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Laplace Fourier Relationship

The document summarizes key concepts relating to Laplace transforms, Fourier transforms, and their application to analyzing RC circuits. Specifically: 1) The frequency response of an RC circuit is 1/(1+jωRC) and its impulse response is (1/RC)e-t/RC, indicating a pole on the real axis of the s-plane at -1/RC. 2) Fourier transforms and Laplace transforms are effectively the same when σ = 0, which corresponds to the jω axis of the s-plane. 3) Pole positions on the s-plane are closely related to the frequency response of a system, and the s-plane provides the best representation for understanding system behavior and

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10K views17 pages

Laplace Fourier Relationship

The document summarizes key concepts relating to Laplace transforms, Fourier transforms, and their application to analyzing RC circuits. Specifically: 1) The frequency response of an RC circuit is 1/(1+jωRC) and its impulse response is (1/RC)e-t/RC, indicating a pole on the real axis of the s-plane at -1/RC. 2) Fourier transforms and Laplace transforms are effectively the same when σ = 0, which corresponds to the jω axis of the s-plane. 3) Pole positions on the s-plane are closely related to the frequency response of a system, and the s-plane provides the best representation for understanding system behavior and

Uploaded by

nakasob
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summary of Last Day

 Systems with feedback


have damped sinusoids
in impulse response
 Showed how Laplace
could be used to identify
imaginary axis (jω)

X X

X
damped sinusoids and
X
X
0
X

X
unstable systems
Real Axis (σ)

X X

X
Fourier a Subset of Laplace
 Fourier and Laplace very similar
 In fact when σ = 0, Fourier and
Laplace almost identical

∞
H (ω ) = ∫ h(t )e − jωt dt
−∞
∞
H ( s ) = ∫ h(t )e − st dt , where s = σ + jω
0
Fourier view of RC circuit
 The frequency response H(ω ) of the series
RC circuit is 1/(1+jω RC)
 Can show this using reactance/impedance
methods
 OR By
 Taking Fourier Transform of differential equation
relating time-domain inputs and outputs of the
RC circuit, given by
vR
dvo (t )
vi (t ) = vo (t ) + RC
R

dt
vi C vo
Frequency Response of RC circuit
Frequency Response dependent upon product of R and C
20log
10
|H(ω)|

RC=0.7
-5

-10
RC=1

-15

-20 RC=3

-25

-30
10
-2 -1
10
0
10 10
1
Radians/second
Frequency Response of RC circuit
Frequency Response dependent upon product of R and C

20log
10
(|H(ω)|)
0

-5

-10 RC=0.7

-15
RC=1

-20

RC=3
-25

-30
0 2 4 6 8 10

Radians/second
Impulse Response of RC circuit - time
domain
 It has already been shown the the frequency
response of the RC circuit is given by H(ω ) = 1/
(1+jω RC)
 Using Fourier Transform tables it can then be
shown that the impulse response of an RC circuit is
h(t)=(1/RC) e-t/RC

 The impulse response of the RC circuit can be


though of as a damped sinusoid with a frequency
of zero. This implies that a pole exists on s-plane.
 Where is the pole situated on the s-plane?
(Next slide may help)
Pole position relationship with impulse
response

imaginary axis (jω)

X X

X
X
X
0
X X
Real Axis (σ)

X X

X
Pole Position for RC circuit
 The impulse response of the RC circuit is
h(t)=e-t/RC
 There is no oscillating frequency
component, so ω =0. The pole is therefore
be positioned on the real axis of the
simplified s-plane representation.
1 1
H(s) =
 Proof: RC (s + 1/RC)
 Pole occurs when |H(s)| = ∞, i.e. s = -1/RC
 No imaginary term
 Pole always on LHS of s-plane since R and C
always positive (System stable or unstable?)
Pole Position for RC circuit – simplified
s-plane (pole zero plot)
imaginary axis (jω)

X 0
-1/RC Real Axis (σ)
Pole Position for RC circuit
3D view of S-plane
What is the value
of RC?
When are Laplace and Fourier
effectively the same?

 when σ = 0, Fourier and Laplace almost


identical
∞
H (ω ) = ∫ h(t )e − jωt
dt
−∞
∞
H ( s ) = ∫ h(t )e − st dt , where s = σ + jω
0

 Where on the S-Plane is σ = 0?


Pole Position for RC circuit
3D view of S-plane – RHS removed
Side View of S-Plane – RC = 3
RHS of s-plane removed
Shaded Area shows
Frequency Response
of System

RC =3 for
Slides 10, 12, 13

Compare with Slide 5


Side View of S-Plane – RC = 0.7
RC =0.7 in these plots
Compare with Slide 5
Main Points
 Pole Positions on s-plane and frequency
response of system closely related.

 Fourier is effectively a subset of Laplace

 Generally a system described in terms of


H(s) (aka System Transfer Function) – because its
the ‘best’ representation to understand behaviour of
the system – Why?
 Shows system stability
 It’s easy enough to get an idea of the frequency
response.
 With some training it can be easy enough to determine
the ‘step response’ of a system from H(s)
More examples with 2 poles
2 Poles => second order system
1
H ( s) =
( s + 2 + j )( s + 2 − j )
S-plane

Shaded area shows


Frequency response
5
imaginary axis(jω)
of system

X
5
0
Real Axis(σ)

X
Pole Zero
Plot -5
More examples with 2 poles
2 Poles => second order system
1
H (s) =
( s + 2 + 0.3 j )( s + 2 − 0.3 j )
S-plane

Shaded area shows


imaginary axis(jω)
Frequency response
5 of system

X
5
0
Real Axis(σ)

X
Pole Zero
Plot
-5

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