LABORATORY WORK BOOK

For The Course

EL-335 Digital Electronics

Name

: ________________________

Roll No. : ________________________

Batch

: ________________________

Year

: ________________________

Dept.

:_________________________

Department of Electronic Engineering

N.E.D. University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan

LABORATORY WORK BOOK

For The Course
EL-335 Digital Electronics

Prepared By:
Sheeraz Nazeer (Lecturer) & Adeel Razi (Lecturer)

Reviewed By:
Muhammad Nauman (Associate Professor)

Approved By:
The Board of Studies of Department of Electronic Engineering

Introduction
The work book emphasizes on the basic components of digital electronics including op-amps,
analog switches, different ICs, sample-and-hold circuit, ADC and DACs. All these components
are pre fabricated on experiment modules, so students do not need to assemble any thing
manually. These study modules are provided with complete power supply block and different
electronic components so that different circuits can be established through jumpers and
connecting wires. This makes it easy to observe the circuit and more time is at its disposal for
observation rather then wasting time in assembling. Apart from this students will acquire
comprehensive knowledge of equipments like Digital Multimeter, Function Generator and
Digital Oscilloscope.
By attaining knowledge of these equipments, components and accouterments students will be
capable of designing, analyzing and observing an electronic circuit.

Digital Electronics Laboratory

CONTENTS
Lab#
List of Experiments
To produce an astable multivibrator with:
1
Symmetrical square wave output
Non-symmetrical square wave output

Page#
01

To determine the frequency and output amplitude of a triangular wave

generator
To determine the frequency and output amplitude of a ramp generator
To illustrate the operation and characteristics of the analog switches.

05

To illustrate the switching times and switching threshold of the analog

switches

13

To illustrate the operation and characteristics of the sample and hold

circuit

16

General considerations on the Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital

Conversion. And observation of its different parameters.

20

Frequency analysis of the Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital

Conversion, and observation of its different parameters.

24

Description of the module E18/EV and to illustrate the gate delay of a

TTL Inverter.
To study the Basic Characteristics of Flip-Flops

26

To observe the propagation and transition times of CMOS and TTL

gates

36

9
10

10

30

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.1

Lab No.1

PURPOSE:
To produce an astable multivibrator with:

Symmetrical square wave output

Non-symmetrical square wave output

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Base unit for the IPES system
Experiment module MCM7/EV
Digital multimeter
Function generator
Oscilloscope

Theory:
With an astable multivibrator, the op amp operates only in the non-linear region. So its
output has only two voltage levels, Vmin and Vmax. The astable continually switches
from one state to the other, staying in each state for a fixed length of time. The circuit of
an astable multivibrator is shown in figure f7.01. Note that this circuit does not need an
input signal. To find out the relations governing the operation of the astable, we start with
the usual hypothesis that the operational amplifier has an ideal behavior. Suppose the
output is in the state Vo = Vmax. When Vo takes this value the voltage VAl of the non
inverting input is:
VAl = Vmax .R 1/ (R1 + R2)
The capacitor C starts charging through resistor R towards the value Vmax. This charging
continues until the voltage VB of the inverting input reaches the value VAl. At this point,
as the inverting input voltage is more than the non-inverting input, the output switches
low, to Vmin. The voltage VA2 is now given by:
VA2= Vmin .R1 / (R1 + R2)
At this point, the capacitor C starts discharging through R towards the voltage Vmin
until it reaches the value VA2, at which point the output switches to Vmax .The cycle then
starts again.
We have seen that the voltage across the capacitor C can vary from VAl to VA2, so in the
period of time when the output is low, at Vmin, the voltage on the capacitor is given by:
VB(t)=Vmin (Vmin-Vmax*R1/(R1 + R2))*e-t/R*C
While in the period of time when the output is at Vmax, the capacitor voltage is:
VB(t)=Vmax (Vmax-Vmin*R1/(R1 + R2))*e-t/R*C

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.1

The period T1 for which the output voltage is at Vmax can be found by calculating the
time the capacitor voltage takes to equal VAl. So:
Vmax/(R1+R2) = (Vmin/(R1+R2)-Vmax)*e-T1/R*C + Vmax
From which:
T1=R*C*ln Vmax-R1/(R1+R2)*Vmin
Vmax-R1/(R1+R2)*Vmax
Similarly we can find the period T2 for which the output stays at Vmin:
T2=R*C*ln Vmax*R1/(R1+R2)-Vmin
Vmax*R1/ (R1+R2)-Vmin

Supposing that Vmin = -Vmax we obtain:

T1=T2=R*C*ln 1+R1/ (R1+R2)
1-R1/ (R1+R2)
The total period T of the square-wave is given by the sum of T 1 and T2. We can see that
the square-wave period and so the frequency can be varied by varying the values of R1,
R2, R and C. To obtain an asymmetrical square-wave (duty cycle not 50%) we can make
the capacitor charge and discharge through resistors of different values.
Figure F7.01
R

_
C

VB
Vo

+
VA
R1

R2

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.1

VMAX

VMIN
T1

T2

Symmetrical square wave

VMAX

VMIN
T1

T2

Non-symmetrical square wave

Procedure:
Insert jumpers J3, J16, J22, J30, J34 to produce the circuit of figure F7.02
Calculate the output frequency with the formulae.
Connect the first probe of the oscilloscope to the output Vo of the amplifier and
the second probe to the inverting input VB
-Measure the frequency with the oscilloscope, and compare it with the theoretical
result
Calculate the capacitor voltages at which output switching occurs, according to
the formulae
Measure the capacitor voltages at which output switching occurs and compare the
results with those calculated from theory

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering
Figure F7.03
Figure F7.02

Lab No.1

Now connect jumper J27, to produce the circuit of figure F7.03

Connect the first probe of the oscilloscope to the output of the Al operational
amplifier and the second to the inverting input VB
Calculate the values of T1 and T2 as given by the formulae.
Measure the values of T1 and T2 with the oscilloscope.

Observation(Symmetrical square wave):

S.NO.

Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

VB (P-P)
VO(P-P)
Frequency
Vmax
Vmin
Capacitor charging time
Capacitor discharging time

Observed Value Calculated Value

Outcome:
The approximate frequency of the oscillation of the astable multivibrator
(Symmetrical square wave), when R1=R2=10k and R=100K, C = 68nf and Vmin
= -Vmax comes out to be: ___________.

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.2

Lab No.2

PURPOSE:
To determine the frequency and output amplitude of a triangular wave generator
To determine the frequency and output amplitude of a ramp generator

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Base unit for the IPES system
Experiment module MCM7/EV
Digital multimeter
Oscilloscope

Theory:
Among the waveforms that can be generated with op amps, the most common are the
triangular, the ramp and the square-wave. A triangular wave can be generated with the
circuit of figure F8.01.in which two operational amplifiers are used. The first operates as
a comparator, while the second as an integrator. VO is the output voltage of the integrator,
Vr the output voltage of the comparator. The saturation voltages Vmax and Vmin are
equal in amplitude, and so can be called +Vr and Vr respectively. Suppose the output of
the comparator is +Vr. The voltage VO will be a negative ramp which will continue to
grow until the voltage of the non-inverting input of the comparator rises above zero. The
minimum value of the output voltage VO, applying the superposition principle, will be
given by:
0=Vr*R3 +VO*R1
R1+R3
From which we get:

VO = -Vr*R3/R1
Figure F8.01

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.2

The same principles apply for the maximum voltage the output reaches, with the only
difference that the ramp is raising and the voltage Vr is negative: defining this voltage as
VO' we have:
Vo' = Vr *R3 / Rl
To calculate the time T taken to rise from VO to VO' remember that the capacitor C
charges with a constant current given by:
I = Vr / (P+R2)
So, from:
I = - C*dVo / dt
We find that:
Vr = -C* (Vo' -Vo)
P+R2
T
From which:
V o' -Vo = - Vr*T
C*(P+R2)
As:

Vo' -Vo = 2*Vr*R3 / Rl

we have:
T = 2*R3*(P + R2)*C / Rl
The time T is equal to half period, so the output frequency F will be the inverse of twice
T:
F = R1/ [4*R3*(R2+P)*C]

Vo'

Vo
T1

T2
Triangular wave

To convert the triangular wave generator to a ramp generator (also known as a

saw-tooth) simply insert a diode and resistor in parallel with the potentiometer P and
resistor R2. The diagram is shown in figure F8.02

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.2

Figure F8.02

Just as with the triangular wave generator, the positive ramp is generated by the current
flowing through P and R2 (the diode D is reverse biased), while for the negative ramp the
capacitor discharges through a smaller resistance (given by R5 in parallel with the series
of P and R2) and so it is faster.
So the time T1 to go from Vr*R3/Rl to +Vr*R3/Rl is the same as a triangular wave
generator, while the time T2 of the return to Vr*R3/R1 is given by:
T2 = 2*R3*RP*C
R1
Where:
RP = (P+R2) // R5
As in module MCM7 the resistance R5 is much less than the value of P and R2, RP can
be considered equal to R5. With this approximation:
T2=2*R3*R5*C
RI
With the values used in the module, and with the potentiometer all inserted, T2 = 4.4
sec which can be neglected in comparison with T1 which is about few milliseconds. The
frequency of the ramp generator is equal to:
F = R1/ [2*R3*(R2+P)*C]
To obtain a square wave generator, take the signal from the output of the first op amp,
and if the charge and discharge times of the integrator are equal, the output voltage will
be symmetrical.

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.2

Vo'

Vo
T1
Ramp/saw tooth wave

Procedure:
Triangular waveform generator
Insert jumpers J3, J13, J33, J34, J37, J39, J44, J53, J55 to the circuit of figure
F8.0.3
Adjust RV6 completely CCW to obtain zero resistance and the output voltage
value of the comparator (terminal 3) using oscilloscope.
Adjust the trimmer RV6 to half value.
Calculate the amplitude of the output voltage (terminal 5).
Measure the amplitude of the output voltage with the oscilloscope.
Calculate the output voltage frequency according to the formulae.
Measure the output frequency with the oscilloscope.
Check the presence of a square wave at the output of the comparator (terminal 3).

Figure F8.03

Ramp generator:
From previous circuit insert J36 to produce the circuit of figure F8.04.
Adjust RV6 completely CCW to obtain zero resistance.
Measure the amplitude of the output voltage with the oscilloscope
8

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.2

Calculate the output frequency using formulae

Measure the output frequency with the oscilloscope
Measure the charge and discharge times of the capacitor
Figure F8.04

Observation:
S.NO.

Quantity

1
2
3
4

VO(triangular)
Frequency (triangular)
VO (Ramp)
Frequency (Ramp)

Observed Value

Calculated value

Outcome:
Triangular:
The approximate frequency of the oscillation of the astable multivibrator comes
out to be: ___________.
The output voltage of the oscillation of the astable multivibrator comes out to be:
___________.
Ramp:
The approximate frequency of the oscillation of the astable multivibrator comes
out to be: ___________.
The output voltage of the oscillation of the astable multivibrator comes out to be:
___________.

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.3

Lab No.3

PURPOSE:
To illustrate the operation and characteristics of the analog switches.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Base unit for the IPES system
Experiment module G33/EV
Digital multimeter

Basic theory:
CMOS Switches
MOSFETs are easily integrated into driver circuits on a single chip, and are therefore
suitable for use as analog signal switches. The main disadvantage in switches featuring
PMOS and NMOS transistors is there sensitivity to ON resistance at the analog signal
voltage.
This problem can almost entirely eliminated by the use of CMOS switch consists of two
parallel switches one featuring a channel-p MOSFET, the other with a channel-n
MOSFET this parallel combination gives a relatively flat ON resistance/ analog signal
voltage curve .

RON

PMOS

NMOS

CMOS
Analog Signal (V)

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NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.3

DESCRIPTION OF THE MODULE

ANALOG SWITCH
The section of the circuit denominated" ANALOG SWITCH" consists of the integrated
analog switch ICs (DG 200 CJ).
The data sheet shows that this is a two-channel single-pole single-throw (SPST) analog
switch which employs CMOS technology to ensure low and nearly constant ON
resistance over the entire analog signal range. The switch will conduct current in both
directions with no offset voltage in the ON condition and block voltages up to 30 Vp-p in
the OFF condition. The ON-OFF state of each switch is controlled by a driver. With logic
"0" at the input to the driver, the switch will be ON; logic "1" will turn the switch OFF. A
voltage of between 0 and 0.8V is required for logic "0", while logic "1" is given by a
voltage of between 2.4 and 15V. The input can therefore be directly interfaced with TTL,
DTL, RTL and CMOS circuits.
The switch action is break-before-make, in order to prevent any shorting in the input
signal. For the sake of convenience in the execution of the exercises, and as the switch is
bidirectional, the two terminals of the analog switch are indicated on the trainer panel as
SWITCH IN and SWITCH OUT. The driver logic input may be manual (ON/OFF
operation via special switch) or external. This is selected by fitting a jumper between jack
12 and jack 14.

Procedure:
Measuring rDS (ON) without current
Purpose of the exercise
The purpose of this exercise is to measure the drain-source resistance present in the
analog switch without current.
Procedure

Connect the 12V and ground jacks on the panel to a corrected power supply.
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Lab No.3

Connect jack 12 to jack 14.

Connect the digital multimeter (set to measure ohms) between jacks 9 and 10.

Set switch I1 to ON; read the value of rDS (ON) indicated on the digital
multimeter.

Measuring rDS (ON) with current

Purpose of the exercise
The purpose of this exercise is to measure the drain-source resistance present in the
analog switch in the ON state as the current increases.
Procedure

Connect the 12V and ground jacks on the panel to a corrected power supply.

Connect jacks 12 and 14.

Connect a variable 0 => + 12V DC power supply between jack 9 and ground.

Set switch I1 to ON.

Increase the input voltage gradually until voltage can be measured at the terminals
of R26, as shown in column 1 of table 9.1. For each R26 voltage, measure the
voltage between jacks 9 and 10 and list these voltages in column

Care should be taken to avoid exceeding 12V, as this might damage the unit.

Given R26 equivalent to 1.2K.

Calculate the current circulating between drain and source.

From VDS and IDS, calculate the value of RDS and list in column 4.

Plot the drain source current values (IDS - mA) on the x-axis and the drain source
resistance values (RDS - ) on the y-axis.
Table 5.1.
S.N.
1
2

VR26(volts)

IDS(mA)

VDS (mV)

RDS ()

3
4
5
6

Outcome:

The RDS (ON) without current comes out to be: _______________

The RDS (ON) with current 2 mA comes out to be: _______________

12

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.4

Lab No.4

PURPOSE:
To illustrate the switching times and switching threshold of the analog switches.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Base unit for the IPES system
Experiment module G33/EV
Digital multimeter
Function generator
Oscilloscope

Basic theory:
One of the main specifications regarding the application of analog switches is the TURN
ON TIME and the TURN OFF TIME. When a switch is commanded to change from ON
to OFF, and vice-versa, a propagation delay occurs in the circuit driver. The TON and
TOFF times may be used to determine when a switch begins operation and whether
multiple switches connected in a multiplexer configuration will be "make-before-break"
or "break-before-make", i.e. whether the switches are triggered and then pause, or
whether the pause precedes their action. The propagation delay should not be confused
with the settling time, which is also effected by the load impedance. Two transitions will
therefore apply:
OFF to ON tsettling = tON + tl where tl = f (RON, RLOAD, CD, CLOAD)
ON to OFF tsettling = tOFF + tl where tl . = f (RLOAD, CLOAD, CD)

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Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.4

Measurement of the switching time

Purpose of the exercise
The purpose of this exercise is to determine the time required by the analog switch to
open and close.
Procedure

Connect the 12V and ground jacks on the panel to a corrected power supply.

Connect a + 10V DC power supply between jack 9 and ground.

Send a rectangular signal from the function generator between jack 12 and ground
(amplitude 5V positive, frequency 50 KHz).

Connect one of the probes of the oscilloscope to the generator signal and the other to
the output signal present between jack 10 and ground.

Measure the switching times between the output signal and the control signal; i.e. the
rise time which corresponds to the closing of the analog switch and the fall time
which corresponds to its opening.
Figure F.6.01

INPUT signal

OUTPUT signal
TON

TOFF

Measurement of the switching threshold

Purpose of the exercise
The purpose of this exercise is to measure the voltages at which the analog switch opens
and closes.
Procedure

Connect the 12V and ground jacks on the panel to a corrected power supply.

Connect a +5V DC power supply between jack 9 and ground.

Send a triangular signal from the function generator between the 12 jack and ground
(amplitude 5V positive, frequency 1 KHz).

Connect one of the probes of the oscilloscope to the generator signal and the other to
the output signal present between jack 10 and ground.

Measure the switching threshold by comparing the output signal with the control
signal, i.e. the amplitude of the control signal at which the analog switch opens (V1)
and the amplitude at which it closes (V2).
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NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.4

Figure 6.01 shows measurements carried out on a sample switch.

V

Figure F6.02
Signal in

Signal out

V1 switch -OFF

V1 switch -ON

Outcome:

The tON (Turn ON time) of the analog switch comes out to be: ________________
The tOFF (Turn OFF time) of the analog switch comes out to be: ________________
The voltages at which the analog switch opens comes out to be: ________________
The voltages at which the analog switch closes comes out to be: ________________

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Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.5

Lab No.5

PURPOSE:
To illustrate the operation and characteristics of the sample and hold circuit

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

Base unit for the IPES system

Experiment module G33/EV
Function generator
Oscilloscope

Theory:
Introduction
The most simple sample and hold circuit consists of a switch and a capacitance. Two
important specifications may be easily illustrated using the basic circuit. These are the
aperture time and the acquisition time. The aperture time is the delay (reaction time)
between the moment in which the control logic instructs the switch to open and the
moment in which the aperture actually occurs. When extremely long aperture times (in
the order of milliseconds) are tolerated, a relay may be used for the switch. For aperture
times of less than 100 s, FETs or BJTs are used as switches.
In variable-time systems, the input signal to the sample and hold circuit changes; the
sample and hold circuit holds the last signal measured. The acquisition time is the time
required by the sample and hold circuit to acquire the input signal value (within a
predetermined degree of accuracy) when the control logic passes from hold to sample.
Clearly, the most onerous condition is that in which the output must alter over its entire
range (e.g. from + 10V to -10V and vice-versa).

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NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.5

Module Description
Sample and hold device featuring operational amplifiers and analog switches
This circuit represents a non-inverting sample and hold with four operational amplifiers
and four analog switches.
Operational amplifiers IC8 and IC10, together with analog switches IC9a and IC9c, make
up the classic sample and hold circuit.
As the two analog switches must operate in opposing modes:
HOLD phase:
IC9a = closed
IC9c = open
SAMPLE phase:
IC9a = open
IC9c = close
And as there is only one command, switch IC9b is used to carry out an inversion.
Capacitor C9 is the HOLD capacitor, and is also referred to as the "data storage
capacitor".
Input amplifier IC8, configured as non-inverting, has a high input resistance and features
a potentiometer for calibration of the offset voltage.
Operational IC10 is of the FET type, and therefore has a very high input resistance (being
connected in a non-inverting configuration). This means that the discharge of capacitor
C9 in the HOLD phase is minimal.
The circuit consisting of IC9d and IC11 is added in order to minimize the errors introduced
by analog switch IC9c and operational amplifier IC10. The errors introduced by these two
parts of the circuit are identical (also considering that R42 corresponds approximately to
the output resistance of operational amplifier IC8) and are therefore cancelled when
applied to the two differential inputs of amplifier IC12 It is important that capacitors IC9
and IC10 are almost identical.
By connecting jack 17 to jack 19, the SAMPLE/HOLD status may be controlled via the
SAMPLE/HOLD switch. If jack 17 is connected to jack 18, the SAMPLFJHOLD status
is controlled by the signal from the GENERATOR.

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NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.5

Procedure:
Measuring the acquisition time
Purpose of the exercise
The purpose of this exercise is to measure the time required for transformation of the
input signal into an output signal (starting from the beginning of the sampling phase).
Procedure

Connect the 12V and ground jacks of the panel to a corrected power supply.

Connect jack 17 to jack 18.

Connect jack 7 to jack 5.

Set switch I2 to 10 KHz.

Adjust the duty-cycle of the potentiometer so that the sample time is 60 sec and the
hold time 10 sec (turn the knob completely counterclockwise).

Connect jack 3 to jack 15.

Connect one of the probes of the oscilloscope to the output signal between jack 22
and ground. The second probe should be connected first to the sample and hold signal
and then to the input signal.

Fig. F6.1 shows the behavior in time of the three signals.
Note the existence of a delay (acquisition time) is approximately 10 to 15sec between
the "start sampling" command signal and the settling of the output signal.

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NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.5

0.
Figure F6.1

Vary the duty cycle of controlling signal (connected to jack 17), and take
observations.

Vary the duty cycle and take observations.

Connect the jack 15 and ground to function generator (sine wave of 5V positive with
5 KHz).

Vary the duty cycle of controlling signal (connected to jack 17).

Observe the acquisition times for different duty cycles of sample and hold signal.

Repeat the procedure with triangular wave input

Outcome:

The time required for transformation of the square wave input signal into an output
signal comes out to be :__________

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Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.6

Lab No.6

PURPOSE:
General considerations on the Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital
Conversion. And observation of its different parameters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

Base unit for the IPES system

Experiment module F03A
Digital multimeter.

Basic theory:
An analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion means quantizing the amplitude of a physical
quantity (e.g. a voltage) into a discrete levels class. Thus obtaining a series of digits,
forming a number of a proper code. Generally the binary code and, consequently, binary
numbers are used. Analog data can be obtained again through digital-to-analog (D/A)
conversion.
Due to the quantization, each value V of the analog signal included within the interval Vi
to Vi+1 is always quantized at the same level Ni.
The interval: Vi+1 to V1 = Q, is defined as "quantum level".
Another important parameter of A/D converters is the conversion time since it defines the
capacity of the converter to operate the conversion of a variable signal; in fact, remember
that the sequence of the quantized levels must allow the regeneration of the original
analog signal.
A time-variable signal can be converted into a discrete values class carrying out the
sampling and holding operations. The sampling and holding operations are carried out
through proper circuits called "Sample and Hold".

Resolution
It defines the smallest standard incremental change in. the output voltage of a DAC or the
amount of input voltage change required to increment the output of an
ADC between a code change and the next adjacent code change. A converter with "n"
switches can divide the input in 2n parts: the least significant increment is then 2-n, or one
least significant bit (LSB). On the contrary the Most Significant Bit carries a weight of 21. Resolution is applied to DACs and ADCs and may be expressed in percent of full scale
or in binary bits.

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NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.6

Quantization error
The "ideal" quantization error obtained from the ideal characteristic of the A/D converter.
It is the maximum deviation of a straight line of a perfect ADC, from a transfer function.
As, by its very nature, an ADC quantizes the analog input into a finite number of output
codes, only an infinite resolution would exhibit zero quantizing error. The quantizing
error cannot strictly be applied to a DAC; in fact, the equivalent effect is more precisely a
resolution error.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MODULE F03A

This module carries out an educational system of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog
conversion. This system consists of two 8-bit converters of large diffusion. A signal
adapter is inserted before the A/D converter. This device permits the conversion of
signals coming from conditioners with output range not coinciding with the converter
output. The input range is chosen by acting on the IN/OUT selector and can be from 0 to
+8V with the selector down and from -8 to +8V with the selector up. The input of the
digital-to-analog converter can come from the analog-to-digital converter, from the
computer or from a series of switches installed on the panel. The input connection is
chosen through the pushbutton (D/A INPUT SELECTOR) and displayed on the LEDS of
the multiplexer. The equipment must be power supplied with regulated D.C. voltages of
+12,-12V and +5V.

A/D converter
The A/D converter (ADCO804LCN) operates with an input range included from 0V to
+5 V, that is, an input voltage of 0 V generates a digital output signal consisting of a
sequence of all 0s , whereas an input voltage of +5volts generates a digital signal of all
1s. Therefore the input signal must be adapted so that the minimum value of its range can
generate an output signal of all 0 and the maximum value of the range generates a digital
signal of all 1.

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Lab No.6

D/A Converter
The digital signal (8 bits) which must be sent to the input of the D/A converter
(DACO800) can come from the A/D converter, from the computer or from a set of the 8
switches.
The operational amplifier IC1A has a gain of 0.5 and carries out a shift range of the input
signal if the range -8 to +8 is selected, the operational amplifier IC1B makes the extreme
range values coincide with 0v and 5v.

Range:
The range of module can be selected through Range IN/OUT switch. The range can be 0v
to +8v, i.e.
OV = 00000000
+8V = 11111111
or -8v to +8v, i.e.
-8V = 00000000
+8V = 11111111

Procedure:
Set switch Range IN/OUT to 0V to 8V.

Resolution measurement:

Connect the 12V, +5V and ground jacks of the panel to a corrected power
supply.
Select SWITCH option through D/A input selector.
Set the switches (S128 to S1) to any position and note the analog voltage output
through multimeter.
Change the position of switch S1 (LSB), and note the analog voltage output
through multimeter.
The change in voltages is equal to one resolution.

Binary codes for different voltage levels:

Taking resolution as voltage required for LSB change, assign the binary codes to
different voltage levels, starting as
OV = 00000000
+8V = 11111111
Check the assigned values to the values, observed through LEDs output.

Quantization error:

Apply some voltage to ADC input.

Increase the input voltage to maximum value so that the output of ADC does not
change.
Apply maximum change in input voltage for which output shows same value as
previous. The change is Quantization error, normally equal to half of the
resolution.

22

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.6

Now set the switch Range IN/OUT to -8 V to +8 V, and repeat the procedure.

Observation:
Input
Voltage

Binary Code(-8 V to
+8 V)

Binary Code(0 V to
+8 V)

Output
voltage

Outcome:

The resolution of the ADC and DAC, for the switch Range IN/OUT position 0 V
to 8 V, is.
The quantization error of the ADC and DAC, for the switch Range IN/OUT
position 0 V to 8 V, is.
The resolution of the ADC and DAC, for the switch Range IN/OUT position -8 V
to +8 V, is.
The quantization error of the ADC and DAC, for the switch Range IN/OUT
position -8 V to +8 V, is.

23

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.7

Lab No.7

PURPOSE:
Frequency analysis of the Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Conversion,
and observation of its different parameters:

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

Base unit for the IPES system

Experiment module F03A
Digital multimeter.
Function generator
Oscilloscope

Basic theory:
A time-variable signal can be converted into a discrete values class carrying out the
following operations:
Sampling operations: This is conversion of continuous time into discrete time, through
which the instantaneous values of the analog signal are separated. The frequency of the
sampling signal must guarantee the complete regeneration of the original signal. At this
point, consider the sampling theorem stating that, if B is the bandwidth of the analog
signal, the minimum sampling frequency must be equal to 2 B.
Therefore
F2B
Sampling frequency: Analog signal is sampled at sampling frequency. The relation
between analog and digital frequencies is:
Digital frequency = analog frequency / sampling frequency
f= F/Fs
Periodic sampling of continuous-time signal implies a mapping of the infinite frequency
range for the variable F (or ) into a finite frequency range for the variable f(or ). Since
the highest frequency in a discrete time signal is = or f = , it follows that, with a
sampling rate Fs, the corresponding highest values of F and are
Fmax = Fs/2 = 1/2T
max = *Fs = /T
Quantization operation: This is conversion of discrete time continuous valued into a
discrete time discrete valued (digital) signal. it holds a constant value during the whole
conversion time of the A/D converter. Actually the sampled value is held until the next
sampling.
Coding: In the coding process, each discrete value is represented by a binary sequence.

24

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.7

Procedure:

Connect the 12V, +5V and ground jacks of the panel to a corrected power
supply.
Select A/D option through D/A input selector.
Apply different voltage values to the analog input.
Read the corresponding binary values on LEDs.
Note the analog output values of the D/A converter corresponding to the different
digital values and compare with the analog input value.

Response to a square, triangular, sine wave:

Set the selector of IN/OUT RANGE to "-8 to +8 V".
Select A/D option through D/A input selector.
Apply a sine wave with frequency of 1 kHz and amplitude not exceeding, 8 V,
to the input.
Display the signal after the double conversion on oscilloscope.
Compare its wave shape, amplitude, and phase shift with those of the input signal.
Repeat the test with a triangular wave and with a square one.
Frequency response:
Repeat the last test and increase the frequency of the input signal.
Note the frequency up to which the signal reconstruction is correct.
Set the selector of IN/OUT RANGE to "0 to +8 V".
Check the response to a sine, triangular, and square wave, with different frequencies.

Outcome:

The maximum frequency of the sine wave input up to which output can be
reconstructed comes out to be: ___________.

The most effected wave type by increasing frequency is: ________.

The least effected wave type by increasing frequency is: ________.

25

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.8

Lab No.8

PURPOSE:
Description of the module E18/EV and to illustrate the gate delay of a TTL Inverter:

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Base unit for the IPES system
Experiment module E18/EV
Digital multimeter
Function generator
Oscilloscope

Basic theory:
DESCRIPTION OF THE MODULE
The educational module E18 consists in a printed circuit on which digital logic circuits (TTL and
CMOS) are mounted performing the following functions:
NO. of
circuits
-6
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-2
-4
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1

Name of circuit

IC

Inverters
2- input AND ports
2-input NAND ports
2- input OR ports
2-input NOR ports
2-input EX-OR ports
TTL-CMOS and CMOS-TTL interfaces
J-K Flip-Flops
4-bit full Adder
4-bit Shift-register
Synchronous BCD counter
BCD decoder and display driver
7-segment display
Sync up/down counter
9-bit parity generator
Monostable
Multiplexer
Demultiplexer
BCD to decimal decoder

26

74LS04
74LS08
74LSOO
74LS32
74LS02
74LS86
MM74C906
74LS76
74LS83
74LS95
74LS160
74LS247
HDSP5301
74LS192
74LS280
74LS221
74LS153
74LS155
74LS42

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-8
-10
-4
-2

Encoder
Three state buffer
Latch
4-bit comparator
4-bit preselector
Clock generator (1 Hz, 10 kHz)
Push- buttons
Switches
LEDs
NAND ports with two CMOS inputs
20-pin terminals

Lab No.8

74LS147
74LS125
74LS75
74LS85
PICO-D-137-AK-1
74LS14
4/6417
4/7201
TIL210
CD4011

The components are mounted to carry out the experiments more quickly especially more
complex circuits.
The connections between terminals of the devices are carried out by means of electrical cables
and proper tubes present on the module and, electrically connected to the terminals of the
integrated circuits. Each integrated circuit shows the silk screen printed logical diagram. The
functions related to the IC are shown and terminals (In-Out) are indicated.

Implementation of the full-adder circuit, using the module E18/EV:

Full- Adder
A full-adder is a combinational circuit that forms the arithmetic sum of three input bits. It
consists of three inputs and two outputs. Two of the input variables, denoted by x and y,
represent two significant bits to be added. The third input z, represents the carry from the
previous lower significant position. Two outputs are necessary because the arithmetic sum of
three binary digits ranges in value from 0 to3 and binary 2or 3 needs two digits. The binary
variable S indicates the sum and C the carry. The binary variable S gives the value if the least
significant bit of the sum. The binary variable C gives the output carry.

Procedure:
Connect the 12V and ground jacks on the panel to a corrected power supply.
Make connections as shown in fig.8.01.
The connections between terminals of the devices should be carried out by electrical
cables and proper tubes present on the module.
Supply the required power (5V) to ICs AND OR and XOR.
Connect the inputs x, y, and z to switches (SWO to SW7).
Connect the output C and S to LEDs (LDO to LD9).
Check different logics by changing switch position.

27

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.8

Fig.8.01

Measurement of gate delay of a TTL inverter:

Gate delay: Gate delay is the time taken by an IC to respond the change in input.
Procedure

Connect the +12V, +5V and ground jacks on the module to a corrected power supply.

Connect +5V and ground of the HEX INVERTER to a corrected power supply.

Send a rectangular signal from the function generator to input of HEX INVERTER
(amplitude 5V positive, frequency 50 KHz).

Connect one of the probes of the oscilloscope to the generator signal and the other to the
corresponding output signal of the HEX INVERTER.

Measure the gate delay between the output signal and the input signal.
Figure F.8.02

INPUT signal

OUTPUT signal

Trise

Tfall

28

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Outcome:
The gate delay of a TTL Inverter comes out to be: ________
The resulting truth table of the adder circuit is as follows:
x
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

29

z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

Lab No.8

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.9

Lab No.9

PURPOSE:
To study the Basic Characteristics of Flip-Flops

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Base unit for the IPES system
Experiment module E18/EV

Theory:
Introduction
The bistable multivibrator, commonly called flip- flops, are the most common form of
digital memory elements. A memory element is generally a device which can store the
logic state 0 or 1, called information "bit". The memory elements enable the storing of
digital information for further uses. They permit to carry out complex sequential digital
circuits, which took to the construction of modern calculators.
R-S Flip-flop (latch)
A main memory circuit can be carried out with the crossed coupling of two NAND ports:
this kind of connection is called R-S flip- flop. Fig. 9.1 a) shows the diagram carried out
with NAND ports, while fig.9.1 b) shows the symbol.
Similarly, to carry out the same flip- flop, it is also possible to use some NOR ports.

TRUTH TABLE OF THE

R-S FLIP FLOP
X= Last state
?= indefinite state

S
0
0
1
1

R
0
1
0
1

Q
X
0
1
?

Q`
X
1
0
?

R-S
R

Fig. 9.1

30

Q`

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.9

Suppose a data is to be inserted in the flip- flop; the input levels are: SET = 1 and RESET
= O. The output level of the port 1 is low (0) and this determines a high state across the
output of port 3 (Q = 1). The output of port 2 is instead at 1, so port 4 finds two high
levels (port 2 and 3) across its inputs, and takes its output to a low level (Q = 0).
The flip- flop is now on SET, with memorized information. Now, applying a high level
across the RESET terminal, keeping the SET to a low level (s = 0 and R = 1), the flipflop switches, i.e. it changes state, and the output becomes Q = 0 and Q = 1. In this case
we say that the flip-flop is in RESET state. If the inputs SET and RESET are
simultaneously applied to a high logic level (S = R = 1), you obtain an indeterminate
state:
Q=Q`=1.
When the still state (R=S=O) is reset, the output having the lower transition time is taken
high.
R-S Flip-flop with Clock
In sequential systems, the change of state in the flip-flops is often required to occur in
synchronism with the clock pulse. This is carried out by modifying the diagram of fig.9.1
into the one of fig. 9.2.

R-S
R

Q`

CK

Fig. 9.2

While no input pulse is applied, the flip- flop keeps as it is, independently from the value
of Rand S. Applying a clock pulse, if the inputs are R=S=O, the flip- flop keeps stable
with the last output (Qn+1 = Qn). If instead we have: R = 0 and S = 1 the output of port 1
goes to 0 enabling the switching. In correspondence to a new clock pulse, if: R=1 and
S=O, the latch changes state again and its outputs are: Q=O and Q=1.
In the case in which: R=S=1 on arrival of the clock pulse, the outputs of the flip- flops
should both go to 1.
J-K flip-flop
The J-K flip- flop is formed by the R-S with clock, in which the outputs are taken back to
the input, as in fig. 9.3

31

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Q`

Lab No.9

CK

Fig. 9.3
Suppose that the flip- flop is in the state: Q = 0; Q = 1. If the data input J is at the level 1
in correspondence to the clock pulse, the output of port 1 gets to 0, and the memory cell
composed by ports 3-4 changes state: Q = 1 and Q = 0
This flip-flop enables the removal of the uncertainty there was in the flip- flops R-S with
clock, when the inputs were both at level 1. In fact, if:
Q=1
Q=O J=K=1
on arrival of the clock pulse, only port 2 enables the passage of the input data, while port
1 blocks them. The level 0 obtained across the output of port 2 makes the memory
element switch (port 3 and 4). So, we ha ve seen that when the inputs are both high there
is no uncertainty, but the output state changes.
J-K Master-Slave Flip-flop
In the J-K flip- flops there can be possibility of uncertainty, if the clock pulse duration is
too long in respect to the propagation times.
Considering that the flip- flop is in the following conditions:
Q=O Q=1 J=K=1
When the clock pulse is applied, after the propagation time "t" of the ports, the output
becomes:
Q = 1 and Q = 0
But being all the inputs signals still active, the outputs would tend to oscillate between 0
and 1, and at the end of the pulse, the state of the flip- flop is uncertain. To solve this
inconvenience, the flip-flop type J-K Master-Slave has been introduced, which is
commonly called J-K and can be seen in fig. 9.4.

32

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.9

It consists in a cascade connection of two R-S flip-flops, with reaction from the output of
the second one, called SLAVE, to the input of the first, and called MASTER. Some
pulses inverted in respect to the ones applied to the Master are applied across the input of
the Slave. If the PRESET and CLEAR inputs are not active (Pr=Cr=1), on arrival of the
clock pulse, the Master can change logic state according to the following truth table:
tn
J
0
0
1
1

Pr = Cr = 1

tn+1
Qn+1
Qn
0
1
Qn

K
0
1
0
1

As, during the period in which the clock pulse is high, the Slave keeps blocked, the
outputs Q and Q` are not changed. When the clock passes from 1 to 0, the Slave switches,
and the Master blocks. In other words, the data present across J and K are transferred first
to the Master, during the positive part of the clock pulse, and then to the Slave, during the
negative part: in this way, the uncertainties across the outputs are removed.
D Flip-flop
If a J-K flip-flop is modified by adding an inverter (as shown in fig.9.5 a), so that the
input K is complement of J, the set is known as flip- flop type D, in which D=DATA
(fig.9.5 b). Its operation is simple: when a clock pulse arrives, the data present across the
input is transferred and kept across the output.
Pr

Pr

D
CK
CK

Q`

Cr

Q`

Fig. 9.5

Cr

T Flip-flop
If the inputs J and K are set always at logic level 1 on a flip- flop J-K, so this is a flip- flop
commonly called type T (T means TOGGLE).It inverts the state of the outputs each time
the input pulse applied to line T passes from the state 1 to the state O. Fig.9.6 shows the
diagram (a) and the logic symbol (b) of a flip- flop type T.

33

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering
Pr

Lab No.9

Pr

Q
T

CK
CK
K

Q`

Cr

Q`

Cr

Fig. 9.5

Procedure:
Analysis of an R-S Flip-flop
Procedure
? Carry out a flip- flop type R-S using NAND and NOT ports, as in fig.9.1
? Connect the SET and RESET inputs to two switches.
? Connect the outputs Q and Q to two LEDs.
? Power the module.
? Turn the SET input, with the switch, to 1 and then to 0.
? Analyze the behavior of the outputs.
? Set the RESET line to 1, and then to 0.
? Analyze the behavior of the outputs again.
? Repeat some times the operations with the switches and check the carried out
memorizations.
? Now, try to set both inputs to 1 and explain what the reason of the uncertain state is.

S
0
0
1
1

R
0
1
0
1

Q`

Construction and Analysis of a J-K Flip-flop

Procedure
? Carry out the circuit of a J-K flip- flop as in fig. 9.3.
? Connect the inputs J and K to two switches, and the outputs to two LEDs.
? Connect the terminal of the clock at the bottom on the left to the input CK of the built
up flip- flop, as well as to a led, to display the behavior.
? Power the module. ,
? Set the switches connected to the inputs alternatively high. :

34

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.9

? Analyze the behavior of the LEDs.

? Now, set both switches to the logic level 1, and explain the behavior of the flip-flop.
Comparison between J-K and J-K Master Slave Flip-flop
? Keep the circuit of the last exercise.
? Connect the switch of the input J also to J of an integrated flip-flop J-K (MasterSlave) present on the module.
? Carry out the same connection also for the inputs K and CK.
? Connect the outputs of the new flip- flops to other 2 LEDs.
? Power the module.
? Set the switches alternatively high and detect the differences between the two
devices.
? Now, set both switches to 1 and analyze the behavior of the new flip- flop.
tn
J
0
0
1
1

tn+1
Qn+1

K
0
1
0
1

Checking the Operation of a Flip-flop D

? Carry out the circuit of fig. 9.5 a) of a flip-flop type D by means of J-K flip- flops
? Connect the inputs P and R to 1.
? Check the operation of the flip- flop D by means of switches 0-1 of the input D and
the Clock.
tn
D

tn+1
Qn+1

Checking the Operation of a Flip-flop T

? Carry out the circuit of fig. 9.6 a) of a flip-flop type T by means of J-K flip-flop
? Connect the inputs P and R to 1.
? Check the operation of the flip- flop T by means of switches 0-1 to the Clock input.
tn
T

tn+1
Qn+1

35

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.10

Lab No.10

PURPOSE:
To observe the propagation and transition times of CMOS and TTL gates:

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
? Module mod.E05a
? Power supply unit (+5 V and 12 V)
? Dual trace oscilloscope
? Function generator

Theory:
Introduction
Propagation delay times
The following values are normally specified by the manufacturers for any log1C gate:
a) t PHL: propagation delay time with output changing to the low level.
b) t PLH : propagation delay time with output changing to the high level.
The propagation delay times must be measured inside the fixed threshold values, which
for the most part is the 50% of the whole signal varia tion.
Transition times
The following transition times are normally declared by the manufacturer:
a) t THL: transition time with output changing to the low level.
b) t TLH : transition time with output changing to the high level.
The time measurement is between the 10% and the 90% of the whole signal variation.
Fig. 10.1 shows the propagation delay time and the transition time of an inverting gate.
Figure 10.1

36

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Lab No.10

Procedure:
Figure 10.2

? Assemble the circuit of figure 10.2 with CMOS gates:

? Set the function generator for a 0-12V square wave and a frequency of 1 MHz.
? Connect the module to the power supply (+12V).
? Connect one of the CMOS gate input to the function generator output and the other
one to the positive of the power supply input.
NOTE: Connect the input signal to the devices only when the func tion generator is ON,
after the input signal has been correctly set and the device itself has been powered.
? Connect the gate output to the first input of the oscilloscope.
? Connect the output of the first gate to another CMOS gate input and to the second
input of the oscilloscope.
? Superimpose the present signals and find the output signal delay time in respect to the
input one, for 1 to 0 and 0 to 1 transitions.
? Measure the 0 to 1 and the 1 to 0 transition, times considering the voltages equal to
10% and 90% of the signal maximum;
? Repeat the procedure with TTL gate.
? Compare the speed of the devices, with other families.

37

Digital Electronics
NED University of Engineering and Technology- Department of Electronics Engineering

Outcome:
? The t PHL of CMOS gates comes out to be: __________
? The t PLH of CMOS gates comes out to be: __________
? The t THL of CMOS gates comes out to be: ___________
? The t TLH of CMOS gates comes out to be: ___________
? The t PHL of TTL gates comes out to be: ___________
? The t PLH of TTL gates comes out to be: ___________
? The t THL of TTL gates comes out to be: _____________
? The t TLH of TTL gates comes out to be: _____________

38

Lab No.10

ADC0801/ADC0802/ADC0803/ADC0804/ADC0805
8-Bit P Compatible A/D Converters
General Description
The ADC0801, ADC0802, ADC0803, ADC0804 and
ADC0805 are CMOS 8-bit successive approximation A/D
converters that use a differential potentiometric
ladder similar to the 256R products. These converters are
designed to allow operation with the NSC800 and INS8080A
derivative control bus with TRI-STATE output latches directly
driving the data bus. These A/Ds appear like memory locations or I/O ports to the microprocessor and no interfacing
logic is needed.
Differential analog voltage inputs allow increasing the
common-mode rejection and offsetting the analog zero input
voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be
adjusted to allow encoding any smaller analog voltage span
to the full 8 bits of resolution.

Features

n Differential analog voltage inputs

n Logic inputs and outputs meet both MOS and TTL
voltage level specifications
n Works with 2.5V (LM336) voltage reference
n On-chip clock generator
n 0V to 5V analog input voltage range with single 5V
supply
n No zero adjust required
n 0.3" standard width 20-pin DIP package
n 20-pin molded chip carrier or small outline package
n Operates ratiometrically or with 5 VDC, 2.5 VDC, or
analog span adjusted voltage reference

Key Specifications
n Resolution
n Total error
n Conversion time

8 bits

14 LSB, 12 LSB and 1 LSB

100 s

n Compatible with 8080 P derivatives no interfacing

logic needed - access time - 135 ns
n Easy interface to all microprocessors, or operates stand
alone

Connection Diagram
ADC080X
Dual-In-Line and Small Outline (SO) Packages

DS005671-30

See Ordering Information

Ordering Information
TEMP RANGE
ERROR

14 Bit Adjusted
12 Bit Unadjusted
12 Bit Adjusted
1Bit Unadjusted

0C TO 70C

0C TO 70C

40C TO +85C
ADC0801LCN

ADC0802LCWM

ADC0802LCN
ADC0803LCN

ADC0804LCWM

PACKAGE OUTLINE

M20B Small
Outline

ADC0804LCN

ADC0805LCN/ADC0804LCJ

N20A Molded DIP

Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog Corp.

2001 National Semiconductor Corporation

DS005671

www.national.com

ADC0801/ADC0802/ADC0803/ADC0804/ADC0805 8-Bit P Compatible A/D Converters

November 1999

ADC0801/ADC0802/ADC0803/ADC0804/ADC0805

Typical Applications

DS005671-1

8080 Interface

DS005671-31

Error Specification (Includes Full-Scale,

Zero Error, and Non-Linearity)
Part
Number

Full-

VREF/2=2.500 VDC

VREF/2=No Connection

Scale

(No Adjustments)

(No Adjustments)

Adjusted
ADC0801

14 LSB
12 LSB

ADC0802
ADC0803
ADC0804

LSB
12

1 LSB
1 LSB

ADC0805

www.national.com

Infrared (15 seconds)

Storage Temperature Range
Package Dissipation at TA =25C
ESD Susceptibility (Note 10)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage (VCC) (Note 3)
Voltage
Logic Control Inputs
At Other Input and Outputs
Lead Temp. (Soldering, 10 seconds)
Dual-In-Line Package (plastic)
Dual-In-Line Package (ceramic)
Surface Mount Package
Vapor Phase (60 seconds)

6.5V

220C
65C to +150C
875 mW
800V

Operating Ratings (Notes 1, 2)

0.3V to +18V
0.3V to (VCC+0.3V)

TMINTATMAX
40CTA+85C
40CTA+85C
0CTA+70C
0CTA+70C
4.5 VDC to 6.3 VDC

Temperature Range
ADC0804LCJ
ADC0801/02/03/05LCN
ADC0804LCN
ADC0802/04LCWM
Range of VCC

260C
300C
215C

Electrical Characteristics
The following specifications apply for VCC =5 VDC, TMINTATMAX and fCLK =640 kHz unless otherwise specified.
Parameter

Conditions

ADC0801: Total Adjusted Error (Note 8)

Min

Typ

With Full-Scale Adj.

Max

Units

14

LSB

1 2
1 2

LSB

1
1

LSB

(See Section 2.5.2)

ADC0802: Total Unadjusted Error (Note 8)
ADC0803: Total Adjusted Error (Note 8)

VREF/2=2.500 VDC
With Full-Scale Adj.

LSB

(See Section 2.5.2)

ADC0804: Total Unadjusted Error (Note 8)

VREF/2=2.500 VDC

ADC0805: Total Unadjusted Error (Note 8)

VREF/2-No Connection

VREF/2 Input Resistance (Pin 9)

LSB

ADC0801/02/03/05

2.5

8.0

ADC0804 (Note 9)

0.75

1.1

Analog Input Voltage Range

(Note 4) V(+) or V()

DC Common-Mode Error

Over Analog Input Voltage

Gnd0.05

VCC+0.05

VDC

1/16

18

LSB

1/16

1 8

LSB

Range
VCC =5 VDC 10% Over

Power Supply Sensitivity

Allowed VIN(+) and VIN()

Voltage Range (Note 4)

AC Electrical Characteristics
The following specifications apply for VCC =5 VDC and TMINTATMAX unless otherwise specified.
Symbol

Parameter

Conditions

Min

Typ

Max

Units

TC

Conversion Time

fCLK =640 kHz (Note 6)

103

114

TC

Conversion Time

(Notes 5, 6)

66

73

1/fCLK

fCLK

Clock Frequency

VCC =5V, (Note 5)

100

1460

kHz

40

60

Conversion Rate in Free-Running

INTR tied to WR with

8770

9708

conv/s

Mode

CS =0 VDC, fCLK =640 kHz

tW(WR)L

Width of WR Input (Start Pulse Width)

CS =0 VDC (Note 7)

tACC

Access Time (Delay from Falling

CL =100 pF

135

200

ns

TRI-STATE Control (Delay

CL =10 pF, RL =10k

125

200

ns

from Rising Edge of RD to

(See TRI-STATE Test

Hi-Z State)

Circuits)
300

450

ns

7.5

pF

Clock Duty Cycle

CR

640

100

ns

Edge of RD to Output Data Valid)

t1H, t0H

tWI, tRI

Delay from Falling Edge

of WR or RD to Reset of INTR

CIN

Input Capacitance of Logic

Control Inputs
3

www.national.com

ADC0801/ADC0802/ADC0803/ADC0804/ADC0805

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Notes 1, 2)

ADC0801/ADC0802/ADC0803/ADC0804/ADC0805

AC Electrical Characteristics

(Continued)

The following specifications apply for VCC =5 VDC and TMINTATMAX unless otherwise specified.
Symbol
COUT

Parameter

Conditions

Min

TRI-STATE Output

Typ

Max

Units

7.5

pF

Capacitance (Data Buffers)

CONTROL INPUTS [Note: CLK IN (Pin 4) is the input of a Schmitt trigger circuit and is therefore specified separately]
VIN (1)

Logical 1 Input Voltage

VCC =5.25 VDC

2.0

15

VDC

0.8

VDC

ADC

(Except Pin 4 CLK IN)

VIN (0)

Logical 0 Input Voltage

VCC =4.75 VDC

(Except Pin 4 CLK IN)

IIN (1)

Logical 1 Input Current

VIN =5 VDC

0.005

(All Inputs)
IIN (0)

Logical 0 Input Current

VIN =0 VDC

0.005

ADC

2.7

3.1

3.5

VDC

1.5

1.8

2.1

VDC

0.6

1.3

2.0

VDC

0.4

VDC

(All Inputs)
CLOCK IN AND CLOCK R
VT+

CLK IN (Pin 4) Positive Going

Threshold Voltage

VT

CLK IN (Pin 4) Negative

Going Threshold Voltage

VH

CLK IN (Pin 4) Hysteresis

(VT+)(VT)

VOUT (0)

Logical 0 CLK R Output

IO =360 A

Voltage

VCC =4.75 VDC

VOUT (1)

Logical 1 CLK R Output

IO =360 A

Voltage

VCC =4.75 VDC

2.4

VDC

DATA OUTPUTS AND INTR

VOUT (0)

Logical 0 Output Voltage

Data Outputs

IOUT =1.6 mA, VCC =4.75 VDC

0.4

VDC

INTR Output

IOUT =1.0 mA, VCC =4.75 VDC

0.4

VDC

VOUT (1)

Logical 1 Output Voltage

IO =360 A, VCC =4.75 VDC

2.4

VOUT (1)

Logical 1 Output Voltage

IO =10 A, VCC =4.75 VDC

4.5

VDC

IOUT

TRI-STATE Disabled Output

VOUT =0 VDC

ADC

Leakage (All Data Buffers)

VOUT =5 VDC

VDC

ADC

ISOURCE

VOUT Short to Gnd, TA =25C

4.5

mADC

ISINK

VOUT Short to VCC, TA =25C

9.0

16

mADC

POWER SUPPLY
ICC

Supply Current (Includes

Ladder Current)

fCLK =640 kHz,

VREF/2=NC, TA =25C
and CS =5V

ADC0801/02/03/04LCJ/05

1.1

1.8

mA

ADC0804LCN/LCWM

1.9

2.5

mA

Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications do not apply when operating
the device beyond its specified operating conditions.
Note 2: All voltages are measured with respect to Gnd, unless otherwise specified. The separate A Gnd point should always be wired to the D Gnd.
Note 3: A zener diode exists, internally, from VCC to Gnd and has a typical breakdown voltage of 7 VDC.
Note 4: For VIN() VIN(+) the digital output code will be 0000 0000. Two on-chip diodes are tied to each analog input (see block diagram) which will forward conduct
for analog input voltages one diode drop below ground or one diode drop greater than the VCC supply. Be careful, during testing at low VCC levels (4.5V), as high
level analog inputs (5V) can cause this input diode to conductespecially at elevated temperatures, and cause errors for analog inputs near full-scale. The spec
allows 50 mV forward bias of either diode. This means that as long as the analog VIN does not exceed the supply voltage by more than 50 mV, the output code will
be correct. To achieve an absolute 0 VDC to 5 VDC input voltage range will therefore require a minimum supply voltage of 4.950 VDC over temperature variations,
initial tolerance and loading.
Note 5: Accuracy is guaranteed at fCLK = 640 kHz. At higher clock frequencies accuracy can degrade. For lower clock frequencies, the duty cycle limits can be
extended so long as the minimum clock high time interval or minimum clock low time interval is no less than 275 ns.
Note 6: With an asynchronous start pulse, up to 8 clock periods may be required before the internal clock phases are proper to start the conversion process. The
start request is internally latched, see Figure 4 and section 2.0.

www.national.com

(Continued)

Note 7: The CS input is assumed to bracket the WR strobe input and therefore timing is dependent on the WR pulse width. An arbitrarily wide pulse width will hold
the converter in a reset mode and the start of conversion is initiated by the low to high transition of the WR pulse (see timing diagrams).
Note 8: None of these A/Ds requires a zero adjust (see section 2.5.1). To obtain zero code at other analog input voltages see section 2.5 and Figure 7.
Note 9: The VREF/2 pin is the center point of a two-resistor divider connected from VCC to ground. In all versions of the ADC0801, ADC0802, ADC0803, and
ADC0805, and in the ADC0804LCJ, each resistor is typically 16 k. In all versions of the ADC0804 except the ADC0804LCJ, each resistor is typically 2.2 k.
Note 10: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 k resistor.

Typical Performance Characteristics

Logic Input Threshold Voltage
vs. Supply Voltage

Delay From Falling Edge of

RD to Output Data Valid
vs. Load Capacitance

CLK IN Schmitt Trip Levels

vs. Supply Voltage

DS005671-38

DS005671-40
DS005671-39

fCLK vs. Clock Capacitor

Full-Scale Error vs
Conversion Time

Effect of Unadjusted Offset Error

vs. VREF/2 Voltage

DS005671-41
DS005671-42

Output Current vs
Temperature

Power Supply Current

vs Temperature (Note 9)

DS005671-43

Linearity Error at Low

VREF/2 Voltages

DS005671-46

DS005671-44
DS005671-45

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ADC0801/ADC0802/ADC0803/ADC0804/ADC0805

AC Electrical Characteristics

DAC0800/DAC0802
8-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converters
General Description
The DAC0800 series are monolithic 8-bit high-speed
current-output digital-to-analog converters (DAC) featuring
typical settling times of 100 ns. When used as a multiplying
DAC, monotonic performance over a 40 to 1 reference current range is possible. The DAC0800 series also features
high compliance complementary current outputs to allow
differential output voltages of 20 Vp-p with simple resistor
loads as shown in Figure 1. The reference-to-full-scale current matching of better than 1 LSB eliminates the need for
full-scale trims in most applications while the nonlinearities
of better than 0.1% over temperature minimizes system
error accumulations.
The noise immune inputs of the DAC0800 series will accept
TTL levels with the logic threshold pin, VLC, grounded.
Changing the VLC potential will allow direct interface to other
logic families. The performance and characteristics of the
device are essentially unchanged over the full 4.5V to
18V power supply range; power dissipation is only 33 mW
with 5V supplies and is independent of the logic input
states.

The DAC0800, DAC0802, DAC0800C and DAC0802C are a

direct replacement for the DAC-08, DAC-08A, DAC-08C,
and DAC-08H, respectively.

Features
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

Fast settling output current: 100 ns

Full scale error: 1 LSB
Nonlinearity over temperature: 0.1%
Full scale current drift: 10 ppm/C
High output compliance: 10V to +18V
Complementary current outputs
Interface directly with TTL, CMOS, PMOS and others
2 quadrant wide range multiplying capability
Wide power supply range: 4.5V to 18V
Low power consumption: 33 mW at 5V
Low cost

Typical Applications

DS005686-1

FIGURE 1. 20 VP-P Output Digital-to-Analog Converter (Note 5)

Ordering Information
Non-Linearity

Temperature

0.1% FS
0.19% FS
0.19% FS

0C TA +70C

DAC0802LCJ

55C TA +125C

DAC0800LJ

0C TA +70C

DAC0800LCJ

Range

Order Numbers
J Package (J16A) (Note 1) N Package (N16E) (Note 1) SO Package (M16A)
DAC-08HQ DAC0802LCN

DAC-08HP

DAC0802LCM

DAC-08EP

DAC0800LCM

DAC-08Q
DAC-08EQ DAC0800LCN

Note 1: Devices may be ordered by using either order number.

2001 National Semiconductor Corporation

DS005686

www.national.com

DAC0800/DAC0802 8-Bit Digital-to-Analog Converters

June 1999

DAC0800/DAC0802

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 2)

Storage Temperature
Lead Temp. (Soldering, 10 seconds)
Dual-In-Line Package (plastic)
Dual-In-Line Package (ceramic)
Surface Mount Package
Vapor Phase (60 seconds)
Infrared (15 seconds)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
Supply Voltage (V+ V)
Power Dissipation (Note 3)
Reference Input Differential Voltage
(V14 to V15)
Reference Input Common-Mode
Range (V14, V15)
Reference Input Current
Logic Inputs
Analog Current Outputs
(VS = 15V)
ESD Susceptibility (Note 4)

18V or 36V
500 mW
V to V+

Operating Conditions

V to V
5 mA
V to V plus 36V

Temperature (TA)
DAC0800L
DAC0800LC
DAC0802LC

4.25 mA
TBD V

65C to +150C
260C
300C
215C
220C
(Note 2)

Min

Max

Units

55
0
0

+125
+70
+70

C
C
C

Electrical Characteristics
The following specifications apply for VS = 15V, IREF = 2 mA and TMIN TA TMAX unless otherwise specified. Output characteristics refer to both IOUT and IOUT.
DAC0802LC
Symbol

Parameter

DAC0800LC
Min

Typ

Max

Min

Typ

Units
Max

Resolution

Bits

Monotonicity

Bits

0.19

%FS

0.1

Nonlinearity
Settling Time

ts

DAC0800L/

Conditions

To 12 LSB, All Bits Switched

100

135

ns

ON or OFF, TA =25C

tPLH,
tPHL

Propagation Delay

DAC0800L

100

135

ns

DAC0800LC

100

150

ns
ns

TA =25C

Each Bit

35

60

35

60

All Bits Switched

35

60

35

60

ns

10

50

10

50

ppm/C

18

1.99

2.04

mA
A

TCIFS

Full Scale Tempco

VOC

Output Voltage Compliance

Full Scale Current Change

10

18

10

1.992

2.000

1.94

0.5

4.0

8.0

0.1

1.0

0.2

2.0

< 12 LSB, ROUT > 20 M Typ

IFS4

Full Scale Current

VREF =10.000V, R14=5.000 k

1.984

R15=5.000 k, TA =25C
IFSS

Full Scale Symmetry

IZS

Zero Scale Current

IFSR

Output Current Range

IFS4IFS2
V =5V

2.0

2.1

2.0

2.1

mA

V =8V to 18V

2.0

4.2

2.0

4.2

mA

0.8

Logic Input Levels

VIL

Logic 0

VIH

Logic 1
Logic Input Current

VLC =0V

0.8
2.0

2.0

VLC =0V

IIL

Logic 0

10VVIN+0.8V

2.0

10

2.0

10

IIH

Logic 1

2VVIN+18V

0.002

10

0.002

10

VIS

Logic Input Swing

V =15V

10

18

10

18

VTHR

Logic Threshold Range

VS = 15V

10

13.5

10

13.5

(Figure 11)

4.0

I15

Reference Bias Current

dl/dt

Reference Input Slew Rate

PSSIFS+

Power Supply Sensitivity

PSSIFS

1.0

1.0
4.0

3.0

8.0

A
mA/s

4.5VV+18V

0.0001

0.01

0.0001

0.01

%/%

4.5VV18V

0.0001

0.01

0.0001

0.01

%/%

IREF =1mA

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3.0

8.0

(Continued)

The following specifications apply for VS = 15V, IREF = 2 mA and TMIN TA TMAX unless otherwise specified. Output characteristics refer to both IOUT and IOUT.
DAC0802LC
Symbol

Parameter

DAC0800LC
Min

Power Supply Current

DAC0800L/

Conditions
Typ

Max

Min

Typ

Units
Max

VS = 5V, IREF =1 mA

I+

2.3

3.8

2.3

3.8

mA

4.3

5.8

4.3

5.8

mA

VS =5V, 15V, IREF =2 mA

I+

2.4

3.8

2.4

3.8

mA

6.4

7.8

6.4

7.8

mA
mA

VS = 15V, IREF =2 mA
I+

2.5

3.8

2.5

3.8

6.5

7.8

6.5

7.8

mA

5V, IREF =1 mA

33

48

33

48

mW

5V,15V, IREF =2 mA

108

136

108

136

mW

15V, IREF =2 mA

135

174

135

174

mW

PD

Power Dissipation

Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. DC and AC electrical specifications do not apply when operating
the device beyond its specified operating conditions.
Note 3: The maximum junction temperature of the DAC0800 and DAC0802 is 125C. For operating at elevated temperatures, devices in the Dual-In-Line J package
must be derated based on a thermal resistance of 100C/W, junction-to-ambient, 175C/W for the molded Dual-In-Line N package and 100C/W for the Small Outline
M package.
Note 4: Human body model, 100 pF discharged through a 1.5 k resistor.
Note 5: Pin-out numbers for the DAC080X represent the Dual-In-Line package. The Small Outline package pin-out differs from the Dual-In-Line package.

Connection Diagrams
Dual-In-Line Package

Small Outline Package

DS005686-14

Top View

DS005686-13

Top View
See Ordering Information

www.national.com

DAC0800/DAC0802

Electrical Characteristics

DAC0800/DAC0802

Block Diagram (Note 5)

DS005686-2

Typical Performance Characteristics

Full Scale Current
vs Reference Current

LSB Propagation Delay vs IFS

Reference Input
Frequency Response

DS005686-23
DS005686-24

DS005686-22

Curve 1: CC =15 pF, VIN =2 Vp-p centered at 1V.

Curve 2: CC =15 pF, VIN =50 mVp-p centered at
200 mV.
Curve 3: CC =0 pF, VIN =100 mVp-p centered at
0V and applied through 50 connected to pin
14.2V applied to R14.

Reference Amp
Common-Mode Range

Logic Input Current

vs Input Voltage

VTH VLC vs Temperature

DS005686-27
DS005686-25
DS005686-26

Note. Positive common-mode range is always

(V+) 1.5V.

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Output Current vs Output

Voltage (Output Voltage
Compliance)

(Continued)

Output Voltage Compliance

vs Temperature

Bit Transfer
Characteristics

DS005686-29
DS005686-28

Power Supply Current

vs +V

DAC0800/DAC0802

Typical Performance Characteristics

DS005686-30

Note. B1B8 have identical transfer

characteristics. Bits are fully switched with less
than 12 LSB error, at less than 100 mV from
actual threshold. These switching points are
guaranteed to lie between 0.8 and 2V over the
operating temperature range (VLC = 0V).

Power Supply Current

vs V

DS005686-31

Power Supply Current

vs Temperature

DS005686-32

DS005686-33

Equivalent Circuit

DS005686-15

FIGURE 2.

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LM741
Operational Amplifier
General Description
The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers which feature improved performance over industry standards like the LM709. They are direct, plug-in replacements
for the 709C, LM201, MC1439 and 748 in most applications.
The amplifiers offer many features which make their application nearly foolproof: overload protection on the input and
output, no latch-up when the common mode range is exceeded, as well as freedom from oscillations.

The LM741C is identical to the LM741/LM741A except that

the LM741C has their performance guaranteed over a 0C to
+70C temperature range, instead of 55C to +125C.

Connection Diagrams

Dual-In-Line or S.O. Package

Metal Can Package

DS009341-3
DS009341-2

Note 1: LM741H is available per JM38510/10101

Order Number LM741J, LM741J/883, LM741CN

See NS Package Number J08A, M08A or N08E

Order Number LM741H, LM741H/883 (Note 1),

LM741AH/883 or LM741CH
See NS Package Number H08C

Ceramic Flatpak

DS009341-6

Order Number LM741W/883

See NS Package Number W10A

Typical Application
Offset Nulling Circuit

DS009341-7

2000 National Semiconductor Corporation

DS009341

www.national.com

LM741 Operational Amplifier

August 2000

LM741

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 2)

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.
(Note 7)
LM741A
LM741
LM741C
22V
22V
18V
Supply Voltage
Power Dissipation (Note 3)
500 mW
500 mW
500 mW
30V
30V
30V
Differential Input Voltage

15V
15V
15V
Input Voltage (Note 4)
Output Short Circuit Duration
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
Operating Temperature Range
55C to +125C
55C to +125C
0C to +70C
Storage Temperature Range
65C to +150C
65C to +150C
65C to +150C
Junction Temperature
150C
150C
100C
Soldering Information
N-Package (10 seconds)
260C
260C
260C
J- or H-Package (10 seconds)
300C
300C
300C
M-Package
Vapor Phase (60 seconds)
215C
215C
215C
Infrared (15 seconds)
215C
215C
215C
See AN-450 Surface Mounting Methods and Their Effect on Product Reliability for other methods of soldering
surface mount devices.
ESD Tolerance (Note 8)
400V
400V
400V

Electrical Characteristics (Note 5)

Parameter

Conditions

LM741A
Min

Input Offset Voltage

LM741

Typ

Max

0.8

3.0

Min

LM741C

Typ

Max

1.0

5.0

Min

Units

Typ

Max

2.0

6.0

TA = 25C
RS 10 k
RS 50

mV
mV

TAMIN TA TAMAX
RS 50

4.0

mV

RS 10 k

6.0

Average Input Offset

7.5

15

mV
V/C

Voltage Drift
Input Offset Voltage

TA = 25C, VS = 20V

10

15

15

mV

Adjustment Range
Input Offset Current

TA = 25C

3.0

TAMIN TA TAMAX
Average Input Offset

30

20

200

70

85

500

20

200
300

0.5

nA
nA
nA/C

Current Drift
Input Bias Current

TA = 25C

30

TAMIN TA TAMAX
Input Resistance

80

80

0.210

TA = 25C, VS = 20V

1.0

TAMIN TA TAMAX,

0.5

6.0

500

80

1.5
0.3

2.0

500
0.8

0.3

2.0

nA
A
M
M

VS = 20V
Input Voltage Range

12

TA = 25C
TAMIN TA TAMAX

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12

13

13

V
V

Parameter

(Continued)

Conditions

LM741A
Min

Large Signal Voltage Gain

LM741

Electrical Characteristics (Note 5)

Typ

LM741
Max

Min

Typ

LM741C
Max

Min

Typ

Units
Max

TA = 25C, RL 2 k
VS = 20V, VO = 15V

50

V/mV

VS = 15V, VO = 10V

50

200

20

200

V/mV

TAMIN TA TAMAX,
RL 2 k,
VS = 20V, VO = 15V

32

V/mV

VS = 15V, VO = 10V
VS = 5V, VO = 2V
Output Voltage Swing

25

15

V/mV

10

V/mV

16
15

VS = 20V
RL 10 k
RL 2 k

VS = 15V
RL 10 k

12
10

RL 2 k
Output Short Circuit

TA = 25C

10

Current

TAMIN TA TAMAX

10

Common-Mode

TAMIN TA TAMAX

Rejection Ratio

RS 10 k, VCM = 12V
RS 50, VCM = 12V

Supply Voltage Rejection

TAMIN TA TAMAX,

Ratio

VS = 20V to VS = 5V
RS 50

25

35

12
10

25

14
13

25

mA

40

mA
70

90

70

90

dB

80

95

dB

86

96

dB

RS 10 k
Transient Response

14
13

77

96

77

96

dB

TA = 25C, Unity Gain

Rise Time

0.25

0.8

0.3

0.3

Overshoot

6.0

20

0.5

0.5

Bandwidth (Note 6)

TA = 25C

Slew Rate

TA = 25C, Unity Gain

Supply Current

TA = 25C

Power Consumption

0.437

1.5

0.3

0.7

MHz

80

1.7

2.8

mA

50

85

50

85

mW

150

VS = 15V

LM741

2.8

TA = 25C
VS = 20V

LM741A

V/s

1.7

mW

VS = 20V
TA = TAMIN

165

mW

TA = TAMAX

135

mW

VS = 15V
TA = TAMIN

60

100

mW

TA = TAMAX

45

75

mW

Note 2: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is
functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits.

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LM741

Electrical Characteristics (Note 5)

(Continued)

Note 3: For operation at elevated temperatures, these devices must be derated based on thermal resistance, and Tj max. (listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings). Tj = TA + (jA PD).

Thermal Resistance
jA (Junction to Ambient)

Cerdip (J)

DIP (N)

HO8 (H)

SO-8 (M)

100C/W

100C/W

170C/W

195C/W

N/A

N/A

25C/W

N/A

jC (Junction to Case)

Note 4: For supply voltages less than 15V, the absolute maximum input voltage is equal to the supply voltage.
Note 5: Unless otherwise specified, these specifications apply for VS = 15V, 55C TA +125C (LM741/LM741A). For the LM741C/LM741E, these specifications are limited to 0C TA +70C.
Note 6: Calculated value from: BW (MHz) = 0.35/Rise Time(s).
Note 7: For military specifications see RETS741X for LM741 and RETS741AX for LM741A.
Note 8: Human body model, 1.5 k in series with 100 pF.

Schematic Diagram

DS009341-1

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LM741

Physical Dimensions

inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted

Metal Can Package (H)

Order Number LM741H, LM741H/883, LM741AH/883, LM741AH-MIL or LM741CH
NS Package Number H08C

Ceramic Dual-In-Line Package (J)

Order Number LM741J/883
NS Package Number J08A

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LM741

Physical Dimensions

inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted (Continued)

Dual-In-Line Package (N)

Order Number LM741CN
NS Package Number N08E

10-Lead Ceramic Flatpak (W)

Order Number LM741W/883, LM741WG-MPR or LM741WG/883
NS Package Number W10A

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LM741 Operational Amplifier

Notes

LIFE SUPPORT POLICY

NATIONALS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT
DEVICES OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL
COUNSEL OF NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or
systems which, (a) are intended for surgical implant
into the body, or (b) support or sustain life, and
whose failure to perform when properly used in
accordance with instructions for use provided in the
labeling, can be reasonably expected to result in a
significant injury to the user.
National Semiconductor
Corporation
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National does not assume any responsibility for use of any circuitry described, no circuit patent licenses are implied and National reserves the right at any time without notice to change said circuitry and specifications.

LF198/LF298/LF398, LF198A/LF398A
Monolithic Sample-and-Hold Circuits
General Description

Features

The LF198/LF298/LF398 are monolithic sample-and-hold

circuits which utilize BI-FET technology to obtain ultra-high
dc accuracy with fast acquisition of signal and low droop
rate. Operating as a unity gain follower, dc gain accuracy is
0.002% typical and acquisition time is as low as 6 s to
0.01%. A bipolar input stage is used to achieve low offset
voltage and wide bandwidth. Input offset adjust is accomplished with a single pin, and does not degrade input offset
drift. The wide bandwidth allows the LF198 to be included inside the feedback loop of 1 MHz op amps without having stability problems. Input impedance of 1010 allows high
source impedances to be used without degrading accuracy.
P-channel junction FETs are combined with bipolar devices
in the output amplifier to give droop rates as low as 5 mV/min
with a 1 F hold capacitor. The JFETs have much lower
noise than MOS devices used in previous designs and do
not exhibit high temperature instabilities. The overall design
guarantees no feed-through from input to output in the hold
mode, even for input signals equal to the supply voltages.

n Operates from 5V to 18V supplies

n Less than 10 s acquisition time
n TTL, PMOS, CMOS compatible logic input
n 0.5 mV typical hold step at Ch = 0.01 F
n Low input offset
n 0.002% gain accuracy
n Low output noise in hold mode
n Input characteristics do not change during hold mode
n High supply rejection ratio in sample or hold
n Wide bandwidth
n Space qualified, JM38510
Logic inputs on the LF198 are fully differential with low input
current, allowing direct connection to TTL, PMOS, and
CMOS. Differential threshold is 1.4V. The LF198 will operate
from 5V to 18V supplies.
An A version is available with tightened electrical
specifications.

Typical Connection and Performance Curve

Acquisition Time

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DS005692-16

Functional Diagram

DS005692-1

2000 National Semiconductor Corporation

DS005692

www.national.com

LF198/LF298/LF398, LF198A/LF398A Monolithic Sample-and-Hold Circuits

July 2000

LF198/LF298/LF398, LF198A/LF398A

Absolute Maximum Ratings (Note 1)

Hold Capacitor Short

Circuit Duration
Lead Temperature (Note 4)
H package (Soldering, 10 sec.)
N package (Soldering, 10 sec.)
M package:
Vapor Phase (60 sec.)
Infrared (15 sec.)
Thermal Resistance (JA) (typicals)
H package 215C/W (Board mount in still air)
85C/W (Board mount in
400LF/min air flow)
N package
115C/W
M package
106C/W
JC (H package, typical) 20C/W

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required,

please contact the National Semiconductor Sales Office/
Distributors for availability and specifications.

18V
Supply Voltage
Power Dissipation (Package
Limitation) (Note 2)
500 mW
Operating Ambient Temperature Range
LF198/LF198A
55C to +125C
LF298
25C to +85C
LF398/LF398A
0C to +70C
Storage Temperature Range
65C to +150C
Input Voltage
Equal to Supply Voltage
Logic To Logic Reference
Differential Voltage (Note 3)
+7V, 30V
Output Short Circuit Duration
Indefinite

10 sec
260C
260C
215C
220C

Electrical Characteristics
The following specifcations apply for VS + 3.5V VIN +VS 3.5V, +VS = +15V, VS = 15V, TA = Tj = 25C, Ch = 0.01 F,
RL = 10 k, LOGIC REFERENCE = 0V, LOGIC HIGH = 2.5V, LOGIC LOW = 0V unless otherwise specified.
Parameter

Conditions

LF198/LF298
Min

Input Offset Voltage, (Note 5)

Tj = 25C

Max

25

Full Temperature Range

Input Bias Current, (Note 5)

Min

Max

mV

10

mV

50

nA

100

nA

0.01

10

75
10

Input Impedance

Tj = 25C

10

Gain Error

Tj = 25C, RL = 10k

0.002

Full Temperature Range

10
0.005

86

96

10

0.004

0.02

Tj = 25C, Ch = 0.01 F

Units

Typ

Tj = 25C
Full Temperature Range

Feedthrough Attenuation Ratio

LF398

Typ

0.02
80

90

%
dB

at 1 kHz
Output Impedance

Tj = 25C, HOLD mode

0.5

Full Temperature Range

0.5

HOLD Step, (Note 6)

Tj = 25C, Ch = 0.01 F, VOUT = 0

0.5

2.0

1.0

2.5

mV

Supply Current, (Note 5)

Tj25C

4.5

5.5

4.5

6.5

mA

Logic and Logic Reference Input

Tj = 25C

10

10

Leakage Current into Hold

Tj = 25C, (Note 7)

30

100

30

200

pA

Capacitor (Note 5)

Hold Mode

Acquisition Time to 0.1%

VOUT = 10V, Ch = 1000 pF

Current

Ch = 0.01 F

20

20

Hold Capacitor Charging Current

VINVOUT = 2V

mA

Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio

VOUT = 0

80

110

80

110

dB

Differential Logic Threshold

Tj = 25C

0.8

1.4

2.4

0.8

1.4

2.4

Input Offset Voltage, (Note 5)

Tj = 25C

mV

mV

25

10

25

nA

50

nA

Full Temperature Range

Input Bias Current, (Note 5)

Tj = 25C
Full Temperature Range

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75

Parameter

Conditions

LF198A
Min

Input Impedance
Gain Error

Typ

Tj = 25C

1010

Tj = 25C, RL = 10k

0.002

Full Temperature Range

Feedthrough Attenuation Ratio

LF398A
Max

Min

Units

Typ

Max

1010
0.005

0.004

0.005

0.01

Tj = 25C, Ch = 0.01 F

86

96

0.01
86

90

%
%
dB

at 1 kHz
Output Impedance

Tj = 25C, HOLD mode

0.5

Full Temperature Range

HOLD Step, (Note 6)

0.5

Tj = 25C, Ch = 0.01F, VOUT = 0

0.5

1.0

mV

Supply Current, (Note 5)

Tj25C

4.5

5.5

4.5

6.5

mA

Logic and Logic Reference Input

Tj = 25C

10

10

Tj = 25C, (Note 7)

30

100

30

100

pA

Current
Leakage Current into Hold
Capacitor (Note 5)

Hold Mode

Acquisition Time to 0.1%

VOUT = 10V, Ch = 1000 pF

Ch = 0.01 F

20

25

20

25

Hold Capacitor Charging Current

VINVOUT = 2V

Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio

VOUT = 0

90

110

Differential Logic Threshold

Tj = 25C

0.8

1.4

5
2.4

90

110

0.8

1.4

mA
dB
2.4

Note 1: Absolute Maximum Ratings indicate limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings indicate conditions for which the device is
functional, but do not guarantee specific performance limits.
Note 2: The maximum power dissipation must be derated at elevated temperatures and is dictated by TJMAX, JA, and the ambient temperature, TA. The maximum
allowable power dissipation at any temperature is PD = (TJMAX TA)/JA, or the number given in the Absolute Maximum Ratings, whichever is lower. The maximum
junction temperature, TJMAX, for the LF198/LF198A is 150C; for the LF298, 115C; and for the LF398/LF398A, 100C.
Note 3: Although the differential voltage may not exceed the limits given, the common-mode voltage on the logic pins may be equal to the supply voltages without
causing damage to the circuit. For proper logic operation, however, one of the logic pins must always be at least 2V below the positive supply and 3V above the negative supply.
Note 4: See AN-450 Surface Mounting Methods and their effects on Product Reliability for other methods of soldering surface mount devices.
Note 5: These parameters guaranteed over a supply voltage range of 5 to 18V, and an input range of VS + 3.5V VIN +VS 3.5V.
Note 6: Hold step is sensitive to stray capacitive coupling between input logic signals and the hold capacitor. 1 pF, for instance, will create an additional 0.5 mV step
with a 5V logic swing and a 0.01F hold capacitor. Magnitude of the hold step is inversely proportional to hold capacitor value.
Note 7: Leakage current is measured at a junction temperature of 25C. The effects of junction temperature rise due to power dissipation or elevated ambient can
be calculated by doubling the 25C value for each 11C increase in chip temperature. Leakage is guaranteed over full input signal range.
Note 8: A military RETS electrical test specification is available on request. The LF198 may also be procured to Standard Military Drawing #5962-8760801GA or to
MIL-STD-38510 part ID JM38510/12501SGA.

Typical Performance Characteristics

Aperture Time
(Note 9)

Dielectric Absorption
Error in Hold Capacitor

Dynamic Sampling Error

DS005692-19
DS005692-17

DS005692-18

Note 9: See Definition of Terms

www.national.com

LF198/LF298/LF398, LF198A/LF398A

Electrical Characteristics
The following specifcations apply for VS + 3.5V VIN +VS 3.5V, +VS = +15V, VS = 15V, TA = Tj = 25C, Ch = 0.01 F,
RL = 10 k, LOGIC REFERENCE = 0V, LOGIC HIGH = 2.5V, LOGIC LOW = 0V unless otherwise specified.

LF198/LF298/LF398, LF198A/LF398A

Typical Performance Characteristics

Output Droop Rate

(Continued)

Hold Step

Hold Settling Time

(Note 10)

DS005692-21

DS005692-20

DS005692-22

Leakage Current into Hold

Capacitor

Phase and Gain (Input to

Output, Small Signal)

DS005692-25

DS005692-23

Power Supply Rejection

DS005692-24

Output Short Circuit Current

DS005692-27

DS005692-26

Note 10: See Definition

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Gain Error

Output Noise

DS005692-28