac a HebuccAiedNRSGEINES Sees ST 9S i (Se cng afr exptation) SeengEsAhSUrBNS SPs iaeitten Me nd Omen” HYDROD published by Am ©The numbers of ESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD PER ASCE The computation of wind load is based on Standard ASCE-02 nerican Society of Civil Engineers in 2002 equations, figures, tables, and sections are references to this standard. higher than thos« ‘The basic wind speed in the United States shell be taken from the ‘map on the following pages. ‘The minimum design wind pressure shall not be less than 1OIb/sq fi. ‘When records and experience indicates that the wind speeds are fe reflected in the map, the higher values of wind speed hl be apie. « RRSGIM force on the preected area of efingriel vessel sl be calasted bye flowing oral P=g.GC;4p (96-25) use G not exceeding 184.2 fee in height are considered rigid structures. LL Height tower, Ouse diameter of tower, Shape factor= 0.8 for cylindrical tower (Table 6-19) Gust effect factor (Section 6.5.8) for rigid structures (f2 1 He), '85 or calculate G by using equation (E9,6-4). Vessels See nofes on next page: ‘Velocity pressure at height, above ground, this. f. g2= 0.00256 DESIGN WIND FORCE ‘On projected area, of tower, Ib. KKoKglT(Tte) (9.6.15) Importance factor (Table-6.1) use 1.15 Basie wind speed, mph (Figure 6.1) ‘Wind directionally factor (Table 6-4) use 0.95, ‘Topographic factor (Section 65.7.2) UF KKKS Where K,K3 and K; are given in Figure 6-4 Velocity pressure exposure cocificient athe Evaluated at height, = above ground (Table See notes on next page. 3 WIND LOAD PER ASCE-02 Continued NOTES: J+A tower considered to be a rigid structure when the natural frequency of it is equal t0, or exceeds, } Hz ~ one cycle per second (Section-6.2) + The simplified equation of natural frequency is: my= 1 / (0.02 x H") He, Where H, the height of tower is in feet. This equation is recognized by ASCE, UBC and NBC Codes and Standards. 1+ If gust factor, G is taken as 0.85 per Section 6.5.8.1, the corresponding height of the tower is 184,2 feet, See table below for values of gust factor calculated by the referenced equations. ‘+ When the natural frequeney is below 1 Hy, the tower is exible or dy- hamically sensitive structure and the gust factor shall be calculated by equations (Eq. 6-8). Height above EXPOSURE ground evel 5 fc 7 O15 { 0.8838 oot 20 02 oss 2% Oso dai04 30 ~ 118786 0.9092, 0 osm 09070 | oe 08714 0.9089 60 { 0.8681 0.9029 70 08680 98 o3010 80 0.8620 0.8875 oar | 90 0.8592 0.8852 08973 700 nse roo 08936 a0 oasi7 08780 08834 rm oat 08783 08833 leat. 08830 ons aas78 00852 ory 08887 0.8356 "0.8654 0.8812 oa 868 087s? Gust Factors (G) Parameters taken from Table 6- Caloulations were made using Eq, 6-7, Eq, 6-6, Ba. 6-5 and By. 6-4 ei saWIND LOAD PER ASCE-02 WIND LOAD Continued Continued [— ‘WIND FORCE MOMENT stress | REQUIRED EXAMPLE Determine the Wind Foree, F THIKNESS F=P(DW ‘M=P DAH 12M Design Data: Boe GCs pee = Wind Speed, ¥ men (C = Shape factor, ASCE Std, 7-02 M = Maximum moment (at basc) Diameter of Tower, D =6n ‘D = Width of the vessel with th Height of Tower, 100 ft insulation, etc., f JM;=Momentat height ty ft.tb. Exposure =c E = Efficiency of welded joints P= Wind pressure at height ‘Natural Frequeney, >I F = Wind force, ASCE Std. 7-02 ASCE Sed. 7-02 ‘The tower is rigid structure Wind Force, E = g.G CyAy= 59.187 x 0.8831 x 0.8 x 600 = 26.126 Ibs, (9. 0.00256 Kz Ket Ka VJ ~ 0.00256 x 1.21 x 1.749 x0.95 x 100°x 1.15 61.634 26 (Table 6-3) = (14K; Kp K:)= (1+ 0.43 x 0.75 x 1.0)? = (1.323) =1.750 (Figure 6-4) 0.95 (Table 6-4) 100" = 10,000 15 (Veble 6-1) 14(0.02 x 100") = 1/(0.02 x 31.62) = 10.632 m= 10.02 x I") s 15 Since m) > 1, the fower i rigid structure Gust Factor, @= 0.8831 from table on preceding page. 0.8 (Table 6-19) cylindrical shape x 100 = 600.0 59. G = Gust factor, ASCE Std. 7-02 HE = Lever arm, "A: + = Length of vessel or vessel section, BANE a Vessel 30 x Hea hae BD Fade a P XD, xh = Velocity prewar at height, 2 ASCE Std. 7.02 4k,.= Distance fom base to section R_ =Moan radius of vessel, in. under consideration, ft. s Stress value of vessel material, or actual stress, pi 1 =Required thickness for shel in, b= Se0 yew Sept Ibm bet 4a) = TO 7 x 28 = 188160 8) « 78 = 308,880 (0,80 = 397,000 A. F Moment athe bats ange ie Mp nM pF OP Dy) = 497,940 ~ 4 (10,680 ~ 05 % 30% A % 4) = 455,200 0. Gen: D = 3N.6in, k= 100K Oin. by 4M. Ot, Pcp Duerine the wind moment Ti = 30%. 0, 35MAP OF WIND SPEED, V (miles per hour) MAP OF WIND SPEED, V (niles per hour) DESIGN I Alaska Note: For coastal areas ond islande ‘Special Wind Region Population Center Teeation mph Hawa 05 Puerto Rico 125 Guam 370 Virgin islands 128, American Samos 125 150) Sesecond gust sposds in miles per hour at $3 ft. ‘bove ground for Expoaure © eategory and are associated with a. S.annval probably of 02 inear interpolation between wind epeed contours is permite Un ition bet ind epeed contours Is perm 8. Islands ee iountsinous terrain, gorges, ocean promotories, and special wing regions ghall be examined for unas) Wind condllons. sastal areas shall use wind epeed contour of ASCE STANDARD 7-02 CGourtasy of American Society of Cl Engineers‘WIND LOAD PER UBC-97 WIND LOAD PER UBC-97 8 Continued “pasie windspsedmph | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | uo | 120 | 130 “This computation of Wind Load is based on the latest edition of the = - - 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE (UBC-97) published by the vemuegnt | 26 | 164 | 708 | 256 | aio | 369 | 3 | International Code Council in 1997. “The numbers of equations, figures, tables are references to this Code Structures sensitive to dynamic effects, such as buildings with e height- to-width ratio greater than five, structures sensitive to wind-excited ‘oscillations, and buildings over 400 feet in height, shall be, and any structure may be, designed in accordance with approved national standards, (Section 1615) (such as ASCE Standard) Design wind pressures for buildings and structures shall be determined for any height in accordance with this Formula: P=C.Cy she where C.= combined height, exposure, gust factor (Table 16-G) C.= pressure coefficient = 0.8 for eylindrical vessels {wind stagnation prossure atthe standard height of 33 f. (Cable 16-F) 1,= importance factor 1.15 for vessels (Table 16-K) sign wind pressure, Ibs! sft EXAMPLE. Design Date: C.= 1.61 exposure C from Table 16-G Cy=0.8 from Table 16-H 4g, = 25.6 from Table 16-F Je= 1.15 from Table 16-K PC, Cyqy ba = (1-61) (0.8) (25.6) (1.15) = 37.92 Ibsisq.ft Wind force on tower of 100 ft high and 6 ft. diameter = 100 x 6 = 600 x 37.92 = 22,751 Ibs. TABLE 16-F WIND STAGNATION PRESSURE, g. ‘AT STANDARD HEIGHT OF 33 FEET Height above ave EXPOSURE | rector a ing nnd 3 c D os a 7 " ie 20 0.67 13 14s 25 | on, 18 130 7 036 13s 138 « om “or ie @ 088 vas is A 168 138 val 10 [sae | an ia [eas ta | se 8 1 wah m 22 [ieee 200 1a? 187 210 x0 18 28 2 0 m 29 a ‘Values fr intermediate heights may be interpolated TABLE 16-G~ COEFFICIENT C, COMBINED HEIGHT, EXPOSURE AND GUST FACTOR NOTES: Calculating the projected area of the tower, also the insulation anc the joining appurtenances shall be taken into consideration. The area of caged ladder may be approximated as one square foot per lineal foot and 8 square foot asthe projected area ofa platform, The trea exposed to wind can be reduced considerably by good arrange- ment of the equipment for instance by locating the ladder 90 degrees apart from the vapor lin,DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WEIGHT OF THE VESSEL DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS. VIBRATION “The weight of the vessel results compressive stress only when eccentricity does not Tuie'ind the resultant force coincides with the axis of the vessel. Usually the Compression due to the weight Is insignificant and is not controling, ‘The weight shall be calculated for the various conditions of the tower as follows: |A. Erection weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. shell Equipments 2 heads 23. internal plate work 13. insulation 3. tay supports 14. fireproofing 5. insulation rings 15, platform 5. openings 16, ladder 7. skirt 17 piping 8. base ring 18. 9. anchor fing 10, anchor lugs 11. miscellaneous 12, 1 6% of the weight of items I through 1 for Coverweight of the plates and weight added by the weldings Erection weight: the sum of tems 1 through 18. B, Operating weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. vessel in erection condition 2 trays 3, operating quid CC. Test weight, which includes the weight of the: 1. vessel in erection condition 2. test water ‘The compressive stress due to the weight given by: W where 5 = unit stress, pst or W= weight of veel sove the section under consideration, Ib f= circumference of shell or skit on the mean diameter, In Ahickness of the salle skirt, in “The weight of different vessel elements are ven in tables beginning on page 388. ‘As a result of wind, tall towers develop vibration. The period of the vibration should be limited, since large natural periods of vibratton can lead to fatigue failure, The allowable period has been computed from the maximum permissible deflection ‘The so called harmonic vibration is not discussed in this Handbook sinc the trays as usually applied and their supports prevent the arising of this problem. | FORMULAS Period of Vibration: sec. 7=0.c00026s (ff) ) jr Maximum Allowable Period EE || ofMittaton,tesee 70807, | NOTATION i D = Outside diameter of vessel, f. H = Length of vessel including skirt ft g ~ 22.2 ft, porsee. squared, acceleration 1 = Thickness of skirt at the base, in ¥ © Total shear, ib. CH see page 61 W-= Weight oftower, Ib. w = Weight of tower per foot of height, Ib EXAMPLE, Given: Determine the actual ané maximum allowable period of vibration coos (1905) VEER ~ 1.055 360005 TH 36,000 Ib in operating condition 360 ‘The actual vibration does not exceed the allow= able vibration,| — DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ” SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) | (Contiution) | ' The Taling sondlon ofa tower under sl forces ssa fo that oF a : Ta ean ci and eee ny oer te eed NOTATION \ Freee ncthod belo is based on Union Building Coe, 1997 (UBC) 1 =Qccupaney importance eoeicient (se 1.0 for} vessels) eos i =Mwimmmonewtabesos.t | STAR dM, =Moment at distance, fel hom zig, | ME TR XH# (PF) KOHN 2 = Mesn radius of vestel in ts YR | Mie x7 forxs My 2, = Numerical coeticient (use 2.9 for vesels) M=fF Xt VF) X (WH) 5” = Site coefficient for sll characteristics -* 7 foe k> My Aol profile with either: i 4) A tock-like material characterized by a shear-wave Yelocity greater than 2,500 feet per second or by (6) Sessmie Loading Diagram Q (oy Setomie Stear Diagram Base Shear ‘Base Shear 4 “The base shear isthe total horizontal seismic shear at the base ofa tower. The triangular loading patter and the shape of the tower shear diagram duc to that loading are shown in Fig, (a) and (b).A portion of , of total horizontal seismic Force is assumed to be applied at the top of the tower, The remainder ofthe base shear is distributed throughout the length ofthe tower, inelud- ing the op. ‘Overturning Moment ‘The overturning moment at any level isthe algebraie sum of the moments ofall he Forces above that evel NOTATION =e nein =2258 Menten) =u eoeTcent=0035 eos diameter of esl otifseney of ween = Total horizontal seismic forve at top ofthe vessel Tp. determined from the following formule: F,=0.07 T1'(F,neednot exceed 0.25") 0,for 7 <07 ‘Length of vessel including skirt, ft ther suitable means of classification, $= 1,0 b)Stf® or dense soil condition where the depth is Tess than 200 S™ 1. A sol profile with dense or uff soil conditions, where the soil depth exceeds 200 feet. S= 1.2 A soil profile of 40 feet or more in depth and con- clay, ut not more than 40 feet of soft clay. S= is Beene ARSE Re E Total seismic shear at base, Ib. ‘Total weight of tower, Ib. Distance from top tangent line «o the level un dee consideration, f. Z_ = Seismic zone factor, 10.075 for zone | 0.15 forzone 2A 0.2 for zone 2 03 for zone 3 0.4 for zone 4 (see map on the following pages for zoning). {ining more than 20 feet of sort ro medium sift6 ESIGN OF TALL TOW! > ISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE) SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES EXAMPLE, Given: Seismic zone: 28 2-02 D=37.5in.=3.125 fh, X~96 ft Din, H= 1000, 0in, = 35,400 Ib. Determine: The averting moment due to earthquake at the base and at a distance X from top tangent line First, fondamental period of vibration shalt be calculated. T= Cx H%=0,035 « 100% = 1.1 sec and SATS, Ry=29% Fy= O07 TV = 0.07 x 1.1% 4,29 Ms ([F,H+(¥-F,) (QHA)]~ (330% 100 4296-330) 2 1003 aod Me=[F, X+ (VF, } (X= HB) ]= [330 x 96 + (4,296 - 330) (100-3 194,756 fT thus For areas outside of the United States, see Appendix Chapter 23 of UBC 1991DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS ECCENTRIC LOAD Design of Tall Towers ELASTIC STABILITY ‘Towers and their internal equipment are usually symmetrical around the vertical axis and thus the Weight of the vessel sees up compressive siress only. Equipment attached to the vessel on the outside can eguse unsymmetrical distribution of the loading due to the weight and resue in bending stress. This unsymmetsical arrengo- ‘ent of small equipment, pipes and openings may be neglected, but the bending stresses exerted by heavy equipment are additional (o che bending stresses resulting rom wind or seismic load. FORMULAS 'A tower under axial compression may fail in two ways because of instability 1. By buckling of the whole vessel (Euler buckling) 2) By local buckling in shin walled vessels (when the thickness of the shal is less than one-tenth of the inside radius) local buckling may occur at a unit load les than that required to cause failure of the whole vessel. The out of roundness of the shell is a very significant factor in the resulting instability. The formulas for investigation of clastic stability are given in this Handbook, developed by Wilson and Newmark. Elements of the vessel which are primarily used for other purposes (tray supports, downcomer bars) may be considered also as stiffeners against buckling, If closely spaced. Longitudinal stiffeners increase the rigiity of the tower more effectively than circumferential stiffeners. If the rings ate not continuous around the shel its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined in the Code UG-29 (), e ce FORMU woment[__stxess | EOURER Eee Lite Lie yy “e@lywpainy P go ESBBOOO poo Me We 5-lwe 1 fie 500,000 fe pola) J yep) 4 a NOTATIONS: $ = Gos seat ara fon lina! iene in L = Gis seatal reso ore Gouna slot in oration 7 Bite betwee igre eae = eee, th dane fam he ve ns = Diane boners union ei, Some Bat * > Heuraahs obs eee = Gilly a led ons ‘Mwai compres ssp fi Moment ete ot. \ hein ofa HS Meados a eneln jos fy Theglalet ches of te sal wen nga FT MES aE of wa eng sus, rh ¢ 2 Biehcw a cael eclingcomason alone tea, w = Sanciad 1 Ai Ths culls ickess the sell when ccunretaly nest EXAMPLE, G e BXAMPLE ive: in ermine the allowable conprestive sess Given: Determine moment, Mand ses, 8. BF [Bin Determine the allowable comp e Moment MWe’ 10a 54 4000. = 120.000 0.25 = a 959 pi + Given: 4, = 154, in 18 833 psi oi We 12x 100 x4 oe = 22 ps ar Tk 18 x O35 When there is more than one eccentric lead, the moments shall be summarized, taking the reltant of all centric loads. Determine the allowable compressive stess(S) using Longitudinal stiffener stiffener rings 15 not used, thes 1,500,000 Gere 02s in eee greed 500,000 oo is ASO VERT OD = 22.438 PSI = 025 + 0.04 = 0.29 i) ic iN)6 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS | DEFLECTION Towers should be designed to deflect no more than 6 inches per 100 feet of height ‘The deflection due to the wind load may be calculated by using the formula for ‘uniformly loaded cantilever beam. FORMULA y= Dd NOTATIONS dy ~ Maximum deletion (athe fp) i Wis the tower wh isle Mus lst pt engi of ves inled kit Bre ‘moment of inertia for thin cylindrical shell (hes R10) Mea ain ofthe toon i This of sky in = Wind piers st EXAMPLE Giver: Determine the maximum daflection: Ay Dy = 2h 6in : 50,000,000 _ PD, H (12HP 8, Din a ‘Er Br 03125 = 30 pst 30x 2.5 x 48 (12 x 48° rok Mee : [ we ~ 5 FO wOO,UDD = 1B x SF = OBIS = 013125 in one Lei saptee, ‘The maximum allowable deflection 6 inches per 100 fof height Since the atu deflection does not exceed this limit, the designed thickness ofthe skit sisfactoy. |x aetiod Tor caeutaing Secon, when lip icknes of he tower & not So fame Bn 8 SS Tang Shore Che Nthod for Caelting Tower Deno Hydrotarbon Processing November 1963, DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS COMBINATION OF STRESSES ‘The stresses induced by the previously described loadings shall be investigated in combination to establish the governing stresses, Combination of wind load (or earthquake load), internal pressure and weight of the vesse: Stress Condition At windward side + Stress due to wind ++ Scress due fo int, press. ~ Stress due to weight At leeward side Stress due to wind + Stress due to int. press. = Stress due to weight Combination of wind load (or earthquake loud), external pressure and weight of the vessel Stress Condition ‘At windward side + Stress due to wind ~ Stress due fo ext, press ~ Stress due to weight At leeward side ~ Stress due to wind ~ Stress due to ext. press ~ Stress due to weight The poste sins denote tension and the aeative sins denote compression, The summation ofthe steer lndiate whether tension Or compression is governing 1c js assumed tha wind and eathguake loads do ot occur simultaneous, thus the tower should be designed for ether wind or earhguae load whicheet is wear, Bending suess caused by excentiity shall be summarized with the steses resulting from wind or earthquake fod The stsses sal be eaculatd a the following locations 1. At the bottom of the tower 2 At th pint ofthe si to the head 3. AC the bottom hesd tothe sel joint 4. At changes of diameter or thes ofthe ves The srs furthermore sal be exanined inthe following condition: 1. During erection or dismantling ‘During test : 3. During operation Under these different conditions, the weight of the vessel and consequently, the stress conditions are also different. Besides, during erection of dismantling the vessel is not under intoznal or external pressure. For analyzing th jing the strength of tall towers under various loadings by this Handbook, the maximum stress theory has been applied,0 COMBINATION OF STRESSES (cont.) ‘The bending moment due to wind is decreasing from the bottom 0 the top of the tower, thus the plate thickness can also be decreased accordingly TTable’A and Figure B are convenient aids to find the distance down from the top of the tower for which a cortain thickness is adequate 7 a DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS EXAMPLE - A Required thickness of cylindrical shell under internal pressure and wind losé. DESIGN CONDITIONS = 2 ft Din inside diameter of vessel TABLE A, VALUES OF FACTOR m Since the longitudinal stress due to intemal pressure is one half of the circumferential stress, one half of the required wall thickness for internal pressure is avalable to resist the bending force of the ‘wind. From Table A, using factor m can be found the distance X down from the top tangent line within which the thickness ealce- lated for internal pressure salisfactory slso to resist the wind pressure, cea xX =Hxm 4, = The reqicedthikness for imeral pressure (Hoop Tension) in. LL 4. = The reauired thickness for wind pressure a the boom text Joint shel, in EXAMPLE p= 0238 in. 4, = O64 in ey, = 0.6400.235 27 100 # From Table = 0.43 and X = mit = O43 % 100 498 oe Figure B shows the moment diagram of & ower under wind oat resure, The digran can also be sed selet the ppropdae Plas thickness at various beet. - EXAMPLE i: ‘Ane eight of 0.711 the requited ickessis0.5 | Aes the shoes required the baton | oct —Ny IF the reuied thickness 3 forintemal prose, p= 0.280 in 3 foe wind fad, 1 = 01625 in Elast—— 28 the bottom reired 5 yee 0.750 in fy aught 0.71 S| ox 0.750 = 03min EI thickness for internal pressure 1/2 = 0.350 | required thickness at 0.71 = 0.500 in Biarosesarosorases no Fi Ratio of plate thickness required atthe bottom (42+ 4) to thickness requited at the consid =) 26 in, width of tomer with insulation, ete, 0.85 efficiency of welded joins 48 fe O in. length of toner 441.0 in, stance from the base o the bottom ead to shell oine = 250 psi internal pressure 30 psf wind pressure 12 in inside ead of vessel 5700psi sires vale of SA. 285 C materia a 200°F temperature v= Total shear No allowance for coeoson. D >, FE # by 7 BR R s Minimum requied thickness for internal pressure consiering the strength ofthe long seam PR 250 x 12 53.000 1 = Se 0am ~ TS7OO% 0.85 — 06 x 250 ~ 13,195 ~ 0228in. Minimur required thickness for interna pressure considering the strength ofthe girth seams: re 250 x12 3,000 SE + 04P ~ 2% 15,700 x ORS + 04 © 250 ~ 26,790 Requied thickness for longitudinal bending due 1 wind pressure. Moment at the base (§): Pex D/XHaV Xb =a 36 x 2.5 x 48 = 3,600 24 = 86,400 A Momest atthe bottom seam (Mp) My = M ~ hp WV ~ 05 PD, by} 86,400 ~ 4 (3,600 ~ 0.5 x 30 x 25 x 4) = 86.400"~ 13,800 = "72,600 fe, = 72.600 12 = 871,200 in, T, Reguited thickness ie 871,200 we T2005 Ben SE~ U2 x 3.14 x 15,700 x O85 ” G037,135~ 145 ‘The equie thickness calculated with the strength of the bottom girth seam: For wind pressure 0.145 in i. presoue 0.112 in, ont 5254.” This is greater than the thickness calelated with the strength of the longitudinal seam therefore, this minimor thickness0.257 in, shall be used ei aimole vescls where the moment du 19 wind i sal the above calesaton is sisting Nese which are subject larger loadings may nocd cleser investigation with respect sso 0 nomic viewpoints. See pages M84 fr sk, tase and anchor bolt design thes ne Seis MeEeCESTSETETTIITTTT bl sici i)———— DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS EXAMPLE B Require thickness cpindial shell under combined loadings of ner pressure, wind ang weight of tower xe, : rE Dest DaTa Eten | 8, 2 SS SAE cto, to Piping, we. E = DBS eciency of welded seam he = 4D antace from the base lo the bation bedi join. Ho AOD On, length of toner B= 190 psi inter pressure B, = 30 pit wind presore ® 5 “Top of Ladder 18 nine ai ef vee = 15700pst ress lve of SA28SC materia ac 2047 lerperre. v= Tash shee Heads 21 seamless eis Gq = Cicurfrence of tel onthe meta date in (Coroionatonanes nt reat) Minimum required thickness for internal pressure considering the strength ofthe longitu! seam of shell PR 190 x 18 ie SEO 7 TOON OBS OS TaD 7 02M In, Use 0.25 in, plate Minimum required thickness for intemal pressure considering the strength of he crcunfeen- tial seam of shel PR 150 % 18 te eg in 25E + CaP” 2X 15700 x O83 + OA x 15D ‘Minimum required thickness for head 2D 150 x 36 on par pe Sag 70003, WE — 02> 2x ISTO x GAS — 02 x 150” O7 Wind Load Bx Dy x vooxk = Vessel 303.5 x 100 = 10,500 X56 = $25,040 Platorm = 30x Blin. = 240 X96 = 25,040 Ladder 30 98 Tn. ft S40 x29 5 146,060 Tote shese T3680 aM = 69210048 Ib. moment at base ‘Moment atthe bottom hed seam (tf) My = M~ hy V ~ 03 P_Djhy) 692,100 — 4 (13680 ~ 0.5 x 30% 3.5 % 4) ~ 638,220 ft BM 12 x 638,220 7,658,640, EXAMPLE B (CONT.) The preliminary calculation of the required wall thickness shows that at the bottom approximately 0.75, plate is requited, to withstand the wind load end intern Dressure, while at the top the wind load ip not factor ‘and for internat pressure (hoop tension) only 0.25 plate 's satisfactory, For economical reasons itis advisable to Use different plate thicknesses at various heights of the tower. ‘The thickness required for hoop tension (0.25 in.) serves to resist also the wind load to a certain distance down from the top. Find this distance (X) from table A, Page 70 twitp * 0.564)0204 = 2.7 then X= 0.43 x H = 43 ft, From diagram B, Page 70. can be found the required thickness and length of the intermediate shell sections sing 8 A. wide plates, the vessel shal be constructed Total 36 ft, =e mee 7 7. ‘Tray supports 110 ie Opening 0 sy . we - = Say, 21,000 = nmap Wnt TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,0001, ("Reg SE” IP x 3.14 x 15700 x ORS ~ 13.583.556 ~ 164 For int, pressure 0.101 ‘Ty 0.750 in. plate forthe lower courses ” : 10.665, For weight of water content, see Page 430 eect DESIGNEXAMPLE B (CONT.) ‘Checking the reste with the preliminary calculated plate thicknesses Stress inthe shell atthe bottom head to shell joint Pate thickness 0.75 in PD. 130 x 36.15 ee Riwt 18,378? x 3.14 x 0.75 a ie poe | eee fae oom ends $= = 89 Gqi TSS & O75 [____COnBINATION OF STRESSES] INDWARD SIDE “EWA E TN EMPTY (ERECTION) CONDITION Stress due to wind + 9,640 | Stress due to wind 9,640 Stress due to weigh! "358 | Stress due to weight = —_'358 + 9,282 psi ="9,998 psi (Xo int. pressure during erection) IN OPERATING CONDITION Sires due to int press. + Stress due to wind Stress due to wind Stress due to weight Stress due to weight Stuess due to int. pres 17,085 psi 8,195 psi ‘The tensile stress 1,085 psi in operating condition on the windward side governs, The allowable stress for the plate material with 0.85 joint efficiency is. 13,545 ps. ‘Thus the elected 0.75 in. thick plate at the bottom of the vessel i salisactony. ‘Stress in the shell st 72 ft. down from the top of tower. Plate thickness 0.50 tn, Sess due to wind get er asx n= 790% %= mie Miten BL diate? 253.582 “Bas CS” Sos tach, Zi x82 ae Rasoae i 2 aaa Peeper mat 18,25? x 3,14 x 0.50 aa Sees el pse SSAA) a9 mua Tos ‘The calculation of stresses at the bottom head has shown that the streses on the windward side in operating condition govern and the effect of the weight is isi hifleant. Therefore without further calculation it can be seen thatthe tensile ste 10,140 ps does not exceed the allowable stress 13,345 psi Thus the selected 0.30 | sn." thiok plate i satsfactory | =] 15 EXAMPLE B (CONT,) ‘sees in the shell a 40 ft, down from the top of the tower. Plate thickness 0.25 in, Sess due to wind x PLxD, xX =v xe fae Shell 4.200 x 20 = 84,000 Patfoom = 0x36 = 8640 Ladder 30% 38a f= 1,140 x 19 = 21660 ‘Total Moment = 114,300 4-1, ge BM 12% 114.300 Ret ~ 1812s x34 x O25 ~ S316 ps Suess due to internat presse (As calculated previously) 1,837 psi Teal 7,153 pri ‘The 0.25 in, thick plate for shell at 40 ft. distance from top of the tower is satisfactory. No further caleuation is required on the same reason mentioned above76 n DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT. DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT A skint Is the most frequently used and the most satisfactory support for vertig, vessels. [tis attached ty continuous welding to the head and usually the required size ofthis welding determines the thickness of he skirt. Figures A and B show the most common type of skirt to head attachment, In the calculation of the required weld size the values of joint efficiency given by the Code (UW12) may beused. FORMULA, 2M, RSE” DaSE NOTATIONS D = Outside diameter of skit, in Enicieney of skirt to head joint. (0.6 for burt weld, Fig. A, 045 for lap weld, Fig, B) Moment at the skirt to head joint, ft Ib ‘Outside radius of skirt, Stress value ofthe head or skirt material whichever issmalle, ps, 1 = Required thickness of sir. in ee eats ee ene cae eee 1. An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cates 2, A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and other circumstances make it necessary W= Weight of the tower above the skirt to the head ow TABLE _B pint, in operating condition. NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS TABLE A a NOTE: Using extremely high skirt the stresses atthe Diameter of [Minimum | Maximum base may govern. To calculate the required thiekness of eee the skirt inthis ease the above formula can be used, tan [ER [Bean considering the moment and weight a the base; B= 1 BE | Reo gees qe : : 8 som a Te 42 to 54 5 8 60 to 78 2 2 eXAWILE %| ane EE Giver: the same vessel considered in Example B ee | ome ik] | 108 0 126 16 20 = 3750 Fal ous Bg] | 132 co 184 20 as E = 0.60forburtjoint 4, | ssi Lys ya eakz20n 6) 9699 ue R= 185i 14 0890 a a 14 | ose 13/8 | MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESSES FOR Determine the required skirt thickness 14} 1294 12 | | BOLTS USED AS ANCHOR BOLT 2M wey sis 1818 | [Specification Max. allow Forwind 6 a =0,736 in. ell tines ae Number | Diameter im. | stress psi. 2, | 2300 2 sA307_ [aildiameters | 15.000 w co a4| dino 819587 [24andunder | 19,000 Forweiaht: 1 5 staaE"STSKGTEISIOONOe —~2028in 4a) is SA193.B16 [2tandunder | 17.000 mess nae 2! aie $1918 7 [Over2t04 in. | 18000 tere de cea ae : 5.621 SAB B16 [Over 24 tod incl | 15,000 i and Sag Taine Bg Dx Je, Wey an on, 10%, We RR * For bolts with standard threads itor | DESIGNB p DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT (Approximate Method) DESIGN OF BASE RIN (Approximate Method) [A simple method forthe design of anchor bolts isto assume the bolts replaced by» continuous ring whese diameter is equal to the bolt cic, Formulas below are basod on the following considerations: (a eee | he aig re of as gin ze To dent a anes weno = 4 goad ofthe in bac ving sal sit the bending stress induced by wind or a Bolt Sa ao . FORMULAS. ‘Maxinvam Compression ‘Stress in Anchor fost Bolt ps. Se an ‘Approximate Wiath oF NOTATION, ARE Rag ‘Ay = Area witie the ott citle, sq i. S| Saeetee nee) Cy \ Circumference of bolt circle in oF Be Ring. Moment at the base duc to wind or earthquake, Ib Number of anchor bolts Maximum allowable stess valve of bolt mater Weight of the vessel during eretion, Ib ne Sess. pi 7 Bending Stress. ps ‘NOTATION EXAMPLE 4, = Area ofbase ring =0.7854 (D", D') sq, in ‘dk = Area within the skirt, sq in. C= Circumference on 0.D. of skit, in, Given ott circle = 30 in; then: Determine the size and number of required ‘f= Safe bearing load on concrete, psi. See Table F, on Page 80 a secre 1, = Ganiever sie or ouside, hichever greater, in & ims TIDE $6M00 5.00 sr yaa a 1 1.7 Binenlnsas shown onshech above (Pau dimension see Table M (86400 fL Ib. 7 4 a 7 Phe page a | : . = Sh ding meton i = Nom ease ue to wind carga, 1 §, 2 Buona tty 3, = ME 6655 its Welanet est ing opr or allowable stress value of 15,000 x 4 EXAMPLE the anchor bolt materisl. From Table A. Page 7 the 100t area of : RCSL mT Pa 77 Gen Daten nininun wthandcknes of See Tm Ee M6008. Pace teputy naan lig a) ; . fe Senne, 024 bots. Table F, Page 80 p=!2XB6400 , 7500 9 956 ‘Anchor bolts: (4) 24 in. 476 ~” oe Sayre bolt OD. of skint:24.625 in. Per 5, = AH 6 tame son 458i fm Tbe rs 77 te Sis he mea wb ce Bila and fri 35,00 tacked number od se Checking sss: 120529 1.601 : Use 1%. thick base'ring 3X30SXS°_ 10,167 ps Ls Bending Stress Ug SA 285 Cpl ng,15,200 plows sesso be en, Tha the with saalthckness ofthe bate ang ie noc i seses Soul he oe eandion so81 "| [besten OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING FORMULAS When a tower is under wind or earthquake load, onthe windvard de endo Valu f constant dimesiontos Stree artes inthe steel and on the opposite side Compressive stress in the conse ©) | qainessoaen foundation, Ie obvious then thatthe area of the bolting andthe area of the he eee eee ng sold. As the anchor belt aetna, the tase ng sea car | deceased. With the design method given here, the minimum requted anchor be cs ‘tea for a practical sizo of base ring can be found. The stength of the soc ot Spe se ste aus eb the conorete is diferent, therefore, the neuttal axis does not coincide wn biting eda the bl cee centerline of the skirt. Design procodne: Tenelondon anchor bots, Fld, 1, Determine the vale of 2 Gala the voquiee sce and numberof anche Bll Ses page 7 Table Tose ses in anchor Blt Su pl 3. Detrnine the nde sd ote meter oe 4, Check the sree in he anchor Batts aw |! ’ esa fo theese anther | foundation efi | 5. Ifthe deviation between th ainabic aot seal Stes too te, op ae Siegen done conc Pr 6 Calelate the Sas sng thickness 7 Use gusset plates, anchor chairs ot 4 Gemmesaes rigs fee concrote at fa oe compression ring if It ‘is necessary for betier . ine BOI icles fey es Lo" GaN, ‘tt dition inthe base ng a Sie Tenshi betwen teasion ate 7 camer : snd compreaicn a onerete San Bending mest pes Tenth often of = ini Siemaenne are pi acne who eos a g.900 | 342 | 0.750 | 0.500 = 1 ae a 7 Bu chs whe = ella ee He] oe Oe | ee NOTATION ties | 2a | Hee eee net & = The distance between gusset plates, measured on arc of bol circle in. 4880 | aba | 338 0.029345" | a.si9jit a, I area required for anchor bol in HG | ERS 00588%.8 | — opi CoG, = Constants, soe Table D on the preceding page 3 A) ie owns | auiszd 4° = Blane nha bol ces | ee) EB miata | ose b= Dimer f anchor bot ani i Big) Es a | ee 1,5 Comenie tet nie oe te oer gee Hn, fe | ae | ie oust ea | —ounsast Jig = Somprsine ses ne covers fe St cae 183 | E88) Sage 01s £8 | onset J Constant, see Table D on the preceding page or ee | “asi = trie, = width of he base tng. oT it Momeat athe hte du own eau of, whichever is areater, See Table Fon the grecedin sof Conrete For Mion x fn = My ot, whichever is reseding page oe = — ” Ratio of thodutus of elasticity of steel and concrete EsiEe. See Table nel sarees oe] | tomton on ti ae {= Radius of bot ccs fn Strength ps eee ae s Allowable tensile stress on anchor bolts, psi 1 ‘lowe 5] -ao0 Trooo [aoe oe $= Maximum allowable stess value of bate lie, pi Sean teat W = Weigh ofthe tower atthe hase soo | as | 150] 9308 = Constant. See "ble D on the pressing page. i ctor ol @] peDESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING EXAMPLE DESIGN DATA: DETERMINE: D. © 5,0, diameter af anchor bot circle “The size and cumber of 4 = Gin, diameter of anchor bolt circle. anchor bolts; = 10, ratio a modulus of elasticity of steel ‘The width and thickness and concrae (Table E, Page 80) of base ring f= 1,200 pa allowable compe strength of ‘concrete Cable E, Page 80) Lae 5 = 15,000 psi allowable suess value of base ring ra 5, = 18,000 psi allowable tensile stress in bolts W = 36,000 Ib. weigh ofthe rower M-= 692,100 fit, moment atthe base SOLUTION: Assume B in. wide bee ring and compressive stress atthe bol ciel, fog = 1,000 ps Liege ‘Then the constants from \ ; ass mea tee ET ve 5. 1+ go @ lise wh ox 1,006 loz P= 0427 “This sin sutficiest pee 1,008 psi ment with the assumed ale off, = 1000 ps Bid _ aq 2X 0:35. 60 ga gt MT 035 <0 x8 fe Reguited sea of anchor bolts IM — Wad g ng 12 x 62100 ~ 36,000 x 0.427 X 60 _ C547 9759 x 1 M00 x 0783 x GO Using 12 anchor boks, the rquized roo area for one Bolt 23.9012 = 1958 in From Table A 1% in, diameter bolt would be satisfactory but adding % in. fr corrosion, tse (12) -2 in, diameter anchor Boks. ‘Tensile load on the anchor bolts 8, x 0.427 x $ ais = 157,150 th ‘Tensile sess inthe anchor bolts E 157.150 Se TG = ATH KTH = 17.960 ps 2, 30 LS" Sax ew 7 01st Compressive load onthe concrete: ly = 1 ~ ¢, = 80 = 0.125 = 7.875 in 193.150 TRS FWX 0.1730 XT 430 psi DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING EXAMPLE (Cont) | “checking value ofkwhich was ealeuated with assumed values of f= 1,000 psi and cee ‘Then the constants from 4 “rs nfs 10X430 592,100 ~36,000 X 0.451 XS 0718 XS = 157,192). 157,192 125 X30 X 2.685 5,624 psi Fon B+ W=157,192+36,000~ 193,192 I, E 193,192 Jaren yrC, TRIE VOX 0.125)50X 118A 96 PS Compressive stress in the anchor bolts: = Ws = 10X 596 5,960 psi ‘Compressive stress in the concrete at the outer edge of the base ring: 2X019X6048, 88x SX0.19 X60 805 psi Requived thickness of base ring 1) =6 in = STTS=6 | RE =2 406 0 To decease the thickness of th base rng, use gusset plates. ‘Using GA) eusset pats, he distance beeen fhe gusts: 6 lt 15H =a 0.764 from TableF: Mage My= 0.196 1? 0.196 X 805 X 6 5680, X50. ‘a= RS Gpp 15076 in, Use 1 in thick base plate,a ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS “The chairs are designed for the maximum load which the bolt can transmit to them, ‘The anchor bolt size and base plate shall be calculated as described on the fore going pages. All contacting edges of the plates shall he welded with continuous fillet weld. The leg sine of the filet weld shall be one half of the thinner joining plate thicknere FIELD WELDED. Go: DIMENSIONS inches ) Arco | a 8 c > E F e 1 fae | os | 2m | te | a | an Tr a 158 \ | oie joa 3 | ae} om fo 1B we | am | 4 | 3 se Jo re Wa | 2m ) 4 | 3 ste | ive 2 [elt aes se fie 28 pa | am | os | 3m | am | un aie re | 2 | os | ave | am | ue Dp 2 pa | 5 | ain | 36 | 136 an ae | 3 6 | 4 1 Ba | De an fam | 6 | 4 1 2 3 am | aim | oo fs We | A 3h 3 pa | or | 3 We | 2a aie ‘The above table ig taken from Scheiman A.D, Short Cuts to Anchor Bolting ond Base Ring Sizing Petroleum Refiner, June 1963. NOTES eeeSTRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY SADDLES ‘The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on LP. Zicks analysis presented in 1951, The ASME published Zick’s work (Pressure Vessel and Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers to the analysis of Zick. The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with slight modification and further refinement. Ziek’s work has also been used in different studies published in books and various technical periodicals The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972) A horizontal vessel on saddle support acts as a beam with the following devis- tions: 1, The loading conditions are different for a full or partially filled vessel 2. The stresses in the vessel vary according to the angle included by the saddles. 3. The load due to the weight of the vessel is combined with other loads, LOADINGS: 1. Reaction of the saddles. It is a recommended practice to design the vessel for at least a full water-load. Internal Pressure, Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one ball of the cizcumfrential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thickness is available to resist the load of the weight. Extomal Pressure, If the vessel is not designed for fall vacuum because ‘vacuum occurs incidentally only, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especially when the vessel outlet is connected to a pump, |. Wind Load. Long vessels with very small vt values are subject to distortion rom wind pressure, According to Zick “experience indicates that a vessel designed to | psi. external pressure can successfully resist external losds ‘encountered in normal service.” >. Impact Loads. Experience shows, thet during shipping, hardly calculable impact loads can damage the vessels. When designing the width of th saddles and the weld sizes, this circumstance is to be considered. LOCATION OF SADDLES: rhe use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economically over the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stffener-rings is necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the location of openings, sumps, etc, in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the ease, then the saddles can be placed at the statically optimal point. Thin walled vessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize the siiffening effect of the heads. Long thick walled vessels are best supported ‘tere the maximal Longitudinal bending stress atthe saddles is nearly equal to the stress at the mid-span. This point varies with the contact angle of the sadles. The distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be more than 0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L) Contact Angle @ The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120°, except for very small vessels. (Code Appendix G-6). For un-stiffened cylinders under extemal pressure the contact angle is mandatorily limited to 120° by the ASME Code, (UG-29), Vessels supported by saddles are subject to 1. Longitudinal bending stress 2. Tangential shear stress 3. Circumferential stressree 89 ee — STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES - ator | Oi Coat on oma aa t NOTES R = Radius of shell a ee Ga fee ae ° Daliteetabe z| if - . z ee i {Al E = Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ring material, pound per square inch.| ae K = Constant, See page 30.” } 2 6 = Contact angle of tate degre g I eae a Z| ne maximum bending es Sy may be te enon or compreion j SI computing the tension stress inthe formula for $y, for factor K the values of ; LA, Roe Ba) Ky shail be used. - BEGg2)| go Computing the compression stress in the formula for $), for factor K the values g Oaft-—E EEE }) ao Ss te do 3) fk shal be wee : nti srtsane'tt| , | 2) when the sel is stitfened he valu of factor K = 3.14 in the formula for Sy. | F Fe oo /| sruactsemed | 12 ; & ie TER Gg | ain fem. : 5] The compression stress is not factor in a steel vessel where t/R 50,005 and the 2 S00 note on facing age tn compraion the ses duet | vessel is designed to be fully stressed under internal pressure z {8-2 ‘Seg sresurymigus tal nat I Use stttener ring if sivess $1 exceeds rhe maximum allowable stress i z Be] oft ee .\| Be ee enor a Spe \fet| Sia 4 § |e ere aE s2( Elem - nico : UC wear plate i ed n formulas fr Sp forthe thickness t, may be taken the ! ce] sim of the set and wear pate thickned, provid the wearpas extn Rt I ee ec : a Spam nat excend 08 tne te 2S] tw unstitfened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle, Whom ElgE) atu fn | the head sttinese 1s wiized by locating the saddle clow to the Resa, the : 2 a B| tengential shear stress can cause an aéeitional stress (S3) in the heads, "This i 2(2 ba, Sp pases du to intra ae} | Bl Sree shal be added tothe sen the eae due to mses rans é Sllowable tense stews val of bee | When stiffener rings are usod, the maximum shear occurs at the equator. fi ble, i oom x } 28s] fo 828s NOTE: Use formula with fctor Kp | zee | ae ee eee IC yea pay se forms for Sq fo he gueinan 1 pay be kon ie a Ina edo suf lS spe ltnes an io eG sa / B | aie Ba in lane a va] extends R10 Inches above the hors of the saddie sand’ ACR). The sombnea 5 [ERS 7 Ey} ghetniinta nes tte top dquo te wou pte shoul alee Se Sock Hl — | Wherein his ong ssh elal iADTTSHI RG 28 | sy sha not exceed 150 times te a @ = centalanale ofthe weer plate but not more Z [ele] ada Allowable Tensle sires vaue oF fo than the included angle of the saddle plus 12° Ee ets] ee eat lat is uted, in formulas for Ss for te thickness ty may be taken the S /elE| sade]. og izk,on sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the width of the wear ELS E[ [raster EE at ot acs, 5 ab area a oe & tee 5 Psat ote toadaed {othe en pret or ahen, | neat Seximum napcomprcaion’ fat the bottom of shel Sor SVR) Meatiener ring ithe ‘circumferential bending stress execeds the maxim)90 -—__ STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO. ‘SADDLES _ i VALUES OF CONSTANT.K (laterpolate for Intermediate Values) ‘°K, = 3.14 if the shel is stiffened by ting or head (A < RI/2) contact] ANGLE | Ky | Kp | K3 | Ke | Ks | Ke | Ky | Kg e 120 | 0335] aan o.s80 | 0.401 0.760 | 0.603 122, | 0345) 11139 046 | 0.393 0753 | oo 124 | 0355) 1108, 0813 | 0385 0.746 | 0634 126 | 03665] 1.078, 0781 | 0377 0738 | asi 128 | 0376) 1.050 0.251 | 0369 0.732 | 0.669 130 | 0387) 1022 0.722 | 0382 0.726 | 0.689 132 | 0308] 096 0.694 | 0.385 0.720 | 0705 134 | o4o9| 0971 0867 | 0.347 one | 7m 136 | 0.420 | 0.946 oat | 0.340 0-708 | 0.740 138 | 0.432 | 0923 oe16 | 0334 0.702 | 0.759 140 | 0.443 | 0.900 | 9.319 | 0.592 | 0327 0.697 | 0.780 142 | 0.455 | 0879} For | 0569 | 0320] see | 0.692 | 0796 144 | 0.467 0.858} Any | 0547] 0.314] chart | 0,687 | 0813 146 | 0.480. 0837| Con. | 0526 | 0308| on | 0.682 | 0881 148 | 0.492 | 0.818 | Tace | 0.505 | 0301 | facing | 0.678 | 0853 150 | 0505 | 0.799 | Angtes| 0.485 | 0.295] page | 0.673 | 0876 é 182 | 0.518 | 0.781 0.466 | 0.289 0,669 | 0.894 154 | 0531 | 0.763 0.448 | 0.283 oes | 0913 186 | os44 | 0.746 0430 | 0.278 Oe! | 0933 188 | 0387 | 0729 0413 | 0.272 0.657 | 0954 160 | 0571 | o713 0.396 | 0.266 0.654 | 0976 162 | 0585 | 0.608 0380 | 0.261 0.650 | 0994 164 | 0.599 | 0.683 0365 | 0.256 0.647 | 1.013 166 | 0613 | 0.668 0350 | 0.250 0.643 | 1.033 168 | 0.627 | 0.654 0336 | 0.245 0.640 | 1.054 170 | 0.642 | 0.640 0240 0.637 | 1.079 172 | 0.657 | 0.627 0.235 0.635 | 1.097 174 | 0672 | o6i4 0.230 0.632 | 1.116 176} 0.687 | 0.601 0225 0,629 | 1:37 178 | 0.702 | 0589 0.220 0,627 | 1.158 180 | o718 | 0577 o2is 0.624 | 1.183 YVALUES OF CONSTANT K, STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO . SADDLES VALUES OF CONSTANT Ky aos 003 aor oor 7 a RATIO AIR ) 1 20STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY TWO : SADDLES SuDOLES EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS (Cont ; loved 5 Den Da ap [Re cance rom tng ine TANGENTIAL SHEAR STRESS (3) oe tthe comer of adde b = 2m minor tae sie A 8/2 (6/2), te aplile ome 2 dh depo dh of nad KjOl L=24)_ 1101 x 0ne00 {960 = 2.x = Sn tng of vo tnt, s 7 : E> 90, ung of vend anon ieee (Sareea a Q = Sono, toad on one sae | Se doesnot eed he ress save of sll mates mip y 04:20000 X 08 tee le then of ae Neo0e ps | = 120deg. contact angle Srauamen Sasie TO pate Mtowtte tse 17.00 pi CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS ‘ad pln 38 00 pi | Soe Btteneye 088 suet st he hor of sale td See gays ete, A) > 2/2 (72, he appl formu i Sy 2 {| "Fie SMR) 3 LONGITUDINAL BENDING STRESS (S.) 8/60 = 0.8; K = 0.036 (from chart) AIR =48/60 = 0.8; .036 (from char) i Stress atthe saddles 100,000 50.036 300,000, | oe 6+ 300.000. 30,000 psi 4 : Se FET Ga + 156 VOR 2 ne 1-44, Rai fe et i q Spe beindAL 3 "3x 8 x 90 ‘Ses not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 15; 20,000% 1.5 eg) orca “a,o0 ne “3.98 tres at bottom of shell (4) KRG, . TRS RT ae : oS STOR ‘ Suess at midspsn 0.160 x 300,000 ‘ Spa 70-760 300,000 26,319 pl (R= 8 Tie + 156 JOT) +2 t @ be ae 5s does not exceed the compression yield point multiplied by 0.5; 38,000 = 0.5 i it 1a = 19,000 ps s;=—>—_3)_1.___ 3x oS aR, S18 x60 x1 aoa es due to ternal pressure 0X60 45 Steess due to imernal XO 7500 psi ‘The sum of tensional stresses: 4959 ~ 7500 12,459 psi Iedoesnot exceed the stress value othe girth seam: 20,000 0.85 = 17,000 psi Compression stress isnot a fctor since /R > 0.008; 1/60=0.017STIFFENER RING oo FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY STIFFENER RING SADDLES FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS Ring, SUPPORTED BY SADDLES | Y er sti te of VALUES OF CONSTANT, K iy ae rah te (Interpotae for Intermediate Values) o Rone ofa in f ei se pt Connotea eae 5 : | ° Comacinue: donee Mpg fe | laters Valetens | ole NOU | te MAX, STRESS FORMULAS Kis K eee a 2 Be zt cal sus Kn 3} os | 037 | cs | 025 | om | om Compression NOTES. ae Shel 1p Haures & formlls AF positive signs denote tensile stesses and nega | Soren tive sign denote compression 2 The first pat of he formule fr, gives he direct stress and the second noon par gives the cieumirestit beading ses | Siete : | 3. Ifthe goyerning combined stress is tensonal, the stress due to intrnal Sic i | ae i pressure EA shall be ade Sean ge B0Kioon | EE Tip of the Re ae CALCULATION OF MOMENT OF INTERIA ()) 4 2 1. Determine the width of shell that is effective to resist the circumferential bend- ings 3 ingmament The effective with = 1 564Rys 0-785, on bah sides of siffener Shorea 3 7 ane 5 e orn 2 2 Divide the stifener ring into rectangles and ealeulte the areas (a) of each Beene 2 rectangle, including the area of shel] connection within the effective width Ef a ‘Ad he areas (2) tal area = Ring inigs a 3. Multiply the areas (a) with the distances (2) from the shell to the center of Src ate : Sa 3 traviy ofthe rectangles. Summarize the rests and denote all A” Eat 3 eee trea the 7 si ® Tete 3 tothe neuttal axis C= 22 Re : 2 A Seine he dances (9) fom te neal nso he cn of ity of worst — | an outside 3 tach rectangle of te stiffener, || Giteusor | 6 Ko koe | 5 : ap) see Sel oo KO KOR |G 6 Multiply the square of cistances 7%) by the arsas () and summarize the cue BY | oo 3 results to obtain AI? sag, 8 2 Sis 23 1. alate he moment of vei ig oF each rectangle f= 4, whee = he ye= Ring ae 23 wid and d= the depth ofthe rectangles Eee Stree atthe 24 e : i Stall 5 8 The sumof 4H? and 2g gives the moment of intertia of the stiffener ring and Tig Te Hy the effective ares ofthe shel a reat ze eons TOP] pattie 5s See example clelations onthe fllowing pages beSTIFFENING RINGS Moment of Inertia 2) — Example Calculations STIFFENING RINGS Moment of Inertia (F) —Example Caleulations I= AH? + Ig 15.64 + 9.02 = 24.66 in. i {All dimensions in inches — R= 72 in. outside radi of shell) (All dimensions in inches — = 72 in, ouside radius of shell) A sae a 1 = 0.78\Rd CJ aya 7 = 0.78 \RA~ oo es 0.18 VIE T3=4.68 4 ae Ore wate Os 5a.68 1s £ Hol Ssute 62 AREA le Fy } AREA Ig, a4 aq BS fe | Yeh 9.860.579 ios ina a bid} 9.86 «0.55 _, 4 44 ei Le i in, g bid} 9.8605" 9 193 ;n, Ait sj Ghsea IF RE |S [AREAQie Ey 3) sumuts, EA) lod osee 7 ds: A A) |B 9 00 in AREAQ Ie be BREAQ I ind 0.56 6 99 inf ret raae) 9 Me & x6 2 rd? 4X05 9 oyint 12 0% = Tr" 7 WARE A p WARK OF] AREA any h ie axh | be : ore ee |e ee |e mee T+ y i e | aKeas |_—a 5 eee (eae [ass | 02s [123 [299 [se [35a 0.0 1 ass [702s [7133 [133 | 2 [300 [3.50 | tas“ s6| “82 [2.76 9.00 2 300 [350 | 1030 | 202] 40s | 228 | 3 200 | 6.75} 1350 | 421 | 1272 | 38.48 | 0.08 Tort | #1 | — [aru] = — a= 19 | 79.10 roa | 4-993 | — es ee MID Ig = 19.68 49:10 = 28.78 int co Me BBS au r= ai ig = 64034 9.14~ TBITInd Bi = onset Ee teas = 08 11.56 Vd; = [a 2 arto 11.56 VRdi p= On Fax 028- — 2 "aero F025: i 2—_ EBs 1.36 V72x025=6.618 —_ al ae a AREA lg _| AREA Ig alia SE Eel bal istaxo2s Ee yd} _ 13.7 =| oh ee pee Shaky | GIS) AREA@ Je | LE AL] 2. 0506 _ 9.00% ule dH Z AREAO Ig wie bg 8025" _ 0.01 int _— po > | a wanes | ania i ag leery or amass lis »_| ey 1 3a [om | os | 29 [ om | mo | om @ | 36 | os | os | tas | an = z aoc _[ 3250 978 | oss | 028 | om | 900 @® | 30 | 320 | 9% | wom | 2 | a | 900 A 20] a5 1278 | 366 | tan | 2680] 000 ore eT] eae Tanta sca| =. Tort | a-saa] — =| = [a= s075 |e 9.76 in I= 4H? + Ig=50.73 + 9.03 =DESIGN OF SADDLES EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION (OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS ist resist the horizontal force (F). The effective Toad is one thitd of the vessel radius (R). | | Tre dat te owe ection Tas att ibe ade resi is K,.Q, Where Q= the load on one sade, Is FeRy Were 8S onstat as ablated. se sverage srs sal wotexceedtworhirdsofite compression et pt ote Taare example below) —VRLUES OF CONSTANT Be T_T] 180" banal ae Te Ta] oe | agian ae tet [298 | EXAMPLE: Diameter of vessel ‘Weight of vessel = 375,000 Ibs. Q= 187,500 ibs. Saddle material: SA 285 C Web plate thickness = 0.2: Contact angle = 120° 204 from table above 7 inches x= 0.204 187,500 = 38,250 Ib . To esis this force the effective area of web plate = R/S x 0.25 = 4.25 im 38,250/4.25 = 9,000 Ibs. per square inch. “The allowable stress = #4 x 30,000 = 20,000 psi plate is satisfactory for horizontal force (F) sist longitu ‘The thickness of the web 2, The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to Fe nal bending over the web. ekting, tp) (nn) od EXPANDING VESSEL fo CONTRACTING VESSEL For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one on the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this saddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length of the slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement. ‘The coefficient of Linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree F 0.000067. ‘The table below shows the minimum length of the slot, Dimen- sion "'” caloulated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 70°F and the indicated temperature. When the 's more than 3/8” inch long, e slide (bearing) plate should be used. When the vessel is supported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof shect at least 1/4" thick isto be applied between the shell and the saddle. MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. ey | bento FOR TEMPERATURE OF med | Spouse Ep | 30] 109200] 300] 400 | S00] 600 | 700 | 00 | 900 xo [ofo] of wal ais) ae] aval sis] aia) ays] 3|s 20} of ols) 378) syal aja] | vrs }i.aya|13¢8 ai8 30 fare{uysj3ia] s/8| 7/eh-as| tie) s/8| 3/82 ae 40 |ay4}iye|3/8) 3/4} a-1/s]1-1/2} 1-778] 2-1/8 2-3/8 | 24/2 ° so |s/s|iis lial | raya|is/s| 21/3] 2si8]3 [3.3/8 le wath or | 6 |3/8]1/4|5/8|i-1salxs/a}2-1/8} 2-3/4] 3-1/8] 3.5/8 41/3 these} 70 Yaya] asal3is taps) a-7ys}2-u/2| 31/8] 3-5/8 Jara | 4-s/s the ian'og "| 80 [1/2)3/8|3/s|i-1/2|24yl2-7/s} 3.5/8] 4-1/8] 47/8 |5-¢8 6 45, ‘The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the b a 100 |s/s|3/8 mcherboes | 90 |s/8[3/8}7/8)1-3/4|23/s]31/4]4 | 4-sis|s.3)8 % 1 fi-7/8}2-5/8 [3.5/8] 4.1/2] 51/8]6 65/8}SADDLE FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS SADDLE —_—_—_ ria <[& [8 [rie ap Yee] pe oa re +f afos[ «to [x |» [= | ame + [4 [os ° % | — | s0000] Ta [aos 0 ar i 44 4 | 06 o hes | aha foop a bop ep a] | ateter Le tot« [x Hi 4 | 6 | om [o tbe fos [eto Ls fosl Lo sano zLefos [ufo Toon . «6 Loos} a To i300 ‘The design based on: Pe eee ae 4 1. the vessel supported by two sudales a | a 21. toresisthorzontal fave (F)duetothe maximum operating weight oes efi pea e fo fe [| op aan as tabulted erp pe fo Pe Dae pom 3. the maximum allowable stress is 24 of the compression yield point: 26 of éiulelxtelslile 30,000 = 20,000 psi. 6{nie x» |[o|% i = 4. the maximum allowable load on concrete foundation 500 psi. ae 0 % i i the minimum conte’ angle of sland sale 120 «frp pre mi éfufuolx fr px i i Weld: 4" ecninuous fillet weld ll contacting plate edges cfu faa Ta Tse Drill and tap 14" weep holes in wear plate. se mL eT TA/ coca ‘Atthe sliding saddle the nuts ofthe anchor bolts shall be hand-tight and secured onli Ge acca eet gi | room by tack weleng Lae TT sa 3 [is Lt [Pe [36000 Tis a ote fso fa pe | «| | an a [me fea pm [apa Px Pe samo o tm [aa | im [2 1 % % | 896000] 9 a | m [2 i % % | 940000] i= ma re sci SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENSIONS 2 a 7 a {ikl 3 me bb borane eeSTRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT NOTATION: Weight of vessel, pounds Nymber of legs Load on one leg, pounds Radivs of head, inch = Lever arm of oad, inch Dimension of wear plate Stress, pound per square inch Wall thickness of head, inch = Factors, see charts = VAB, inch Radius of circular wear plate, inch ° 1.82¢ R LONGITUDINALSTRESS: 5,29, [cos cos = =0.800 S o.10ff P= 100 psi, internal pressure 7 Head material 54 51570 0.05 4 Allowable stress value: 20,000 psi |_| doinceicieney-0.88 — ‘Yield Pint 38,000 psi 0 Factors K (see charts): aeenaa Ss S S | ee Soccoae = cf a De C-VAB=NTS%15~ 15inch BOF Ky, & Ky eee o-192 $f Foi § | ee 030 K,=0.025 ———— o10 © Kev0022 Ky =0010 0.60 LONGITUDINAL STRES 1.) Maximum tensile stress: 0.50 ' = 2 n 2 eos atk, +6K3)+ 2 Fon Bfowseeorreg Xs] 030 5, 1p 0.20 | & 0.10: 2 ‘The stress due to internal pressure: | PR 100%100_ 0 Peer aielte eee ageesorn Ss 2 i SSssii2 a 4 2 | | sme sum of tensional stresses: VALUE OF Ky, & Ky 7.634 + 2.778 = 10412psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 « 0.85 = 17,000 Sega ee eee a es eee eee eee gs Gee see sea ee aces estes tees ee Pic] sy107 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT. EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG EXAMPLE CALCULATIO! 2.) Maximum compressional stress 5, ~& [cos(-x,-0K) + HY Eek, oK,] 220 90° [0 s00(-0065-6- 0030)» GV AY 0065-6 00 = 17,044 psi The stress due to internal pressure PR _100«100_ |, 2 BTS” + 2778 pst ‘The sum of stresses: 17.044-+2,778 =~ 266 psi i does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 » 0.85 17,000 psi Circumferential stress: 1) Maximum tensile sess Perec Kye ony + Hof E = 2022! [os00(-0020-6+0.010)+ 5 VTE -o02r16x0010)] 2849p ‘hey dt ena pee Be Fe ae repel ‘The sum often sas SBS SIH EET pi I doesnot exceed the sues vali ofthe gh seam 20,000 » 0.85 = 17,000 psi 55-8 [eoreksn ony + HE 1-089] 200.2" [0.200 (~0.020-6«0.010) + 755-4 102 ¢..022-6x 0.010) i00V 13 5,837 psi The stress due to internal pressure: “PR 100x100, 9 on BRO 100 78 pss The sum of stresses 37 #2778 = ~ 3,059 psi It does not exceed the siress value ofthe girth sean 220,000 % 0.85 = 17,000 psiLEG SUPPORT STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT Notch out angles to clear seam vxsrienen sneexe SHELL aie = NOTATION: 2A, 2B = Dimensions of wear plate a) W = Weight of vessel, Ib $= Stress, pound per sq. in n= Number of lugs Wall thickness of shel, in SECTION AA Ww shape factor, see table @ = 7% = Load on one lug, Ib eens = Radius of shel, in H = Lover arm of load. in LONGITUDINAL STRESS: H KR D R eee ( cu + 6H VESSEL VESSEL ‘ANOLE T Ww ee CH 21.17 + BIA) HA DIA [wean wax | “Sve | ate a T [NOTE:In tension plus the sess et internal pressure PR/2 shal ot exceed so sor seas | se the stress value of shell material times the efficiency of girth seam, ae a sor i wor sasxae « = ‘CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS: 7 wer | exec ? _ 5 = 2 ( oki + ot ) Cet few | seen wo e 7.0" ‘i + 70" NOTE: In tension S, plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall not exceed 7.6 ee 6x 6"x5:8 ror the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5.10 ut STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT tel \y 0 i} 0.20 eee i VALUE OF ; VALUE OF K,m2 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT 3 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT VALUE OF K, 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 WN Se ol St S 0 = 005 tts vaweork, — (C4D) [enaceleen eee: G G G i 50 0.72 1,03 0.95 107 100 || 0.68 1.02 097 1.06 eo ||Pon| eoed 1.02 18 1.05 300 [| _0.60 102 110 oe 50 i I 7 | 1 |. ee 4 1 P01 1 1 | 300 1 F 1 r 0] a | | 100 11s 1.07 0.81 089 | | | 300 |[ 1.50 0.90 079 079 VALUE OF Cna STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS, DESIGN DATA W = 1,200,000 tb. weight of vessel n= 4 number of Ings Ww _ 1,200,900 ey 4 R = 90 in, radius of shell H = 5 in, leverarm of load 24 = 30 in, 2B = 30 in, dimensions of wear plate 1m 1.5 in, thickness of shell p= 100 psi internal pressure 300,000 Ib. toad on one lug Shell material: SA - 515-70 ‘Allowable stress value 20,000 psi Yield point 38,000 psi Joint Efficiency: 0.85, Shape factors C, (see table) 2 iA = a= B= 60, BIA = C= === 10 5115) = 1.0 ‘The factors K. (see charts) ee ee ‘ pons my 67, Rn = Be K, = 28, K,= 0.025, Ky =68 Ky ~= 0.021 Longitudinal Stress: on, D e aoe | Tarren) 300,000 x 5 . aos x90, Sm ouerx om x is (1X?8* 6 Tats SO er Oe 1705 pal ZI + 8) 5x 15 Stress due to iovemal pressure: : : PR __100x 90 The sum of tensional stresses: BH Tax 1s 77 OO psi 11,795 + 2000 = 14,795 psi Ik does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 20,000 x 0.85 = 17,000 pi ‘Circumferential Stress: oH KR sins RE (oy e6- BA) 300,000 x 5 021 x 90 = 2S _ (1 x 69 +6 XM) 7 Se> Gaara Ts (1 * 68+ 8-F yg) = sts Stress due 10 intemal pressure: PR = 100. 90 — so09 p55 : rs ‘The sum of tensional stresses: 10,616 + 6000 = 16,616 psi It does not exceed the stress value of shell materi multiplied by 1.5: 20,000 X 1,5 = 30,00016 a7 AIS SUREOEL, FORUNINSUILAI LUG SUPPORT FOR INSULATED VESSELS ' | i, f a) ea a 4 : i Ls al ‘ a once odie | | t 4 aber eat th | & hy | oor 1 5 hh 7 L es ts : vg Lt. 1 | We ‘Nisin Allowable DIMENSIONS WeigneF w Leadon Ones, Orel, ae anne ie bs tteto[etalely[s[o Ls. [Maximus attowabid DIMENSIONS [ween of F Load on One [> : Pe ee Ose 1.400 mata a lo] x [0 [ae [au L Lug, Ls, : ” | 2200 Jon [ 3 [5% [of [2 Pe [rt 2 1406 Be ie is we atl | i lew lone [ae ae] a a 2,200 6 [5 [su[% [sa] un 9 5,600 m|s%| oat o[w [i [a Tu [ x 9 y TW | ey uly 5 [300 Taf i foe Af | 6 aon m7 | m [wn fine] fon |e | «| 5.600 fio] ax [on fon | om wt %] 28 Taam % [ex | om | 17 [rel 1 tm bm Pu Poe 9,000 [12ehroxfinalian|ranl 1 fiom) % |e 38 22,000 wo | 9% [10m [1s 71% | % 45 $4,000 fis%|ia] ian] 17 fi7%| 1 [ale De 7 aeaon aaa (ioe | oll % 80 22900 si! 13 [13% [ign fie 26 ramen celal ie laa 2 Pele |e |L__ 36,000 | 7 fiare|isvsl 22 frave 16 aes re4)isw| a7 %| 13 [fe | ais 56,000 [2718/28] 29 [a reve] | a 235 ian we lim} isn 2 | u [5 [% [260 | _90.000__ |a2xfasvfisv]sis|zam| | a8 | |» | aes : 140,000 |2svi|20%, 21|sa%4]35%] 2 [a] nln 42 All dimensions are in inches Al dimensions are in inches Stresses in vessel shall be checked Use wear plate if aecessary — Stresses in vessel shall be checked, Use wear plate if necessary EE119 us LIFTING LUG i LIFTING ATTACHMENTS (i SHACKLE a ih == | 1D Lue | =t = Di = ULLAL \ | VESSEL WEIGHT | D - R u - ‘WELD dis ay | am | am | om [am MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF LIFTING LUGS USING SHACKLE 12,000 T % 1% 5 Shgckle| Hole Sheared | Relled = : ele © | gga |S Bee Bie | Gar | tem of 20,000 1h ale 6 0 é BS fog ) mb | gy A B aa 30000 vm ft [me To | s [aot 3 [ao rn | snd Th mila) | # Toso 38 te | 36 [73 37 23 neti] | 82 |e tae Vis 70:00 2 ms piel ee a er TZ : 35 a a re p07 oon oa ieee |e Teo a | ns | a | Ys P22 150,000, cl m% 5 10 16 oe 6375 | 7/8 i 119 15s 1-3/4 1-1/4 | 2.25, t Be i (ee is 131 170 22 | 259 200,000 aor lne 2) oe) 38 | , (oop aso 19s fa [15/8 [394 . 38 iaaoo aya 1.3/8 -|_1.63 [22 1613/4 13.06 75 a 3 3 = 2500000 ies 2 nee ee uaa ee 16500 [138 [ 217s [28 6 re 136 1,000 4% mm He 4 » 20000 [1-1/2 1-5/8 1.38 2.45. 2 14.06 = BBO [Se | ae PUI [aIy Lan 1 32350, 2 21/8 2.25 2393 25/8 [4.75 1. Alldimensionsare in inches. aso [zie [238 | 286 [3.33 3 [525 2. The design is based on conditions: sa000 [2-1/2 | 2-5/8 [281 | 3.6 Zi4 [6.00 ees eeacan Sre00 | 2382-18 | 294 [382 9/16 7.00 8. Sinimum tensile strength oflug material 70,000 psi i |Paiooo 358 S76 _| 378 [B61 ©, Direction offoree isin the plane of lugs. sroo0 [S14 33/8 $718 Lea 19.74 4, Use wear plat if necessary to eliminate buckling due to normal or sudden ns veges ‘A dimensions in inches |ee 0 m a LIFTING ATTACHMENTS (cont.) SAFE LOADS FOR ROPES AND ' CHAINS RECOMMENDED MATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivalent. The thickness, 4 ! ‘and length of the lifting lug shal rermined by caleulatc “The stress in copes and chains under Lond is ineresing with the reduction of the th of te ing lu hl be determined by ee ag se noe soar ge mma stowed a | Hl WELD: When fillet wolds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be at ange hal be reduced proportionally to the increased stes. A | WELD: Moen tna he eo seta ae ofthe bp ra If the allowable load for a single vertical rope is divided by the coseeant of the ‘To design the lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one IB ge between one side of the rope and the horizontal, the resuit wil indicate ‘Al posible ection of lading should be considered (during shipment, storage, dhe allowable Toad on one sige of the incned sng rection, handing.) When two or more lugs are used for multileg sling, the a fle between each leg of the sling and the horizontal should be assumed to be 30 cans degrees, ‘The allowable load for a rope in vertical postion is $000 Tb. If the rope applied BYE - BOLT pee aitiue of 30 degrees, in this postion the allowable lord on one side wil Bt Soodtooseeant 30 dog. = 8000/2 = 4000 1b. For the two-rope sling the tote — Thveadedfestners staller | BBRGGE2Simes 400 #00 Te abe shows he oud ewig capt than 5/8” daneter should atowabl oe di ifn pouon- Muli with (be factors sown i x not be used for lifting ‘the table the allowable load for a certain rope or ‘chain, the product will indicate bd ‘because of the danger of the allowable load in inclined position. | overtoruing during sem Ww Commercial eyebolts are | ee eer acrORS TO CALCULATE SAFE LOADS FOR ROPES AND CHAINS i ing strength in the X —T YT recon ] | For losing ote than slong ‘i | A> te nis of te opel, ths | | A2a| dim flowing aig reo. wsdolt These xpesed _—_— weeoniage of te tng tration | | tadhe nual esto, Ce itoe Y= 33% Onore | 1.00 os 070 oso | O17 Zz 20% We 10% t r o a eee | eae ‘An eyebolt of 1 in. diameter which is good for 4960 Ib. load in tension (direction Ends s 3) can carry only 4960 x 0,33 = 1637 Ib, load if it acts in direction y. “The above dimensioas and recommendations are taker from C. V. Moore: Designing, Lifting, Attachments, Machine Design, March 18, 1965, “Assuming shear load only thru the minimum section, the required thickness may be ealeulated by the formul gr = where t= required thickness of lug, i 25 RDA P= load, ibs, = allowable shear stress, psi Seepage 17 for design of weld snd length of ug. LOPENINGS SHAPE OF OPENINCS: Openings in pressure vessels shall preferably be circular, elliptical or obround. ‘An obround opening is one which is formed by tvo parallel sides and semicircu lar ends, The opening made by a pipe ora circular nozzle, the axis of which is not perpendicular to the vessel wall orhead, may be considered an elliptical opening for design purposes. Openings may be of shapes other than the above. Code UG-36(a)(2) SIZE OF OPENINGS: Openings are not limited as to size, The rules, construction details of this handbook conform to the Code Ut through UG-43 and apply to openings: + for maximum 60 in, inside-diameter-vessel one halfof the vessel diameter, bur maximum 2¢ in + for over 60 in. inside-diameter-vessel one third of the vessel diameter, but maxienum 40 in For openings exceeding these limits, supplemental rules of Code Appendix 1-7 shall besatistied Code UG-36(6)1) For nozzle neck thickness see page 140, WHERE EXTERNAL PIPING IS CONNECTED TO THE VESSEI THE CODE INCLUDES: ESCOPE OF (@) the welding end connection for the first circumferential joint for welded connections (6) the first threaced joint for screwed connections, (©) the face ofthe first flange for bolted, flanged connections, (A) the first seating service for proprietary connections oF fittings Code U-1(eX(1) INSPECTION OPENINGS All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination end cleaning. ‘The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code, UG-6, as they are considered to be the most economical, INSPECTION OFENINGS ARE NOT REQUIRED: 1, for vessels 12 in, less inside diameter if there are at Yeast two minimurn % in, pipe size removable connections SIDE INSPECTION DIAMETER, OPENING OF VESSEL REQUIRED, for vessels over 12 in, but less then 16 in, inside diameter, that are to be installed so that they must be discon- rected from an assembly to permit Inspection, if there are at least two removable connections not less than in, pipe size, UC-46(0), over 12 in, two = 14 in, less than 18 in.| pipe size threaded 1D. ‘opening for vessels over 12 in. inside diameter under ait pressure which also contain other substances which will prevent corrosion, providing the vessel con- faint suitable openings through which inspection can be made conveniently, and providing such openings are equiv- lent in size and number to the requice- min, 16. LD, 18in ‘manhole t0 36 in or inclusive 90-2 in LD. pipe size threaded ‘opening ment of the ble. UC46(0). for vesels(not over 36 in, 1D) which in, 16 jn, tre pode wh tlle ele (ont atole Hote min. per 10 39. ft) complying ot sith the provisonsof the Cod UG23, 0 «6 in ich are sbjet only to concn pipe size nozzle | and are notin ompresed alr serie Lest The preferable Iocation of sll inspection openings sn each head or near each ead, In place of two smaller openings a single opening may be-used, provided itis of Such size and location as to afford at least an equal View of the interior. Compressed sir ay used here isnot intended to include air which has had moisture Femoved to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of -50 F or less. 7 ‘manufacturer's Data Report shall include a statement "for non-corrosive servic and Code paragraph number when. inspection openings are not provided NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS ‘The wall thickness of a nozzle neck ot other connection used as access oF inspection opening only shall not be less than the thickness computed for the applicable loadings plus corrosion allowance.124 types see Code, Fig, UW-16.1 OPENINGS WITHOUT REINFORCING PAD. Below the most eommorly used types of welded attachments are shown. For other OPENINGS WITH REINFORCING PAD Below the most commonly used types For other types see Cot ‘of welded attachments are shown, ie, Fig. UW-16.1 COTATIONS: Tekin Wel size = for oF 0.378 in. whichever ‘the smalet in say Wet smalles of (08130 ry the smallest of 960.375 in 2 Wo minimum sine requirement x eee za BACKING STRIP [R= the lesser of Yor i neangleofbevling shall esuch so pert. ompete jis peneaion and complete fi Son’ Depends opiate tcbness wel dingo endure 1 Thins of ess wal ess corrosion allow = Nowa thickness of nozle wal less ears onalowsnce. in NoTEs 1 When complete jlat penetration cant be Vered ty risul inspection of oer means ermied bythe Cote backing sins shall be (Sed with el penetration weld deposits om ny on ie he purpose of weld sro eliinat he ea Imifbt ths prooveweldattherootand secure fel penta, sori one pas oy and fnaybe omit if nt needed forthe shove Puore “The weld sacs define here at the minimum Tequiemente For elelation of strength of sles see page 136 ‘Stengt calculation of wel forpressre oa Inc me sot equned for tachment Sbo¥m {HEB CoE, FG and for openings Sin pipe ite tached to vessel wall of 38 Ino sin thickness, ie pipe size ataohed to vessel walls over Jifim Buches (Code UO 36 () 3) for eae, fore ten Nozzle with Now: WELDING NECK WITH SLIP. ON FLANGE, FLANGE, Backing strip R=the lessor of Yt, oF % in NOTATION: Minimum weld sizes, inches. Use the Salles ahve, Pa tgorte on 378 = otal sie rguirement f= Ofnoratie or05in a5 Or 00.26 ord. Ye 060.75 in So ths Mage of beve salt be such 2s fo peri complete joint pen Gteation end complete sion. De- pends on pate rmekness and Weld fg tess Thickness of westl wall less cor Thiekness of rein Corrosion allowance tga Nomina thickness oF nozzle wall i= Thickness of pad type Mange, SEE NOTES ON FACING PAGE. 1g pad less R R= the lesser of Yet, oF in 1 & R= the lesser of Yt, oF % in, M‘THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS Tie NGURES BELOW SHOW THE MOST COMMONLY USEL, 1 PES OF WELDED BER MEANS. Gee CODE Plc. UW16.| FOR OTHER TYPES B Cae NOTATION 1, oF 0.375, whichever is the smallest, in ot times the smallest of 2 oF in a,+ a, oF a, =the smallest off, 0F 0.375 in. ‘b= no minimum size requirement ce the smallest of 1 oF 1/2 in dd the thickness of Sch 160 pipe: wall i. the smallest of ¢ or 34 in. thickness af vessel wall, less corrosion allowance, in = nominal thickness of fitting wall less corasion allowance, in “The weld sizes defined here are the minimom requirements SEE NOTES ON FACING PAGE “THE FIGURES BELOW SHIOW THE MOST COMMONLY USED TYTES OF WELDED TRESECTIONS. SEE CODE FIG. UW-16.1 FOR OTHER TYPES le 1 ! 1 a SEE NOTATION ON FACING PAGE: Ey 8 in ¢ x ' a Mas. pipe ste 3 D max = ousie diameter of pipe + 34 in FITTINGS NOT EXCEEDING 3 IN. PIPE SIZE. Insome cases the welds ae exempt from size requirements, or fitings and bolting pads ase attached tothe vessels by fillet weld deposited from the outside only with certain {imitations (Code UW-16 (f) @) and (3)) such as: 1. The maximum vessel thickness: 3/8 in 2, Tnemaximum size ofthe openings limited othe outside diameter ofthe attached pipe plus % in 3. ‘Theweld throat shall be the greater ofthe minimum nozzie neck thickness required bythe Code UG-45(a) or that necessary to Satisfy the requirements of UW 18 for the applicable loadings of UG 22, 4. -Thewelding may offectthe threads of couplings. tis advisable to keep the threads hove welding with a minimum % i oF cut the threads after wel Strength calculation of attachments nt required for attachments shown in Figs ‘A, Cand E, and for openings: 5 in. pipe size fitings attached to vessel walls of 38 no les in thickmess +p pipe sive ftings attached to vessel walls over 3/8 in. in thickness. (Code UG- 360610).dimensions ‘The tables give the approximate minimum outside insulation or thick reinforcing pad are used it may. OUTSIDE PROJECTION SUGGESTED MINIMUM EXTENSION OF OPENINGS projection of openings. When be necesary to increase these INCHES USING WELDING NECK FLANGE Row PRESSURE RATING OF FLANGE LB size_| 150 | 300 2/6] 6 Bele |g als lg 6 es 8 [aes lg Olas ele |g Mo} e | to 6 | a | 10 1 | 10 | 10 20 | 10 | 10 2 | 10 | 10 Now nee size | 150 a) |e 3] 66 sls] s}sfsl alo slelojw) a lp wo} se} efoln | 2 li mB] sli li |i | i fie 4 fo fio | ie | '@ fo | to | a2 | a2 | is | io [io | | a mf |i | a | a | ee a ec INSIDE EXTENSION Five cut tothe wcunetansnset ekmum extention Extension for reinforcement] ae REINFORCEMENTS OF OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE Vessels shal be reinforced around the openings, except single, welded and fued Openings nat usec 0 api presi actuations do ot requ enfreme nor large tha 346 in, diameter ~in vessel sels or hea with resied rcimom tines of 94. or less 2:34. dameter in veel shel or heads over a eaued g aa tink hckness of 34 ° : “Threaded, ded of expanded conection for wich Se ESIE-E-TEm , tolecat isnot greater than 294 in diameter ra Code UG-36(33N@) =A | The dasen procedure denied oo the fling pe Fig A conforms to Code UG-36 through UG-43 it ied tor openings xedng esis spleen als fade 1-7 sl = Eres Sg Forcfloeenet fons inthe Cos U9 ‘etn ot nro ese eter ademanng fe pres Sasa era ‘The basic requirement is that around the opening the vessel must be reinforced me etalon tment crn ms acon sy Warensipatcrataldm a eee meee Thissnple al however ns eect lv : 1. Itisnot necessary to replace the actually removed amount of metal, but only the Ce ete ea a tr ree ee aa za 2. hep ely wed poral ek wey cor avn ‘Cees aku et sek ah eo el ‘wall (Az) serve as reinforcements. Likewise the inside extension of the opening GOES Rae faster assent ogni 4. Thetenfacenemsteseninactaitin 4 Thewmofhemnet mae popotomly ccs ses valve Ceotianaanergenesr® 5. The area required for reinforcement must be satisfied for all planes through the Baraat ect ‘efron of derma sal en ‘The rouire are forte shel or ead esis te itera pressure (4) From” setts tale mel mea te SE eee att ge hear EEE ee Cte ale Me ‘ence must be supplied by reinforcing pad (4,3). sectional area which is equal to the metal area actually removed for the opening. This Bese ee rete ea DESIGN they find it more economical.REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE, REINFORCEMENTFOR OPENING: DESIGNTOR INTERNAL PRESSURE. applicable formulas using £~ 1.0 when the opening isin Solid plate or ina category B joint. When opening passes through any other welded joint, E the efficiency ofthat joint. When the opening is in’a vessel which is radio- ‘graphically not examined, E = 0.85 for type No. 1 joint fand E= 0,80 for type No. 2 joint ‘When the opening and its reinforcement are entirely ‘within the spherical portion ofa flanged and dished head, tris the thickness required by the applicable formulas using M= 1 ‘When the openings in cone, tis the thickness required fora seamless cone of diameter, D measured where the nozzle axis intersects with the wall of the cone. ‘When the opening andits reinforcement arein.a2:1 elip- soidal head and are located entirely within a circle the ‘enter of which coincides with the center ofthe head and the diameter of which is equal to 0.8 times the head ‘diameter, isthe thickness required for seamless sphere of radius 0.9 times the diameter of the head. Ifthe stress value of the opening’s material i les than that ofthe vessel matcyal, the required area 4 shall be Sncroased. (See next page for examples.) TAWAILABLE AREAS OF REINFORCEMENT, (contnned) ‘comtinued) P {CARER OF RENFORCEMENT 3_LIMMTSOF REINFORCEMENT at wens under nama Pe agate ee ‘used as reinforcement must be located within the we aan Gog ee Ad UE io Mahe ita to the vessel wall X= dor Ry + Ls 4 easier foyer icra anaion, “The limitmeasured parallel tothe nozae wall Y~2.51012.St ¢ to th ese isk f sl orn compe te her dol infringe he i, Fe measured from the outside surface of the reinforcing pad, 4m Area of excess thickness in the vessel wall (Ht) d or (et) (s+ 92 use the larger value, square inches. If the stress value ofthe opening's material is les than that ofthe vessel material, area 4 shall be decreased. ‘Gee next page for examples.) “Agr Area of excess thickness inthe nozzle wally — tn) 510 Gata) Stouse — the smaller value, square inches, ‘Ayr Areaofinside extension ofnozzle square inches (tre) Az Area of welds, square inches. Ifthe sum of 4, Az Ayand 4s Tess than the area forrein- forcement required, 4 the difference must be supplied by n= NOTATION: thickness of the vessel Wall less cor- fosion allowanes, inches. preceeding page| nominal thickness ‘ot nozzle wall ie spective of product form, less corosion allowance, inches. ia=required thickness fof seamless nozzle Wall inches distance nozale projects beyond the Inner surface of the vessel wall ess or fasion allowance, ines. Jc carrsion allowance, inches. |d~see preceding page. ‘Rom inside radius of nozale in corroded condition, inches. ding page. For other notations, see the pre: _ STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT, Ifthe strength oF materials in Ay Az Ay As and Az or the ‘material of the reinforcing pad are lower than that of the ‘vessel material, their area considered as reinforcement shall ‘be proportionately decreased and the required area, 4 in inverse proportion increased. The strength of the deposited ‘weld metal shall be considered as equivalent to the weaker material ofthe joint 1 is advisable to use for reinforcing pad material identical with the vessel material ‘No ctedit shall be taken for additional strength of reinforce: sent having higher stress value than that of the vessel Wall EXAMPLES: 1. a. Thestress value of nozzle material: 17.100 psi “The stress value of shell material: 20,000 psi Ratio 17,1UU:20,000=0.855 ‘To the required area, 4 shall be added + 2ty te(1—-0.853) b, Prom the area 4, shall be subtracted ¥ reinforcing pad. fatale wt" 2th X (tte) (= 0.855) 2 Using identical material for the vessel and reinforcing, pad, the requited area for reinforcement is 12 square inches the stress value of vessel material = 20,000 psi. the stress value of the nozzle material = 17,100 psi., ratio20,000/17,100~ 1.17 Inthis proportion shall be increased the area ofreinforc- ing paé: 121.17 14.04 square inches.REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS, DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (continued) Sy] S REINFORCEMENT IN DIFFERENT PLANES FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE it EI since the circumferential stress in ey drical shes and cones is wo times greater than the longitudinal stress, at the open= ing the plane containing the axis of the i shel isthe plane ofthe greatest unit load- i ing due to pressure. On the plane perpen- F=|| dicular tothe vessel anis the unit loading is one half of this, ct : Chart shows the variation ofthe stresses ‘on different planes. (Factor F) : ‘When the Jong dimension of an elliptical 2 or abround opening exceeds twice the FI EH}) short dimensions, the reinforcement ‘across the short dimensions shall be increased as necessary to provide against oe 11) excessive distortion due to twisting mo- o« ment. Code UG-36(@)(1). Factor F shall note less than 1.0, except esK Et ' : for integrally reinforced openings in cylindrical shells and cones it may be less. Angle © of Plane with Factor Fig 1 Pane 0 — Plane 90% Plane 452 Bato ‘Constudina) me shell |_7 The total cross-see tional aes of reinforce Lonaitedinal ‘ment in any planes shal sx of shell be: xt F (Notations on presceding pees) DESIGNFOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘The reinforceinent required for openings in a single-walled vessel subject to external pressure need be only 30 percent of that required for intemal pressure where ti the Tall thickness required ay the rules for vessels under external pressure, Code UG- 36@\0) andes (See Notations om preceeding pages) iF REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS: EXAMPLES EXAMPLE |. aes DESION Dara: . Teside diameter of sel: 48 te tr Design pressure: 250 pia 200° F Shalt meteral SA-28-C 'S18.70 pi = 0625 in ‘Te ves spot adoro. Noallowane for corosion Nozzle material S453 = 700 ps = 0.32 Yoxtle nom. sie: 6 eion of zl nie the ves: 15 in | ez Sye2S 0482.08 re norte doc ot pas rovgh Seams Filet wa se 0375 in PR____250x24 BE-06 15,700%1.0-0.6%250 386in Phy 2502.88 Phy ,__ 25072 —_..g.083in SE-0.6P ” ¥700%1.0-0.6%250 [AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED A= dh, 5.161 0386 2224 in [AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE ‘Ay = (Excess in shell) Larger ofthe following (eg) d= (0625-0.386) «5.761 = 1.377 59 in oF 1377 39.in (tte tty #1) 2= (0625 — 0.386) x (0432 + 0.625) x2 = (0.505 59 in ‘Ay (Excess in nore neck.) Smalls ofthe fllowmg: ints) St = (0432-4048) « 5x 0.625 = 1.216 5. (hat) Sty = (0°432-0.083) x 5 x 0.432 = (0.883 5q-in (No creat for edtonal strength of nozzle material having higher stress value that of the vessel wall.) ‘Ag (lose projection, tg «28 0.432 «2x 1.08 = (0.933 sq in ig (Area of fillet weld) 0.3 (0.140 sq in (Area of illet wel inside) 0.375? 0140.0. in TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE 343399 ‘Since this reais ert than the atearequited for reinforcement, additional reinforcement isnot needed134 REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 2. EXAMPLE 3. DESIGN DATA: DESIGN DATA, Inside ads of shell: = 24 in p Inside diameter of shell: 48 in Design presute: P= 300 ps at 200". Design pressure: 300 psi at 200° F. Shell materia: = 0.500 in SA-316-70 plate, ny ‘Shell mteriat, 0.500 in, SA-516-60 plate, = 20,000 psi Nozze nmin Filet wel Wal thickness roses PR 300%24 Set, =e 2008 36tin SE-0.6P —2€,000x1- 0.6300 9364 PRy 300%2.88 SE-0.6P "T7N00%1.0-0.6%300 Since the sength ofthe nol materia i wer hn that ote ese mate ‘einforsaren eal be proporsoal ineesed andthe aes avaiable fr ‘AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED Adi, 5161 0368 = =0.03tin, Nowe fy [AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE 4, ~ (xeon tll.) Lar of the lowing (11) d= (0500-0368) 5.761 ~ 07845. (1-4) ty * 8 2= (500-036 (0482 + 0.500)» 2 Aree edu 2%) (= 0858) “250452 (0500 0360) (1-085) =-0.017 ei d= (Exces in nzze nek) Salle of folowing (tea) = (0492 DOST) $0500 0953. (het) y= OA92 0081) $x 0482 = 0.823 Ava rebeod 0.855 0823 0.70459 Since the arengi fhe nazis lowes than tha ofthese, f decenat ren sl be ies it consideration 17,10920,000 ~ 0855 885 «01 ‘Ay = (Inside prieton) fe 4 0482 «2x 1.08 = 0933, ren decresed 1933 0855 (Ac (Ae oF filet Wel) 225 0.623" 5 0855 = y= (Ate of filt el nes 2 0. «S00 0885: TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE Additions enorcement at requ The ves is spot examined Tee so allowance for consion las: in Donzi materi: SA-83 B ‘S=17UO0 i. fgm O32 in Extension of anzze inside the vesel 15 in Fillet weld size nsf 0.500 ins onside: 0.625 in Rati of as values: 17100720000 = 0.855. | 12g fe AET710920,000) = 2 0432» 0.64 (885) ~ 40465, orcersent pop 2097 59. russia 0.767 in, 0708 a9 0797 aan 0334 5 n 021s ae in The vessel fully radiographed, £= 1 | ‘There is no allowance for corrasion Nozzle nominal size: 8 in. Nozzle material: SA-53 B, 0.500 in, wall {Extension of nozzle inside the vessel: 0.5 in. ‘The nozzle does not pass through the main h # seams. Size of fillet welds 0.375 in (Reinforcement pad to nozzle neck.) ‘Wall thickness required: PR 300%24 Shell, = 0.426 in. hell t= SE 9.6 TTHO0x1 0.6300 300%3.8125 6 469 in T7100x1~0.6% 300, [AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED. dxf, 1625 x 0.426 = 3.249 59, im AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE Ay = (Excess in shell) Larger of the following: (t= t,) d= (0.500 - 0.426) 7.625 = 0.564 0.564 sq in or (tty) (lq +9) 2 = (0.500 0.426) (0.500 + 0.500) 2 = 0.148 59, in ‘A= (Excess in nozzle neck.) Smaller of following p= hyn) = (0.500 — 0.068) 5 x 0.5 = 1.08 oF Gog ~ tpg) Sty = (0.500 ~ 0,068)5 x 0.5 = 1.08 1.08 sq in As inside projection.) ty x 2h,= 0.500 x2 x 0.5 = 0.500 sq, in a7 (Area of fillet weld) 0.375" ai sq (The ares of pad to shell weld disregarded) ‘TOTAL AREA AVAILABLE 285 s0.i ‘This area is less than the required area, therefore the difference shall be provided by reinforcing element, It may be heavier nozzle neck, lager extension of the nozzle inside of the vessel or Teinforeing pad. Using reinforcing pad, the required area of pad: 3.249 — 2.285 = 0.964 sq, in, Using 0.375 in, SA-516-60 plate for reinforcing pad the width ofthe pad 0.964/0.375 = 2.571 ‘The outside diameter of reinforcing pad: Outside diameter of pipe: 8.625 width of reinforcing pads 250 11.196 in1 S. Possible path offi 2 Through @ —@ ue d 1. The stegth in tension ofthe cross-sectional are of cross-sectional area ofthe ee Pe ere rent of enforcement being considered ot [Though ©- 0 2. Though @ = @ tons shal be atleast equal to the smaller of: 2. The strength in tension of area a (4 = df, less the strenge in tension ofthe excess inthe vessel wall (4. Trsallowable sess vluof he Weld ithe sed val of he weaker moteril connected by the veld multiplied by the fl ao a iplied by the & Groove-weld tension om Groovesweldsheat 0.60 illecwele shear 039 The allowable sess value of nozzle neck in shear is 0.70 times Tarough © - © ugh O- © the allowable sess value of nazale material Through @— @ a EXAMPLES ae 2407 in y= 58459 ‘25, ute tnmest of nore 4a 698 santa ameter oftoze { $220.00 patible sess ule of tse tert Sy Pp MO psalonaie ses ve of ei tera #22 aan al hcl noe (© otan inva tines fel ayn it wel cor whe sensi of attachment of nozzle load 10 be carried by welds. fo bee by wen A Ay) $= (2397 “48H 20,000 12 STRESS VALUE OF WELDS: : es Pile-wed shee (19 20,000 = 9.80 ps on -weld tension 0.74 x 20,00 BOO ps. tesa af cle wall seat 0130 1700 11 10 po STRERGTH OF WELDS AND NOZZLE NECK a Fillenweld shear 4, Hh x wold eg x 9800= 104065 x 0375 x 9.800= 38243 | bb. Nozzleawal shear “2 tq U,970= 9.72 0.492 » 1,970 = 50,262 Ih 0.4065 » 0.500 x 14,80 © Groove-weld tension x 4 a tension A 1 1,600 7,008 I POSSIBLE PATH OF FAILURES: 1, Through a. and, 38243 + 50,262 = 88.505 Ih 2, Theogh 2 andc, 38,243 + 77,008 = 115,251 Ub ‘Both paths are stronger than the required strength 38.260 Ib | Through & and d Bseeeeeeeeses eee eeeseeeseu esse eeesu etc saaaacececee see ecece eee see eee ec eeee eee esac eeeee eee eee eee eee eee eae 7 STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS S 3 : F EI STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS ; JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL Atthe atachments, joining openings othe vessel failure may | Qe acs reg heh einen ne coniatns : DESIGN DATA The stenat f the welds an the nozzle nck in thse cmmbina- = B17 ied ~ O61 29 a= 0.907 89 “G,~ 12.845 in. outside diameter of reinforcing pad ‘2, = 8.625 in, ouside diameter of nozzle d= 8.125 in, mean dimeter of nozele 'S% 20,000 psi allowable stress value of vessel material + '$,6 17,100 ps allowable siress value of nozzle material 10.5000 in. thickness of vesse wal. 10375 in leg oF filet eeld a (0.250 in og of file ~ weld 1.= 0250 in, thickness of reinforcing pad Chock te strength of atachment of nozzle LOAD TO BF CARRIED BY WELDS: (4—AyJS= (GATE — 0.641) «20,000 = $0,620 I, LOAD TO BE CARRIED BY WLDS 4, ¢, fg +2 tg)S~ (0.907 +2 x 0.500% 6:50) x 17,100 = 24,059 STRESS VALUE OF WELDS; Filet—weld shear 049 x 20.000~ 9,800 psi Groove weld tension 0.74 x 20,000 14,800 psi [STRESS VALUE OF NOZZLE WALL SHEAR: 0,70 x 17,100 = 11,970 psi ‘STRENGTH OF WELDS AND NOZZLE NECK: dp Nozze wat hear 22s 1 1,970 = 12.6 0500 1,970= 76368 3.55 0.375 « 9.800 = 49,796 a. Filet weld shear 720 weld leg x 9,80 Groove weld testn 2 el eg 14800 1 $5 0.500 « 4.80 100,270 18 a : : a rei hor Me else 9 a= 20180255 9800-48408 3.55 0.25 x 14,800 = 50,128 tb. «re wen 2 we «180 POSSIBLE PATH OF FAILURE: 76368 + 49,433 = 125,801 1b, 2.Through cand d 100,270 + 49,433 = 149,703 Pb 3. Through ave and e 49,796 ~ 100,270 $0,128 = 200,194 Is Paths 1. and 2, are stronger than the total stength of 50,620 1b. Path 3, is stronger than the strength of 24,059 Ib ‘The ouner filet weld dstenath 4,433 Ib. greater than the reinforcing pad strength of (yd x $= (12.845 ~ 8625) x 025 x 20,000= 21,1001 DESIGNLENGTH OF COUPLINGS AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS NOZZLE IN SPHERE OR CYLINDER CoRR EXAMPLE: Given: @ = 15 in, r=8in, Find: C= 15 W159? SNS 12.6886 = 2.3114 in, NOZZLE IN SPHERE OR CYLINDER AX=G-Y y= VRE EXAMPLE: Given: G=24in, F=6 in, ! r in, Find: MISE I25 vis e109 ¥=24109= 13.1 in 139 LENGTH OF COUPLING AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS ‘COUPLING ELLIPSOIDAL HE! Xevey, ve EXAMPLE | Given: y TEI TOBE = 12.36 NOZZLE IN FLANG! DISHED HEAD | X= G-v= SF, y=1D-c, c=n, -WR=@e ExameLe [Gven: Inside depth of dah, 1D = 8 in Rys8 in Ry 9 iny Pe din, F=2 ing G= 184n, 6 COUPLING IN SPHERE OR CYLINDER PRP y= 1S in, Ro= 16 in, F=6 in. P= 1.25 in \256—22.56 = 15,30 in, Y= NIS6F 1.25} = V225—52, 3.12 in, X= 15.30—13,12 = 2.18 in. COUPLING IN FLANGED & DISHED HEAD Ghent ny = 24m, Ry=26ln, Pe Bins Fin | VARtaar vars. a 7280 ‘COUPLING IN SPHERE OR CYLINDER AeVHY, Sin B= aR. +B F=Siny xR EXAMPLE Given: R 12iny @= 15, A= Find: F Sin B= 6/12 = 0.500 =30° y= 304150 ase F=Sin 45° x 60,7071 x 6= 4.283 in, Wien Fis known, Find ¥'as in Example C above. NOZLEINCONE ‘ X= Ga¥, YR, tna x(F +) | exanee | Gren: “Rj =28 in, = 3010, F=12in 1= 210 £ | y2e-t1en 309 (12+ 291 «24-8.08 = 15.92 in NOZZLE IN 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD X= G-Y-SF = RF EP EU + oF EXAMPLE Given: R=24in, Fo 12in, r=8 in, SP=2in G= 20 Find: x = V= VOR—TIRERP = VSIELANG - 63 in, 5 i A= 206.632 = 11.37 in ‘COUPLING IN CONE [xeveay v=. veunare [cane Fae x 7" :1 NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS Code 6-45 For Access Openings, Openings for Inspection only the minimum wall thsi ess of necks shall not be less than the thickness computed from the applicatfe! tcadings in UG22 suet as internal or external pressure, static, cyclic, dynam seismic, impact reactions, et. For Nozzles and other openings (except access and inspection openings) the inimum wall thickness of necks shall be the larger of the thickness computed fom the applicable loadings in UG-22 or the squaller of wal thickness determina in3, 4,5, 6below ‘n vessels under :ntenual pressure thickness ofthe shell or head required for internal pressure only, assuming £ = 0 vessels under external pressure thickness of the shell or head for internal pres- | Sure using it as an equivalent value for external pressure, assuming Z = 1.0, In vessels under intemal or external pressure the greater of the thickness deters ‘mined in 3 and 4, ‘The minimum wall thickness of standard wall pipe. ‘The wall thickness of necks in no case shal be ess than the minimum thick specified in UG-16(b) for Shells and heads 0.0625 in, | Unfired steam boilers 0.2500 in, In compressed air service: 6.0918 in Allowance for comosion and threading - when required - shall be added to the thicknesses determined in| through 7 above Using pipe listed in Table of Std. ANSI B36.10, the minimum wall thickness ‘equals 0.875 times the nominal wall thickness, See Code UG-45 footnote No. 27 using pipe sizes 22, 26 and 30 inches. For selection of required pipe under intemal pressure, see table "Maximum Allows able Internal Working Pressure for Pipes" on the fllowine pages, EXAMPLES for using the table: I Tetequredtpersinna: Sat ose TenemiedhpetrNeme,” —— Sakgp Gamal 2 Opting Diamar st cn Dn Prana sone Coren Mon ons Inevesu Wal Meigs O33 TheRenuraihgc cvs Ste G80" Mal Opening Diameter: Internal Design Pressure Corrosion Allowance: ‘The Vessel Wall Thickness The Requted Pipe for Many Sch. 100250" Wall ‘The Required Pipe fr Nozle Seh 400.83" Wall (nin) Sid Wi 0338" 0.125" Com, Allow, External Design Pressure: Pa 35psi Material $A 316.60 s=i7s00 Outside dame of eylndict shes, = 96 in Shell thickness: ' ‘The required thickness for 14 in, O.D,, 12 in, long nozzle neck: L 2 External Design Pressure: Material SA $16.60: Outside diameter of eylin Shell thickness: ‘The required thickness for 14 in. O.D,, 12 in. long nozzle neck: L a NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS Code UG-4s (Continued) To withstand 35 psi external pressure approximately 0.05 in, wall 1e- quired, but the thickness shall nat be less than the smaller of: ‘The thickness require for the shell under 35 psi internal pressure (as equivalent external pressure) PR __35%47 __ 9 opr in SE-0.6P 17,100 -32 ‘The miniqaum thickness of standard wall pipe: 0,328 in, (0.375 in. nom.) ‘The smaller of 2, and 3. 0.097 for wall thickness of nozzle neck is satisae- tory, D, 03125 in. To withstand 1S psi extemal pressure approximately 0.02 in, wall r= quired, but the thickness shall not be less than the smaller of the follow ing: ‘The thickness required for the shell under 15 pt internal pressure PR___18x17.6875 '“Se-06P 17,100 -9 ‘The minimum thickness of standard wall pipe: 0.328 in, (0.375 in. nom.) ‘The smaller of 2. and 3 is 0.016 in., but the thickness of the nozzle neck shall be in no case less than 0.0625 in, UG-45(@)(2), = 0.016 inee ~ MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE | MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (cont) INTERNAL WORKING PRESSURE FORPIPES | Foi a a 1 The Calealations Based on the Formula: |Nom| pass | oigess_ [TO] ine | 8 | ante [8 | i 2sEt Isize | M40" PNom. | Min. Max, Allow. Pressure Psig, ] } Spe. | SHD. | 0.203] 0178 2a TAI9] 639 || el _, xeste. | 0276] 0242) 3,088] 2,246) 1437) 657 | | bb ea ae fest common wd mae PP 2% | Sew 160| 0375] 0328 | 4293] 3.409 1738 | 947 | Trapp Ft) attemperae~ 200650 For higher temperatures no XOSTG 0.552) 0483 | 6.637] 5,664 {3.829 | 2,962 | | at the end of the tebe. | 77 ]srp. [70.216{ 0.186] 7,930 1.272) «33 [13 = 1.0 joint efficiency of seamless pipe | 5 |XSTG. | 0.300 0.263 | 2,793 | 2,053] 1.391 | 750 | 126 ee Saree er scu.160| 0.438] 0.383 | 4,100] 3,378 | 2.679 | 1,999 | 1.339 | Haima pipe wal hckness in. (875 fmes the nomi sero) Ose) 0283 | Sal os | esol [3.72 |2867| i Nom | Desig- Pipe wall | Corrosion allowane in emma jstp. | 0.2261 0.198 | 1,762] 1.190 88 | i pipe | nation 2 ee ay |x-sta. | 0.318| 0.278 | 2,515) 1,925 787 | 240 ! size Se [Mine Allow, Pressure psi Xx.STG| 0.636) 0.557 | 5.359] 4.691 3.ato [2,208 ] TST. 0.109 [0.095 | 4252 [1s | f[srp. [0237] 0208 | 1,640] 1,134 156 esta, | 0147 | 0129 | S987 |2set |e | x-s1G. | 0.337] 0.295 | 2,365 | 1,842 $32 | 319 2 1375 ote (sono | 287 4 |scu.i20| 0.438] 0.383 | 3,122] 2,582 1,539 |1,035 | t STG] 02% | ORE ae | SCH.160| 0.531 | 0.465 ) 3,852] 3,294 |2218 | Poe | tise | ons | ap00 ) 2498 | 328 | [xx.sre.| 0.674] 0590 | 5,009| 4,423 3,294 ga | Sennen | 0218 | 0191 j 7280 [468 [220 | me] | | STD, | 0.258| 0.226] 1,435) 1,028 237 1 ScH160 | O23 | o270 [ort | 5006 [508 2867) G61} | |XSTG. | 037% 0.328 | 2,115| 1,696! sai | 484 | SD | oss | oie | 3.265 7 1457 | | 5 |sc.120) 0.500| 0.438 | 2,872) 2,439) 1,597 | 1387 | |xsto. | 0179 | ose | 4sts | 2607 | So SCH.160] 0.625) 0.547| 3,649] 3,201 2,330 | 1,907 | 1 | Scat too] 0280 | ois | 6970 | 4498 | 255% |) oo [xx.sro] 0.750] 0.656 | 4452 3,988 3,088 | 2,650 LESTE 03S 1 TT [ [sm [0280] 0.245] 1,303] 963 T 298 XSTG. | 0191 | 0167 | sez | | _ |x-ste. | os2] 0378 2044 | 1,692 | 1,005 114 | scH.t60 | 9250 | 0.219 2,028 | 658 {| 6 |scH.120| 0.562) 0.492 | 2,699| 2,338 1,631 XXSTG.| 0382 _| 0334 4,788 [3,246 [1,803 SCH.160| 0.718| 0.628 | 3,507) 3,132 | 2,400 STD. 04s | 0.127 a | o:s64| 0.756 | 4.2041 3,906 | 3,150 | 2.781 xstG. | 0200 | 0175 | 918 eal 0.250 0.219 885] 128 | 1a | scx.t6o| 0281 | 0246 j2as4 1079) | | jscui30 | 0277) 0.242) 983 | 216 | xx.s7G,| 0.400 | O50 pause La STD. | 0322] 0282 1,147 | 377] 126 STG cae | ost on | 50 8 |scr.60 | 0.406) 0.355) 1,454 673 | 419) 2 \scruiéo| 0343 | 0300 | 2,676 ]1,083 | 731) |X-STG. | 0.500 0.438 | 1,809 1016 | 758} |xocso.| 0436 | 0382 rgss| || SCH.100] 0.593] 0.519 | 2,161 | 1,890 1,385 } 1,093 a i |SCH.120 | 0.718 0,628 | 2,643 | 2,365 {1,820 | 1,552a MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (cont) | [MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (cont) | Nom. : Pipe wall |____ Corrosion allowance in- __ | ft Nom. Pipe wall Corrosion allowance in. | Vee | Das Threkness [OT We[ ve | ano] va ine | Desig thickness [TO | wie] 18 [ 3/6[ 14 size | SO" Now. | Mins Max. Allow Pressure Psig. size Nom.[ Min. Max. Allow Pressure Psig, | SCHA4D] 0812) 0.711 | 3,017 7,736 | 2,456 2,180] 1,909 14 |SCH.160 1,406 | 1.230/3,230]3,055] 2,880 | 2,707] 2.535 8 |ScH.160| 0.906 0.793] 3.393 3,106 | 2,822 |2,543 | 2,266 | \ [Jsce.10 0.250] 473) 336, 189| 64 Scere] 0875] 0.766] 3,269 | 2,983 | 2.701 |2,423 | 2,148 | SCH.20 0312 590| 453] 318) 183] 49 SCH20 | 6.250) 0.219 707 | 502) 300 102 i ISCH.30.STD. } 0.375 712) 574) 437| 302] 166 |scxi30 | 0307] 0.269] 873 | 966 462 | 259} 57! | IscH.40x-STG. | 0.500 956! 817] 679| S41] 404 \stp. | o365| 0319] 1,038 | 831 | 625) 421) 290 16 |SCHL.60 0.656) 0.574|1,263|1,121] 981) 841) 703 X-STG. | 0.500} 0.438 1,439 | 1,228 | 1,019 | 811] 606} ISCH.80 0,843] 0.738) 1,637)1,493) 1,350 | 1,209) 1,068 10 |sci.g0 | 0.593] 0.519] 1,716 | 1,802 | 1,290 |1,080) 873 ISCH.100 1.031 | 0.902|2,018| 1,873] 1,727 | 1,583] 1,439 SCH.100} 0.718] 0.628] 2,095 | 1,877 | 1,662 [1,447 | 1,236] | ISCH.120 11.218 | 1.066]2,406)2,257} 2,110 | 1,963] 1,818] SCH.120| 0.843] 0.738| 2,484 | 2,261 | 2,248 1,825 | L610) | ISCH.140 1.438 | 1.258]2,869|2,717| 2,566 | 2,416) 2,268 | scx1.140] 1.000] 0.875) 2,976 | 2,750 | 2.526 {2,264 | 2,085] | ISCH.160 __| 1.593] 1.394|3,202|3,048] 2,895 | 2.743] 2,593 | ScH.160| 1,125] 0.984! 3377 | 3,146 | 2,918 [2,692 2,469 ISCH.10 0.250| 0.219) 4i9f 298] 178] él SCH20 10.250) 0.219) 595] 422| 253) 86 IscH.20 0.312] 0273] s24{ 403] 282) 163) 48 i $CH30 | 0330) 0.289) 788| 615| 443 | 273 103, eS isip. 0.375| 0.328| 631] 509) 388} 267| 148 | Srp. | 0375| 0.328) 897] 723] 350 | 379) 20 Iscri30 0.43e| 0.383) 739] 616] 494| 373) 253 \scur4o | 0.406] 0.355} 973| 799) 625 453| 282| Ix-s1G 0.500) 0.438) 848; ras| 603| 481) 359 x.sre. | 0,500| 0.438] 1,207] 1,030| 856 | 681) 554) 18 |scH4o |0.562) 0.492} 95s] 83i| 707) 585) 463) 12 {scrteo | 0.562) 0.492] 1,361 | 1,183 | 1,006 ) 832] 658 ISCH.60 0.750| 0.656] 1,287|1,157} 1,032) 908] 785 | |” }scx.s0 | 0.687) 0.01) 1.674 194 | 1315 11,137] 962 'SCH.80 0.937| 6.820]1,616) 1,488] 1,362 | 1,235] 1,110 SCH.100| 0.843] 0.738] 2,074 | 1,891 | 1,710 ]1.528 | 1.349) | IscH.100 1.156} 1.012|2,013{ 1,883) 1,754 | 1,625) 1,497 SCH.120| 1,000] 0.875! 2.482 | 2,295 | 2,110 ]1,926) 1.744 SCH.120 1375] 1.203|2,414)2,282) 2,151 | 2,020] 1,890 | |ScH.i4o| 1.125] 0.984 21623 | 2.435 |2,248 | 2,063 ISCH.140 1.562 1.367|2,764]2,631| 2,496 | 2,364) 2,232 |__|scu.160| 1.312] 1.148 3,123 | 2,932 |2,740 | 2,552 Isce.160 | 1.781 1.558]3,179|3,042| 2,907 | 2,772) 2.637 SCHI0 ] 0.250 o219, s41[ 385[ 230) 78 | jsca.t0 0.2501 0.219] 377} 263) 160! 34) \Seirao | oiz| 0273) 677} 519) 363 | 209) $5/ lscii.20 stp. | 0.375) 0.328) s67| 458] 348| 240) 133 stp, | 0375) 0328) 16} 657] 501) 348 190) | ISCt130 X-STG| 0.500] 0.438] 761| 650) S41) 432/323 | VecHr4o | 0438) 0.383| 956] 796| 639 | 482| 327 IscH.40 0.593] 0.519] 906| 794) 684) 573| 463 | \acsra, | os00} 0.438| 1,096} 937] 774 | 620) 468 20 |SCH.60 0.812| 6.711) 1,250)1,137| 1,026] 914) 802 14 Fcrr.60 | 0.393) 0.519] 1,306 | 1144 | 983 $25| 666) IScH.80 1.031 | 0.902|1,599| 1,485] 1,370 | 1,257| 1,144 Scu180 | 0.750) 0.656] 1,664 | 1,500 } 1337 |1.175 | L014) ISCH.100 1.281 | 1.121]2,006) 1,888) 1,772 | 1,657] 1,542 | SCH.100, 0.937) 0.820 2,101 | 1,933 | 1,767 ]1,602) 1,438 SCH.120 1.500] 1.313]2,368|2,250| 2,131 | 2,014] 1,898 Scai.120| 1,093} 0.956| 2,469 | 2,299 | 2,130 |1,963| 1.796 SCH.140 1.750) 1.531|2,788|2,667| 2,546 | 2.427) 2,308 err raol 1.250} 1,094] 2,850 | 2,676 | 2,505 [2,334] 2,166 Isci1.160 1.968 | 1.722]3,162]3,039] 2,916 | 2,795] 2,674146 Ww = , c = SS ae | | [ NOTE: IF THE STRESS VALUE OF PIPE LESS THAN T7000 PSIG. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE ed a | DUE TO HIGHER TEMPERATURE, MULTIPLY THE MAX. foal pam] Brew [Sonate AULGNAMLE BRESSURE GIVEN INTHE TABLES BY 15 ire | Peon, thickness Tie] ws | 3/16] V4) | ac os size | | Nom] Min, | ~~ Max. Allow: Pessute Fg aaNFERATURE NOT EXCEEDING DEGREE OR | | 1o350] 0219] 343] 243) 145 [ 50) ee |g _[700 [750 [800_| 850 900.1950 _| 1,000] 9312 0273 428| 329) 230| 132} 35 ‘AS3B | stress 17, 106| 15,600} 13,004 10,504 8,700 | 5.900 | ~ = 032 oa | ml ate] 2 29) | Favs “et st oul nand ee om [250 | 1.437) 0.382| 601) 501] 402| 304) 155 a ane ; st | 22 | \oso0| 0.438] 690) 591] 491} 392) 294 ~_Tacior {i000 Josr2s oa] oie] oA $0] 0.2339) 0.146% 0.562{ 0.492) 776| 677] S77) 477) 378 i | 0.625 | 0.547| 867} 766) 665 | 365| 466] Example: | {0,688 | 0.602| 956] 855] 753| 653) 84 | lee {0.750 | 0.656|1,044| gai {730 639) } | The Maximum Allowance Pressure for 6" x Stg. Pipe With a Corrasio ISCH.10 0.250[ 0.219) 313 133{ 45 | | Allowance of 1/8” From Table = 1,346 psi~ at Temperature 800 °F | SCH.20 STD. 0.375] 0.328| 471 290| 200) ‘The Max. Allow. Press. 1,346 * 0.6316 = 850 psig. PESTS. j0.s00| 0.438] 632) 541) 450 359 | | [sct30 {o's62| o.492| 712| 620] $28} 437 [Example to find max. allow. pressure for any stress values IsCH.A0 0.687{ 0.601| $73] 780) 688) 597 | 24 |SCH.60 0.968} 0.847] 1,241/1,146) 1.053 | 959) “The Max. Allow. Press. 1,346 Psig, From Tables |SCH.80 \218| 1.066] 1,574) 1,478] 1,383 | 1,289 | The Stress Value 13,000 psi 13,000 | Kgcaioo —|1.531! 1.340|199s|1 900 \'303 | 1.707 For This Pipe The Max. Allow. Pressure 375 5g *1346 = W023 Psi ISCH.120 1'812| 1.586{2,386|2,286] 2.187 | 2,089 : | ISCH.140 2.062) 1.804|2,734|2,634] 2,534 | 2.433 ISCH.160 2.343 | 2.050)3,13513,032] 2,930 | 2,829 | 0.250) 0.219] 289] 206[ 123] *? 0.312! 0.273) 361| 278) 94) 11h] | | 0375| 0328| 435] 351) 267) 184 | 0.437| 0.382| 508) 424] 339) 256 26 0.500| 0.438] 583} 499| 414) 331 0.562| 0.492) 656] 572] 487) 403 | | 1 0.625| 0.547) 730] 646) 562] 477 \ 0,688 | 0.602) 805) 72!) 636] 551 0.750 0.656] 880|_794 709 | 624 | 0312/ 0.273) 313] 240) | 168 | | } 30 | |0.375| 0.328| 376, 304) 232 | See lasoo) 0.438} 505) 432] 359. 214 ia) (Ch—————— REQUIRED WALL THICKNESS FOR PIPES UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE “The requted wall thickness for pias, tbulaied on the following pages, hasbeen computed with the following formu where {© the requited sini wall thickness of pipe, in. ternal pressure, psig 7100 pag. the stes value of the most commonly used material fo pipe In 53 Band A 106 B& temperature ~20 10 650°F. Joint efficiency of seamless pipe R= inside radius of the pipe, in. For the inside diameter ofthe pipe round figures are shown, With interpolation the requiged thickness can be determined with satisfactory accuracy “The thicknesses given in the tables do not include allowance for corrosion. For the determination of the requied pipe wall thickness in piping systems the various piping codes shall be applied. ‘Selecting pipe the 12.5% :olerance in wall thickness shall be taken into consider- san The mnimom eckson ‘wall equals the nominal thickness times 87; 33] 00] 250] 500 | 0.073) 0.083) 0.095] 0.107) 0.119) 0.094l 0.107] 0.121) 0.134) 0.404 0.112| 0.134] 0.149 oor 0.012) 0.0141 0.015 0.021 0.024 0.027] 0.030 0.031] 0.037| 0.040] 0.045} 0.042) 0.048] 0.054) 0.060 0.052] 0.060] 0.067) 0.075] 0.063} 0.072| 0.081) 0.090 | 0.083} 0.094) 0.105} Ss] ens ag 10 | 0.145] 0.166] 0.188) 0.209) ¢.166| 0.190| 0.214} 0238) d.tns| 0202} 0223] 0255 0.187] 0.214] 0.241 0.268} 0.197| 0.226| 0.254| 0.283) O28 28) 02 029 0.218] 0.249) 0.281] 0.313 0.228) 0,261| 0.294] 0.328 0.239] 0.273) 0.308| 0.343) 0.249) 0.285} 0. 0.259) 0.270) 0,309] 0.348] 0.387| 0.280) 0.324] 0.361) 0.402! 0.249} 0.290} 0.332) 0.375| 0.417} 0.257| 0.301) 0,344] 0.388} 0.432) 0.311] 0.356] 0.401] 0.447]150 151 = i = a REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS 71 | REQUIRED PIPE WALL ‘THICKNESS q FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.) | FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.) is PRESSURE PSIG, | iS PRESSURE PSIG oe terrae pase [aT 0 | 800 | W50| HOOT 950] 000 | fptaatl TOL 200 aooT 400] 1,500} 1,600) 1,709] 7,800] 1,900] 2000 + fo.ni7fo.o18| 0.020) 0.021 0.025] 0.0241 0.026 0.028] 0.029) 0.031] | 10.033} 0.036] 0.039| 0.042] 0.045] 0.048| 0.052} 0.055) 0.058] 0.061 6.050 0.054| 0.089) 0.063] 0.068| 0.073) 0.077) 0.082) 0.087) 0.091 | 10,066 | 0.072| 0.078| 0.0841 0.090] 0.097] 0.103] 0.109) 0.115) 0.1 10.082] 0,090) 0.088| 0.105| 0.113] 0.121] 0.128] 0.136} 0.144 0.152) jn | | ds e037} 0.080f 0.08] 8047) ons0( 0053/0057 0.960) 0.063 9 oral core | oss] c3| 0.099) 0 106013] 0.139) 0.126 0.101 | 0.110) 0.120) 0.130] 0.139) 0.149| 0.159! 0.169] 0.179| 0.189) |e199fe1e7|o1eo| 0473] 0183] 0199| 0212] 022s 02se| 0252 | | 0.168] 0.184) 0.199 ois] 0232] 0248 0.265| 0.281 0.298| 0315 | | loaoi|o2z0|o2ss}a2se| oars] o2ss| 0338] 020%{ e357] 0378 0.235 | 0.257) 0.279] 0.301 0.324| 0.347] 0.370) 0.394) 0.417) 0.441] | | 6 |0.099| 0.108] 0.117} 0.126! 0.135 0.154) 0,163] 0.173) 0.182) | 7 {0.115 0.126} 0.136) 0.147) 0.158) 6.169] 0.180] 0.191] 0.201] 0.212] | | 7 g. }o.132) 0.144] 0.156] 0.168) 0.182) 0.193) 0.205 0.218} 0230] 0.243) | § |o268| 0.293] 0.319| 0.345] 0371| 0.397] 0.423] 0.450) 0.477) 0.503) 9, | oae| 0.162! 0.175) 0-189] 0.203] 0.217) 0.231) 0.245) 0.259) 0.2731 9, |0.301| 0330] 0.359] 0.388] 0.417) 0.446| 0.476) 0.506) 0.536) 0.566 10 9. | 0335) 0.367| 0.399) 0431| 0463] ose 0.529) 0562] 0.596 0.29) 0.464) 0.180 | 0.195 ato} 0226 0.241] 0.257] 0.272) 0.288} 0.303} | 1 | 11 Jorsi}o.197} 0214] 0.231| 0.248} 0.265) 0.282] 0.299) 0.316] 0334 | 11 |0368| 0.403 o.438| 0.474) 0.s10| 0.546) 0.582) 0.618 1.665] 0.602 | 1x foser 0487) zea oasa|o27i| 028s] 0201 0326 024s} 036d] | 12. Joaen|o4do}a7s|osi7|osse| ots Nees 0.675) 0.718) 0.755] | 13 lors} o.33| 0283] 0.273) 0.293] 0.313] 0.333] 0.358) 0.374) 0.394 2 | pass|q.ra| ois) 0560} 0.602! 0.645] 0.688| 0.731) 0.774 0818) | 14 }0.230| 0281} 0.273) 0.294| 0.316) 0.337] 0.359] 0.381 0403} 0.423 | va /o.a6o| 0.513] 0858] 0.603] 0.648] 0.694) 0.740| 0.787] 0.834] 0.881 TE Jo2a6|0.269| 0.292| 0.315] 0.338) 0.361] 0385) 0.408) 0.43 0.459 1S [o.sa2| 0350] 0598] 0.646| 0.695] 0.744) 0.793| 0.843] 0.893) 0.944 | \ | | 16 |0263} 0267| 0312| 0.336) 0.361] 0.385] 0.401] 0435) 0.460) 0.485 |} s6 bosa6| osx 0.638] 0.689] 0.741| 0.793) 0.846] 0.899 0.953) 1.007 15 [o.279{ 0.205 | 0331| 0357] 0.383) 0409] 0.436) 0.462] ogo] O.st6] | | 17. [0.560] 0678 arr 0732] 0.787) 0.843] 095] 0955] 1012 1.079] q 18. }0.296| 0.323| 0.350] 0.378| 0.406] 0.434] 0.461 0.489) 0.518) 0.546 18 | 0.603| 0.660 0.717| 0.775} 0.834) 0.893] 0.952| 1.012] 1.072) 1.132) ] 19 |0312/ 0.341 | 0370| 0.399) 0.428] 0.458] 0.487| 0.517) 0.546] 0.576| 19 |0.636| 0.696] 0.757| 0.818) 0.880] 0.942) 1.005 1,068] 1.131] 1.195] 20 | 0.328] 0.359] 0389| 0.420] 0.451] 0.482) 0.513) 0.544) 0.575) 0.606 20 Delaee 0791 0861 0.926) 0.992 1.058) 1.137 Last} 4.258] | a1 |034s! 0,377} 040s] o.44i! 0.473| 0.506) 0.538] 0.571) 0.604) 0.637) | a1 [0-703] 0-770| 0.837] 0.908] 0.973] 1.081 1.110] sata} 1.2so} 1.221 32, \0.361| 0.395| 0428| 0.462) 0.496] 0.530] 0.564] 0.598) 0.633) 0.667) 22 | 0.736| 0.806] 0.877} 0.947\ 1.019] 1.091] 1.163] 1.236) 1.310 1.384] 3 loars| ois] 0448] 0.483| 0518) 0.554) 0.590] 0.6251 0.661) 0.697 | | 23 forno}oass| ease] 0551/06} 110] 21g) 1282] 1398 Lae] | 34 0.394] 0.430] 0467| 0.504] 0.541| 0.578] 0.615) 0.653] 0.690] 0.728 24 |o.803| 0.879) 0.956| 1.034) 1.111] 1.190] 1.269} 1.349) 1.429) 1.510) | 25 aio} oats ei 0528| 0564 0.02| 0.41] 0.680) 0.719) 0758 | 2 [osx |onie} 0936 sor 1s) L2s0} 12} 140s] 1438) 1573 | | 36 |oaz7| 0460] «506| 0546) 0.586) 0.626] 0.666 0.707) 0.747 0.786 || a6 Jo.sz0l 09s 1.036) 1.120| 1208) 1.289 11s] 1.461] 1.548, 1.636 3 | o.das| oes) 0525\ 0.567| 0.608 0.650) 0.692} 0.734) 0.776] 0.819 ‘| 59 |o904} 0.989] 1.076] 1.163) 1.250] 1.339] 1.428] 1.517] 1.607] 1.698] 34 [eca6o| 0-502} 0548| 0.588) 0.631] 0.674] 0.718| 0.761] 0.809] 0849] | | 28 }0.937) 1.096) Le 1206] 1.297} 1.388) 1.480) 1.573] 1.667) 1.764 3 Tare o s20| 0.564 0.609 0.65s| 0.698) 0.743] 0.788| 0.834) 0879) 250971 1.069] 1.135] 1.249] 1.343] 1.438) 1.533 1.630] 1.727| 1.824 30 | 0.492) 0.538] 0.584] 0.630] 0.676] 0.722} 0.769] 0.816 0,862| 0.909) {30 {1.004 1.099] 1.195] 1.292| 1.389] 1.487] 1.586 1.686] 1.786] 1.887152 133 REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS eP oa NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS IN ———— a CYLINDRICAL VESSELS : 18. | i LS ot xrmm Taam] ESOT RAvUl SsooL 2s] STOOL REO SO 5000) | Apacer cenaren nia reel Thee bly Gre 3 9 |_| tnenovac loads isbazedin parc on he Bulletin 107 of Welding Research Counciland represents | 1 [0.067 0.070) 6.074) 0.077) 0.080) 0.084/ 0.088) 0.091) 0.095) 0.098) |_| Smpitieaton oft. The vessels are not intended to serve as anchor points forthe piping. To 0.133] 0.140] 6.147] 0.154] 0.161] 0.168] 0.175] 0.182} 0.189] 0.196) void excessive loading inthe vessel, the piping shall be adequately supported, 0.199| 0.209] ¢.220] 0.230] 0.241| 0.251) 0.262] 0.273) 0.284] 0.294 0.266 | 0.279] 6.293) 0.307} 0.321] 0.335! 0.349) 0.364) 0.378) 0.393 0.332 | 0.349] 6.366] 0.383] 0.401] 0.419) 0.436] 0.454] 0.472] 0.491 | 0.398 | 0.419] 6.439] 0.460) 0.481} 0.502) 0.524) 0.545) 0.567) 0.589 0.464 | 0.488 | 0,512] 0.537] 0.561] 0.586) 0.611] 0.636] 0.661) 0.687] 10.531 | 0.558 | 0.586] 0.613] 0.641] 0.670) 0.700] 0,727] 0.756) 0.785} 0.597| 0.628 | 0,659] 0.690| 0.722| 0.753] 0.785) 0.818) 0.850] 0.883) 0,663 0.697| 0,732 | 0.767| 0.802) 0.834] 0.872} 0.908) 0.944) 0.981 11 |0.730/ 0.767] 0.805] 0,843) 0.882] 0.921] 0.960] 0.999] 1.039) 1.079) 12 |0.796| 0.837] 0.878/ 0.920] 0.962/ 1.004) 1.047) 1.090) 1.133) 1.177] 13. | 0.862] 0.907] 0.951 | 0.997) 1.042) 1.088] 1.134] 1.181 1.228] 1.275) External Forces & Moments 14 |0928] 0976] 1.025| 4.073] 1.112] 1.172) 1.221) 1.271) 1322) 1.373 eater ates maximum free and momen, ist evaluate Band 7 Then determine | I 15 | 0.995| 1.046} 1,098) 1.145] 1.202) 1.255) 1.308] 1.362) 1.416) 1.471) a, £, and A from Figures 1, 2 and 3, for the specified # and 7, substitute into the | | ‘equations below, and calculate Fras, Mac: and Mra« q 16 | 1.061] 1.116| 1171} 1.226} 1.282) 1.339] 1.396) 1.453) 1513) 1.569 poms (&) co 47/1127) 1,185} 1.244) 1.303) 1.363) 1.421] 1.483] 1.544] 1.605) 1.667] Fed id 18. | 3.194] 1.255] 1.317] 1.380] 1.443] 1.506] 1.570] 1.635) 1.700} 1.765) Datrmine. Zand A om Figures |, Zand i | 19, |1.260] 1.325] 1.390] 1.456] 1.523] 1.590) 1.657) 1.725] 1.794) 1.863; see age | 3: | 1.463 3) 1.7. 6| = (PPY(R—T 20. | 1.326] 1.395} 1.463] 1.533] 1.603} 1.673} 1.745] 1.816] 1.888] 1.961/ o= (2-2) If cris greater than Sw then use Sy as the stress due to design pressure. 21 1.392] 1.464] 1.537] 1.610] 1.683] 1.757] 1.832] 1.907) 1.983) 2.059) | 22 | 1.459} 1.534] 1.610| 1.686| 1.763} 1.841] 1.919} 1.998] 2.079] 2.157) Mea 23, | 1.525] 1.604) 1.683] 1.763) 1.843] 1.924] 2.006] 2.089) 2.172] 2.255) | : 24 {1.591 1.673] 1.756| 1.839] 1.923] 2.008] 2.093) 2.179] 2.266) 2.353) Plotthe value of Fagras Fae andthe smaller of Macand Miu | 28 | 1658] 1.743] 1.829) 1.916) 2.008) 2.092] 2.181] 2.270) 2.360] 2.451 ee J 0, Mat 26 | 1.724) 1.813) 1.902] 1.994] 2.084) 2.175) 2.455} 2.549) EXAMPLE: Determine Resultant Force and Moment 27 |1.790) 1.883] 1.976] 2.069} 2.164) 2.259 2.549] 2.647} | Re 375 S$, =31,500 psi @ 460° 28 {1.856 1.952) 2.049] 2.146] 2.244] 2.343] 2.442| 2.644) 2.745] reise ‘$,= 20,000 psi 22 2.223 2.324] 2. 2 7 (8) =35. 29 | 1.924! 2.022] 2.122! 2.223] 2.324} 2.426} 2,529) 2.633] 2.738) 2.843 ps5 Ff & 35-50 30 [1.989] 2.092 | 2.195) 2.299] 2.404] 2.510] 2.617] 2.724] 2.832] 2.942] | | From Figure ho From Figure 2 Z: From Figure3, 4 =340154 NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS NOZZLE LOADS IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS (continued) Fig. 1 Coteus Pere Sess often Z) 2G 5-38) 4880s <8, 20.000 Use o= 14,850 in the equations for calculating Fra and Muse Calculate Allowable Forces and Moments Rad 5) Fane Att S,-0)= GIS? 1,500—14,850)= 53.214. at RerySr 37.203) 1.500) _ gy Magny Regt EMSS) 620 984 int Bat Wee : | Mas 28 6, 2S 31500-14880) 1,032,973 el G7 9821418, ot rhe valu of Fuca Foran he salle of | jew and Ma 8s Me The allowable nozzle loads ‘re bounded by the atea of Fer, O, Min “Therefore, «nozzle reaction of F= 20,000 Ibs, and THOTT ee ears 5O00 ke a l= “Note; Use absolute values in the graph. | a re = Nozele Ouside Radius, inches = Dimensionless Numbers $ T = Shell Thickness, inches pounds* Muse* Maximum Resultant Circumferential Momenim ,inch-pounds* Mnac* Maximara Resultant Longitudinal Mo: ‘ment, inch-pouns* Fae = Maximum Resultant Fores, pounds* 5, ~ Yield Stength of Nateriel at Design Temperature, pounes per square inch Stress Dueto DesignPressure, pounds per square inch Stress Valugof Shel Material pounds per square inch, Fay ~ Maximum Resultant Moment, inch B= Dimensionless Nunbers pounds* 7 = Dimensionless Numbers Use abso values. @ = Dimensionless Numbers REFERENCES: Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings, ®. R. ‘Wickman, A. G. Hopper and J. L, Mershon -~ Welding Research Councit. Bulletin TOT/August 1965 — Revised Printing — December 1968. Standards for Closed Faedwater Heaters, Heat Exchange Institute, Inc. 1969. [ot3 NOZZLE LOADS Fi 156 NOZZLE LOADS Fig2159 NOTES REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE “At the junction of cone or conical section to cylinder (Fig. C and D) due to bending and shear, discontinuity stresses are induced which are with reinforcement to be compensated. DESIGN PROCEDURE (The half apex angle 30 deg.) 1. Determine P/S, Ey and read the value of 4 from tables A and B. 2, Determine factor y, For reinforcing ring on shell, y = SEs For reinforcing ring on cone, y/S:E: ee aNCTIONS AT THE LARGEEND | ‘FABLE A= VALUES OF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END FPS E, 0001 | 0.002 | 0.003 [0.004 [0.005 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.009%) Adee] | is { is | 21 | 23 {25 _[_27_| 285 | 30 "TABLE B- VALUES OFA FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END (PB, EA 10,002 | 0.005 | 0,010 | 0.020 ] 0.040 [ 0.080 | 0.100 | 0.125%) A, de a] 6 | 9 [is tins 24 | 27 | 30 A 30 deg for genie value of PSE, ‘When the value of A is less than ot reinforcement shall be provided. y/S,B, (Use minimum 1.0 for kin formula). 4, Design size and location of reinforcing ring (see next page). 3, Determine factor NOTATION E = with subseripis s, ¢ or r modulus of ide radius of large eslinder at large elasticity ofshel, con: orreinforeing, ‘end of cone, in ring material respectively, ps e=inside radius of small eylinder at small It shall be taken from Table T-1 end of cone, in. ‘Section I, Part D. See page 188 S= withsubseriptss, corr allowable stress B= with subscripts lor 2 efficiency of (of shel, cone or reinforcing material, ‘welded joins in sell or cone si. respectively. = minimum required thickness of eytin- For compression E=1.0 for butt der atthe junction, in wold. ‘= actual thickness of eylinder atthe junc~ ‘fom axial Joad at lange end due to wind, tion, in ‘dead load, ec. excluding pressure, = minimum required thickness of cone Jin, atthe junetion, in, f= axial load at small end due to wind, ‘actual thickness of cone atthe junction, dead load, ee. excluding pressure, 7 bin. ‘a> halfapex angle of cone or conical sec- Desig pressure, psi tion, deg. (Op-algebraic sum of PR1/2 and fj Wein, -A~ angle from table A or B, des, Qe algebraic sum of PR:/2 and fi tblin. y= factor: Ss Ey or Se Ee See eee cece eee eeeeseseeee eee ese3. Factor & y/S;B, = 15,700 x 30 x 10° / 17,100 x 30 x 106 160 161 REINFORCEMENT. REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER AT THE aeeN OF oe TO CYLINDER FORMULAS DESIGN DATA: : JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END: eee ee Mas: [Required aroa of reinforcement, sq. in. when tension governs iovjoint efcioney in shell and cone Geenotes) JB: = 23h Jen ceca renfringring Re (8 f= 800 lin, axial load at large en aun QB (1-8) one bf = 952 Ibn, axial load at small end P= 50 psi, internal design pressure R, = 100;ny inside racius of largo cylinder Toe | Ateaofencess metal for reinforcement, sn Be = tin ine ai ofsmal oyna = 5, = 15,700 psi, allowable stress of shell materia fae) VRE ot) anos $= 137700 psi allowable stress of cone material S. = 172100 psi, allowable stress of ring material ‘The distance from the junction within which the additional rein- i. Cat Tred in ene ee ee forcement shall be situated, in, 1 Toobin ast is ofeme y fy =0.4375'n, actual thileness of large cylinder a va 1.10575 invacnal thickness of smal cylinder 48 eee 1, = 0.41, required thickness of cone at small eylinder The distance from the junetion within which the centroid ofthe tc. = 0.49 in, required thickness of cone at large eylinder Lay) teal haes tedeaid Using the same material for shell and cone. xR z Bane 1, PIE = eqfbscy = 0.0032 from table A A= 18.6 JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END Since 4 is less than a, reinforcements is required. Required area of reinforcement 4 sq in. when tension govems (see nates) Cee aa ig. (2): | JP SES 15,700 x 30% 108 SE, (az)ana ‘Area of excess metal available for reinforcement A, 59. in. Aes = (19) 608 (@—A) (t—t) VR + (hel te) 608 (=A) ftewtr) VR 00s Use k= 1 4. Q=PRI2 fi in, = 5025100 + $00 = 3,300 In ‘The required cross-sectional area of compression rin “The distance from the junetion within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situate, in, ve ‘The distance from the junetion within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in 0.25 x vit, TNOTES; When at henson compressive loads or/ exceed the exstnal loads determined by PRY 2 or PR/2 respectively the design shal be in accordance with U2 (g: (a ste as those provided by the ales of be Code, Setion Vil, Division 1) \When the reducers made out ftwo er mare conical sections ofifferent apex angles without knuckle and when the al epex angle. greater than 30 dep, the design may be based on special analysis. (Code 15 (5) = FOR (Yan = 1%3300% 100 (cn i fon BE (jonas (Hansson ‘The area of excess in shell available for reinforcement: Act = (lat) Rik (h-tu) ule 00S a ae (04375 -0.409)x VIO 0A37S + (05 - 049) x TOO KOSTER IO 2 990 As da. = 462 -0.132 = 4.49 5. tho required eross sectional area of a Using in thick ar, the width fring: 455/1= Location of compression ring Maximum distance from the junction = VRit,= VT00X 04375 = 6.60 in, 25 Wit, 95 in, Maximum distance of centroid from the junctio 0.25 100 x 0.4375 = 1.65 in162 a e.. 163 REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT. AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER EXAMPLE (continued) UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE JUNCTION AT SMALL CYLINDER 1. POS, E)~ 0.0032; from table B A= 48° Since A is less tian o, reinforcement is required. 2. Factory; £.= 15,7005 30x 10 3. Fecord=1 4 = PR +f bin KL, 959 -3.059 Buin 5 The mule cna acest esmenin to a BE (ed) t= I EG dno 792: Tere exesin shel aval fr necro lt) 08 (0 AN tant) Vita (beta) X C08 (~ A) (te tn) VRicTeas @ (0.37510.36) x cos(3-4,8) x (0.375 - 0.36) x VBEXOUTS ¥ (0.5/0.41}c05 (30-48)x (0.5-0.41) x NETO She05 3 ocho 192-07 Using 126 thick bar, the required width ofthe bar: 7.15/1.5= 4.8 in Location of the compression ring: 77 qin 15 5q in. the required cross sectional area of compres- NBTKOSTS = 5.6 in, Maximum distance of centroid fiom the junction: 01.25 viru V84X0.37S = 14 in, {psulation ring may be utilized as compression ring provided it is continuous ‘and the ends of it are joined together. Maximum distance from the junction: Since the moment of intertia ofthe rng i not factor, the use of fat bar rolled ‘#sy-way is more econemical than the use of stracturel shapes padenat the necessity of additional reinforcement by using thicker plate for 2 gplinders a the junction in some cases may be more advantageeas thee toe pplication of compression rings Reinforcement shall be provided atthe junction of cone to cylinder, or at the junction of the large end of conical section to cylinder when cone, or conical section doesn't have knuckles and the value of A, obtained from table E, is less than a, "TABLE & - VALUES OF A Pisk | 0 [o.02 fo.ons foaio [0.02 [aos Joos [oto adel o | s | 7 tw fis | [as | as PISE [O15 [O15 pales 030 Joss} Adsl 37 | 40 | a7 [52 | 57 | 60 > 60 deg for greiter values of PSE [Note Interpolation may be made for intermediate values, ‘The required moment of intertia and cross-sectional area of teinforeing (stiffening) ring — when the half apex angle is equal to or les than 60 degrees — shall be determined FIG. F by the following formulas and procedure, 1 Detemnine Pe, nd ed the valu oF om ie 2 Deen the ant ae of indy cone and siting ring An, (Se age 48 econ Etston of singing) Make sept eve Ay =the bey 4, Cates ter. Be 3{ #22) | ne a) wee aR ta by, RAR, 2 2" aR ne I, is negative mune, he design sal be in sccondance with U2 fg) F,-PMe hana M 3. Bom he epi har (gages 43 th 4) read the ve of een Re Yl of moving tothe lef th materiattenpertue lin and rm the ltestng pm meng wetialy tomo he ear For values of filing below the loft nt of he matrthempertire line or the eign tempers ture the vali of = 28 lithe value of is fling shove the materilemperate lin forthe design temperature: te cone rnd configuration shal be ching, andor he ein ing reload he anal coe, Sion sue reduced ex value of Bhsving multiple values of , sich as when Bilson horizons prion of the uve the smallest value ofA al be ed 4 Compu the ale ofthe reguted moment of neta Fes the ienng eng oly For the ving hel-cane section AD dp, pre ADe Ay 140) 109) 5 Scet he eo siteinging and determine the viable momen of nein page 95) of the "ing only Ir the helene ore inch sone anton = ee ssc rc165 REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER (continued) REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER (continued) IL or is ess than, 0° er moment of inertia. respectively, select stiffening ring with larg- 6, Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement, A, ,, $@. in. (hen compression governs) 4OrRetana| yf PhO, | See: Oo, ja ‘Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: A,, sq. in. ey =OSSyDyig(t, +f 608.0) ‘The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforce ‘ment shall be situated, in Rite ‘The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in 0.25 fRit, 4 oe Reinforcing shall be provided at the junction of small ~ % | end of conical setion without flare to eylinde. “The teuired moment of inertia and eros-setional rea of reinforcing (stein) ting shall be determined by L the following formulas and procedure. |. Determine the equivalent area of eyinder, cone and ssilfening rng, 5 Iie bile 4 4 2 Ars 1 —- 3 [ite = PN fon a VESSEL EL Rotana, Ly Lp =R? wirmour WIT Nae STIFFEXING — STIFFENNG 2" 2 6R, tana RING. RING. I, isa negative number, the design shall bein aoxer- FIG. ange with U2 (g) 3. From the applicable chart (pages 43 thru 47) rad the valu of entering a the valve of 'B, moving to the left to the materiaVtempereture line and fiom the intersecting point ‘moving vercally to the bottom ofthe char For values of falling below the left end ofthe materiattemperatre line forthe design temperature the vale of = 20. If the value of B is falling above the materialemperature line for the design tempers- ‘ure: the cone or eylinder configuration shall be changed, andlor the stiffening ing relo- ‘ate, the axial compression stress redveed For values of B having multiple value of A, such as wh n B falls on a horizontal por tion of the curve, the smallest value of A shall be used, 4, Compute the value ofthe required moment of inertia For the ring-hel-cone section Fr thestifenng ring only a ADE Ars 1,2 4De Ars "09 140 5, Select te type of stifening ring and determine the available moment of neta (seepage 95) ofthe rng ony, / and of te ringrshell-cone sexton, = (f/or isles than oF 2, respectively, sect stiffening ring with larger mornent of neta, 6, Determine the requ red erosesectinal area of enforcement. 4, 59 4 = OeRatanee gs Area of excess mata available for reinforcement eg = 0.55 YD yt, (tg - + (te ~t,)/ cose] ‘The distance fom the jnetion within which the aiional reinforcement sll be situste, in JE “The eistance fom the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be sit- vated in 9. 02s JR, NOTE: When the reducers made out of two or more conical sections of different apex angles witout knuckle, and when the hal apex angle is greater than 60 degrees, the design may be based on special analysis. (Code 18 (4) and (e)) [NOTATION | 4, aren of exes meal aniable fr, erosesetoal arn of ce te reinforcement, 89.8 ring, sin 4j,= required sea of reinforcement ‘uivalent area of cylinder, cone and ‘when Q, #8 in compression, 53 ssitfening ring, 9, in. | in Be factor 4,,= required area of reinforcement, = ouside diameter or cone or large end ‘when Q; isn compression, sn of conical seston, in167 REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER (continued) EXAMPLE De = ousidedianeterofeyindiealsel, Stelluntionandone-hirdthe depth DESIGN DATA Bs ofhesdon the otherendof the age | D,, = 96in, ouside dismeter of arg cylinder ‘D, = outside diameter at small end of shell D, = 48 in., outside diameter of small cylinder conical section, in, 4 = dein lngmafavxesecion i _ = 07eiceacy fonda woe joins . ae siferedveceel section distance y of shel and cone 2 between the cone-to-small-shell E, £,=30 X108, modulus of east naljoitin hosel, ead or cone, jcccisapenee By Ey . stich = Por butwelds ia compression 5 Shell cone, andring mateah psi E* = with subscripts ¢, r ors modulus of Pipimamacr fi 00 Ib.in., axial load due to wind . icity of, ‘or unstifoned vessel section: di £ 10 Ibn, axial load due to wind elas ofeone,einforceet or for papeeeeied b i, axial load due shell materia respectively, psi Shelljmetonandonethsdthoderth 1, Ee ™ 120i, design length of large vessel ‘A = S.E/SpEq bot not less than 1.0. ofhead on the other end ofthe small oe caine She 4, = 24, design length of small vessel see- te, Ib/n. The velue aff shall be p= extemal design pregsre, ps tion takénespostiveinallesteulaions, ° ~ f ng 1, = 48in fi = axiallosdatsmaliend duetowind, — % ~ “2'* Qt @ = 30,deg,, halfapex angle of cone etc sin, The value off shall bo ‘mialcompressiveforcedusto pres oas P~ 15 psi, external design pressure {taken as postive nal calculations. ‘sure and axial load, Ry, = 48.00 in, outside radius of large cylinder J = available moment of inertia of the ®t. = outside radius of large cylinder, in. R, = 24.00 in, outside radius of small cylinder stifling rg, int Ry ~ outside radius ofsmal cylinder, in. trol 5, = 17.100 psi, maximum allowable working 1 = amilzblemamentofinertiaofeom- $= allowable working stress, ps. of : : stréss of shell and cone material bined ring-shllerose-section, nt cone material, Design temperature = 500°F ThewidihoReshellvhichimten —) — Stevetie sree of infocing ms : as conrbtng to the moment ofS ~ sewable stesso reinforcing ma Se = 15700 ps. maximum allowable working stress of cinforcemen mate- inertia of the combined section: : ei tial Liebe rete laete tn, = 0.25 in. minimum required thicknes of large cylinder. 4+ = requitd monet of inert othe, minimum ued hikes of 4 = 0.1875 in. minimum required thickness of small cylinder. stoning rng, inder without allowance. for 4 = 0.25 in, actual thickness of cone 2° required moment of inertia ofthe ovcaion, in, t 0.25 in. minimum required thickness of cone. Scoiom iS NTTOMESS 1, = seta ces of cone without , = 0.25 in. actual thickness of cylinder. Hon, ‘corrosion allowance, in, 1 Slaghotencriorteematone, © 7 Mpiamenietbinesotore | | uN CON AT THE LARGE END <= lengthofconeslong urfaceofcone, without comosion allowance, in = tance 5/1 7100 = 0.00088; feom table EA =2.2 eosin MM = nal tn of wit || SEZ 1807100 00088 fo ale 2 ee allowance for corrasion., in. if ‘L. = design length of a vessel section, 2. Assuming 4j=0, Ary = Lit/2+La/2ed, = infor stifene! vescel section: the distance betwzen the cone-tolarge shelljunctionand an adjacent stiff ‘ning ring onthe large shell, for unstifoned vessel section: the ‘istancebetweenthecone-to-large= @ = halfapex angle, deg. A.» valuetoindicateneed forreinforce- ‘ment, from table E, deg. *Note : The modulus of elasticity Shall be taken fromTable TM-1 Section Hl. Part D See page 188 = 120% 0.125 + 48 x0.125 +021 in Rotana, Le RE-R 4a x05774, 12 2 +2 aR 2 FL= PM + fiten a= 1566.9 + 100.x0.5774 = 1061 ee 2 sxasx0sTI4 = 99 ee aeeeeearar168 oy i REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT i AT THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER AT'THE JUNCTION OF CONE TO CYLINDER | EXAMPLE (comined EXAMPLE (contmed) i D, \ B FEB) 075 «1081 29621 = 3636 = PN + fatan @ = 15x 149.7 +30 0.5774 = 2263 3. st 3) Fs (2263 x 48) 5. 4/=0,0003 rom carton pe : 4228-448) 3 om one poi SB: sn(228)-mam Ce ae of inertia ofthe combined ringshell-cone cross section Since value of B falls below the left end of material/temperature line: pn APs. 2109 226221 2539 9s S05 BE 2x 2232/30. 106 = 0.00014 | 7 Required moment of inertia ofthe combined rng-shell-cane cross section 5. Using two 24x flat bars as shown, and the effective width ofthe shell 1 2, 1.10 x VDjf = 1.1 Y96 x .025 = 5.389 in., ‘The available moment of inertia: 5.365 in (see page 95) It is larger than the required moment of inertia. The stiffening is satisfac tory “The required cross-sectional area of reinforcing: SE, _ 17100 x30 x 10" _ STOO x30 TE PR, ,, , 15x48 1.09 oe FR 44-5 « 100 = 460 so OB fl) 8] 109460 x48 05774 1548 -460)2.2 ' = abxO7 [i -02s RN Ie 1.15 ins ‘The cross-sectional area of the stiffening ringis 2.5 in?. Itis larger than the area requited. ‘The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction: AR, = V48 x03 = 3.46 in. “The centroid of te ring shall be within a distance from the junction: 0.25 Vii, = 025V48 x 0.25 = 0.86 in. JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END ‘The conical scetion having no flare, reinforcement shall be provided. Asuming Ay=0, Ars 6/2 % Lede2 + 244 K 0.25/2 + 4BX0.25/2 + 0= 36.5 in? RG-R¢ _ XOSTIA 244, _ 48-28 : C2 AGS SE sane sma = 49-7in Rytanct Le N pre ADEA 00014482355 « 108 int Using 24% Mat bar, and the effective shell width: 1.1 N@xO75 = 3.81 in ‘rhe available moment of inertia 1.67 in (see page 95) Itistorgerthan the required moment of inertia: the stiffening is satisfactory ,. The required area of reinforcing: PRe + f= isx24 +30=210 Ibvin, k-109 on FR fax HOR ONG 5 1.09 42104242057 n= SE TOO XO.7 ‘Area of excess metal available for reinforcement eV RE (tet) NR le 265 in? cos @ 5025 BTTOsS = 2 = : Vinx 25 = 0.1875) = 0.153 in? ¥ PODS. 0.25 -0.25) + VIA HO25 (025 -0.1 75) = 0.153 A= Ac = 0.265 - 0.153 = 0.112 in? ‘The area of ring used for stiffening 1.25 in2, Hts larger than the required area for reinforcement. ‘The reinforeing shall be situated within a distance from the junction AB N24 x05 = 2.44 in, and the centroid of the ring shalt be within a distance from the junction: % 0.25 V2 x 0.25 = 0.61 in. ie] tc) sy

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Pressure Vessels Handbook

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