sores ‘Socal network analysis - Wilipotia, th reo encyclopedia Social network analysis From Wikipedia, the fie encyclopedia This article is about the theoretical concept. For social networking sites, see social networking service. see Social network (disambiguation) Social network analysis (SNA) is the methodical analysis of social networks. Social network analysis views social relationships in terms of network theory, consisting of nodes (representing individual actors within the network) and fies (Which represent relationships between the individuals, such as fiiendship, kinship, organizational position, sexual relationships, etc.) (12) These networks are often depicted in a social network diagram, where nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines. Contents = 1 Overview = 2Metries = 2.1 Connections = 2.2 Distributions = 2.3 Segmentation 3 Modeling and visualization of networks 4 Practical applications 5 See also 6 References 7 Extemal links = 7.1 Further reading 7.2 Organizations 7.3 Peer-reviewed journals 7.4 Textbooks and educational resources 7.5 Data sets Overview Social network analysis has emerged as a key technique in modem sociology. It has also gained a significant following in anthropology, biology, communication studies, economics, geography, history, information science, organizational studies, political science, social psychology, development studies, and sociolinguistics and is now commonly available as a consumer too BIISIL enohipodia.orgwkSocial_notwork anaeis other uses, A social network diagram displaying friendship ties among a set of Facebook users, Sociology bs Outline . Theory . History . Positivism . Antipositivism . Functionalism . Conilict theories . Middle-range . Mathematical . Citcal theory . Socialization . Structure and agency Research methods . Quantitative . Qualitative 0sores ‘Socal notorkanalyss - Wilipotia th reo encyclopedia Social scientists have used the concept of social networks" since early in the 20th century to comate complex sets of relationships between members of social systems at all scales, from interpersonal to international In 1954, J. A. Bames started using the term systematically to denote pattems of ties, encompassing concepts traditionally used by the public and those used by social scientists: bounded groups (e.g, tribes, families) and social categories (¢.g., gender, ethnicity). Scholars such as Ronak Burt, Kathleen Carley, Mark Granovetter, David Krackhardt, Anatol Rapoport, Barry Wellman, Douglas R. White, and Harrison White expanded the use of systematic social network analysis.!"! Even in the study of literature, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo, |*) Wouter De Nooy,|”! and Burgert Senekal."°) Indeed, social network analysis has found applications in various academic disciplines, as well as practical applications such as countering money laundering and terrorism, Metrics Connections Homophily: The extent to which actors form ties with similar versus dissimilar others. Similarity can be defined by gender, race, age, occupation, educational achievement, status, values or any other salient characteristic!" Multiplexity: The mumber of content-forms contained in a tie.!!21 For example, two people who are friends and also work together would have a muttiplexity of 2.{"3) Muttiplexity has been associated with relationship strength. Mutuality/Reciprocity: The extent to which two actors reciprocate each other's friendship or other interaction.{14] Network Closure: A measure of the completeness of relational triads. An individual's assumption of network closure (ie. that their friends are also fiends) is called transitivity, Transitivty is an outcome of the individual or for Cognitive Closure.{!9) situational trait of Net Propinquity: The tendency for actors to have more ties with geographically close others.t41 Distributions Bridge: An individual whose weak ties fila structural hole, providing the only link between two individuals or clusters. It also includes the shortest route when a longer one is unfeasible due to a high risk of message distortion or delivery failure.('6] enohipodia.orgwkSocial_notwork anaeis Historical Computational Ethnographic Network-analytic ‘Topics Subfields Change Cities Class. Crime Catture Development Deviance Demography Education Economy Environment Family Gender Health Industry Internet Knowledge Law Literature Medicine Mobility Movements, Networks Organizations Politics, Race & ethnicity Religion Rural Science Soc. psychology Stratification Technology Browse Portal Sociologists Journals Lists 2100223 Social ntworkanais - Wola tho ree enyeepaca Centrality: Centrality refers to a group of metrics that aim to quantify the "importance" or "influence" (in a variety of senses) of a particular node (or group) within a network !!7I[!81(1912] Examples of common methods of measuring "centrality" inchide betweenness centrality,24] closeness centrality, eigenvector centrality, alpha centrality and degree centrality.22) Density: The proportion of direct ties in a network relative to the total number possible.2124) Distance: The minimum number of ties required to connect two particular actors, as popularized by Stanley Milgram’s small world experiment and the idea of ‘six degrees of separation’. Structural holes: The absence of ties between two parts of a network. Finding and exploiting a structural hole can give an entrepreneur a competitive advantage. This concept was developed by sociologist Ronald Burt, and is sometimes referred to as an altemate conception of social capital Hue (from red=0 to blue=max) indicates each node's betweenness centrality, Tie Strength: Defined by the linear combination of time, emotional intensity, intimacy and reciprocity (i.e. mutuality).!"6] Strong ties are associated with homophily, propinquity and transitivity, while weak ties are associated with bridges. Segmentation Groups are identified as ‘cliques’ if every individual is directly tied to every other individual, ‘social circles’ ifthere is less stringency of direct contact, which is imprecise, or as structurally cohesive blocks if precision is wanted.(?5) Clustering coefficient: A measure of the likelihood that two associates of a node are associates. A higher clustering coeflicient indicates a greater 'cliquishness’ 76) Cohesion: The degree to which actors are connected directly to each other by cohesive bonds. Structural cohesion refers to the minimum number of members who, ifremoved froma group, would disconnect the group.718) Modelling and visualization of networks tation of social networks is important to understand the network data and convey the result of the analysis [2] (http:/www.cmu.edufjoss/contenvarticles/volume|/Freeman.himl). Many of the analytic sofiware have modules for network visualization, Exploration of the data is done through displaying nodes and ties in various layouts, and attributing colors, size and other advanced properties to nodes. Visual representations of networks may be a powerfil method for conveying complex information, but care should be taken in interpreting node and graph properties fiom visual displays alone, as they may misrepresent structural properties better captured through quantitative analyses. (29) Collaboration graphs can be used to illustrate good and bad relationships between humans. A positive edge between two nodes denotes a positive relationship (ffiendship, alliance, dating) and a negative edge between two nodes denotes a negative relationship (hatred, anger). Signed social network graphs can be used to predict the fiture evolution of the enohiposia.orgwSocial_notwork analysis a0soar Social ntworkanais - Wola tho ree enyeepaca graph. In signed social networks, there is the concept of "balanced" and “unbalanced” cycles. A balanced cycle is defined as a cycle where the product of al the signs are positive. Balanced graphs represent a group of people who are unlikely to change their opinions of the other peopl in the group. Unbalanced graphs represent a group of peopl: who are very likely to change their opinions of the peopk in their group. For example, a group of 3 people (A, B, and C) where A and B have a positive relationship, B and C have a positive relationship, but C and A have a negative relationship is an unbalanced cycle. This group is very likely to morph into a balanced eycle, such as one where B only has a good relationship with A, and both A and B have a negative relationship with C, By using the concept of balances and unbalanced cycles, the evolution of signed social network graphs can be predicted.le#ation needed] Especially when using social network analysis as a tool for facilitating change, different approaches of participatory network mapping have proven useful. Here participants / interviewers provide network data by actually mapping out the network (with pen and paper or digitally) during the data collection session. One benefit of this approach is that it allows. researchers to collect qualitative data and ask clarifying questions while the network data is collected.2 Practical applications Social network analysis is used in intelligence, counter-intelligence and law enforcement activities. This technique allows the analysts to map a clandestine or covert organization such as a espionage ring, an organized crime family or a street gang. The National Security Agency (NSA) uses its clandestine mass electronic surveillance programs to generate the data needed to perform this type of analysis on terrorist cells and other networks deemed relevant to national security. The NSA looks up to three nodes deep during this network analysis." After the initial mapping of the social network is compkte, analysis is performed to determine the structure of the network and determine, for example, the leaders within the network.!52! This allows military or law enforcement assets to launch capture-or-kill decapitation attacks on the high-value targets in leadership positions to disrupt the fimctioning of the network, ‘The NSA has been performing social network analysis on Call Detail Records (CDRs), also known as metadata, since shortly after the September 11 Attacks.31[34] See also ™ Actor-network theory = Complex Network = Community structure = Dynamic network analysis = Friendship paradox = Graph theory = Mathematical sociology = Metcalté's Law = Network science = Organizational patterns = Small world phenomenon * Social networking service = Social network analysis software = Social software = Social Terrain = Social web enohipodia.orgwkSocial_notwork anaeis 40soar Re ° Social ntworkanais - Wola tho ree enyeepaca ferences 1, 4 Pinheiro, Carlos A.R. (2011), Social Network Analysis in Telecommunications 10, uM. 12, 1B. 14, 16. 7. 18, 19. (hitps/books. google com/books?id=jP8ziL.6yNGkC&pg-PA4). John Wiley & Sons. p. 4, ISBN 978-1-118- 01094-5, * D’Andrea, Alessia et al. (2009). "An Overview of Methods for Virtual Social Network Analysis" (hitps/books. google.com/books?id=-S1KiURS(RAC&pg-PA8). In Abraham, Ajith et al. Computational Social Network Analysis: Trends, Tools and Research Advances. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-84882-228-3. * Facebook ffiends mapped by Wolftam Alpha app (httpy/vww.bbe.co.uk/news/technology- 19699776) BBC News * Wolfiam Alpha Launches Personal Analytics Reports For Facebook (hitpz/techerunch.comv20 12/08/30/woliram-alpha-launches-personal-analytics Crunch 4 [1] (httpziwww.irh.ong’2q-content/terikunda-j%C3%A9kulu-project) 4 Ivaldi M., Ferreri L., Daolio F., Giacobini M., Tomassini M., Rainoldi A., We-Sport: from academy spin-off to data-base for complex network analysis; an innovative approach to a new technology. J Sports Med and Phys Fitnes Vol. 51-suppl. 1 to issue No. 3. The social network analysis was used to analyze properties of the network We-Sport.com allowing a deep interpretation and analysis of the level of aggregation phenomena in the specific context of sport and physical exercise. * Linton Freeman, The Development of Social Network Analysis. Vancouver: Empitical Press, 2006. * Anheier, H.K., J. Gerhards en F.P. Romo. 1995. Forms of capital and social structure of feds: examining Bourdieu’s social topography, American Joumal of Sociology, 100:859-903 4 De Nooy, W. 2003. Fields and networks: Correspondence analysis and social network analysis in the framework of Fieki Theory. Poetics, 31:305-27 * Senekal, B. A. 2012. Die Afiikaanse literére sistem: in Eksperimentele benadering met behulp van Sosiale- netwerk-analise (SNA), LitNet Akademies 9(3) ‘* McPherson, N., Smith-Lovin, L., Cook, J.M. (2001). "Birds of feather: Homophily in social networks". Annual Review of Sociology 21. pp. 415-444, * Podoiny, J.M. & Baron, J.N. (1997). Resources and relationships: Social networks and mobility in the workplace. American Sociological Review, 62(5), 673-693. * Kilduff, M., Tsai, W. (2003). Social networks and organisations. Sage Publications. *@ Kadushin, C. (2012). Understanding social networks: Theories, concepts, and findings. Oxford: Oxford University Press . A Flynn, F.J., Reagans, RE. & Guillory, L. (2010). Do you two know each other? Transitivity, homophily, and the need for (network) closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(5), 855-869. *@ Granovetter, M. (1973). "The strength of weak ties". American Journal of Sociology 78 (6). pp. 1360— 1380. 4 Hansen, Derek et al. (2010). Analyzing Social Media Networks with NodeXL (hitps/books. google.com/books?id=rbxPm93PRY8C&pg-PA32). Morgan Kaufinann. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-12- 382229-1 * Liu, Bing (2011). Web Data Mining: Exploring Hyperlinks, Contents, and Usage Data (hitp:/books. google.com/books?id=jnCi0Cql ¥ VkC&pg-P.A271). Springer. p. 271. ISBN 978-3-642- 19459-7, ‘* Hanneman, Robert A. & Riddle, Mark (2011). "Concepts and Measures for Basic Network Analysis" (hitp/books. google.com/books id=2chSmLzCIXgC&pg-PA364). The Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis. SAGE. pp. 364-367. ISBN 978-1-84787-395-8 reports-for-facebook/) Tech enohipodia.orgwkSocial_notwork anaeis soro2ar9 ‘Social ntworkanais - Wola tho ree enyeepaca 20. * Tsvetovat, Maksim & Koumetsov, Alexander (2011). Social Network Analysis for Startups: Finding Connections on the Social Web (hitp://books. googie.com/books’id=hVOxjkoL SiEC&pg=PAd5). O'Reilly. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4493-1762-1 21. 4 The most comprehensive reference is: Wasserman, Stanley, & Faust, Katherine. (1994). Social Networks ‘Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. A short, clear basic summary is in Krebs, Valdis. (2000). "The Social Life of Routers." Internet Protocol Journal, 3 (December): 14-25. 22. © Opsahl, Tore; Agneessens, Filip; Skvoretz, John (2010). "Node centrality in weighted networks: Generalizing degree and shortest paths" (hitp:/toreopsahl.com/2010/04/2 I /article-node-centrality-in-weighted-networks- generalizing-degree-and-shortest-paths/). Social Networks 32 (3): 245. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2010.03.006 (http:/ldx.doi org/10.1016%2F}.socnet.2010.03.006) 23. 4 "Social Network Analysis" (http://www. fas.orglinp/doddir/army/in3-24.pdi), Field Manual 3-24: Counterinsurgency. Headquarters, Department of the Army. pp. B-11 — B-12. 24, © Xu, Guandong et al (2010). Web Mining and Social Networking: Techniques and Applications (hitp?/books. google. com/books?id~mXo9AK eY a6cC &pg-PA25). Springer. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-4419-7734- 2. 25. * Cohesive blocking (http:/intersci.ss.uciedu/wikifindex php/Cohesive_blocking) is the R program for computing structural cohesion according to the Moody-White (2003) algorithm, This wiki ste provides numerous examples and a tutorial for use with R. 26, * Hanneman, Robert A. & Riddle, Mark (2011). "Concepts and Measures for Basic Network Analysis" (http://books. google. com/books?id=2chSmlzCIXgC&pg=PA346). The Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis. SAGE, pp. 346-347. ISBN 978-1-84787-395-8, 27. * Moody, James, and Douglas R. White (2003). "Structural Cohesion and Embeddedness: A Hierarchical Concept of Social Groups.” American Sociological Review 68(1):103-127. Online (hitp’/www2.asanet.orgijoumnals/ASRFeb03Moody White pdf): (PDF file). 28. 4 Pato, Jefitey et al (2011). "Clique relaxation models in social network analysis" (http//books. google. conybooks?id=bdRdcHxQQLQC&pg=P A149). In Thai, My T. & Pardalos, Panos M. Handbook of Optimization in Complex Networks: Communication and Social Networks. Springer. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-4614-0856-7. 29. © McGrath, Blythe and Krackhardt. 1997. "The effect of spatial arrangement on judgements and errors in interpreting graphs", Social Networks 19: 223-242. 30, * Bernie Hogan, Juan-Antonio Carrasco and Barry Wellman, "Visualizing Personal Networks: Working with Participant- Aided Sociograms," Field Methods 19 (2), May 2007: 116-144. 31. * "NSA wamed to rein in surveillance as agency reveals even greater scope" (hitp:www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013 jui/1 7insa-surveillance-house-hearing). 17 July 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013. 32. * "How The NSA Uses Social Network Analysis To Map Terrorist Networks" (hitp:www. digitaltonto.com/20 13 /how-the-nsa-uses-social-network-analysis-to-map-terrorist-networks/), 12 June 2013. Retrieved 19 Jul 2013. 33. 4 "NSA Using Social Network Analysis" (hitp:/www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2006/05/70888). 12 May 2006, Retrieved 19 July 2013. 34. * "NSA has massive database of Americans’ phone call" (httpy!www.slate.convarticles/news_and_politics/explainer/2006/05/how_the_nsa_does_social_network_analysit 11 May 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2013. External links enohipodia.orgwkSocial_notwork anaeis atosoz Social ntnerkanahis- Wp to roo enycoped Further reading = Introduction to Stochastic Actor-Based Models for Network Dynamics - Snijders et al (http//stat. gamma. rug nl SnijdersSteglichVdBunt2009. pd) * Social Networking (http/www.dmoz.org/Computers/Intemet/On_the_Web/Online_Comnumities/Social_Networking/) at the Open Directory Project = The International Network for Social Network Analysis (http2/www.insna.org) (INSNA) — professional society of social network analysts, with more than 1,000 members = Center for Computational Analysis of Social and Organizational Systems (CASOS) at Camegie Mellon (http www. casos.es.cmuedu) * NetLab at the University of Toronto, studies the intersection of social, communication, information and computing networks (http//www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/netlab/ABO UT/index. html) = Netwiki (hutp:/netwiki.amath,une.edw) (wiki page devoted to social networks; maintained at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hil) Building networks for eaming (http:/leamingforsustainability.net/social_learing/networks.php) — A guide to on- line resources on strengthening social networking. = Program on Networked Governance (hitp:/ivww-ksg harvard, edu/netgov) — Program on Networked Governance, Harvard University = The International Workshop on Social Network Analysis and Mining (http/www.snakdd.com) (SNA-KDD) - An annual workshop on social network analysis and mining, with participants fiom computer science, social science, and related disciplines. = Historical Dynamics in a time of Crisis: Late Byzantium, 1204-1453 (a discussion of social network analysis from the point of view of historical studies) (hitp//www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanzhistoricaldynamics. htm) = Social Network Analysis: A Systematic Approach for Investigating (hitp/Awww. fbi govistats- services/publications/law- enforcement- bulletin’2013/March’social-network-analysis) Organizations = International Network for Social Network Analysis (http2/www. insna.org/) Peer-reviewed journals = Social Networks (http-/www.sciencedirect,com/science(journal/03788733) = Network Science (http:/ijournals.cambridge.org/action/displaySpecialPage?pageld=3656) = Journal of Social Structure (http://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/articles/valindex. html) = Journal of Mathematical Sociology (htip:/www.tandfonline.com/toc/gmas20/current) = Social Network Analysis and Mining (SNAM) (http www springer. com/eomputer/database + management + %26+ information tretrievalljournal/1 3278) = Connections (http://www. insna.org/pubs/connections/). Toronto: Intemational Network for Social Network Analysis. ISSN 0226-1776 (iivww.worldeat.org/issn/0226-1776) Check | issn~ value (help) Textbooks and educational resources = Networks, Crowds, and Markets (http:/vww.cs.cornell.eduhome/kleinber/networks-book/) (2010) by D. Easley & J. Kleinberg * Introduction to Social Networks Methods (http:/faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/nettext/) (2005) by R. enohipodia.orgwkSocial_notwork anaeis m0roars Social network anaiis-Wipotia the tos eneyclopacia Hanneman & M. Riddle "Understanding Social Networks,” (2011) by Charles Kadushin * Social Network Analysis with Applications (2013) by Tan MeCulloh, Helen Armstrong & Anthony Johnson " Social Network Analysis," (2012) by Christian Prell = Social Network Analysis," 3rd ed. (2012) by John Scott = Social Network Analysis” (1994) by Stanley Wasserman and Katherine Faust Data sets 2 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Social networks. © Pajek’s list of lists of datasets http://pajek.imfin si/dokuphp?id=data:urlsindex) = UC Irvine Network Data Repository (http:/networkdata.ies.uei.edwindex. htm), = Stanford Large Network Dataset Collection (http:/snap.stanford.edw/data/) = M.E.J. Newman datasets (http:!'vww-personal,umich.edu/~mej/netdata/) = Pajek datasets http:/vlado. inf uni-l.sipub/networks/data/) = Gephi datasets (htp2/wiki gephi orgyindex.php?tile—Datasets#Social_networks) * KONECT- Koblenz network collection (http:/konect.ni-koblenz.de/networks) = RSiena datasets (http:/www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~snijders/siena/) Social networking = City = Personal = Professional = Sexual = Vale ‘Types = Enterprise social networking = Mobile social network = Personal knowledge networking Networks = List of social networking websites, = List of virtual communities with more than | million users = List of virtual communities with more than 100 milion active users | = Distributed social network (list) Services | ® Assortative mixing = Interpersonal bridge = Organizational network analysis = Small world experiment * Social aspects of television Concepts | Social capital and enohipodia.orgwSocial_notwork anaeis anosoar Social ntworkanais - Wola tho ree enyeepaca theories | Social data revolution * Social exchange theory * Social identity theory = Social network analysis = Social web = Structural endogamy = Aggregation = Change detection * Collaboration graph = Collaborative consumption = Giant Global Graph = Lateral communication = Lateral diffusion = Lateral media = Social graph * Social network analysis software * Social networking potential = Social pyramid * Social television = Structural cohesion Models and processes = Collaborative finance Economics = Social commerce = Commumity recognition = Complex contagion = Consequential strangers = Friend ofa fiend = Friendship paradox = Six degrees of separation = Social invisibility * Social network game = Social occultation = Tribe Phenomena| = Researchers Related | = User profile topics "Viral messages = Virtual community Retrieved from “hitp,/en. wikipedia.org/w/index.php ?ttle=Social_network_analysis&oldid=57793 1595" Categories: Social psychology | Social networks | Value | Systems theory | Social systems | Setforganization Community buikling | Cultural economies | Social information processing | Surveillance | Information economics enohipodia.orgwkSocial_notwork anaeis anotoa Social ntworkanais - Wola tho ree enyeepaca Methods in sociology = This page was last modified on 20 October 2013 at 04:01 = Text is available under the Creative Commons Atribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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