NODAL AND LOOP ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
LEARNING GOALS
NODAL ANALYSIS
LOOP ANALYSIS
Develop systematic techniques to determine
all the voltages and currents in a circuit
that contain multi nodes and loops.
KCL for nodal analysis (Nodal Voltage), KVL
for loop analysis(Loop Currents), Ohms law
to calculate additional parameters.
NODE ANALYSIS
One of the systematic ways to
determine every voltage and
current in a circuit
The variables used to describe the circuit will be Node Voltages
-- The voltages of each node with respect to a pre-selected
reference node (or ground).
Generally, the ground is selected to which largest number of branches
are connected.
All other nodes are defined with reference to ground node and are
designated positive sign. The resulted analysis will indicate the actual
polarity.
IT IS INSTRUCTIVE TO START THE PRESENTATION WITH
A RECAP OF A PROBLEM SOLVED BEFORE USING SERIES/
PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS
COMPUTE ALL THE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THIS CIRCUIT
4k || 12k 12k
SECOND: BACKTRACK USING KVL, KCL OHMS
6k
I3
OHM' S : I 2
Va
6k
KCL : I1 I 2 I3 0
OHM'S : Vb 3k * I3
OTHER OPTIONS...
6k || 6k
FIRST REDUCE TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT
KCL : I 5 I 4 I 3 0
OHM' S : VC 3k * I 5
I1
12
I3
4 12
Vb 4k * I 4
I4
12V
12k
Va
3
(12)
39
THE NODE ANALYSIS PERSPECTIVE
KVL
V5 Vb Vc
KVL
THERE ARE FIVE NODES.
IF ONE NODE IS SELECTED AS
REFERENCE THEN THERE ARE
FOUR VOLTAGES WITH RESPECT
TO THE REFERENCE NODE
KVL
Vc V5 Vb 0
VS V1 Va 0 Va V3 Vb 0
V1 VS Va
V3 Va Vb
REFERENCE
ONCE THE VOLTAGES ARE
KNOWN THE CURRENTS CAN
BE COMPUTED USING OHMS
LAW
WHAT IS THE PATTERN???
THEOREM: IF ALL NODE VOLTAGES WITH
RESPECT TO A COMMON REFERENCE NODE
ARE KNOWN THEN ONE CAN DETERMINE
ANY OTHER ELECTRICAL VARIABLE FOR
THE CIRCUIT
v R vm v N
vR
A GENERAL VIEW
THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR CURRENTS IS IRRELEVANT
vR
v R'
USING THE LEFT-RIGHT REFERENCE DIRECTION
THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE RESISTOR MUST
HAVE THE POLARITY SHOWN
v v
OHM'S LAW i m N
R
i i
' PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION RULES!
i'
IF THE CURRENT REFERENCE DIRECTION IS
REVERSED ...
THE PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION WILL ASSIGN
THE REVERSE REFERENCE POLARITY TO THE
VOLTAGE ACROSS THE RESISTOR
OHM'S LAW i '
v N vm
R
DEFINING THE REFERENCE NODE IS VITAL
V12
4V
2V
THE STATEMENT V1 4V IS MEANINGLES S
UNTIL THE REFERENCE POINT IS DEFINED
BY CONVENTION THE GROUND SYMBOL
SPECIFIES THE REFERENCE POINT.
ALL NODE VOLTAGES ARE MEASURED WITH
RESPECT TO THAT REFERENCE POINT
V12 _____?
V12 _____?
Current Directions
THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS
VS
Va
Vb
Vc
1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES AND SELECT
A REFERENCE NODE
2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES
@Va : I1 I 2 I 3 0
Va Vs Va Va Vb
0
9k
6k
3k
@Vb : I 3 I 4 I 5 0
REFERENCE
3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN
VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION
(Considering High voltage at
each Node)
4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF
NODE VOLTAGES
AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN
THE NODE VOLTAGES ...
Vb Va Vb Vb Vc
0
3k
4k
9k
SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING
THESE EQUATIONS...
@Vc : I 5 I 6 0
Vc Vb Vc
0
9k
3k
AND PRACTICE WRITING
THESE DIRECTLY
WHEN WRITING A NODE EQUATION...
AT EACH NODE ONE CAN CHOSE ARBITRARY
DIRECTIONS FOR THE CURRENTS
Va
Vb
R1
R3
I1'
CURRENTS LEAVING 0
Va Vb Vb Vd Vb Vc
0
R1
R2
R3
CURRENTS INTO NODE 0
I1 I 2 I 3 0
R3
I 3'
I 2'
R2
Vc
I2
AND SELECT ANY FORM OF KCL.
WHEN THE CURRENTS ARE REPLACED IN TERMS
OF THE NODE VOLTAGES THE NODE EQUATIONS
THAT RESULT ARE THE SAME OR EQUIVALENT
I1 I 2 I 3 0
Vd
I3
R2
Vd
Va
R1
Vc
I1
Vb
Va Vb Vb Vd Vb Vc
0
R1
R2
R3
CURRENTS LEAVING 0
I1' I 2' I 3' 0
Vb Va Vb Vd Vc Vb
0
R1
R2
R3
CURRENTS INTO NODE 0
I1' I 2' I 3' 0
Vb Va Vb Vd Vc Vb
0
R1
R2
R3
WHEN WRITING THE NODE EQUATIONS
WRITE THE EQUATION DIRECTLY IN TERMS
OF THE NODE VOLTAGES.
BY DEFAULT USE KCL IN THE FORM
SUM-OF-CURRENTS-LEAVING = 0
THE REFERENCE DIRECTION FOR THE
CURRENTS DOES NOT AFFECT THE NODE
EQUATION
CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES
Can we add algebraically the current
sources?
HINT: THE FORMAL MANIPULATION OF
EQUATIONS MAY BE SIMPLER IF ONE
USES CONDUCTANCES INSTEAD OF
RESISTANCES.
@ NODE 1
USING RESISTANCE S i A
v1 v1 v2
0
R1
R2
WITH CONDUCTANC ES i A G1v1 G2 (v1 v2 ) 0
REORDERING TERMS
@ NODE 2
REORDERING TERMS
THE MODEL FOR THE CIRCUIT IS A SYSTEM
OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
THE MANIPULATION OF SYSTEMS OF ALGEBRAIC
EQUATIONS CAN BE EFFICIENTLY DONE
USING MATRIX ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE
WRITE THE KCL EQUATIONS
@ NODE 1 WE VISUALIZE THE CURRENTS
LEAVING AND WRITE THE KCL EQUATION
REPEAT THE PROCESS AT NODE 2
i2
v2 v1 v2 v1
0
R4
R3
OR VISUALIZE CURRENTS GOING INTO NODE
ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF WRITING NODE EQUATIONS
BB
MARK THE NODES
(TO INSURE THAT
NONE IS MISSING)
15mA
A
VA
8k
2k
8k
2k
WRITE KCL AT EACH NODE IN TERMS OF
NODE VOLTAGES
SELECT AS
REFERENCE
VA VA
15mA 0
2k 8k
V V
@ B B B 15mA 0
8k 2k
@A
A MODEL IS SOLVED BY MANIPULATION OF
EQUATIONS AND USING MATRIX ANALYSIS
NUMERICAL MODEL
LEARNING EXAMPLE
USE GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
i A 12mA, iB 4mA
THE NODE EQUATIONS
R1 12k, R2 R3 6k
ALTERNATIVE MANIPULATION
THE MODEL
* / 12k
REPLACE VALUES AND SWITCH NOTATION
TO UPPER CASE
RIGHT HAND
SIDE IS
VOLTS.
COEFFS ARE
NUMBERS
* / 6k
3V1 2V2 12
V1 2V2 24 * / 3 (and add equations)
4V2 60[V ]
ADD EQS 2V 12[V ]
1
SOLUTION USING MATRIX ALGEBRA
PLACE IN MATRIX FORM
AND DO THE MATRIX ALGEBRA ...
USE MATRIX ANALYSIS TO SHOW SOLUTION
PERFORM THE MATRIX MANIPULATIONS
Adj ( A)
A
| A|
1
FOR THE ADJOINT REPLACE
EACH ELEMENT BY ITS
COFACTOR
Draw Circuit again and write nodal
voltage and brabch currents
AN EXAMPLE OF NODE ANALYSIS
Rearranging terms ...
@v1
@ v2
COULD WRITE EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION
@ v3
CONDUCTANC ES CONNECTED TO NODE
CONDUCTANC ES BETWEEN 1 & 2
CONDUCTANC ES BETWEEN 1 & 3
CONDUCTANC ES BETWEEN 2 & 3
WRITING EQUATIONS BY INSPECTION
FOR CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT
SOURCES THE MATRIX IS ALWAYS SYMMETRIC
THE DIAGONAL ELEMENTS ARE POSITIVE
THE OFF-DIAGONAL ELEMENTS ARE NEGATIVE
Conductances connected to node 1
Conductances between 1 and 2
Conductances between 1 and 3
Conductances between 2 and 3
VALID ONLY FOR CIRCUITS
WITHOUT DEPENDENT
SOURCES
LEARNING EXTENSION
V1 V1 V2 USING
6k
12k
V V V
@V2 : 2mA 2 2 1 0
6k
12k
@V1 : 4mA
BY INSPECTION
1
1
1
V2 4mA
1
12k
6k 12k
1 1
1
V2 2mA
12k 6k 12k
Home work:
Examples: 3.2
E: 3.1, 3.2,
P 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
KCL
LEARNING EXTENSION
6mA
I3
I1
I2
Node analysis
V
@ V1 : 1 2mA 6mA 0 V1 16V
2k
V V
@V : 6mA 2 2 0 V2 12V
2
6k
IN MOST CASES THERE
ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT
WAYS OF SOLVING A
PROBLEM
NODE EQS. BY INSPECTION
1
V1 0V2 2 6mA
2k
0V1 1 1 V2 6mA
6k 3k
3k
I 1 8mA
3k
I2
(6mA) 2mA
3k 6k
6k
I3
(6mA) 4mA
3k 6k
CURRENTS COULD BE COMPUTED DIRECTLY
USING KCL AND CURRENT DIVIDER!!
Once node voltages are known
I1
V1
2k
I2
V2
6k
I3
V2
3k
LEARNING EXAMPLE
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES
CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES CANNOT
BE MODELED BY INSPECTION. THE SYMMETRY
IS LOST.
A PROCEDURE FOR MODELING
WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS USING DEPENDENT
SOURCES AS REGULAR SOURCES.
FOR EACH DEPENDENT SOURCE WE ADD
ONE EQUATION EXPRESSING THE CONTROLLING
VARIABLE IN TERMS OF THE NODE VOLTAGES
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
1
1
1
2
1
v 2 0
12k 6k
3k 6k
1
1
1
v1
v2 2mA
6k
12k 3k
* / 4k
* / 6k
v v v
io 1 1 2 0
R1
R2
v
v v
iA 2 2 1 0
R3
R2
MODEL FOR
CONTROLLING VARIABLE
io
v2
R3
V1 2V2 0
REPLACE AND REARRANGE
1
1
1
v1 v2 0
R1 R2
R3 R2
1
1
1
v1
v2 i A
R2
R2 R3
V1 3V2 12[V ]
ADDING THE EQUATIONS
V1
24
V
5
5V2 12[V ]
LEARNING EXAMPLE: CIRCUIT WITH VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED CURRENT
REPLACE AND REARRANGE
CONTINUE WITH GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION...
WRITE NODE EQUATIONS. TREAT DEPENDENT
SOURCE AS REGULAR SOURCE
OR USE MATRIX ALGEBRA
EXPRESS CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF
NODE VOLTAGES
FOUR EQUATIONS IN OUR UNKNOWNS. SOLVE
USING FAVORITE TECHNIQUE
USING MATLAB TO SOLVE THE NODE EQUATIONS
R1 1k, R2 R3 2k,
R4 4k, i A 2mA, iB 4mA,
2[ A / V ]
DEFINE THE COMPONENTS OF THE CIRCUIT
DEFINE THE MATRIX G
Entries in a row are
separated by commas
(or plain spaces).
Rows are separated by
semi colon
R1=1000;R2=2000;R3=2000;
R4=4000; %resistances in Ohm
iA=0.002;iB=0.004; %sources in Amps
alpha=2; %gain of dependent source
G=[(1/R1+1/R2), -1/R1, 0; %first row of the matrix
-1/R1, (1/R1+alpha+1/R2), -(alpha+1/R2); %second row
0, -1/R2, (1/R2+1/R4)], %third row. End in comma to have the echo
G=
0.0015 -0.0010
0
-0.0010 2.0015 -2.0005
0 -0.0005 0.0008
DEFINE RIGHT HAND SIDE VECTOR
I=[iA;-iA;iB]; %end in ";" to skip echo
V=G\I % end with carriage return and get the echo
SOLVE LINEAR EQUATION
V=
11.9940
15.9910
15.9940
LEARNING EXTENSION: FIND NODE VOLTAGES
REARRANGE AND MULTIPLY BY 10k
2V1 V2 40[V ] * / 2 and add eqs.
V1 2V2 0
5V1 80V V1 16V
NODE EQUATIONS
V1
V V
4mA 1 2 0
10k
10k
V V
V
@V2 : 2 1 2 IO 2 0
10k
10k
@V1 :
CONTROLLING VARIABLE (IN TERMS ON NODE
VOLTAGES)
IO
V1
10k
REPLACE
V1
V V
4mA 1 2 0
10k
10k
V2 V1
V
V
2 1 2 0
10k
10k 10k
V2
V1
V2 8V
2
FIND THE VOLTAGE VO
NODE EQUATIONS
LEARNING EXTENSION
NOTICE REPLACEMENT OF DEPENDENT SOURCE
IN TERMS OF NODE VOLTAGE
Vx Vx
0 * / 6k
3k 6k
V
V
V
x O O 0 * / 12k
6k 12k 12k
2mA
3Vx 12[V ] Vx 4[V ]
2VO 2Vx 0 VO 4[V ]
Home work
Example: 3.4
E: 3.3, 3.4,
P: 3.44, 3.45, 3.48, 3.50
