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Power Systems Engineering

Per Unit System Practice Problem

Solved For Easy Understanding

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Lets understand the concept of per unit system by solving an example. In the
one-line diagram below, the impedance of various components in a power

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system, typically derived from their nameplates, are presented. The task now is
to normalize these values using a common base.

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Figure 1: Oneline Diagram Of A Power System

Now that you have carefully examined the system and its parameters, the
equivalent impedance diagram for the above system would look something like
the following.

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Figure 2: Impedance Diagram Of A Power System

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Resistive impedance for most components have been ignored. Rotating machines
have been replaced with a voltage source behind their internal reactance.

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Capacitive effects between lines and to ground are ignored as well.

Power Cable Neutral

To obtain the new normalized per unit impedances, first we need to figure out

and System Grounding

the base values (Sbase, Vbase, Zbase) in the power system. Following steps will
lead you through the process.

Step 1: Assume a system base

Assume a system wide

of 100MVA. This is a random assumption and chosen

to make calculations easy when calculating the per unit impedances.

So,

= 100MVA

Step 2: Identify the voltage base

Voltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. For example, with
a 22/220kV voltage rating of T1 transformer, the

on the primary side of T1 is

22kV while the secondary side is 220kV. It does not matter what the voltage
rating of the other components are that are encompassed by the

zone.

See figure below for the voltage bases in the system.

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Figure 3: Voltage Base In The Power System

Step 3: Calculate the base impedance

The base impedance is calculated using the following formula:

Ohms..(1)

For T-Line 1:

= 484 Ohms

For T-Line 2:

= 121 Ohms

For 3-phase load:

= 1.21 Ohms

Step 4: Calculate the per unit impedance

The per unit impedance is calculated using the following formulas:

..(2)

.(3)

The voltage ratio in equation (3) is not equivalent to transformers voltage ratio.
It is the ratio of the transformers voltage rating on the primary or secondary
side to the system nominal voltage on the same side.
For T-line 1 using equation (2):
For T-line 2 using equation (2):

= 0.1 pu

= 0.5 pu

For 3-Phase load:

Power Factor:

Thus,

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= 1.1495+j1.53267 Ohms

Per unit impedance of 3-phase load using equation (2)=

0.95+j1.2667 pu
For generator, the new per unit reactance using equation (3)

= 0.2 pu
For transformer T1:

= 0.2 pu

For transformer T2:

= 0.15 pu

For transformer T3:

=0.16 pu

For transformer T4:

=0.2 pu

For Motor,

=0.25 pu

The equivalent impedance network with all the impedances normalized to a

common system base and the appropriate voltage base is provided below.

Per Unit Impedance Diagram

Summary:
1. Assume a Sbase for the entire system.
2. The Vbase is defined by the transformer and any off-nominal tap setting it
may have.
3. Zbase is derived from the Sbase and Vbase.
4. The new per unit impedance is obtained by converting the old per unit
impedance on old base values to new ones. See equations (2) and (3).

*****

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base values

per unit

per unit impedances

per unit system

per unit value

Power

transformers

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32 Responses to Per Unit System Practice Problem Solved

For Easy Understanding
IJAJ says:

what do you mean by.. s*-??

an says:

Can we find the short circuit current at each end?

samuel says:

A load of 50mw at 0.8 power factor lagging is taken from the 33kv.
( taking a base MVA of 100mva), calculate the terminal voltage of
the synchronous machine? (Please help me solve this question)
thanks

Nikhil says:

very useful thanks

alshaia says:

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Per Unit System - Practice Problem Solved For Easy Understanding | Power Systems Eng... Page 6 of 11

How can we determine the voltage on the bus 1

BRian says:

Do you know how to find the voltage at the bus?

Thanks

tahseen says:

Hi
how we can find the voltage in bus1 in PU and in volte

noa says:

tanks alot save me alot of stress

abi says:

. Obtain the per unit impedance(reactance) diagram of the power

system shown in the fig
G1 : 30MVA , 10.5KV, X?=1.6 ?
G2 : 15MVA , 6.6KV, X?=1.2 ?
G3 : 25MVA , 6.6KV, X?=0.56 ?
T1 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/11KV , X= 15.2 ? per phase on the high
tension side
T2 (3 phase): 15MVA , 33/6.2KV , X= 16 ? per phase on the high
tension side
Transmission line : 20.5 ohm per phase
Load A : 15MW , 11KV , 0.9 p.f lagging
Load B : 40MW , 6.6KV , 0.85 p.f lagging
5

abi says:

how to convert ohms value to per unit value

Lee Taylor says:

Hi, great article thanks very much! I have a similar problem to

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Per Unit System - Practice Problem Solved For Easy Understanding | Power Systems Eng... Page 7 of 11

solve but I am struggling with the Zact calculation. My inputs are

Vrated = 4.16kV, S = 2MVA <-36.87. Can you help?!

bhanu says:

awesome

kaushik vastarpara says:

its really bcoz by reading this my confusion abut selection of base

nd other is very clearsommust read it frend /thank u

Admin says:

@Pavan @Mike: Thats a typo. Correct values are now shown in

the calculations. Since the ratio of Vbase_old/Vbase_new is the
same, the end result, therefore, does not change. Appreciate the
feedback.

Pavan says:

This is really helpful. I didnt really got it when reading through

this, but when I saw the below comment by Mike, it seems like a
question worth answering. However the content is really clear and
understandable. Keep up the good work!
Thanks,

mike says:

I dont understand one part: When calculating Xtl2 you are using
(22/22) which is reflected from where? Vbase in T2 is 220 primary
and 11 secondary, so where does 22 come from?
The same for Xtl4.

mark says:

will the impedance or p.u impedance in each line will be like in

series? will the current for the PRIMARY AND SECONDARY of the
transformer now be equal??? how will i find the actual line current
for each line and for the whole system

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chris says:

A single phase ,350 kva, 1380v generator has an internal

impedance Zg of j6 ohms. The generator is used to supply a load of
250kva/440v at power factor 0.78 lagging. determine: the turns
ratio of the transfomer, the impedance per km if the line between
the generator and the transformer is 5km, the voltage regulation
of the system.
Using the ratings of the generator as base values determine the
generated per unit voltage that is required to produce a full load
current under short circuit condition.
CAN SOMEONE HELP ME WIT THESE CALCULATION PLZ!!!

Admin says:

Kam,
Once you have the impedance network, use the current division
rule to determine the current flowing each line. I am not sure I
understand voltage at 3, if bus 3 is faulted (3ph) then it is zero
otherwise it should be the same as nominal voltage as seen on the
secondary side of the transformer.
I will solve one for the currents in the future but for now, you will
have to learn how to reduce a circuit (using KVL and KCL) to
determine the currents.

kam says:

sorry but i didnt get my reply yet, so could you pls help me
out???????? thanks a lot

karthik says:

very well explained but could you pls show me how to calculate
voltage and current in both lines, will be very greatful , thanks a
lot.

kam says:

It is really well explained but could you pls show me how to

calculate voltage at but 3 and current in both lines, will be very
greatful , thanks a lot

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manish says:

what if transformers are connected in star and delta connection?

Anayat says:

i am very new to Power side , so i really dont know abt all these
concepts , what we only have T1 and T2 , and all the rating given
are three phase line to line ? how we ll solve it then?

richa says:

very nicely explained.to the point and complete..thanks a lot

Sanket says:

VERY NICELY EXPLAINED THANK-YOU

I WILL VISIT WEBSITE AGAIN FOR FURTHER REFERENCES.

BABULS RAJ says:

Thank u so much..after searching for a proper explanation for

the same in so many sites, i got it finally from your site. Clear
explanation with proper diagrams with multi colour.very nice
..

Admin says:

Nice catch. Fixed it. Thanks.

Renjith M says:

Commendable work. But there is a small error. The per-unit

system is the ratio of two quantities of the same units. Therefore
it is unitless. Well that is what I know. So accordingly we specify
the per-unit quatities as just P.U. So you need to remove the
Ohms from the text and insert p.u

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Alfredo says:

It was very useful, but it is short because is necessary to get the

complete solution, any way I liked.

Abdul Rauff says:

Very Good Info About PSA.Thanks Alot

Hilary says:

Protection engieering, i have been give the reactance as Xd to

calculate faults on a system do i convert to Xd how do i do this

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