Notes for foxpro Data Point ,Shegaon

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FOXPRO
DBMS stand for Data Base Management System. In this system you can create files, reports, labels etc.
The database is the collection of records related to person. The DBMS packages are Dbase III plus,
Dbase IV, FoxBASE, FoxPro etc.
FoxPro is a database management system. It means that using this software we can handle the
data in different way. The activity include in DBMS system are
1] Create a database or format structure to store data.
2] Add records in database.
3] Modify records, Edit records.
4] Search particular records.
5] Arrange records in particular order (ascending or descending order).
6] Delete records
7] Delete Database or modify structure.
8] Prepare Reports and Labels.
The three important terms are
1] Field :- It is the unit or information related to person. Or it is a heading of column in database.
2] Record :- It is the collection of fields or a complete row of table is called record.
3] Database :- The collection of records is called file.

1] Creating File in FoxPro

Create: To create file in foxpro use command CREATE command window with file name.
Syntax:- Create <filename>
e.g.
Create data
A structure dialog box appear on screen
Here enter field names, there datatype (datatype means type of data you allwoed for that field for e.g.
number or character or date) enter width of field (space allowed) and if necessary enter decimal number.
After this select OK button or press Ctrl+W to save and exit form structure box, a message display to
"Input record now (y/n)" press y to add records in append window.
Add some records in append window and to close and save data in file press Ctrl +W again.

Data type available in FoxPro

Data type Default width Maximum Width
Character 10 254
Numeric 10 20
Float 10 20
Date 08 08
Logical 01 01
Memo 10 in dbf file unlimited bytes
General 10 in dbf file unlimited bytes

In FoxPro there are different data types are available. These are
1] Character :- Allowed alphabets (A to Z, a to z) number (0 to 9) and special character and space.
2] Numeric :- Allowed digits (0 to 9) and decimal point also contain + or - sign.
3] Float :- Same as Numeric.
4] Date:- the date data type use to define or enter date value.
5] Memo :- The memo data type is same as character data type having unlimited width.
6] General :- it is use for OLE object.

Rules for naming field

 1] Field name must start with character or underscore (_) character.
 2] Field name can be up to 10 char.
 3] Space is not allowed in field name.
 4] Duplicate field name is not allowed.

2] Use Command:
This command is use to open an existing file and also to close current file.
Syntax :- Use [File name]
e.g. to open data file
Use Data

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3] Append
This command is use to add new records
Syntax
Append [blank]
[from <filename>]
[filed <field list>]
[for <expL>]
e.g.
1] to add records in append window
use data
Append
2] To add blank record without opening append window
append blank
3] To add new records in a current file from file name "student"
append from student
4] To add only though records having city "shegaon" of "student" file
append from student for city = "shegaon"

4] Browse: This command is most popular or useful in FoxPro which let you to add new records, delete
records or modify records in browse window.
Syntax:-
Browse [Scope]
[Fields <fieldlist>]
[For <expL>]
[While<expL>]
[noappend] [nomodify]
[nodelte] [noedit]
e.g
1] To open browse window
Browse
2] To browse only fields Title author and cost only
browse fields Title,Author,Cost
3] To browse only records having cost greater than 300
browse all for cost >300
4] To browse records but not able to add, modify or delete records in browse window
browse all noappend nodelete nomodify

5] List :- this command use to list reocrds on screen, file or to send out put to printer
Syntax:- List [off] [scope]
[field <field list>]
[for<expL>]
[While<expL>]
e.g.
 1] To list all records
list
 2] To list records without record number
List off
 3] To list record only 1 to 3
go top
list next 3
 4] To list only fields title and cost
List fields title,cost
 5] To list only record of author E. Balguruswami
List all for author="E.balguruswami"
6] To list only title and author of title FoxPro
List fields title, author for title = "FoxPro"

5] Display :- this command use to Display reocrds on screen, file or to send out put to printer
Syntax:-
Display [off] [scope]
[field <field list>]
[for<expL>]
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[While<expL>]
e.g.
Display: to display only current record
 To Display all records
Display all

 To Display records without record number

Display off

 To Display record only 1 to 3

go top
Display next 3

 To Display only fields title and cost

Display fields title,cost

 To Display only record of author E. Balguruswami

Display all for author="E.balguruswami"

 To Display only title and author of title FoxPro

Display fields title, author for title = “FoxPro”

6] Delete : - This command is use to mark records for delete.

Syntax:- Delete [scope]
[field <field list>]
[for<expL>]
[While<expL>]
e.g.
 To Delete all records
Delete all

 To Delete record only 1 to 3

go top
Delete next 3

 To Delete only record of author E. Balguruswami

Delete all for author="E.balguruswami"

7] Recall:- This command is use to recall records marked for delete.

Syntax :- Recall [scope]
[field <field list>]
[for<expL>]
[While<expL>]
e.g.
 To Recall all records
Use stud
Delete for city=”Shegaon”
Recall all

 To Recall record only 1 to 3

Use stud
Delete all
go top
Recall next 3

 To Recall only record of author E. Balguruswami

Recall all for author = "E.balguruswami"

8] Pack:- This command is use to delete records permanently marked for delete.
Syntax:- Pack
e.g. delete all record.

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use stud & pack
9] Zap:- This command is use to delete all record permanently of currently
open .dbf file.
e.g
To delete all record of data file
use data
zap

10] Go to:- This command lets you to move record pointer in a dbf file.
Syntax:-
e.g
use stud
goto 3
11] Locate :- This command is use to search the record sequentially that matches given expression.
Locate sequentially search the current table for the first record that matches a logical expression. The
table doesn't have to be indexed.
If locate find the record it display it's Record no else place the record pointer to EOF.
Syntax:-
Locate [scope]
For <expL>
[While<expL>]
e.g
 To locate records having city shegaon
use stud
Locate all for city = "shegaon"

 To locate all record between 3000 to 6000

Locate all for salary > = 3000 .and. salary<=6000

12] Continue :- Continue command is used after LOCATE succeeds in finding a record, to continue the
LOCATE operation. CONTINUE moves the record pointer to the next record for which the logical
expression specified in the previous LOCATE evaluates to true <.T.>

13] SORT :- Sort command sort the current table and outputs the sorted data to a new table.
Syntax:-
SORT TO <file> ON <field1> [/A | /D] ,
<field2> [/A | /D]
[ascending] [descending]
[scope]
[for <expL>]
[while<expL>]

<file> when a table is sorted a new table is created

<on> <field1> you must include a name of a field
[/A | /D] for each field you include in the sort you can specify an ascending or descending sort order.
ASCENDING | DESCENDING
You can specify a sort order for all sort fields not followed by /A or /D
<scope>
The scope clauses are: All, NEXT <expN>, REOCRD <expN> and REST
e.g.
 To sort the current table on field name and store it to temp table
Use stud
Sort to temp on name /a

 To sort the current table on field name and store it to temp table but in descending order
Use stud
Sort to temp on name desc

 To sort current table on Title and include only selected fields to it

Use lib
Sort to abc on title fields title, author, cost

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14] Index:- This command is used to arrange the records in ascending or descending order. There are
two types of indexing compound indexing (.cdx) containing multiple entries called tag and simple index
(idx) containing single index entry.
Syntax
Index on <field exp>
[to <idx file>]/[tag <tag name>]
[for <expL>]
[compact] [ascending | descending]
<field exp> : include fields on which you want to index file (not allowed different data type fields if u
want to use then first convert its data type using function.)
e.g
use lib
index on name,dtoc(dofp) tag a additive
for <expL> Only records that satisfy the filter expression <expL> are available for display and
access.
Compact create a compact .idx file.

ASCENDING | DESCENDING .cdx files can be built in ascending or descending order. By default
tag are created in ascending order.
e.g
 to index file on name in ascending order
use abc
index on name tag a

15] FIND:- (index query for a single record)

Search an index table. Find moves the record pointer to the first record in the table whose index key
matches the character expressing <expC>.
If the matching record if found RECNO() return it's record number, FOUND() return .T. and EOF()
return .F.
If SET NEAR is ON and find is unsuccessful, the record pointer is positioned immediately after the
closest matching record.
e.g
use lib
index on Title tag a additive
find "FoxPro for Windows"

16] SEEK:- SEEK command is similar to FIND search record in index table. In
this expression is allowed.
e.g.
use lib
index on cost tag a
c=234
seek c

17] SET COMMANDS

a) SET STATUS ON | OFF :
Display or remove Status bar.

b) SET CLOCK ON | OFF :

SET CLOCK TO [ <ROW> ,<COLUMN>]

Determine weather or not FoxPro display the system date and specify it's location. On the screen. (total
number on screen is 24 and column is 80 ]
e.g.
set clock on
set clock to 12,30

c) SET CENTURY ON | OFF :

Determine weather or not FoxPro displays the century portion of date expression in four digits or two
digits.

d) SET BELL ON | OFF

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Turn the computer bell on or off and set the bell attributes.
syntax
SET BELL ON | OFF
SET BELL [<frequency>,<duration>]
Frequency is between 19 to 10000 hertz
And duration is between 1 to 19
e.g.
SET BELL ON
SET BELL TO 12000 , 12

e) SET DELETED ON |OF

Specify weather or not foxpro processes records marked for deletion Or available for use in other
commands

f) SET TALK ON | OFF

Determine weather or not foxpro display command reasult

g) SET ESCAPE ON | OFF

Determine weather or not pressing the Escape key interrupts program and command execution.

h) SET HEADING ON | OFF

Set Heading specifies weather a field name is displayed as a column heading output of average,
calculate, display, list and sum.

i) SET NEAR ON | OFF

Determine weather the record pointer is positioned after FIND or SEEK unsuccessfully search for a
record.

j) SET SAFETY ON | OFF

Determines weather or not FoxPro display a warning before overwriting an existing file.

k) SET EXACT ON | OFF

Specifies rules used when comparing strings of different lengths.

l) SET DATE [TO] AMERICAN |ANSI |

BRITISH | FRENCH | GERMAN
| ITALIAN | JAPAN | USA | MDY
| DMY | YMD
Use this command to set the format used to display date expressions. Here are the settings and the
resulting date expressions.
Resulting date format
Setting Format
American mm/dd/yy
Ansi yy.mm.dd
Italian dd-mm-yy
German dd.mm.yy
British / French dd/mm/yy
Japan yy/mm/dd
Usa mm-dd-yy
Mdy mm-dd-yy
Dmy dd-mm-yy
Ymd yy/mm/dd

SET DECIMAL TO <expN>

Specify the decimal places display in numeric used to display the result of division, multiplication and
trigonometric and financial function.
e.g.
set decimal to 2

m) SET CARRY ON/OFF

Determine whether or not foxpro carry forword the entired record from current record created
by APPEND command.

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n) SET CARRY TO <field>

Specifies the fields from which you want to carry forword the data to the new record.
e.g.
use stud
set carry to city,course
append

o) SET CONFIRM ON/OFF

Specifies whether or not enter or tab key pressed to exit an input field and move to the next field.
By default confirm is OFF

p) SET DEFAULT TO <path>

Species the default drive & directory for working .
e.g.
set default to a:\main

q) SET FILTER TO
Specifies a condition for the current database file. This display only those records which satisfied
the given condition.
e.g.
use stud
set filter to course=”ADCSSAA”
browse
tip:- to remove the filter give command SET FILTER TO ALL

r) SET INDEX TO
Open one or more index files for use with current database file. You can open both .IDX or
.CDX files with this command.
e.g.
use stud
index on name to name
index on rollno to roll
set index to name

s) SET ORDER TO
Select a specified index file or tag as the controlling index file/tag for the current or specified
file.
e.g.
use stud
index on name tag name
index on rollno tag roll
set order to name

t) SET MESSAGE TO <expN>

Specifies the message to row location created by user.

u) SET RELATION TO
Create the relation with more than one file using this command.
e.g.
suppose the two files are created with name & fields as
emp_c emp_v
code code
name post
dob salary
doj city
tip:- you must remember that you must take one filed comman in both file. Here is code.
Now set the relation as:-
select 1
use emp_c
index on code to code
select 2

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use emp_v
index on code to code1
select 1
set relation to code into emp_v
browse fields code,name,emp_v.post,emp_v.salary

v) SET UNIQUE ON/OFF

Specifies weather or not the duplicat record are displayed or not in index file.

w) SET PROCEDURE TO
Opens the procedure file. Only one procedure file is opened at time.

DATE FUNCTIONS

1) DATE():- Returns the current system date, which is controlled by the operating
system.
Syntax & e.g. :-
?DATE( )
Returns date:-
02/14/01
tip:- if century is on then year displayed in yyyy format.

2) DAY() :- Returns the numeric day of the month for a given date expression.
DAY( ) returns a number from 1 through 31.
Syntax :-
DAY(<expD>)
e.g. ?DAY({01/11/99})
Returns value :- 10

3) MONTH():- Return the numeric month of given date expression.

Syntax:-
Month(<expD>)
e.g.
?MONTH({10/09/1999})
Return value :- 10

4) CMONTH():- Return the character month of given date expression.

Syntax:-
CMONTH(<expD>)
e.g. ?CMONTH({09/03/79})
Return value:- September
Tip :- you can also write the character text to this date as
?’My birth day will come in the month of’,cmonth({09/03/1979})
Return :- My birth day will come in the month of September

5) DOW():- Returns the numeric day of week from given date expression.
The value returned by DOW( ) ranges from 1 (Sunday) through 7 (Saturday).
Syntax:-
DOW(<expD>)
e.g. ?DOW({date())
return value :- 1.
e.g. ?Dow({02/14/2001})
Return value :- 4

6) CDOW():- Return the character day of week from given date expression.
Syntax:-
CDOW(<expD>)
e.g. ?CDOW({02/14/2001})
Return :- Wednesday
7) YEAR():- Return the year from given date expression. SET CENTURY ON/OFF
command will not affect this function it always displayed in YYYY format.
Syntax:-
YEAR(<expD>)
e.g. ?YEAR({01/01/99})
Return:- 1999

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8) CTOD():- Return the a character expression to a date expression.

Syntax:-
CTOD(<expC>)
e.g.. ?CTOD(“10/01/1999”)
Returns:- 10/01/1999
Tip:- CTOD( ), the character to date function, returns a date type value from a character expression.

9) DTOC():- Convert the date expression into character expression.

Syntax:- DTOC(<expD>)
e.g. ?DTOC({10/01/1999})
Return :- 10/01/1999

10) DTOS():- Returns a character-string date in the format YYYYMMDD from a

specified date expression.
Syntax:- DTOS(<expD>)
e.g. ?DTOS({10/09/1999})
Returns:- 19991009

11) DMY():- Returns a specified date expression in Day Month Year format.
Syntax:- DMY(<expD>)
e.g. ?DMY({02/10/2001})
Returns:- 10 February 01
Tip:- if SET CENTURY OFF then year displayed in yy format otherwise in YYYY format.

12) MDY():- Returns the specified date expression in Month Day Year format.
Syntax :- MDY(<expD>)
e.g. ?MDY({02/14/2001})
Returns:- February 14, 2001

NUMERIC FUNCTIONS

1) MOD():- Returns the remainder obtained by dividing a numeric expression by another

numeric expression.
Syntax :- MOD(<expN1> , <expN2>
e.g. ?MOD(10,3
Return :- 1
Tip:- MOD is identical to %

2) ABS():- Returns the absolute value of the specified numeric expression.

Syntax :- ABS(<expN>)
e.g. ?ABS(-129.90)
Returns: 129.90

3) ACOS():- Returns the arc cosine of a specified numeric expression in radian.

Syntax :- ACOS(<expN>)
e.g. ?ACOS(0.10)
Returns:- 1.47
Tip:- The value of <expN> can range from +1 through -1.The value returned by ACOS( ) ranges from 0 through
pi ( 3.141592).

4) ASIN():- This trigonometric function returns in radians the arc sine of the numeric
expression <expN>.
Syntax :- ASIN(<expN>)
e.g. ?ASIN(-1)
Returns:- -1.57
Tip:-The value of <expN> can range from +1 through -1, and the value returned by ASIN( ) can range from -pi/2
through +pi/2 ( -1.57079 to 1.57079).

5) ATAN():- This trigonometric function returns in radians the arc tangent of a numeric
expression.
Syntax :- ATAN(<expN>)
e.g. ?ATAN(1.3)
Returns:- 0.92
Tip:- the value returned by ATAN( ) can range from -pi/2 through +pi/2 ( -1.57079 to 1.57079). The numeric
value returned by ATAN( ) is in radians.

6) COS():- Returns the cosine of a numeric expression.

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Syntax:- COS(<expN>)
e.g. ?cos(45)
Returns.53
Tip:-the value returned by COS( ) ranges between -1 and 1. <expN> is given in radians.
7) DTOR():- Converts the value of a numeric expression given in degrees to an
equivalent value in radians.
Syntax :- DTOR(<expN>)
e.g. ?DTOR(180)
Returns:- 3.14
8) EXP() :- Returns the value of e^x where x is a specified numeric expression.
The value of e, the base of natural logarithms, is approximately 2.71828.
Syntax:- EXP(<expN>)
e.g. ?EXP(2)
Returns:- 7.39

9) FLOOR():- Returns the nearest integer that is less than or equal to the specified
numeric expression.
Syntax:- FLOOR(<expN>)
e.g:- ?FLOOR(19,90)
Returns:- 19
e.g. ?FLOOR(-19.99)
Return:- -20
TIPS:- FLOOR( ) rounds a positive number with a fractional portion down to the integer portion of the number,
and rounds a negative number with a fractional portion down to the next lowest integer.

10) INT():- Evaluates a numeric expression and returns the integer portion of the
expression.
Syntax :- INT(<expN>)
e.g. :- ?INT(20.99)
Returns:- 19

11) MAX():- Returns the expression with the highest ASCII or numeric value or the
latest date from a list of character, numeric or date expressions.
Syntax :- MAX(<expr1>, <expr2>[, <expr3> ... ])
e.g. ?max(12,22,10)
Returns:- 22

12) MIN():- Returns the expression with the lowest ASCII or numeric value or the
earliest date in a list of character, numeric or date expressions.
Syntax :- MIN(<expr1>, <expr2>[, <expr3> ...])
e.g. ?min(10,9,8)
Returns:- 8

13) ROUND():- Return a numeric expression rounded to a specified number of decimal

places.
Syntax:- ROUND(<expN1>, <expN2>)
e.g. ?ROUND(19.9956,2)
Return:- 20.00
Tip :- if the number is greater than 5, then 1 is added to the previous number.

14) RTOD():- Converts a numeric expression that represents radians to an equivalent

value in degrees.
Syntax :- RTOD(<expN>)
e.g. ?RTOD(3.1416)
Returns:- 180.00

15) SQRT():- Returns the square root of the specified numeric expression.
Syntax :- SQRT(<expN>)
e.g. ?SQRT(121)
Return :- 11
16) VAL():- Returns a numeric expression from a specified character expression
composed of numbers.
Syntax:- VAL(<expC>)
e.g. a=’12’
?VAL(a)
Return:- 12.00

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CHARACTER FUNCTIONS

1) ALLTRIM():- Returns the specified character expression with leading and trailing
blanks removed.
Syntax:- ALLTRIM(<expC>)
e.g. ?’”HELLO FRIEND”,ALLTRIM(“ THIS IS TEST “,” example”
Return:- HELLO FRIEND THIS IS TEST example.
Tip:- ALLTRIM( ) removes leading and trailing blanks from the specified character expression and returns the
trimmed expression as a character string.

2) ASC():- Returns the ASCII code for the leftmost character in a character expression.
Syntax :- ASC(<expC>)
e.g. ?ASC(‘a’)
Returns:- 97
Tip:-Every character has a unique ASCII value in the range from 0 to 255.

3) AT():- Returns the beginning numeric position of the first occurrence of a character
expression or field within another character expression or field, counting from the leftmost character.
Syntax:- AT(<expC1>, <expC2>[, <expN>])
Here ,<expC1> - is the character whose position you want to see.
<expC2)- is the text in which you want to search.
<expN>- is the number of occurrence.
e.g.:- ?at(‘A’,’DATA POINT’,2)
Return:- 4

4) CHR():- Returns the character associated with the specified numeric ASCII code.
Syntax :- CHR(<expN>)
e.g. ?CHR(97)
Return:- a

5) ISALPHA():- Returns true (.T.) if the leftmost character in the specified character
expression is an alphabetic character; otherwise, false (.F.) is returned.
Syntax :- ISALPHA(<expC>)
e.g. ?ISALPHA(“12data point”)
Returns:- .F.

7) ISDIGIT():- Returns true (.T.) if the leftmost character of the specified character
expression is a digit (09); otherwise, false (.F.) is returned.
Syntax:- ISDIGIT(<expC>)
e.g. ?ISDIGIT(“12 data “)
Return:- .T.

8) ISLOWER():- Returns true (.T.) if the leftmost character in the specified character
expression is a lower-case alphabetic character.
Syntax :- ISLOWER(<expC>)
e.g. ?ISLOWER(“DATA POIN”)
Return:- .F.

9) ISUPPER():- Returns true (.T.) if the first character in a character expression is an

upper-case alphabetic character.
Syntax:- ISUPPER(<expC>)
e.g. ?ISUPPER(“DATA POINT”)
Return:- .T.

10) LEFT():- Returns a specified number of characters from a character expression,

starting with the leftmost character.
Syntax:- LEFT(<expC>, <expN>)
e.g. ?LEFT(“ data point”,3)
Return:- dat

11) LEN():- Returns the number of characters in a character expression.

Syntax :- LEN(<expC>)
e.g. ?LEN(“data point”)
Return:- 10

12) LOWER():- Returns a specified character expression in lower-case letters.

Syntax :- LOWER(<expC>)

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e.g. ?LOWER(“DATA POINT”)
Return:- data point

13) LTRIM():- Returns the specified character expression with leading blanks removed.
Syntax :- LTRIM(<expC>)
e.g. ?’FoxPro programming is easy‘,LTRIM(“ friends”)
Return:- FoxPro programming is easy friends”)

14) REPLICATE():- Repeat the character expression at given number.

Syntax :- REPLICATE(<expC>, <expN>)
e.g. ?REPLICATE(‘*’,4)
Return:- ****

15) RIGHT():- Returns the specified number of rightmost characters from a character
string.
Syntax :- RIGHT(<expC>, <expN>)
e.g. ?RIGHT(“data point”,3)
Return:- int

16) RTRIM():- Returns the specified character expression with all trailing blanks
removed.
Syntax:- RTRIM(<expC>)
e.g. :- ?”HELLO FRIENDS” ,RTRIM(“WEL-COME “),” TO LEARN” FOXPRO””
Return:- HELLO FRIEND WEL-COME TO LEARN

17) STUFF():- Returns a character string by replacing a specified number of characters

in a character expression with another character expression.
Syntax :- STUFF(<expC1>, <expN1>, <expN2>, <expC2>)
e.g. ?STUFF(“I have a bigger elephant”,10,6,”big”)
Return:- I have a big elephant
Here, <expC1>:- Is the string in which you want to replace the character.
<expN1>:- is the starting position of text.
<expN2>:- is the number of character upto which you want to replace the
character.
<expC2>:- is the new text which you want to put in string.

18) SUBSTR():- Returns a specified number of characters from the given character
expression or field.
Syntax:- SUBSTR(<expC>, <expN1>[, <expN2>])
. e.g. ?SUBSTR(“Foxpro is DBMS package”,11,4)
Return:- DBMS
Here, <expC> :- The character expression from which characters are extracted is .
<expN1> :- starting position of character , where character extraction be
begins.
<expN2>:- specifies the number of characters to be extract from the
character expression.

19) TRIM():- Returns the specified character expression with all trailing blanks
removed. TRIM( ) is identical to RTRIM( ).
Syntax:- TRIM(<expC>)
e.g. :- ?"HELLO FRIENDS" ,TRIM("WEL-COME ")," TO LEARN"
Return:- HELLO FRIENDS WEL-COME TO LEARN

20) UPPER():- Returns the specified character expression in upper-case.

Syntax:- UPPER(<expC>)
e.g. :- ?UPPER(“data point”)
Return:- DATA POINT
FILE MANIPULATION COMMANDS

1) COPY TO :- Copies the contents of the current table/.DBF to a new file.

Syntax:-
COPY TO <file>
[FIELDS <field list>]
[<scope>]
[FOR <expL1>]
[WHILE <expL2>]
[TYPE][ WK1 | WKS | WR1 | WRK | XLS |
e.g.
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 Copy only those records which have city as SHEGAON and salary >3000
USE EMP
COPY TO XYZ FOR CITY=”SHEGAON” AND SALARY>=3000
 Copy only fields name,city,dob,course
USE STUD
COPY TO XYZ FIELDS NAME,CITY,DOB,COURSE

2) COPY STRUCTURE :- Copies the structure of the current table/.DBF to a new

table/.DBF.
Syntax:-
COPY STRUCTURE TO <file>
[FIELDS <field list>]
e.g.
 Copy entire structure to xyz
USE STUD
COPY STRUCTURE TO XYZ
 Copy only fields name,dob,course
USE STUD
COPY STRUCTURE TO XYZ FIELDS NAME,DOB,COURSE
.
3) COPY FILE:- Create a duplicate file of any file.
Syntax:-
COPY FILE <file1> TO <file2>
e.g.
 Copy the Stud.Prg file into Student.Prg
COPY FILE STUD.PRG TO STUDENT.PRG
 Copy Xyz.Dbf into Xyz1.Dbf
COPY FILE XYZ.DBF TO XYZ!.DBF
Tip:- when DBF file will copy the file must be closed.

4) RENAME:- Change the name of original file into new name.

Syntax:-
RENAME <file1> TO <file2>
e.g. Change the name Xyz.Dbf to Abc.Dbf
RENAME XYZ.DBF TO ABC.DBF

5) CREATE REPORT:- Opens a report in a Report Design window.

Syntax:- CREATE REPORT <filename>
e.g. CREATE REPORT XYZ
tips:- The extension of report file is .FRX TO open report file MODIFY
REPORT command is used.

6) CREATE LABEL:- Opens a Label Design window in FoxPro for MS-DOS. Or

Opens the New Label dialog in FoxPro for Windows.
Syntax:-
CREATE LABEL [<file>]
e.g. CREATE LABEL STUDENT
tip :- the extension of LABEL file is .LBX. To Open the label MODIFY LABEL command
is used.

7) CREATE SCREEN:- Opens a Screen Design window.

Syntax:-
CREATE SCREEN [<file>]
e.g. CREATE SCREEN XYZ
tip:- the extension of screen is .SCX. To opend screen file MODIFY SCREEN command
is used.

8) DEFINE WINDOW:- Creates a window and specifies its attributes.

Syntax:-
DEFINE WINDOW <window name1> FROM <row1, column1> TO <row2, column2> | AT
<row3, column3> SIZE <row4, column4>
[FONT <expC1>[, <expN1>]]
[STYLE <expC2>]
[FOOTER <expC3>]
[TITLE <expC4>]
[DOUBLE | PANEL ]

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[FILL <expC6> | FILL FILE <bmp file>]

e.g. DEFINE WINDOW output FROM 2,1 TO 13,75 TITLE 'Output' ;

CLOSE FLOAT GROW SHADOW ZOOM
ACTIVATE WINDOW output
WAIT WINDOW 'press any key to hide window output'
HIDE WINDOW output
WAIT WINDOW 'press any key to show window output'
SHOW WINDOW output
WAIT WINDOW 'press any key to release window output'
RELEASE WINDOW output

9) ACTIVATE WINDOW:- Displays and activates one or more user-defined windows

or FoxPro system windows.
Syntax:- ACTIVATE WINDOW [<window name1>[, <window name2> ...]] | ALL

10) DEACTIVE WINDOW :- Deactivates specific user-defined windows or FoxPro

system windows and removes them from the screen but not from memory.
Syntax:-
DEACTIVATE WINDOW <window name1>[, <window name2> ...] | ALL]

11) DELETE FILE:- Delete any file from memory.

Syntax:- DELETE FILE<filename>
e.g.:- DELETE FILE XYZ.DBF
tip:- When you delete the database/.dbf file the file must be closed. & you must specify the
extension of file.

12) SCAN…ENDSCAN:- Moves the record pointer through the current table/.DBF and
executes a block of commands for each record that meets the specified conditions.
Syntax:-
SCAN
[<scope>]
[FOR <expL1>]
[WHILE <expL2>]
[<statements>]
[LOOP]
[EXIT]
ENDSCAN

13) DO CASE…. ENDCASE:- Executes the first statement block after DO CASE and
before END CASE whose associated conditional statement evaluates to true (.T.).
Syntax:-
DO CASE
CASE <expL1>
<statements>
[CASE <expL2>
<statements>
...
CASE <expLN>
<statements>]
[OTHERWISE
<statements>]
ENDCASE

14) DO WHILE…ENDDO:- Executes a block of statements within a conditional loop.

Syntax:-
DO WHILE <expL>
<statements>
[LOOP]
[EXIT]
ENDDO

15) EXIT:- Exits a DO WHILE, FOR or SCAN loop.

Syntax:-
EXIT

16) FOR…ENDFOR:- Executes the commands after FOR and before ENDFOR within
a loop a specified number of times.
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Syntax:-
FOR <memvar> = <expN1> TO <expN2> [STEP <expN3>]
<statements>
[EXIT]
[LOOP]
ENDFOR | NEXT
e.g.
FOR mcount = 1 TO 10
? mcount
ENDFOR

17) IF…ENDIF:- It is Conditional statement which executes a set of commands based

on the logical expression.
Syntax:-
IF <expL>
<statements>
[ELSE
<statements>]
ENDIF
e.g.
CLOSE DATABASES
USE customer
LOCATE FOR city=”AKOLA”
IF FOUND( )
? 'Company: ' + company
ELSE
? 'Condition ' + temp + ' was not found '
ENDIF
USE

18) FOUND():- Returns true if CONTINUE, FIND, LOCATE or SEEK is successful.

Syntax:-
FOUND([<expN> | <expC>])
e.g. USE STUD
STORE 0 TO mcount
LOCATE FOR COURSE = 'ADCSSAA'
DO WHILE FOUND( )
mcount = mcount + 1
CONTINUE
ENDDO
WAIT WINDOW 'Total student form ADCSSAA course: ' ;
+ LTRIM(STR(mcount)) NOWAIT

19) INPUT:- Inputs data from the keyboard into a system memory variable or an array
element.
Syntax:-
INPUT [<expC>] TO <memvar>
e.g. Input “Enter Number A” To A
?A

20) ACCEPT:- Accepts character string data from the screen.

Syntax:-
ACCEPT [<expC>] TO <memvar>
e.g. Accept “Enter the name:-“ to name

21) @… GET:- Creates an editing region.

Syntax:-
@ <row, column> GET <memvar> | <field>
[FUNCTION <expC1>]
[PICTURE <expC2>]
[FONT <expC3>[, <expN1>]]
[STYLE <expC4>]
e.g. @12,2 get name pictur “@!” font “arial”,16 style “BI”
read

22) READ:- Activates objects created with @ ... GET and @ ... EDIT commands.

23) @… SAY:- Displays output at a specified row and column position.

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Syntax:-
@ <row, column> SAY <expr>
[FUNCTION <expC1>]
[PICTURE <expC2>]
[SIZE <expN1>, <expN2>]
[FONT <expC3>[, <expN3]]
[STYLE <expC4>]
e.g. @12,2 say “WEL-COME TO DATA POINT” style “BI”

24) @…GET –(Check Box):- You can create the control buttons. To create check box
you required the numeric variable
Syntax:- @<row>,<col> get mvariable FUNCTION “*C <titleof button>”
e.g. STORE 0 TO CH
@3,4 GET CH FUNCTION “*C ADD”
Return:- ADD
Tip:- you can use PICTURE insteade of FUNCTION like @3,3 get ch PICTURE “@*C ADD” the value of
check box is 1 when it is checked otherwise 0. to define hot key “/<” sign is used before the charcter.

25) @…GET-(Radio button):- Radio button required numeric or character variable.

Syntax:- @<row>,<col> get mvariable FUNCTION “*R<title>;<title>;..”
e.g. STORE 0 TO CH
@3,4 GET CH FUNCTION “*R \<ADD;D\<ELETE”
Return:- ( ) ADD
( ) DELETE

26) @…GET-(Push Butt.):- Same as radio button .

Syntax:- @<row>,<col> get mvariable FUNCTION “*R<title>;<title>;..”
e.g. STORE 0 TO CH
@3,4 GET CH FUNCTION “* OK;CANCEL”
Return:- <OK >
<CANCEL>
tip:- If the button wants to display horizontally the use H with * like
@3,4 GET CH FUNCTION “* H OK;CANCEL” it display like <OK> <CANCEL>
by default it is varitically placed.

27) @…GET-(Popup):- To create the popup control you need numeric or character
variable. You use ^ symbol as the function code or @^ as picture code.
Syntax:- :- @<row>,<col> get mvariable FUNCTION “^ <title>;<title>;..”
e.g. STORE 0 TO CH
@3,4 GET CH FUNCTION “^Graduate;MBA;BA”
tip:- to activate the check box,radio buttion,popup,push button READ or READ CYCLE
command is used.

28) DEFINE MENU:- Create a menu bar.

Syntax:- DEFINE MENU <menu name>
[BAR [AT LINE <expN1>]]
[IN [WINDOW] <window name>]

29) DEFINE PAD : create a pad on a user define bar .

Syntax:- DEFINE PAD <pad name> OF <menu name> PROMPT <expC1>
[AT <row>,<col>]
[KEY <key label>]

30) ON PAD :- Specifies the menu popup or menu bar that is activated when you choose
a specific menu pad.
Syntax:- ON PAD <pad name> OF<menu name1>
[ACTIVATE POPUP <popup name>| ACTIVATE MENU <menu name2>]

31) ON SELECTION PAD :- Specifies a command that execute when you choose a
specific menu bar pad.
Syntax:- ON SELECTION PAD <pad name> OF <menu name>

32) ACTIVATE MENU:- Display and activate the menu.

Syntax:- ACTIVATE MENU <menu name>

What is memo field? How it works?

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Memo field used to store the long textual information. Suppose we considered that you need to create a
dbf having information as book_name, authour_name, & book_summary. Here we store
book_name,authour_name in character field, but we can’t use the character field for summary, because character
field can’t be wider than 254 character. So you use the MEMO
field for storing the summary.
When a memo field used with in database file ,the actual information in memo field stored in auxiliary
database file. Foxpro automatically create the auxiliary file (.fpt) when you create the memo field in dbf.
For example if you create a database file like data.dbf having memo field foxpro create two files data.dbf
& data.fpt which is auxiliary file.
ADVANTAGE of MEMO FIELD:-
A memo field occupies only 10 bytes of space in database record. You
can store any amount of text for each record.
 As actual data for the memo field stored in auxiliary file, the size of main dbf
Reduced.

Entering Data In Memo Field

To entered data in memo field, ensure that the cursor is positioned in the memo field & press ^Home or
^Pgdn. If you have a mouse you can double-click on “memo”.
This opens the window for entering the text for memo field for the record. After you entered the
information press ^W to close the window. Or select File –close from foxpro menu.
Foxpro returns you to edit/append/browse window, now you see that “memo” will change to “Memo” .
Memo indicate that it contain the data whereas memo indicate that it can’t contain the data.
In this way you can entered the data in memo field.

Listing Memo Field

When you give LIST command to display the content of field on screen, it can’t display the content from
Memo field. To display it you must type the name of that field
e.g. list b_name,a_name,summary. By default width of memo field is 50 character. This default width can be
changed through the SET MEMOWIDTH command.
For e.g. SET MEMOWIDTH TO 25
LIST OFF B_NAME,A_NAME,SUMMARY

What Is Report & Labels In Foxpro.

Using LIST command you can’t give the presentable output form also it don’t have the facility to include
page title,page number,date,headings etc. you can’t also apply the format to the text. But foxpro gives the facility
as REPORT to create the presentable output form.

Features Of Foxpro Reports:

 A page title can be given to the report.
 Any field expression can be placed anywhere in detail line.
 Descriptive text can also include in the page.
 Report title can be print on every page.
 The report can have the page footer that print- text,field,variable,function to display the information.
 The data in the report can be grouped.
 Print style(bold,italic,underline,color) can be given to text.
 Calculation such as sum,average,maximum,minimum can be performed on numeric field.

How To Create The Report

To create the report CREATE REPORT command is used.
Tip:- before creating report open the data base file for which you want to create the report.
Syntax:- CREATE REPORT <NAME>
When you give the command CREATE REPORT command it open the window with the given name &
extension .frx. for e.g. DATA.FRX
The screen divided into three parts :-
Pghead:- used to display the report titled,column heading or description.
Detail:- used to display the field information that will actually form the report.
Pgfoot:- used to display the fooer information that will appear on each page.

Creating Quick Report

When you give the CREATE REPORT command you will see the REPORT menu is added to
the foxpro menu. For quick report :-
1) Click on Report menu it display the menu options .
2) From this select Quick Report it display the report layout(Column,Form layout) select any
one & click on OK.

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Now you will see the format on your window.

Previewing The Report

Foxpro anable you to preview the report before printing.
Click on REPORT menu then select PAGE PREVIEW.
Saving The Report
To save the report press ^W or select Save form File menu.
Generating The Report
Now you can generate the report using REPORT FORM command you can specify the report
format file .
e.g. USE STUD
REPORT FORM STUDENT
You can also see the report in page-by-page view. To use this mode add the clause PREVIEW to
REPORT FORM command.
For e.g. REPORT FORM STUDENT PREVIEW

Printing The Report

You can also print the report on printer by adding the clause TO PRINTER to REPORT FORM
command. It display report on screen as well as printer.
For e.g. REPORT FORM STUDENT TO PRINTER
Now your printer print the report. If printer on then it print the report otherwise give the error
message. If you don’t want to see the report on screen give NOCONSOLE as
e.g. REPORT FORM STUDENT TO PRINTER NOCONSOLE

Printing Selected Report

You can also print the selected report using FOR clause. As
REPORT FORM STUDENT FOR CITY =”KHAMGAON”

Saving The Report Into Text File

The report generated with the REPORT FORM command can be save the record in other text
file.
For e.g. USE STUD
REPORT FORM STUDENT TO FILE STUD.TXT

Creating The Custom Report

You can also create the custom report. Steps to create the report:-
1. Open the DBF file & give the command CREATE REPORT STUDENT
2. It display the window in PgHead give the title of report as “Mark sheet of student”.
3. Then move the cursor to next line & give the column name as NAME, COURSE
CF,CP,FOXPRO,SAD,ORACAL TOTAL,PER,RESULT,GRADE.
4. Then move the cursor to the DETAIL line & press ^F to open the field expression box again press
ENTER button. Now it display the Report Expr. box select the field name from field list at left side.
& select OK. Again select OK.
Tip:- you can press ^W instead of selecting OK button.
5. In this way you can select the other fields which you want.
6. Then move the cursor to PgFoot & type DATE:- to display current date press ^F to display the
field expre. box & again press ENTER button. From this select the Date() from date function. &
press ^W two times.
7. Now to see the report press ^I or select REPORT-PAGE PREVIEW.

Shortcut Key In Report

Key Meaning
1. ^I Page Preview
2. ^F Open field expression box.
3. ^O Remove the line
4. ^N Add New Line
5. ^B Create Box
6. ^G Bring to front
7. ^J Send to back]

Grouping Of Data In Report

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You can group the data in report. For exam. suppose you want to group the employees from
same city to get the grouped the report ,you need to arrange the record of database in same order.
STEPS:-
1. first open the database & index it as
USE EMPL
INDEX ON CITY TO CITY
2. Then give the command CREATE REPORT EMPC it opens the window.
3. Give the title CITYWISE EMPLOYEE INFORMATION & give the heading of columns as you
want .(like NAME,DOB,DOJ,BASIC,NETPAY).
4. Then move the cursor to DETAIL BAND & press ^F to add field & again press ENTER it display
the fields select one & press ^W two times.
5. In this way you can create the fields .Now select REPORT menu & select DATA GROUPING. It
show the box select ADD push button it display another dialog box press here ENTER & select the
field CITY which you index. &press ^W three times. Now you will see on Line is displayed above &
below the detail band like 1-City. Type there CITY:- & press ^F & press ENTER. Select CITY &
press ^W two times.
6. Now move cursor to pgfoot & give footer information & see the report preview by pressing ^I. You
will see the grouped data by city wise.

CREATING LABEL:-
Foxpro provid another facility for desiging & printing the mailing label. The extension of .LBX
To create label format file CREATE LABEL command is used. When you create label you must
open the dbf file for which you create the label.
Steps:-
1. Open the database file as USE EMPLOYEE
2. Then give the command CREATE LABEL EMPL
3. It display the window here the default size is 3 ½” X 15/16” X 2 you can also change it manually.
4. then move the cursor to the WIDTH & give the width .
5. move cursor to Number Across- it menas how many labels placed in one row .
6. move cursor to Space Between – it indicate that how many space left between the labels.
7. move cursor the Lines Between- it indicate that the vertical distance between two label.
8. you can set the height of label.
9. to entered the field expression press ^F it display the box select the field & press ^W.
10. In this way you can add number of fields in label , if you add the self text/prompting then type the
text in “ ” symbol.like "Name:-".
11. Then to see the preview press ^I. To save the label press ^W.

Generating The Label

Now you can generate the label using LABEL FORM command you can specify the report
format file.
e.g. USE STUD
LABEL FORM STUDENT
You can also see the report in page-by-page view. To use this mode add the clause PREVIEW to LABEL
FORM command.
For e.g. LABEL FORM STUDENT PREVIEW

You can save the label to another text file as

USE STUD
LABEL FORM STUDENT TO FILE MYFILE.TXT

You can also print the label to printer as

USE STUD
LABEL FORM STUDENT TO PRINTER
You can print the selected records as
USE STUD
LABEL FORM STUDENT FOR RESULT =”PASS”
Explain the difference between EXIT & LOOP command in do while…enddo
The normal procedure to exit the DO WHILE …ENDDO statement is when the specified
condition becomes false.

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EXIT LOOP
There is another way to terminate the loop using LOOP is another statement used
EXIT command within DO WHILE …ENDDO
statement. When foxpro encountered the EXIT
in DO WHILE ..ENDDO
command ,no more commands from the loop is statement. LOOP is specified
executed. It exit the loop & executed the statement within IF …ENDIF. When foxpro
next to the ENDDO statement. The EXIT command encountered the LOOP
is normally used in IF …ENDIF statement. command,the control pass to the
DO WHILE statement,the
For e.g. remaining commands( upto
For e.g. ENDDO ) can’t executed. It again
Store 0 to x,sum,y check
store the condition & execute
0 to x,y,sum
Do while x<=5 Do while x<=5
Input “Enter No.” to y Input “Enter The No.” to y
If y<0 If y<0
Exit LOOP
Else else
Sum=sum+y sum=sum+y
Endif endif
X=x+1 x=x+1
?’sum of no. is’,sum ?’sum of no. is’,sum

Difference between IIF() & IF statement

IF is decision making statement. These are of two forms IF..ENDIF & IF…ELSE..ENDIF. The
first statement check the condition & if it is true execute the command , otherwise jump out off loop.
Where as second if condition is TRUE the true statement is executed otherwise FALSE statement is
executed.
The format is:-
If <condition>
…
<command>
…
endif
for e.g. consider the following program
INPUT “ENTER YOUR SALARY” TO SALARY
IF SALARY>3000
?” YOUR SALARY IS MORE THAN 3000”
ENDIF
When you run this program foxpro prompts you if you entered the salary greater than 3000
otherwise it display no message.
IIF() – The IIF() function, that is also same as IF..ELSE..ENDIF. This function return one
expression if the condition true, return the TRUE statement otherwise FALSE statement. Both these
expression specified within IIF().
Syntax:- IIF(CONDITION,TRUE STATEMENT,FALSE STATEMENT)
For e.g.
?IIF(salary>3000,”salary more than 3000”,”salary less than 3000”)
if the condition is true then ,”salary more than 3000” is executed otherwise
“salaryless than 3000” executed.

Difference between FOR …ENDFOR & SCAN …ENDSCAN

FOR...ENDFOR executes a set of statements within a loop a specified number of times. A
memory variable or array is used as counter to specifiy how many times the statement executed
inside the loop. Consider the following prog.
STORE 0 TO NUM
FOR NUM- 1 TO 10
?SQRT(NUM)
ENDFOR
By default FOR...ENDFOR increments the variale by 1.however if you want to increase/decrease the
variable +/- sign is used after STEP option like STEP –3 or STEP 3.

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SCAN …ENDSCAN:-Moves the record pointerthrough the current DBF file & execute the
block of commands for each record that meets the specified condition.
Syntax:-
SCAN [SCOPE]
[FOR <expL>]
[LOOP]
[EXIT]
ENDSCAN
For e.g.
USE address
ACCEPT “ENTER CITY:-“ TO MCITY
SCAN FOR CITY=MCITY
?NAME
?CITY
?DIST
?
ENDSCAN

Difference between INDEX & SORT

INDEX SORT
1. It arrange the record in index file. 1. It sort the records in new DBF file.
2. It required less memory as it arrange 2. It required same memory as the
/store only the record number. Original database.
3. The extension of index file is .IDX 3. The extension is .DBF
(Simple index) & .CDX(Compound
index) file.
4. The new data automatically update 4. New data will not be update.
when added.
Syntax:- Syntax:-
INDEX ON [field,field,…] to [idx file] SORT TO [filename] ON [field,…]
TAG [cdx file][ascending/descending] [FOR <expL>]
For e.g For e.g.
Use stud use stud
Index on rollno tag roll sort to stu on rollno

Explain how to generate screen.

You can also creat the screen using CREATE SCREEN command. Screen builder is most useful facility in
foxpro. In this you just place the text,fields & variables on the screen at desired position. You can easily move the
object on the screen. You can also format the screen. Once you satisfied the apperence you may generate the
screen.
STEPS:-
 Open the data base for which you want to creat screen.
 Give the command CREATE SCREE STUD.
 It open the window,for quick screen you select SCREEN—QUICK SCREEN
or you can press ^F to add field. It display the field expr. box , to input the text select <Get..> or to display
list select <Say..> then select the field & press ^W two times.
 In this way you can select the fields you want .
 To generate the code select PROGRAM—GENERATE option from it display the screen generate box select
the appropriate option & select GENERATE.
After this press ^W & to execute the screen give the command
DO STUD.SPR
It display the screen .

What is RQBE? Explain it with example?

RQBE means Relational Query By Example. Query means the process of extracting specified
information from file/table. You can relate two different tables/files to create new file.
To create query file CREATE QUERY <NAME> is used. The extension of query file is .QRY.
You can order the data by using ORDER BY option. By using GROUP BY option you can create group
of data. You can also create the specified condition using HAVING option. To run/execute the query
DO <name.ext> command is used. For e.g.
Do Stud.Qry.
STEPS:-
1. Open the data base to which you want to create the query. USE STUD
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2. Give the command CREATE QUERY STUD it opens the window.
3. Then select ORDER BY to order/index the record. It display the window select the fields which
you want & select ascending/descending option & select ok.
4. Then select HAVING BY it display the window, under field name select the field (for e.g CITY) &
move the cursor to next tab select here the option from drop down list(for e.g. LIKE),then move the
cursor to next tab type here the condition(for e.g. “SHEGAON”).( If you want to extract the record
for city “shegaon” or salary greater than 3000. then you use OR option & then move tab to field
name select salary field then move cursor to next tab select here more than option ,then move the
cursor to next & type 3000. ) select OK.
5. To see the query select DO QUERY option from window. It display the list in browse form.
Tip:- instead of OR you can use AND operator. You don’t specify the operator you just select the next
field.
To save the query press ^W. To execute the query give command
DO STUD.QRY in command window.

What is TEXT-ENDTEXT?
When you need to display the text use ?/?? instead of this you can use TEXT-ENDTEXT to
display long message. You don’t require to use quotations ,you can type several lines. You can also print
the text on PRINTER.
For e.g.
@2,1 say “Display The menu”
TEXT
1 Add Record
2 Modify Record
3 Delete Record
4 Exit
ENDTEXT
The above command display the matter on screen from text..endtext.

Explain the CALCULATE command?

Calculate is multipurpose command that you use to perform various mathematical function. The
function include sum,average,min,max etc.
Syntax:-
CALCULATE<exprlist>
[<scope>] [FOR <expL>] [TO <memvar list>]
e.g. USE SALES
CALCULATE SUM(PROFIT) TO TPROFIT
?TPROFIT
Calculate the total of profit field & stor it into TPROFIT field.

What is structural compound index file?

A compound index file can hold more than one index file in a single file. Each index file within a
compound index file is called index tag. The compound index file given a extension .CDX It is also
called Structural Compound index file. It has same name as the opened .DBF file with extension .CDX .
You can also create separate compound index file which is called Independent Compound index file
(with extension .CDX) but this file will not open automatically when DBF file open. The records can not
reindex whenever you will not open the independent compound index file.
For e.g.
USE STUD
INDEX ON NAME TAG NAME
It create structural compound index file with name STUD.CDX.

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