Scilab Textbook Companion for

Radar Engineering and Fundamentals of

Navigational Aids
by G. S. N. Raju1
Created by
Garnapudi Vamsikrishna
B.Tech
Computer Engineering
SASTRA UNIVERSITY
College Teacher
N. Raju
Cross-Checked by
Lavitha Pereira
May 26, 2014

1 Funded

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in

Book Description
Title: Radar Engineering and Fundamentals of Navigational Aids
Author: G. S. N. Raju
Publisher: I. k. International, New Delhi
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
ISBN: 978-81-906942-1-6

Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

Contents
List of Scilab Codes

1 INTRODUCTION TO RADAR RADAR PARAMETERS

AND THEIR DEFINITIONS

2 BASIC RADARS

13

3 ADVANCED RADARS

20

4 TRACKING RADAR

29

5 FACTORS AFFECTING RADAR OPERATION AND RADAR

LOSSES
32
6 RADAR TRANSMITTERS

34

7 RADAR RECEIVERS

42

9 RADAR ANTENNAS

47

11 SOLVED PROBLEMS

70

List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.1
2.2

Exa 2.3
Exa 2.4
Exa 2.5
Exa 2.6
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

2.7
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10

PEAK POWER DUTY CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . .

9
FINDING PRT PW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
FINDING AVERAGE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND PRT . . . . . . . . .
11
FINDING DOPPLER FREQUENCY . . . . . . . . .
12
FINDING RANGE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . .
13
FINDING DUTY CYCLE PRT PULSE WIDTH PULSE
ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
FINDING PRF PRT RANGE RESOLUTION AND PULSE
WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
FINDING DUTY CYCLE AVERAGE POWER . . .
15
FINDING PRF AVERAGE POWER DUTY CYCLE
AND RADAR RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION AND UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
FINDING PRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL . . . . . . . .
17
FINDING MAX RADAR RANGE . . . . . . . . . . .
18
FINDING LOWEST BLIND SPEED . . . . . . . . . .
20
FINDING SPEED OF AUTOMOBILE . . . . . . . .
21
FINDING LOWEST THREE BLIND SPEEDS . . . .
21
FINDING LOWEST THREE BLIND SPEEDS . . . .
22
FINDING PRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
FINDING MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE . . . . . .
24
FINDING RATIO OF OPERATING FREQ . . . . . .
24
FINDING RATIO OF PRFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
FINDING BLIND SPEEDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
FINDING PEAK TX POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
4

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

4.1
4.2
5.1
5.4
6.1
6.2

Exa 6.3
Exa 6.4
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

7.1
7.2
7.5
7.8

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

7.9
9.1
9.2
9.3

Exa 9.4
Exa 9.5
Exa 9.6
Exa 9.7
Exa 9.8

FINDING PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECHOS 29

FINDING SPACING BETWEEN ANTENNAS . . . .
30
FINDING RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32
FINDING RCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
FINDING MAX POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
FINDING GAIN PARAMETER OUTPUT POWER GAIN
AND Be . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
FINDING CYCLOTRON ANGULAR FREQ AND CUTOFF VOLTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
FINDING ELECTRON VELOCITY TRANSIT ANGLE
AND BEAM COUPLING COEFFICIENT . . . . . .
36
FINDING EFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
FINDING FREQ OF IMPATT DIODE . . . . . . . .
38
FINDING FREQ OF IMPATT DIODE . . . . . . . .
38
FINDING AVALANCHE ZONE VELOCTY . . . . .
39
FINDING FREQ OG GUNN DIODE OSCILLATOR .
40
FINDING MIN OPERATING GUNN DIODE VOLTAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
FINDING PROBABILTY OF FALSE ALARM . . . .
42
FINDING RADAR INTEGRATION TIME . . . . . .
43
FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . .
43
RANGE RESOLUTION BEFORE AND AFTER COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL . . . . . . . .
45
FINDING BEAMWIDTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
FINDING GAIN OF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR . .
48
FINDING NNBW HPBW AND POWER GAIN OF
ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
FINDING POWER GAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER HPBW AND POWER
GAIN OF PARABOLOID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
FINDING BEAMWIDTH DIRECTIVITY AND CAPTURE AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
FINDING MIN DISTANCE REQUIRED BETWEEN
TWO ANTENNAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND BEAM WIDTH
OF ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53

Exa 9.9
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16

Exa 9.17
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

9.18
9.19
9.20
9.21

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

9.22
9.23
9.24
9.25
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10

Exa 11.11
Exa 11.12
Exa 11.13
Exa 11.14

FINDING CAPTURE AREA AND BEAMWIDTH OF

ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND POWER GAIN . . .
55
FINDING POWER GAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND CAPTURE AREA 56
FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND POWER GAIN 57
FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND POWERGAIN . . . .
58
FINDING POWER GAIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND DIRECTIVITY OF ANTENNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
FINDING BEAMWIDTH POWERGAIN AND DIRECTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
FINDING POWER GAIN OF HORN ANTENNA . .
62
FINDING POWER GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY . . .
62
FINDING COMPLEMENTARY SLOT IMPEDANCE
63
FINDING RADIATION RESISTANCE OF HERTZIAN
DIPOLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
DIRECTIVITY OF HALFWAVE DIPOLE . . . . . .
66
FINDING RADIATED POWER . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
FINDING EFFECTIVE AREA OF HALF WAVE DIPOLE 67
FINDING EFFECTIVE AREA OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE 68
FINDING RECEIVED SIGNAL POWER . . . . . . .
70
FINDING TARGET DISTANCE FROM RADAR . .
71
FINDING MAX AND MIN RANGES OF RADAR . .
71
FINDING DUTY CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
FINDING AVERAGE TX POWER . . . . . . . . . .
73
FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . .
73
FINDING TARGET RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
74
FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY . . . . .
75
FINDING DOPPLERSHIFT FREQUENCY AND FREQ
OF RELECTED ECHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY OF REFLECTED SIGNAL . . . . . . . . .
77
FINDING AVERAGE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
FINDING DUTY CYCLE AVERAGE POWER AND
MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
FINDING PRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
6

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

11.15
11.16
11.17
11.18

Exa 11.19
Exa 11.20
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

11.21
11.22
11.23
11.24
11.25
11.26
11.27

Exa 11.28
Exa 11.29
Exa 11.30
Exa 11.31
Exa 11.32
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa

11.33
11.34
11.35
11.36
11.37
11.38
11.39
11.40
11.41
11.42
11.43
11.44
11.45
11.46

FINDING RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
80
FINDING FREQUENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
FINDING BEAMWIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
FINDING MIN TIME REQUIRED TO RESOLVE AIRCRAFTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
FINDING DUTY CYCLE CORRECTION FACTOR .
83
FINDING AVERAGE POWER DUTY CYCLE AND
PULSE ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
FINDING NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY .
85
FINDING RANGE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . .
86
FINDING RANGE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . .
86
FINDING TARGET BLIND SPEED . . . . . . . . . .
87
RATIO OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES . . . . . .
88
RATIO OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES . . . . . .
88
FINDING COMPRESSION RATIO AND COMPRESSED
PULSE WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
FINDING COMPRESSION PULSEWIDTH AND RATIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
FINDING COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH AND BANDWIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . .
91
FINDING CLOSEST FREQUENCIES . . . . . . . .
92
FINDING SPECTRUM CENTRE BANDWIDTH AND
COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
FINDING MINIMUM RECEIVABLE SIGNAL . . . .
93
FINDING MAXIMUM RANGE OF RADAR . . . . .
94
FINDING PEAK TX POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . .
96
FINDING LOWEST BLIND SPEEDS . . . . . . . . .
97
FINDING RANGE OF BEACON . . . . . . . . . . .
98
FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
FINDING RX SIGNAL POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
FINDING DISTANCE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . 101
FINDING MIN AND MAX TARGET RANGE . . . . 102
FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY . . . . . 103
FINDING DISTANCE OF TARGET . . . . . . . . . . 103
FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND AVERAGE POWER 104
FINDING PRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7

Exa 11.47 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Exa 11.48 FINDING MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE AND RANGE
RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Exa 11.49 CALCULATING RADAR PARAMETERS . . . . . . 107
Exa 11.50 FINDING AVERAGE POWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Exa 11.51 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 11.52 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 11.53 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . 111
Exa 11.54 FINDING BEAMWIDTH OF ANTENNA . . . . . . . 112
Exa 11.55 FINDING OPERATING FREQ PEAK POWER AND
RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exa 11.56 FINDING RADIAL VELOCITY OF TARGET . . . . 114
Exa 11.57 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY . . . . . 115
Exa 11.58 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCIES . . . . 115
Exa 11.59 FINDING BLIND SPEED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Exa 11.61 FINDING PULSE WIDTH AND PULSE ENERGY . 117
Exa 11.62 FINDING PRT PRF RANGE RESOLUTION AND PULSE
WIDTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Exa 11.63 FINDING DOPPLER FREQUENCY . . . . . . . . . 119
Exa 11.64 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR . . . . . . . . . 120
Exa 11.65 FINDING APERTURE SIZE AND PEAK POWER OF
TXR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO
RADAR RADAR
PARAMETERS AND THEIR
DEFINITIONS

Scilab code Exa 1.1 PEAK POWER DUTY CYCLE

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

// Chapter 1 , Example 1 . 1 , Page 34

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
PW = 2*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h 2 u s
Pav =100; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Ppeak = ( Pav ) /( PW * PRF ) ; // Peak power i n w a t t s
9

14 D
= Pav / Ppeak ; // Duty c y c l e
15
16 // Output
17 mprintf ( Peak power i s %g KW\n Duty c y c l e

i s %e ,

Ppeak /1000 , D ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.2 FINDING PRT PW

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

// Chapter 1 , Example 1 . 2 , Page 35

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
PRF = 1.2*10^3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
PI = 0.6*10^ -3; // p u l s e i n t e r v a l i n s e c
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
PRT = 1/ PRF ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
PW = PRT - PI ; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c ;
// Output
mprintf ( P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e i s %3 . 3 f ms\n P u l s e
w i d t h i s %3 . 3 f ms , PRT *1000 , PW *1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.3 FINDING AVERAGE POWER

1

// Chapter 1 , Example 1 . 3 , Page 35

10

//

==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 //INPUT DATA
7 D
= 0.001; // Duty C y c l e
8 Ppeak =500*10^3; // Peak Power i n Watts
9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11
12 Pav = D * Ppeak ; // D=a v e r a g e p o w e r / Peakpower ;
13
14 // Output
15 mprintf ( A v e r a g e power i s %g Watts , Pav ) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.4 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND PRT

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

// Chapter 1 , Example 1 . 4 , Page 35

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
PRF
= 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Ppeak =10*10^6; // peak power i n w a t t s
Pav
=100*10^3; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
D
PRT

= Pav / Ppeak ; // Duty c y c l e

= 1/ PRF ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e ;
11

15
16
17

// Output
mprintf ( Duty c y c l e i s %g\n p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e i s
%g ms ,D , PRT *1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 1.5 FINDING DOPPLER FREQUENCY

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

// Chapter 1 , Example 1 . 5 , Page 36

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
F = 6*10^9; // f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ;
Vr = 200; // R a d i a l v e l o c i t y i n kmph
// C a l c u l a t i o n s

lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h = v e l / f r e q ;
Fd
= (2* Vr / lamda ) *(5/18) ; // d o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y i n
Hz ;
15 // 5 / 1 8 i s m u l t i p l i e d t o c o n v e r t kmph t o m/ s
16
17
18

// Output
mprintf ( D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y i s %3 . 2 f KHz , Fd /1000) ;

12

Chapter 2
BASIC RADARS

Scilab code Exa 2.1 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET

1
2

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 2 . 1
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 Tdelay =200*10^ -6;
// t i m e d e l a y i n s e c
6 Vo =3*10^8;
// v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
7 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
8 R =( Vo * Tdelay ) /2;
// Range o f t h e t a r g e t i n kms
9
10
11 // Output
12 mprintf ( Range o f t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 1 f Kms ,R /1000) ;
13 //

==================================================================

13

Scilab code Exa 2.2 FINDING DUTY CYCLE PRT PULSE WIDTH PULSE
ENERGY
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 2 . 2
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Pt =5000;
// Peak t x power i n w a t t s
Pav =1000;
// A v e r a g e Power
PRF1 = 10; // P u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n khz
PRF2 = 20; // P u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n khz
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
D = Pav / Pt ; // Duty c y c l e
PRI1 =1/ PRF1 ;
// P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e i n t e r v a l i n msec
PRI2 =1/ PRF2 ;
// P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e i n t e r v a l i n msec
PW1 = D * PRI1 ;
// P u l s e Width i n msec
PW2 = D * PRI2 ;
// P u l s e Width i n msec
PE1 = Pt * PW1 ;
// P u l s e Energy i n j o u l e s
PE2 = Pt * PW2 ;
// P u l s e Energy i n j o u l e s
// Output
mprintf ( Duty c y c l e i s %3 . 2 f \n p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n
i n t e r v a l 1 i s %3 . 2 f msec \n p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n
i n t e r v a l 2 i s %3 . 2 f msec \n P u l s e Width1 i s %3 . 2 f
u s e c \n P u l s e Width2 i s %3 . 2 f u s e c \n P u l s e Energy1
i s %3 . 2 f J \n P u l s e Energy2 i s %3 . 2 f J ,D , PRI1 ,
PRI2 , PW1 *1000 , PW2 *1000 , PE1 /1000 , PE2 /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.3 FINDING PRF PRT RANGE RESOLUTION AND
PULSE WIDTH
1
2

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 2 . 3
//
==================================================================
14

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

clc ;
clear ;
UR =200; // unambiguous r a n g e i n kms
BW =1*10^6; // bandwidth i n hz
V0 =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
PRF = V0 /(2* UR *10^3) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n
hz
PRI =1/ PRF ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l i n s e c
RR = V0 /(2* BW ) ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n mts
PW =(2* RR ) /( V0 ) ; // p u l s e w i d t h
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
mprintf ( p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i s %3 . 2 f Hz\n
p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l i s %3 . 2 f msec \n Range
R e s o l u t i o n i s %3 . 2 f m\n p u l s e w i d t h i s %3 . 1 f u s e c
,PRF , PRI *1000 , RR , PW *10^6) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.4 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AVERAGE POWER

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 2 . 4
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Pt =50000; // p e a l power i n w a t t s
PRF =1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n hz
PW =0.8; // p u l s e w i d t h i n u s e c
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
D = PW * PRF *10^ -6; // duty c y c l e
Pav = Pt * D ; // a v e r a g e power
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Duty c y c l e i s %g\n A v e r a g e power i s %g
Watts ,D , Pav ) ;
15

Scilab code Exa 2.5 FINDING PRF AVERAGE POWER DUTY CYCLE
AND RADAR RANGE
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 2 . 5
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Vo =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Pt =1*10^6; // peak power i n w a t t s
PW =1.2*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
PRI =1*10^ -3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l i n s e c
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
PRF =1/ PRI ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Pav = Pt * PW * PRF ; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s
D = Pav / Pt ; // Duty c y c l e ;
Rmax = Vo /(2* PRF ) ; //maximum r a n g e o f t h e r a d a r i n m
mprintf ( p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i s %g KHz\n
a v e r a g e power i s %g KW\n Duty c y c l e = %e\n
maximum r a n g e o f t h e r a d a r i s %g Km , PRF /1000 , Pav
/1000 , D , Rmax /1000 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.6 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION AND UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE
1
2

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 2 . 6
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;

16

4 clear ;
5 PW = 2*10^ -6;
6 PRF =800;

// p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c y i n

KHz
7 V0 =3*10^8;
// v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
9 Ru = V0 /(2* PRF ) ;
// u n a m b i g i o u s r a n g e i n mts
10 RR =( V0 * PW ) /2;
// Range r e s o l u t i o n i n m
11 // o u t p u t
12 mprintf ( u n a m b i g i o u s r a n g e i s %g Km\n Range

r e s o l u t i o n i s %g m , Ru /1000 , RR ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.7 FINDING PRF

1
2

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 2 . 7
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 Rmax =500; //maximum r a n g e i n kms
6 V0 =3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ;
7 // c a l c u l a t i o n s
8 PRF =( V0 /(2* Rmax *10^3) ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e

frequency
i n Hz
9 // o u t p u t
10 mprintf ( p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i s %g Hz , PRF ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.8 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL

1

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 8

17

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
=
BW
=
To
=
K
=

// N o i s e f i g u r e i n dB
// Bandwidth
// T e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
// Boltzman c o n s t a n t

9;
3*10^6;
290;
1.38*10^ -23;

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
F1
Pmin
power

= 10^( F /10)
// a n t i l o g c a l c u l a t i o n
= ( K * To * BW ) *( F1 -1) ; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e

15
16
17

// Output
mprintf ( Minimum r e c e i v a b l e power Pmin = %3 . 4 f pW ,
Pmin *10^12) ;
18 mprintf ( \n C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r a t Pmin i n t e x t b o o k ) ;

19
20
21

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 2.9 FINDING MAX RADAR RANGE

1
2

// Chapter 2 e x a m p l e 2 . 9
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;

18

5 Pt =500000; // p e a l power i n w a t t s
6 F =10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
7 MRP =0.1*10^ -12; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power i n p i c o

watts
8 Ac =5; // c a p t u r e a r e a o f a n t e n n a i n m 2 ;
9 RCS =20; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m 2 ;
10 Vo =3*10^8 // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
11 // c a l c u l a t i o n s
12 lamda = Vo / F
13 Rmax =(( Pt * Ac * Ac * RCS ) /(4* %pi * lamda * lamda * MRP ) ) ^0.25
14
15 // o u t p u t
16 mprintf ( Maximum Radar Range i s %3 . 1 f kms , Rmax

/1000) ;

19

Chapter 3
ADVANCED RADARS

Scilab code Exa 3.1 FINDING LOWEST BLIND SPEED

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 1 , Page104

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
PRF = 1500; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
lamda = 3*10^ -2; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m;
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
// n =1 g i v e s l o w e s t b l i n d s p e e d
n =1;
Vb = n *( lamda /2) * PRF ; // b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s

// Output
mprintf ( Lowest B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s , Vb ) ;

20

Scilab code Exa 3.2 FINDING SPEED OF AUTOMOBILE

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 2 , Page105

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Fd = 1000; // d o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y i n Hz ;
F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz ;
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ;
Va
= ( Fd * lamda ) /2; // s p e e d o f a u t o m o b i l e i n m/ s
Va1
= Va *18/5; // s p e e d o f a u t o m o b i l e i n kmph
// Output
mprintf ( Speed o f a u t o m o b i l e i s %g m/ s o r %g kmph\n
,Va , Va1 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.3 FINDING LOWEST THREE BLIND SPEEDS

1
2

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 3 , Page105

//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;

21

5
6 //INPUT DATA
7 PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
8 F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz ;
9 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12
lamda = Vo / F ;
13
// B l i n d F r e q u e n c y i s g i v e n by Fn = nPRF ;
14
n1 = 1;
15
n2 = 2;
16
n3 = 3;
17
F1 = n1 * PRF ; // b l i n d f r e q u e n c y f o r n=1 i n Hz ;
18
F2 = n2 * PRF ; // b l i n d f r e q u e n c y f o r n=2 i n Hz ;
19
F3 = n3 * PRF ; // b l i n d f r e q u e n c y f o r n=3 i n Hz ;
20
21 // Output
22 mprintf ( Lowest t h r e e B l i n d F r e q u e n c i e s a r e %g KHz ,

%g KHz and %g KHz\n , F1 /1000 , F2 /1000 , F3 /1000 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.4 FINDING LOWEST THREE BLIND SPEEDS

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 4 , Page105

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
F = 10*10^9;
PRF = 800;
Vo = 3*10^8;
n1 = 1;
n2 = 2;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ;

22

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

n3 = 3;
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // Wavelength i n m
// b l i n d s p e e d Vb = n ( lamda / 2 ) PRF i n m/ s
Vb1 = n1 *( lamda /2) * PRF ; // f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ;
Vb2 = n2 *( lamda /2) * PRF ; // s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ;
Vb3 = n3 *( lamda /2) * PRF ; // t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ;

// Output
mprintf ( F i r s t B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s \n S e c o n d B l i n d
Speed i s %g m/ s \n T h i r d B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s \n ,
Vb1 , Vb2 , Vb3 ) ;
25 mprintf ( NOTE: IN TEXT BOOK THIRD BLIND SPEED I S
WRONGLY PRINTED AS 48 m/ s ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.5 FINDING PRF

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 5 , Page106

//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
F = 10*10^9;
// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Vo = 3*10^8;
// v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ;
Vb1 = 20; // l o w e s t ( f i r s t ) b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s
n
=1 ; // s i n c e f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // Wavelength i n m
23

14
15 // b l i n d s p e e d Vb = n ( lamda / 2 ) PRF i n m/ s
16
17 PRF = (2* Vb1 ) /( n * lamda ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y

i n Hz
18
19
20

// Output
mprintf ( P u l s e R e p e t i t i v e F r e q u e n c y i s %3 . 2 f KHz ,
PRF /1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.6 FINDING MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE

1
2

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 6 , Page106

//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 //INPUT DATA
7 lamda = 3*10^ -2; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
8 PRF
= 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
9 Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12
13 Ruamb = ( Vo ) /(2* PRF ) ; //max unambiguous r a n g e i n m
14 // Output
15 mprintf ( Maximum unambiguous r a n g e i s %g Kms , Ruamb

/1000) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.7 FINDING RATIO OF OPERATING FREQ

24

1
2

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 7 , Page106

//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 //INPUT DATA
7
8 n1
= 1 ; // s i n c e f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d
9 n3
= 3 ; // s i n c e t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12
13
14 // b l i n d s p e e d Vb1 = n1 ( l a m d a 1 / 2 ) PRF1 i n m/ s
15 // b l i n d s p e e d Vb3 = n3 ( lamda 2/2) PRF2 i n m/ s
16 // h e r e PRF1 = PRF2 = PRF
17 // i f Vb1=Vb3 t h e n
18 // 1 ( l a m d a 1 / 2 ) PRF = 3 ( l a m d a 2 / 2 ) PRF
= 3/1;
19 // l a m d a 1 / l a m d a 2
20 // lamda = C/F ;
21 // t h e r e f o r e F1/F2 = 1/3 ;
22
23
24 // Output
25 mprintf ( R a t i o o f O p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c i e s o f two

Radars a r e ( F1/F2 ) = 1/3 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.8 FINDING RATIO OF PRFs

1
2

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 8 , Page107

//
==================================================================

25

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

clc ;
clear ;
//INPUT DATA
Vb1 = 20; // f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s
Vb2 = 30; // s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s
n1
=1 ; // s i n c e f i r s t b l i n d s p e e d
n1
=2 ; // s i n c e s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d
lamda = 3*10^ -2; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m;
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
PRF1 = (2* Vb2 ) /( n1 * lamda ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e
f r e q u e n c y i n Hz o f
F i r s t Radar ;
PRF2 = (2* Vb2 ) /( n1 * lamda ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e
f r e q u e n c y i n Hz o f S e c o n d Radar ;

// Output
mprintf ( R a t i o o f p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c i e s o f
t h e Radars i s PRF1/PRF2 = %g , PRF1 / PRF2 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.9 FINDING BLIND SPEEDS

1
2

// Chapter 3 , Problem 3 . 9 , Page107

//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5
6 //INPUT DATA
7 F = 6*10^9;
8 PRF = 1000;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
26

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Vo = 3*10^8;
// v e l o c i t y i n m/ s ;
n2 = 2;
// n v a l u e f o r s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d
n3 = 3;
// n v a l u e f o r t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F // Wavelength i n m
// b l i n d s p e e d Vb = n ( lamda / 2 ) PRF i n m/ s

Vb2 = n2 *( lamda /2) * PRF // s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ;

Vb21 = Vb2 *18/5 ;
// s e c o n d b l i n d s p e e d i n kmph
;
20 Vb3 = n3 *( lamda /2) * PRF // t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d i n m/ s ;
21 Vb31 = Vb3 *18/5;
// t h i r d b l i n d s p e e d i n kmph ;
22
23
24

// Output
mprintf ( S e c o n d B l i n d Speed i s %g kmph\n T h i r d B l i n d
Speed i s %g kmph\n , Vb21 , Vb31 ) ;

Scilab code Exa 3.10 FINDING PEAK TX POWER

1
2

// Chapter 3 e x a m p l e 10
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 r

// Antenna R a d i u s i n

= 0.5;

m
7 f

=
frequency in
8 Vo
=
m/ s
9 RCS
=

8*10^9
Hz
3*10^8;

// o p e r a t i n g

5;

// Radar c r o s s

// v e l . o f EM wave i n

27

10
11

s e c t i o n i n m2
D
= 1;
in m
F
= 4.77;
i n dB
Rmax
= 12*10^3
BW
= 500*10^3;

// a n t e n n a d i a m e t e r
// n o i s e f i g u r e
// Radar r a n g e
// bandwidth

12
13
14
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n
16 F1
= 10^( F /10)

// a n t i l o g

calculation
17 lamda
= Vo / f
18
19

// w a v e l e n g t h

//Rmax
= 4 8 ( ( Pt D4RCS) / (BW lamda lamda ( F
1) ) ) 0 . 2 5

20
21 Pt

= (( Rmax /48) ^4) *(( BW * lamda * lamda *( F1

-1) ) /( D ^4* RCS ) )

22
23
24
25

// Output
mprintf ( Peak T r a n s m i t t e d Power i s %e , Pt ) ;
mprintf ( \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k a t
Pt 1 0 1 2 m i s s i n g )
26 //
==================================================================

28

Chapter 4
TRACKING RADAR

Scilab code Exa 4.1 FINDING PHASE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECHOS

1
2

// Chapter 4 e x a m p l e 4 . 1
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 // d = lamda /2
7 theta_d = 5 // a n g l e blw l o s and p e r p e n d i c u l a r

b i s e c t o r o f l i n e j o i n i n g two a n t e n n a s
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

// c a l c u l a t i o n s

//PD = ( 2 %pi / lamda ) ( d s i n ( t h e t a ) ) ;

//PD = ( 2 %pi / lamda ) ( lamda /2 s i n ( t h e t a ) ) ;
theta_r
= theta_d *( %pi /180)
PD_r
= (2* %pi ) *(( sin ( theta_r ) ) /2) ; // p h a s e
d i f f e r e n c e in radians
15 PD_d
= PD_r *(180/ %pi ) ; // p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e i n
radians
16 // o u t p u t
29

17
18
19

mprintf ( Phase d i f f e r e n c e b /w two e c h o s i g n a l s i s %3

. 2 f d e g r e e s ; %3 . 3 f r a d i a n s , PD_d , PD_r ) ;
//===============end o f t h e program
============================================

Scilab code Exa 4.2 FINDING SPACING BETWEEN ANTENNAS

1
2

// Chapter 4 e x a m p l e 4 . 2
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 F
= 1*10^9;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f
m o n o p u l s e r a d a r i n Hz
7 Vo
= 3*10^8;
// v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
8 theta_d
= 10
// a n g l e blw l o s and
p e r p e n d i c u l a r b i s e c t o r o f l i n e j o i n i n g two
antennas
9 PD_d
= 20;
// p h a s e d i f f e r e n c e i n
degrees
10
11
12
13
14

// c a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F
// w a v e l e n g t h i n m
//PD = ( 2 %pi / lamda ) ( d s i n ( t h e t a ) ) ;
theta_r
= theta_d *( %pi /180)
// d e g r e e t o r a d i a n
conversion
15 PD_r
= PD_d *( %pi /180)
// d e g r e e t o r a d i a n
conversion
16 d
= ( PD_r * lamda ) /(2* %pi * sin ( theta_r ) ) ;
17
18
19

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( S p a c i n g b e t w e e n t h e a n t e n n a s i s %3 . 2 f cms ,
30

d *100) ;
20
21

//===============end o f t h e program
============================================

31

Chapter 5
FACTORS AFFECTING
RADAR OPERATION AND
RADAR LOSSES

Scilab code Exa 5.1 FINDING RCS

1
2

// Chapter 5 e x a m p l e 1
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 mprintf ( m a t h e m a t i c a l l y
7
8

9
10

e l l i p s o i d i s r e p r e s e n t e d by
\n ( ( x / a ) 2 ) +(( y / b ) 2 ) +(( z / c ) 2 ) = 1\ n ) ;
mprintf ( \ nThe a p p r o x i m a t e e x p r e s s i o n f o r e l l i p s o i d
b a c k s c a t t e r e d RCS i s g i v e n by \n ) ;
mprintf ( \ n
=( a 2 b 2 c 2 ) / [ a 2 ( s i n ) 2 (
c o s ) 2+ b 2 ( s i n ) 2 ( s i n ) 2+ c 2 ( c o s ) 2
] 2 \ n );
mprintf ( \ n i f a = b , t h e e l l i p s o i d becomes R o l l
s y m m e t r i c , a b o v e eqn becomes \n ) ;
mprintf ( \ n
= ( b 4 c 2 ) / [ a 2 ( s i n ) 2 + c 2
32

( cos
11
12

) 2 ] 2 \ n ) ;

//===============end o f t h e program
============================================

Scilab code Exa 5.4 FINDING RCS

1
2

// Chapter 5 e x a m p l e 4
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
lamda = 0.03; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
Pt
= 250*10^3; // t r a n s m i t t e r power
G
= 2000; // a n t e n n a g a i n
R
= 50*10^3; //maximum r a n g e
Pr
= 10*10^ -12; // minimum d e t e c t a b l e power
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Ae
= ( lamda * lamda * G ) /(4* %pi ) ; // e f f e c t i v e
aperture area
13 RCS
= ( Pr *(4* %pi * R * R ) ^2) /( Pt * G * Ae ) ; // Radar c r o s s
s e c t i o n of the t a r g e t
14
15
16
17
18

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Radar c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 2 f
m2 , RCS ) ;
//================end o f t h e program
===========================================

33

Chapter 6
RADAR TRANSMITTERS

Scilab code Exa 6.1 FINDING MAX POWER

1
2

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 1
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 F
= 9*10^9; // R e f l e x K l y s t r o n o p e r a t i n g
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Va
I
n

frequency

i n hz
= 300; // beam v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
= 20; //Beam c u r r e n t i n mA
= 1; // f o r 7/4 mode

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
// t r a n s i t t i m e f o r r e f l e c t o r s p a c e = n+3/4
I1
= I *10^ -3; // beam c u r r e n t i n mA
Prfmax
= (0.3986* I1 * Va ) /( n +3/4) ; //maximum RF
power
15 // Output
16 mprintf ( Maximum RF power i s %3 . 3 f Watts , Prfmax ) ;
17

34

18

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.2 FINDING GAIN PARAMETER OUTPUT POWER

GAIN AND Be
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

20
21

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 2
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
Vdc
=
Idc
=
Zo
=
F
=
N
=

data
2.5*10^3; //Beam v o l t a g e
25*10^ -3; // beam c u r r e n t i n A ;
10; // c h a r e c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e
9.5*10^9; //TWT o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
40; // c i r c u i t l e n g t h

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
C
= (( Idc * Zo ) /(4* Vdc ) ) ^(1/3) ; // g a i n p a r a m e t e r
Ap
= -9.54+(47.3* N * C ) ; // Output power g a i n o f twt
w
= 2* %pi * F ;
vdc
= 0.593*10^6* sqrt ( Vdc ) ;
Be
= w / vdc ;
// Output
mprintf ( Gain p a r a m e t e r i s %3 . 3 f \n Output Power g a i n
i s %3 . 3 f dB\n p h a s e c o n s t a n t o f e l e c t r o n beam i s
%e r a d /m ,C , Ap , Be ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

35

Scilab code Exa 6.3 FINDING CYCLOTRON ANGULAR FREQ AND

CUTOFF VOLTAGE
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

18
19

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 3
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
e
= 1.609*10^ -19; // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n
me = 9.109*10^ -31; // mass o f e l e c t r o n i n kg
B
= 0.40; // m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y
b
= 10*10^ -2; // R a d i u s o f vane e d g e from t h e c e n t r e
a
= 4*10^ -2; // r a d i u s o f c a t h o d e
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Wc = ( e / me ) * B ; // c y c l o t r o n a n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y i n
radians
Vc = ( e /(8* me ) ) *( B ^2) *( b ^2) *(1 -( a / b ) ^2) ^2; // cut o f f
voltage
// Output
mprintf ( C y c l o t r o n A n g u l a r F r e q u e n c y i s %g r a d \n Cut
o f f v o l t a g e i s %g V\n ,Wc , Vc ) ;
mprintf ( Note : Cut o f f v o l t a g e o b t a i n e d i n t e x t b o o k
i s w r o n g l y c a l c u l a t e d . I n s t e a d o f ( a / b ) 2 , ( a / b )
i s c a l c u l a t e d );
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.4 FINDING ELECTRON VELOCITY TRANSIT ANGLE AND BEAM COUPLING COEFFICIENT
1

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 4
36

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Va = 900 ; // A c c e l a r a t i n g v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
F
= 3.2*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
d
= 10^ -3;
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Ve = (0.593*10^6) * sqrt ( Va ) ; // e l e c t r o n v e l o c i t y
w
= 2* %pi * F ;
theta = w *( d / Ve ) ; // t r a n s i t a n g l e i n r a d i a n s
Be = sin ( theta /2) /( theta /2) ; //Beam C o u p l i n g Co
efficient
14 // o u t p u t
15 mprintf ( E l e c t r o n V e l o c i t y i s %g m/ s \n T r a n s i t A n g l e
i s %g r a d \n Beam C o u p l i n g Co e f f i c i e n t i s %3 . 3 f
,Ve , theta , Be ) ;
16 //=============end o f t h e program
===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.5 FINDING EFFICIENCY

1
2

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 5
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 I2 = 28*10^ -3 ; // i n d u c e d c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s
7 V2 = 850;
// f u n d a m e n t a l component o f c a t c h e r gap
8 Vb

voltage
= 900;

// beam v o l t a g e
37

= 26*10^ -3; // beam c u r r e n t

= 0.946; // beam c o u p l i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f c a t c h e r
gap
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
n
= (( Bc * I2 * V2 ) /(2* Ib * Vb ) ) *100; // e f f i c i e n c y o f
klystron
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e k l y s t r o n i s %g \n ,n ) ;
mprintf ( Note : I n t e x t b o o k Bc v a l u e i s t a k e n a s
0.946 in calculation )
//=============end o f t h e program
===============================================

9 Ib
10 Bc
11
12
13
14
15
16

Scilab code Exa 6.6 FINDING FREQ OF IMPATT DIODE

1
2

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 6
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Vd
= 2.2*10^5; // C a r r i e r D r i f t V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
l
= 5*10^ -6; // d r i f t r e g i o n l e n g t h
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
F
= Vd /(2* l ) ; // f r e q u e n c y o f IMPATT Diode
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f IMPATT Diode i s %g Ghz ,F
/10^9) ;
12 //=============end o f t h e program
===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.7 FINDING FREQ OF IMPATT DIODE

38

1
2

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 7
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Vd
= 3*10^5; // C a r r i e r D r i f t V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
l
= 7*10^ -6; // d r i f t r e g i o n l e n g t h
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
F
= Vd /(2* l ) ; // f r e q u e n c y o f IMPATT Diode
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f IMPATT Diode i s %3 . 2 f Ghz ,F
/10^9) ;
12 //=============end o f t h e program
===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.8 FINDING AVALANCHE ZONE VELOCTY

1
2

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 8
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Na
= 1.8*10^15; // Doping C o n c e n t r a t i o n
J
= 25*10^3; // c u r r e n t d e n s i t y i n A/cm2
q
= 1.6*10^ -19; // c h a r g e o f e l e c t r o n
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Vaz = J /( q * Na ) ; // A v a l a n c h e Zone V e l o c i t y
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( A v a l a n c h e Zone V e l o c i t y o f TRAPATT i s %g\n
, Vaz ) ;
13 mprintf ( Note : wrong c a l c u l a t i o n done i n Textbook )
39

;
14 //=============end o f t h e program
===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.9 FINDING FREQ OG GUNN DIODE OSCILLATOR

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 9
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
l = 12*10^ -3; // gunn d i o d e o s c i l l a t o r l e n g t h i n m
Vd = 2*10^8; // D r i f t v e l o c i t y i n gunn d i o d e
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
F = Vd / l ; // F r e q u e n c y o f Gunn Diode O s c i l l a t o r
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( F r e q u e n c y o f Gunn Diode O s c i l l a t o r i s %3 . 2 f
Ghz ,F /10^9 ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
===============================================

Scilab code Exa 6.10 FINDING MIN OPERATING GUNN DIODE VOLTAGE
1
2

// Chapter 6 e x a m p l e 10
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;

40

5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 l = 2.5*10^ -6; // D r i f t l e n g t h o f gunn d i o d e i n m
7 Vd = 2*10^8; // D r i f t v e l o c i t y i n gun d i o d e
8 Vgmin = 3.3*10^3; // minimum v o l t a g e g r a d i e n t r e q u i r e d

to s t a r t the diode
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
10 Vmin
= Vgmin * l ;
11
12
13

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Minimum V o l t a g e r e q u i r e d t o o p e r a t e gunn
d i o d e i s %g mV , Vmin *10^3) ;
14 //=============end o f t h e program
===============================================

41

Chapter 7
RADAR RECEIVERS

Scilab code Exa 7.1 FINDING PROBABILTY OF FALSE ALARM

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

// Chapter 7 e x a m p l e 1
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
BW
= 0.5*10^9; // bandwidth o f p u l s e d r a d a r i n hz
Tfa
= 10; // f a l s e a l a r m t i m e i n m i n u t e s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Tfa1 = Tfa *60; // f a l s e a l a r m t i m e i n s e c o n d s
Pfa = 1/( BW * Tfa1 )
// Output
mprintf ( p r o b a b i l i t y o f f a l s e a l a r m i s %g , Pfa ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

42

Scilab code Exa 7.2 FINDING RADAR INTEGRATION TIME

1
2

// Chapter 7 e x a m p l e 2
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 BW
= 1*10^9; // bandwidth o f p u l s e d r a d a r i n hz
7
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
9 Tint
= 1/ BW ; // r a d a r i n t e g r a t i o n t i m e i n s e c
10 // Output
11 mprintf ( Radar i n t e g r a t i o n t i m e i s %g n s e c , Tint

*10^9) ;
12
13

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 7.5 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

// Chapter 7 e x a m p l e 5
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
BW
= 0.5*10^9;
PW
= 5*10^ -3;
Vo
= 3*10^8;

// Bandwidth o f waveform i n Hz
// p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
// v e l o c i t y o f EM wave

// C a l c u l a t i o n s

43

12 RR

= ( Vo * PW ) /2 ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m b e f o r e
compression

13
14 //RR
15 tn1
16 RRc

= Vo t n 1 /2 ;
= 1/ BW ;
= ( Vo * tn1 ) /2 ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m a f t e r
compression

17
18
19
20

// o u t p u t

mprintf ( Range R e s o l u t i o n b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n = %e m\
n Range R e s o l u t i o n b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n = %3 . 2 f m\n
,RR , RRc ) ;
21 mprintf ( Note : Wrong C a l c u l a t i o n i n Textbook ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.8 RANGE RESOLUTION BEFORE AND AFTER COMPRESSION
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

// Chapter 7 e x a m p l e 8
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
BW
= 0.3*10^9;
PW
= 3*10^ -3;
Vo
= 3*10^8;

// Bandwidth o f waveform i n Hz
// p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
// v e l o c i t y o f EM wave

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
RR

= ( Vo * PW ) /2 ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m b e f o r e
compression

//RR

= Vo t n 1 /2 ;
44

15 tn1
16 RRc
17
18
19
20

= 1/ BW ;
= ( Vo * tn1 ) /2 ; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m a f t e r
compression

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Range R e s o l u t i o n b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n = %e m\
n Range R e s o l u t i o n b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n = %3 . 2 f m\n
,RR , RRc ) ;

Scilab code Exa 7.9 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

// Chapter 7 e x a m p l e 9
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
BW
= 2*10^6;
Fn
= 9;
k
= 1.38*10^ -23;
To
= 290;

// Radar Bandwidth i n Hz
// N o i s e F i g u r e i n dB
// Boltzmann c o n s t a n t
// T e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n

// A n t i l o g C a l c u l a t i o n
// 10 l o g 1 0 ( Fn ) = 9
// Fn
= antilog (9/10) ;
Fn
= 10^(9/10)
MRS

= k * To * BW *( Fn -1) ; // Minimum R e c e i v a b l e s i g n a l

// Output
mprintf ( Minimum R e c e i v a b l e s i g n a l (MRS)
, MRS *10^12) ;
45

= %3 . 4 f PW

21

mprintf ( \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n Textbook ) ;

46

Chapter 9
RADAR ANTENNAS

Scilab code Exa 9.1 FINDING BEAMWIDTHS

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 1
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
Da
=
F
=
Vo
=

data
2.5; // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m
5*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
NNBW = 140*( lamda / Da ) ;
HPBW = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg
// Output
mprintf ( NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n
HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s , NNBW ,
HPBW ) ;

17

47

18

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.2 FINDING GAIN OF PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 2
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
Da
=
F
=
Vo
=

data
2.5; // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m
5*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Gp
= 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c
reflector
13 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB
14 // Output
15 mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f dB ,G )
;
16
17

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.3 FINDING NNBW HPBW AND POWER GAIN OF
ANTENNA
1

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 3
48

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
Da
=
F
=
Vo
=

data
0.15; // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m
9*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Gp
= 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c
reflector
13 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB
14 NNBW
= 140*( lamda / Da ) ;
15 HPBW
= 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power bandwidth i n deg
16
17
18

19
20
21
22

// Output
mprintf ( NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f
d e g r e e s \n HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f
d e g r e e s \n , NNBW , HPBW ) ;
mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r
);

i s %3 . 2 f dB ,G

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.4 FINDING POWER GAIN

1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 4
//
==================================================================

49

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
Da
=
F
=
Vo
=

data
2; // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m
2*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Gp
= 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c
reflector
13 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB
14 // Output
15 mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f dB ,G )
;
16
17

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.5 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER HPBW AND POWER
GAIN OF PARABOLOID
1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 5
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 F
= 6*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
7 Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
8 NNBW
= 5; // N u l l t o N u l l beamwidth
9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11 lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h

50

12
13 Da = 140*( lamda / NNBW ) ;
14 HPBW
= 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg
15 Gp
= 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c

reflector
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB

16 G
17
18 // Output
19 mprintf ( Mouth D i a m e t e r o f

of parabolic r e f l e c t o r

p a r a b o l o i d i s %g m\n HPBW
i s %g d e g r e e s \n ,Da , HPBW )

;
20
21
22
23

mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g dB\n

Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g ,G , Gp ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.6 FINDING BEAMWIDTH DIRECTIVITY AND CAPTURE AREA
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 6
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
F
=
Vo
=
NNBW =
Da
=

data
9*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
5; // N u l l t o N u l l beamwidth
5; // d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a i n m

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
51

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

23
24
25

A
Ac

= ( %pi * Da * Da ) /4; // a c t u r a l a r e a o f a n t e n n a
= 0.65* A ; // C a p t u r e Area

D
D1
HPBW
NNBW

= 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2; // d i r e c t i v i t y o f a n t e n n a

= 10* log10 ( D ) // g a i n i n dB
= 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg
= 2* HPBW ; // n u l l t o n u l l beamwidth

// Output
mprintf ( HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n
NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n
D i r e c t i v i t y i s %g dB\n C a p t u r e a r e a i s %g m2 ,
HPBW , NNBW , D1 , Ac ) ;

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.7 FINDING MIN DISTANCE REQUIRED BETWEEN

TWO ANTENNAS
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 7
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
Da
=
F
=
Vo
=

data
5; // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c a n t e n n a i n m
5*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
R
= (2* Da * Da ) / lamda ; // min d i s t a n c e b /w a n t e n n a s
52

13
14
15
16

// Output
mprintf ( Minimum d i s t a n c e R e q u i r e d i s %g m ,R ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.8 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND BEAM WIDTH
OF ANTENNA
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

19
20

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 8
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 4*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
Gp
= 500; // power g a i n o f a n t e n n a
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Da
= lamda *( Gp /6.4) ^0.5 // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c
antenna in m
NNBW
HPBW

= 140*( lamda / Da ) ; // beamwidth b /w n u l l t o n u l l

= 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg

// Output
mprintf ( NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f
d e g r e e s \n HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2
f d e g r e e s \n , NNBW , HPBW ) ;
mprintf ( Mouth d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r
%3 . 2 f m , Da ) ;
53

is

21
22

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.9 FINDING CAPTURE AREA AND BEAMWIDTH

OF ANTENNA
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 9
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 9*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
Gp
= 100; // power g a i n o f a n t e n n a i n dB
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
// a n t i l o g c a l c u l a t i o n
// 100 = 10 l o g 1 0 (Gp) ;
// 10 = l o g (Gp) ;
G
= 10^10; // g a i n o f a n t e n n a
Da
= lamda * sqrt ( G /6.4) // d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c
antenna in m
A
= ( %pi * Da * Da ) /4; // Area o f a n t e n n a
Ac
= 0.65* A ; // c a p t u r e a r e a
NNBW = 140*( lamda / Da ) ; // beamwidth b /w n u l l t o n u l l
HPBW = 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg
// Output
mprintf ( NNBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n
HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n ,
NNBW , HPBW ) ;
54

24
25
26
27

mprintf ( \n Mouth d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r
%3 . 3 f m\n C a p t u r e a r e a i s %3 . 2 f m2 ,Da , Ac ) ;

is

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.10 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND POWER GAIN

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 10
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
F
=
Vo
=
Da
=

data
10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
5; // a n t e n n a d i a m e t e r i n m

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Gp
= 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c
reflector
13 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB

14
15
16
17
18
19
20

BWFN
HPBW

= 140*( lamda / Da ) ; // beam w i d t h b /n n u l l s

= 70*( lamda / Da ) ; // h a l f power beamwidth i n deg

// Output
mprintf ( BWFN o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n
HPBW o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %g d e g r e e s \n ,
BWFN , HPBW ) ;

21

55

22
23
24

mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r

i s %g dB ,G ) ;

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.11 FINDING POWER GAIN

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 11
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
IE
=0.6; // i l l u m i n a t i o n e f f i c i e n c y
Da
=12; // d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Gp
= IE *( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r
G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB
// Output
mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r
);

i s %3 . 2 f dB ,G

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.12 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND CAPTURE

AREA
56

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 12
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 4*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
NNBW = 8; // N u l l t o N u l l beamwidth i n d e g r e e s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Da
= (140* lamda ) / NNBW ;
A
= ( %pi * Da * Da ) /4; // Area o f a n t e n n a
Ac
= 0.65* A ; // c a p t u r e a r e a
// Output
mprintf ( \n Mouth d i a m e t e r o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r
%3 . 3 f m \n C a p t u r e a r e a i s %3 . 2 f m2 ,Da , Ac ) ;

is

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.13 FINDING MOUTH DIAMETER AND POWER GAIN
1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 13
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 F
= 4*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
7 Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

57

8 NNBW
= 2; // N u l l t o N u l l Beamwidth i n d e g r e e s
9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11 lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
12 Da
= (140* lamda ) /2; // d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a i n m
13 Gp
= 6.4*( Da / lamda ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c

reflector
14 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB
15
16
17 // Output
18 mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r

i s %g dB\n
mouth d i a m e t e r o f t h e a n t e n n a i s %g m ,G , Da ) ;

19
20

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.14 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND POWERGAIN

1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 14
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6
7 HPBW
= 6; // H a l f power Beamwidth i n d e g r e e s
8
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
10 NNBW
= 2* HPBW ; // N u l l t o N u l l beamwidth i n d e g r e e s
11 //HPBW = 7 0 ( lamda /Da ) ;
12 // ( 7 0 /HPBW)= ( Da/ lamda ) ;
13 Gp
= 6.4*(70/ HPBW ) ^2 // g a i n o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r
14 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB

58

15
16
17
18
19
20

// Output
mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 2 f dB\n
NNBW o f t h e a n t e n n a i s %g d e g r e e s ,G , NNBW ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.15 FINDING POWER GAIN

1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 15
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 //Da = 6 lamda ;
7
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
9
10 //Gp = 6 . 4 ( Da/ lamda ) 2 ; // power g a i n
11
12 //Gp = 6 . 4 ( 6 lamda / lamda ) 2 // power g a i n o f

parabolic reflector
13 Gp
=6.4*(6) ^2;
14 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB
15
16
17 // Output
18 mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r

G);
19
20

//=============end o f t h e program
59

i s %3 . 2 f dB\n ,

==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.16 FINDING BEAMWIDTH AND DIRECTIVITY OF

ANTENNA
1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 16
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 //Da = 7 lamda ; d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a
7
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
9 //HPBW = 7 0 ( lamda /Da )
10 //HPBW = 7 0 ( lamda / ( 7 lamda ) ) ;
11 HPBW
= 70/7; // h a l f power beamwidth
12 NNBW
= 2* HPBW ; // n u l l t o n u l l beamwidth
13 //Gp = 6 . 4 ( Da/ lamda ) 2 ; // power g a i n
14
15 //Gp = 6 . 4 ( ( 7 lamda ) / lamda ) 2 ;
power g a i n o f

parabolic reflector
16 Gp
=6.4*(7) ^2;
17 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) // g a i n i n dB
18
19
20
21

22
23

// Output
mprintf ( Gain o f p a r a b o l i c r e f l e c t o r i s %3 . 1 f \n
HPBW o f Antenna i s %3 . 1 f d e g r e e s \n NNBW o f
Antenna i s %3 . 1 f d e g r e e s
,Gp , HPBW , NNBW ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

60

Scilab code Exa 9.17 FINDING BEAMWIDTH POWERGAIN AND DIRECTIVITY

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

21
22
23

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 17
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 8*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Vo
= 3*10^10; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n cm/ s
D
= 9; // pyramida h o r n d i a m e t e r i n cm
W
= 4; // pyramida h o r n w i d t h i n cm
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F // w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
HPBW_E = 56*( lamda / D ) // h a l f p o w e r beamwidth i n E
plane ;
HPBW_H = 67*( lamda / W ) // h a l f p o w e r beamwidth i n H
plane ;
Gp
= (4.5* W * D ) /( lamda * lamda ) ; // power g a i n
G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) ; // power g a i n i n dB
Di
=(7.5* W * D ) /( lamda * lamda ) ; // d i r e c t i v i t y

// Output
mprintf ( H a l f p o w e r beamwidth i b Ep l a n e i s %3 . 2 f
d e g r e e s \n H a l f p o w e r beamwidth iN Hp l a n e i s %3 . 2 f
d e g r e e s \n P o w e r g a i n i s %3 . 2 f dB\n D i r e c t i v i t y i s
%3 . 2 f , HPBW_E , HPBW_H ,G , Di ) ;

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================
61

Scilab code Exa 9.18 FINDING POWER GAIN OF HORN ANTENNA

1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 18
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 // A p e r t u r e s i z e = 10 lamda
7 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
8 //Gp = ( 4 . 5 WD) / ( lamda lamda ) ;
9 //Gp = ( 4 . 5 ( 1 0 lamda ) ( 1 0 lamda ) ) / ( lamda lamda ) ;
10 Gp
= (4.5*10*10) ; // power g a i n o f s q u a r e h o r n

antenna
11 G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) ; // power g a i n i n dB
12
13 // Output
14 mprintf ( Power Gain o f S q u a r e Horn Antenna i s %3 . 2 f
15

dB ,G ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.19 FINDING POWER GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY

1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 19
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a

62

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

F
= 8*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Vo
= 3*10^10; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n cm/ s
D
= 10; // pyramida h o r n d i a m e t e r i n cm
W
= 5; // pyramida h o r n w i d t h i n cm
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F // w a v e l e n g t h i n cm
Gp
= (4.5* W * D ) /( lamda * lamda ) ; // power g a i n
G
= 10* log10 ( Gp ) ; // power g a i n i n dB
Di
=(7.5* W * D ) /( lamda * lamda ) ; // d i r e c t i v i t y
DI
=10* log10 ( Di ) ; // D i r e c t i v i t y i n dB

// Output
mprintf ( P o w e r g a i n i s %3 . 2 f dB\n D i r e c t i v i t y i s %3 . 2
f dB ,G , DI ) ;

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.20 FINDING COMPLEMENTARY SLOT IMPEDANCE

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 20
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
no
=
Zd1
=
Zd2
=
Zd3
=
Zd4
=
Zd5
=

data
377; // F r e e s p a c e i n t r i n s i c i m p e d a n c e i n ohms
73+50* %i ; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ;
70; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ;
800; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ;
400 // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ;
50+10* %i ; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ;
63

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

Zd6
Zd7

= 50 -30* %i ; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ;
= 350; // d i p o l e i m p e d a n c e ;

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
K
= ( no ^2) /4;
// Zs
= ( no no ) / ( 4 Zd ) ; s l o t i m p e d a n c e
Zs1
= K / Zd1 // s l o t i m p e d a n c e
Zs2
= K / Zd2 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e
Zs3
= K / Zd3 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e
Zs4
= K / Zd4 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e
Zs5
= K / Zd5 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e
Zs6
= K / Zd6 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e
Zs7
= K / Zd7 ; // s l o t i m p e d a n c e
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 73+ i 5 0 ohm i s ) ,
mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs1 ) ) , mprintf ( ohm \n ) ;
mprintf ( s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 70
ohm i s ) ,
mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs2 ) ) , mprintf ( ohm \n ) ;;
mprintf ( s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 800
ohm i s ) ,
mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs3 ) ) , mprintf ( ohm \n ) ;;
mprintf ( s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 400
ohm i s ) ,
mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs4 ) ) , mprintf ( ohm \n ) ;;
mprintf ( s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 50+ i 1 0 ohm i s ) ,
mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs5 ) ) , mprintf ( ohm \n ) ;;
mprintf ( s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 50 i 3 0 ohm i s ) ,
mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs6 ) ) , mprintf ( ohm \n ) ;;
mprintf ( s l o t i m p e d a n c e i f Zd = 350
ohm i s ) ,
mprintf ( prettyprint ( Zs7 ) ) , mprintf ( ohm \n ) ;;

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

64

Scilab code Exa 9.21 FINDING RADIATION RESISTANCE OF HERTZIAN

DIPOLE
1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 21
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6
7 // d l 1 = lamda / 2 0 ;
8 // d l 2 = lamda / 3 0 ;
9 // d l 3 = lamda / 4 0 ;
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12 // Rr = 8 0 ( p i p i ) ( d l / lamda ) 2 R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

i n ohms
// Rr1 = 8 0 ( p i p i ) ( d l 1 / lamda ) 2 R a d i a t i o n
R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
// Rr1 = 8 0 ( p i p i ) ( ( lamda / 2 0 ) / lamda ) 2 R a d i a t i o n
R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
Rr1
=80*( %pi * %pi ) *(1/20) ^2 ;
// Rr2 = 8 0 ( p i p i ) ( d l 2 / lamda ) 2 R a d i a t i o n
R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
// Rr2 = 8 0 ( p i p i ) ( ( lamda / 3 0 ) / lamda ) 2 R a d i a t i o n
R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
Rr2
=80*( %pi * %pi ) *(1/30) ^2 ;
// Rr3 = 8 0 ( p i p i ) ( d l 3 / lamda ) 2 R a d i a t i o n
R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
// Rr3 = 8 0 ( p i p i ) ( ( lamda / 4 0 ) / lamda ) 2 R a d i a t i o n
R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
Rr3
=80*( %pi * %pi ) *(1/40) ^2 ;

65

23
24
25

26
27

// Output
mprintf ( I f H e r t z i a n d i p o l e l e n g t h i s lamda /20 t h e n
R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e = %3 . 3 f ohm\n I f H e r t z i a n
d i p o l e l e n g t h i s lamda /30 t h e n R a d i a t i o n
R e s i s t a n c e = %3 . 3 f ohm\n I f H e r t z i a n d i p o l e
l e n g t h i s lamda /40 t h e n R a d i a t i o n R e s i s t a n c e = %3
. 3 f ohm\n ,Rr1 , Rr2 , Rr3 ) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.22 DIRECTIVITY OF HALFWAVE DIPOLE

1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 22
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 disp ( For h a l f wave d i p o l e Emax = 60 I / r )
6 disp ( But Pr = 73 I 2 Watts ) ;
7 disp ( For Pr = 1 W ) ;
8 disp ( I = 1/ s q r t ( 7 3 ) ) ;
9 disp ( Emax = ( 6 0 / r ) I ) ;
10 disp ( Gdmax = ( 4 p i p h i ) / Pr ) , disp ( a s Pr =1 and p h i
11
12
13
14
15
16

= ( r 2 ) (E 2 ) / no )
disp ( Gdmax = 4 p i ( r 2 ) (E 2 ) / no ) ;
disp (
= ( 4 p i ( r 2 ) 6 0 6 0 ) / ( no r r 7 3 ) ) ;
disp (
= (4 p i 6060) /(120 p i 73) );
Gdmax
= 120/73;

mprintf ( D i r e c t i v i t y o f h a l f wave d i p o l e i s %3 . 2 f ,
Gdmax ) ;
17 //=============end o f program
66

===================================================

Scilab code Exa 9.23 FINDING RADIATED POWER

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 23
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 12*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Ghz
I
= 2; // c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s
Rr = 300; // r a d i a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Pr = I * I * Rr ;
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( R a d i a t e d Power i s %3 . 1 f Watts , Pr ) ;
//================end o f t h e program
============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.24 FINDING EFFECTIVE AREA OF HALF WAVE

DIPOLE
1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 24
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;

67

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 600*10^6; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
D
= 1.644; // D i r e c t i v i t y o f t h e h a l f wave d i p o l e
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Ae
= ( lamda ^2* D ) /(4* %pi ) ; // e f f e c t i v e a r e a o f
antenna
12 // Output
13 mprintf ( E f f e c t i v e Area o f t h e a n t e n n a i s %3 . 4 f m2
, Ae ) ;
14
15

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 9.25 FINDING EFFECTIVE AREA OF HERTZIAN DIPOLE

1
2

// Chapter 9 e x a m p l e 25
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 200*10^6; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
D
= 1.5; // D i r e c t i v i t y o f t h e H e r t z i a n d i p o l e
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h
Ae
= ( lamda ^2* D ) /(4* %pi ) ; // e f f e c t i v e a r e a o f
antenna
12 // Output
13 mprintf ( E f f e c t i v e Area o f t h e a n t e n n a i s %3 . 4 f m2
, Ae ) ;
68

14
15

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

69

Chapter 11
SOLVED PROBLEMS

Scilab code Exa 11.1 FINDING RECEIVED SIGNAL POWER

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 1
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

clc ;
clear ;
// Given d a t a
F = 10*10^9;
// r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Vo = 3*10^8;
// v e l i n m/ s ;
G = 20;
// a n t e n n a g a i n i n dBi ;
R = 20*10^3;
// d i s t a n c e o f r a d a r r e f l e c t e d s i g n a l
from t a r g e t
Pt = 10*10^3
//Tx power i n w a t t s
CS = 10;
// c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m2
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Gain = 10^( G /10)
//G = 10 l o g ( Gain ) ==>g a i n
antilog (20/10) ;
Gr = Gain ; // g a i n o f t x a n t e n n a and Rx a n t e n n a
Gt = Gain
lamda = Vo / F
Pr = ( lamda * lamda * Pt * Gt * Gr * CS ) /((4*4*4* %pi * %pi * %pi ) *(

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

70

R ^4) ) // r e c e i v e d power i n w a t t s
18
19
20
21

// Output
mprintf ( R e c e i v e d s i g n a l Power i s %g , Pr ) ;
mprintf ( \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n Textbook ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.2 FINDING TARGET DISTANCE FROM RADAR

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 2
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
t = 20*10^ -6; // e c h o t i m e i n s e c
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
R = ( Vo * t ) /2; // d i s t a n c e b /n t a r g e t and Radar i n m
// Output
mprintf ( D i s t a n c e o f T a r g e t from t h e Radar i s %g Km
,R /1000 ) ;
//==========end o f program
=====================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.3 FINDING MAX AND MIN RANGES OF RADAR
1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 3

71

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

clc ;
clear ;
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
F = 0.8*10^3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y
Tp = 1.2*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Rmax = Vo /(2* F ) ; //maximum Range o f Radar i n m
Rmin = ( Vo * Tp ) /2; // minimum Range o f r a d a r i n m
// Output
mprintf ( Maximum Range o f Radar i s %g Km\n Minimum
Range o f t h e Radar i s %g m , Rmax /1000 , Rmin ) ;
//==========end o f program
=====================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.4 FINDING DUTY CYCLE

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 4
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
PW = 1.5*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
PRF = 2000 // p e r s e c o n d
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Dc = PW * PRF ; // duty c y c l e
// Output
72

12
13

mprintf ( Duty C y c l e i s %e , Dc ) ;
//==========end o f program
=====================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.5 FINDING AVERAGE TX POWER

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 5
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
PW = 2*10^ -6 // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
PRF = 1000 // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y
Pp = 1*10^6; // peak power i n w a t t s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Dc = PW * PRF ; // duty c y c l e
AvgTp = Pp * Dc ; // a v e r a g e t r a n s m i t t e d power i n w a t t s
// Output
mprintf ( A v e r a g e T r a n s m i t t e d power i s %g KW , AvgTp
/1000) ;
//==========end o f program
=====================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.6 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION

1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 6
73

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

clc ;
clear ;
PW = 2*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
RR

= ( Vo * PW ) /2; // Range R e s o l u t i o n i n m

// Output
mprintf ( Range R e s o l u t i o n i s %g m , RR ) ;
//=============end o f program
==================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.7 FINDING TARGET RANGE

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 7
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
t
= 50*10^ -6; // e c h o t i m e i n s e c
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
R

= ( Vo * t ) /2; // Range i n m

// Output
74

13
14
15

mprintf ( T a r g e t Range i s %g Kms ,R /1000) ;

//=============end o f program
==================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.8 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 8
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t
Tvel =
F
=
Vo
=

data
1000; // t a r g e t s p e e d i n kmph
10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Vr
= 1000*(5/18) ; // t a r g e t s p e e d i n m/ s
Fd
= (2* Vr * F ) / Vo ; // D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz
// Output
mprintf ( D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t Caused by a i r c r a f t
i s %3 . 2 f KHz , Fd /1000) ;
//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.9 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY

1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 9
75

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F = 6*10^9; // T r a n s m i t t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f Radar
Vr = 250; // v e l o c i t y o f a u t o m o b i l e i n Kmph
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Va
Fd

= Vr *(5/18) // v e l o c i t y o f a u t o m o b i l e i n m/ s
= (2* Va * F ) / Vo // D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz

// Output
mprintf ( D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t
/1000)

i s %3 . 3 f KHz , Fd

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.10 FINDING DOPPLERSHIFT FREQUENCY AND

FREQ OF RELECTED ECHO
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 10
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F = 9*10^9; // T r a n s m i t t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f Radar
Vr = 800; // v e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t i n Kmph
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
76

9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11
12 Va
= Vr *(5/18) // v e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t i n m/ s
13 Fd
= (2* Va * F ) / Vo // D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz
14 Fr
= F + Fd ; // f r e q u e n c y o f r e f l e c t e d e c h o i n Hz
15 // Output
16 mprintf ( D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i s %g Hz\n

f r e q u e n c y o f r e f l e c t e d e c h o i s %e Khz\n ,Fd , Fr
/1000)
17 mprintf ( Note : d o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y s h i f t w r o n g l y
p r i n t e d i n Text Book a s 1 3 3 3 . 3 Hz ) ;
18 //=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.11 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY AND

FREQUENCY OF REFLECTED SIGNAL
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 11
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F = 2*10^9; // T r a n s m i t t i n g F r e q u e n c y o f Radar
Vr = 350; // v e l o c i t y o f s p o r t s Car i n Kmph
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Va
Fd
// Car
Fr

= Vr *(5/18) // v e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t i n m/ s
= (2* Va * F ) / Vo // D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i n Hz
moving away from Radar
= F - Fd ; // f r e q u e n c y o f r e f l e c t e d s i g n a l i n Hz
77

16
17
18

// Output
mprintf ( D o p p l e r F r e q u e n c y s h i f t i s %g Hz\n
f r e q u e n c y o f r e f l e c t e d e c h o i s %g Ghz %g Hz\n ,
Fd , F /10^9 , Fd )
19 mprintf ( Note : d o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y s h i f t w r o n g l y
p r i n t e d i n Text Book a s 1 2 9 . 6 Hz\n Vr i s p r i n t e d
a s 9 . 7 2 m/ s i n s t e a d o f 9 7 . 2 m/ s ) ;
20 //=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.12 FINDING AVERAGE POWER

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 12
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 PRF
= 2000; // p u l s e

r e p e t i t i o n frequency per
second
7 PW
= 1*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
8 Pp
= 500*10^3; // Peak power i n w a t t s
9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11 Dc
= PW * PRF ; // Duty C y c l e
12 Pav
= Pp * Dc ; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s
13 pavdB = 10* log10 ( Pav ) ;
14
15 // Output
16
17 mprintf ( A v e r a g e power i s %g KW\n A v e r a g e Power i s

%g dB , Pav /1000 , pavdB ) ;

18

78

19

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.13 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AVERAGE POWER

AND MAX RANGE OF RADAR
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 13
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 PRF
= 1000; // p u l s e

r e p e t i t i o n frequency per

second
7 PW
= 0.8*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
8 Pp
= 10*10^6; // Peak power i n w a t t s
9 Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s ;
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12 Dc
= PW * PRF ; // Duty C y c l e
13 Pav
= Pp * Dc ; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s
14 Rmax
= Vo /(2* PRF ) ;
15
16
17 // Output
18
19 mprintf ( A v e r a g e power i s %g KW\n Maximum Radar

Range i s %g Km , Pav /1000 , Rmax /1000) ;

20
21

//=============end o f t h e program
==============================================

79

Scilab code Exa 11.14 FINDING PRF

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 14
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 Rmax
= 500*10^3; //maximum Range o f Radar i n ms
7 Vo
= 3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
9
10 PRF
= Vo /(2* Rmax ) ; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n

Hz
11
12
13
14
15

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( P u l s e r e p e t i v e f r e q u e n c y r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
r a n g e o f 500km i s %g Hz , PRF ) ;
//========end o f program
=======================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.15 FINDING RANGE

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 15
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 Te
= 0.2*10^ -3; // e c h o t i m e i n s e c
7 PRF
= 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e F r e q u e n c y i n Hz

80

8 Vo
= 3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
10 R
= ( Vo * Te ) /2; // Range o f t h e t a r g e t i n m
11 Runamb
= ( Vo /(2* PRF ) ) ; //Maximum unambiguous Range

in m
12
13
14
15
16

// Output
mprintf ( T a r g e t r a n g e i s %g Km\n Maximum Unambiguous
Range i s %g Km ,R /1000 , Runamb /1000) ;
//=================end o f program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.16 FINDING FREQUENCIES

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 16
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz
Vo
= 3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
Vr
= 100; // v e l o c i t y o f c a r i n kmph
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
Vc
= Vr *(5/18) ; // v e l o c i t y o f c a r i n m/ s
Fd
= (2* Vc ) / lamda ; // d o p p l e r s h i f t i n Hz
// Output
mprintf ( D o p p l e r S h i f t i s %g KHz\n F r e q u e n c y o f t h e
R e c e i v e d e c h o when c a r i s a p p r o a c h i n g r a d a r i s %g
Ghz + %g Khz\n F r e q u e n c y o f t h e R e c e i v e d e c h o
when c a r i s moving away from r a d a r i s %g Ghz %g
Khz , Fd /1000 , F /10^9 , Fd /1000 , F /10^9 , Fd /1000) ;
81

15
16

//=================end o f program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.17 FINDING BEAMWIDTH

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 17
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 D
= 200; // a z i m u t h d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two r a d a r s
7 R
= 10*10^3; // Range o f r a d a r
8
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
10 BWdB = ( D / R ) *(180/ %pi ) ; // 3dB beam w i d t h i n d e g r e e s
11
12 // Output
13 mprintf ( Maximum 3 db beamwidth o f r a d a r r e s o l v i n g

t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 3 f d e g r e e s , BWdB ) ;
14
15

//=============end o f t h e program
===============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.18 FINDING MIN TIME REQUIRED TO RESOLVE

AIRCRAFTS
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 18
//
==================================================================

82

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f r a d a r i n Hz
Vo
= 3*10^8; // V e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
Vr1
= 100; // v e l o c i t y o f one a i r c r a f t i n m/ s
theta = 45; // a n g l e b /n v e l o c i t y v e c t o r and r a d a r
axis f o r second a i r c r a f t
Vr
= 200; // v e l i n m/ s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
Fd1
= (2* Vr1 ) / lamda // d o p p l e r s h i f t due t o 1 s t
aircraft
Vr2
= Vr * cos (45* %pi /180) // r a d i a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e
second a i r c r a f t
Fd2
= (2* Vr2 ) / lamda // d o p p l e r s h i f t due t o 2 nd
aircraft
Fd
= Fd2 - Fd1 // d i f f e r e n c e i n d o p p l e r s h i f t i n Hz
T
= 1/ Fd ; // t i m e r e q u i r e d t o r e s o l v e t h e a i r c r a f t
in sec

18
19
20

// Output
mprintf ( Minimum t i m e r e q u i r e d t o r e s o l v e t h e
a i r c r a f t s i s %g u s e c \n ,T *10^6) ;
21 mprintf ( Note : i n t e x t b o o k t h e r e i s a m i s t a k e i n
t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f d o p p l e r s h i f t Fd1 ) ;
22 //============end o f t h e program
================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.19 FINDING DUTY CYCLE CORRECTION FACTOR

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 19
//
==================================================================
83

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Pp = 100*10^3; // peak power i n w a t t s
Pav = 100; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
PdB = 10* log10 ( Pp ) ; // peak power i n dB
PavdB = 10* log10 ( Pav ) ; // a v e r a g e power i n dB ;
DCC = PdB - PavdB ; // Duty C y c l e C o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r

// Output
mprintf ( Duty C y c l e C o r r e c t i o n F a c t o r i s %g dB\n ,
DCC ) ;
16 mprintf ( Note : I n q u e s t i o n g i v e n peak power
i s 100
KW but w h i l e s o l v i n g 1KW i s t a k e n i n s t e a d o f 100
KW )
17
18

//============end o f t h e program
==============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.20 FINDING AVERAGE POWER DUTY CYCLE

AND PULSE ENERGY
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 20
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Pp
= 1*10^6; // peak power i n w a t t s
PW
= 1*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
NPd
= 20; // p u l s e s i n one d w e l l p e r i o d
84

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

PRF

= 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y

// c a l c u l a t i o n s
PE
= Pp * PW ; // p u l s e e n e r g y i n j o u l e
PED = NPd * PE ; // p u l s e e n e r g y i n one d w e l l p e r i o d
D
= PW * PRF ; // Duty c y c l e
Pav = Pp * D ; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( A v e r a g e Power i s %g w a t t s \n Duty C y c l e i s
%e\n P u l s e Energy i s %g J o u l e s \n P u l s e Energy i n
one D w e l l P e r i o d i s %g J o u l e s \n ,Pav ,D , PE , PED ) ;
19 mprintf ( Note : I n t e x t b o o k V a l u e s o f PRF and p u l s e s
i n one d w e l l p e r i o d a r e v a r i e d from g i v e n v a l u e s
i n q u e s t i o n w h i l e s o l v i n g );
20 ;
21 //================end o f t h e program
============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.21 FINDING NOISE POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 21
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Noise_power = -50; // n o i s e power i n dBm
Fl = 1*10^6; // l o w e r c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Fh = 21*10^6; // u p p e r c u t o f f f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// c a l c u l a t i o n
BW = Fh - Fl ; // bandwidth
NP =10^ -8 // n o i s e power i n w a t t s ; 50dBm = 10 l o g 1 0 (NP
85

) =>105 mwatts
13 NPSD = NP / BW ; // n o i s e power s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y i n W/Hz
14
15
16
17
18

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( N o i s e Power S p e c t r a l D e n s i t y i s %3 . 0 e W/Hz
, NPSD ) ;
//==============end o f t h e program
=============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.22 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 22
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 Ra = 1000; // Range o f t a r g e t A i n Kms
7 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
8 Rb = Ra * cos (45* %pi /180) ; // r a n g e o f t a r g e t B i n kms
9
10 // o u t p u t
11 mprintf ( Range o f t a r g e t B i s %g Kms\n , Rb ) ;
12 mprintf ( Note : v a l u e o f c o s ( 4 5 ) i s i n c o r r e c t l y t a k e n

a s 1/2 i n t e x t b o o k ) ;
13
14

//====================end o f t h e program
=======================================

Scilab code Exa 11.23 FINDING RANGE OF TARGET

86

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 23
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 Az = 60; // a z i m u t h a n g l e o f t h e t a r g e t i n d e g r e e s
7 Height = 10; // h e i g h t o f t a r g e t i n kms
8 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
9 R = 10/ sin ( Az * %pi /180) ;
10
11 // o u t p u t
12 mprintf ( Range o f t h e T a r g e t i s %g Kms ,R ) ;
13
14 //==========end o f t h e program

=================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.24 FINDING TARGET BLIND SPEED

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 24
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F = 10*10^9; //MTI r a d a r o p e r a t i n g F r e q u e n c y
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s ;
PRF = 2*10^3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n hz
n =1; // f o r l o w e s t b l i n d s p e e d
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
BS
=( n * lamda /2) * PRF ; // b l i n d s p e e d

87

14
15
16
17

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Lowest B l i n d Speed i s %g m/ s , BS ) ;
//==========end o f t h e program
=================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.25 RATIO OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 25
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 PRF = 2*10^3; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
7 Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
8 mprintf ( f 1 = f i r s t o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f MTI Radar
9
10

11
12
13
14

\n ) ;
mprintf ( f 2 = s e c o n d o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y o f MTI
Radar \n ) ;
mprintf ( 2 nd b l i n d s p e e d o f 1 s t r a d a r = ( 2 Vo/2 f 1 )
PRF\n 5 t h b l i n d s p e e d o f 2 nd r a d a r = ( 5 Vo/2 f 2 )
PRF\n ) ;
mprintf ( PRF( V0/ f 1 ) = ( 5 / 2 ) ( Vo/ f 2 ) PRF\n ) ;
mprintf ( ( f 2 / f 1 ) = 5/2 \ n ) ;
//==============end o f t h e program
=============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.26 RATIO OF OPERATING FREQUENCIES

1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 26
88

//

==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 mprintf ( ( PRF1 ) = 2 ( PRF2 ) \n ) ;
7 mprintf ( Vb3 = 4Vb5\n ) ;
8 mprintf ( ( 3 Vo/2 F1 ) ( PRF1 ) ) = 4 ( 5 Vo/2 F2 ) ( 2 PRF2 ) \n ) ;
9 mprintf ( 3/2 F1 = 20/ F2\n ) ;
10 mprintf ( R a t i o o f o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c i e s i s F2/F1 =

40/3\ n );
11
12

//=================end o f t h e program
===========================================

Scilab code Exa 11.27 FINDING COMPRESSION RATIO AND COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 27
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
PW = 5; //FM p u l s e w i d t h b e f o r e c o m p r e s s i o n i n u s
Fl = 40; // l o w e r c u t o f f F r e q u e n c y i n Mhz
Fh = 60; // u p p e r c u t o f f F r e q u e n c y i n Mhz
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
BW
= Fh - Fl ; // bandwidth o f s i g n a l i n Mhz
CPW = 1/ BW ; // C o m p r e s s i o n p u l s e w i d t h i n u s
CR
= PW / CPW ; // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o

89

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s %g\n C o m p r e s s i o n P u l s e
Width i s %g u s \n ,CR , CPW ) ;
17 //==============end o f t h e program
==============================================
15
16

Scilab code Exa 11.28 FINDING COMPRESSION PULSEWIDTH AND

RATIO
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 28
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
BW = 100 // band w i d t h i n Mhz
PW = 4; // p u l s e w i d t h i n u s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
CPW = 1/ BW ; // c o m p r e s s e d p u l s e w i d t h i n u s
CR
= PW / CPW ; // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( c o m p r e s s e d p u l s e w i d t h i s %g u s \n
c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s %g\n ,CPW , CR ) ;
14 mprintf ( Note : I n t e x t b o o k c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o i s
w r o n g l y p r i n t e d a s 40 ) ;

15
16

//====================end o f t h e program
=======================================

Scilab code Exa 11.29 FINDING COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH AND

BANDWIDTH
90

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 29
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
CR = 50; // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
PW = 2; // p u l s e w i d t h i n u s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
CPW = PW / CR // c o m p r e s s i o n p u l s e w i d t h i n u s
BW = 1/ CPW // c o m p r e s s i o n band w i d t h i n Mhz
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( c o m p r e s s e d p u l s e w i d t h i s %g u s \n
c o m p r e s s i o n Bandwidth i s %g MHz\n ,CPW , BW ) ;

//====================end o f t h e program
=======================================

Scilab code Exa 11.30 FINDING RANGE RESOLUTION

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 30
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
PW = 1*10^ -6; // t r a n s m i t t e d p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
Vo = 3*10^8; // v e l o c i t y o f EM wave i n m/ s
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
RR = ( Vo * PW ) /2;
91

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Range R e s o l u t i o n i s %g m\n , RR ) ;
mprintf ( As t h e t a r g e t s a r e s e p a r a t e d by 100m i t i s
p o s s i b l e to r e s o l v e );
14 //===============end o f program
================================================
11
12
13

Scilab code Exa 11.31 FINDING CLOSEST FREQUENCIES

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 31
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F = 10*10^9; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Fm = PRF ; // m o d u l a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Fc1 = F + Fm ; // c l o s e s t f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
Fc2 = F - Fm ; // c l o s e s t f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( C l o s e s t F r e q u e n c i e s a r e %3 . 3 f Mhz and %3 . 3 f
Mhz , Fc1 /10^6 , Fc2 /10^6 ) ;
//================end o f t h e program
=============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.32 FINDING SPECTRUM CENTRE BANDWIDTH

AND COMPRESSED PULSE WIDTH
1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 32
92

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

17
18

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F1 = 490; // f r e q s h i f t l o w e r l i m i t i n Mhz
F2 = 510; // f r e q s h i f t u p p e r l i m i t i n Mhz
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
SC = ( F1 + F2 ) /2; // Spectrum C e n t r e i n Mhz
BW = F2 - F1 ; // bandwidth i n Mhz
CPW = 1/ BW ; // c o m p r e s s e d bandwidth i n u s
// Output
mprintf ( Spectrum c e n t r e i s %g MHz\n BandWidth i s %g
MHz\n Compressed p u l s e Width i s %g u s ,SC , BW , CPW
);
//============end o f t h e program
===============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.33 FINDING MINIMUM RECEIVABLE SIGNAL

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 33
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
F
= 9;
BW
= 2*10^6;
To
= 300;

// N o i s e f i g u r e i n dB
// Bandwidth
// T e m p e r a t u r e i n k e l v i n
93

9 K
= 1.38*10^ -23;
// Boltzman c o n s t a n t
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12
13 F1
= 10^( F /10)
// a n t i l o g c a l c u l a t i o n
14 Pmin
= ( K * To * BW ) *( F1 -1) ; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e

power
15
16
17
18
19

// Output
mprintf ( Minimum r e c e i v a b l e power Pmin = %e W , Pmin )
;
//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.34 FINDING MAXIMUM RANGE OF RADAR

1
2

3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 34
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Pt = 500*10^3; // p e a l p u l s e power i n w a t t s
Pmin = 1*10^ -12; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power
Ac
= 5; // a r e a o f c a p t u r e i n m s
RCS = 16; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m2
F
= 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / F ; // w a v e l e n g t h

94

16

Rmax = (( Pt * Ac * Ac * RCS ) /(4* %pi * lamda * lamda * Pmin ) )

^0.25;

17
18
19

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar s y s t e m i s
%g Kms\n , Rmax /1000) ;
20 mprintf ( Note : C a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n t e x t b o o k
i n s t e a d o f RCS , RCS2 i s c a l c u l a t e d ) ;
21 //===============end o f t h e program
============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.35 FINDING PEAK TX POWER

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 35
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 lamda
7 RCS

// w a v e l e n g t h i n m
// Radar c r o s s

// a n t e n n a d i a m e t e r

= 0.03;
= 5;
s e c t i o n i n m2
D
= 1;
in m
F
= 5;
dB
Rmax
= 10*10^3
BW
= 500*10^3;

// n o i s e f i g u r e i n
// Radar r a n g e
// bandwidth

10
11
12
13 // C a l c u l a t i o n
14 F1
= 10^( F /10)

// a n t i l o g

calculation
15
16

//Rmax

= 4 8 ( ( Pt D4RCS) / (BW lamda lamda ( F

95

1) ) ) 0 . 2 5
17
18 Pt

= (( Rmax /48) ^4) *(( BW * lamda * lamda *( F1

-1) ) /( D ^4* RCS ) )

19
20
21
22

// Output
mprintf ( Peak T r a n s m i t t e d Power i s %e , Pt ) ;
mprintf ( \n Note : A n t i l o g C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n
textbook at F )
23 //
==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.36 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 36
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Pt = 20*10^6; // peak p u l s e power i n w a t t s
RCS = 1; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m2
f
= 3*(10^9) ; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
Vo
= 3*(10^8) ; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
D
= 50; // d i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a i n m
F
= 2; // r e c e i v e r n o i s e f i g u r e
BW
= 5000; // r e c e i v e r bandwidth
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
lamda = Vo / f // w a v e l e n g t h i n m
Rmax = 48*(( Pt *( D ^4) * RCS ) /( BW * lamda * lamda *( F -1) ) )
^0.25;
96

18
19
20

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar s y s t e m i s
%g Kms\n , Rmax /1000) ;
21 mprintf ( Note : I n t e x t b o o k A l l v a l u e s a r e c o r r e c t l y
s u b s t i t u t e d i n c a l c u l a t i n g Rmax . \ n but i n c o r r e c t
f i n a l a n s w e r i s p r i n t e d i n t h e book ) ;
22
23

//==============end o f t h e program
=============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.37 FINDING LOWEST BLIND SPEEDS

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 37
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 lamda
= 6*10^ -2;
7 PRF
= 800;

// Wavelength i n m
// P u l s e R e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y

i n Hz
8 n1

= 1 ;

// n v a l u e f o r

f i r s t blind

= 2 ;

// n v a l u e f o r

f i r s t blind

= 3 ;

// n v a l u e f o r

f i r s t blind

speed
9 n2

speed
10 n3

speed
11
12
13
14

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
//Vb
Radar

= ( n lamda / 2 ) PRF ;

15

97

Blind speed of the

16 // For n = 1
17
18 Vb1
= ( n1 * lamda /2) * PRF ;

Radar i n
=
Radar i n
20 Vb3
=
Radar i n
19 Vb2

21
22
23
24
25

26
27

m/ s
( n2 * lamda /2) * PRF ;
m/ s
( n3 * lamda /2) * PRF ;
m/ s

// B l i n d s p e e d o f t h e
// B l i n d s p e e d o f t h e
// B l i n d s p e e d o f t h e

// m u l t i p l y by 1 8 / 5 t o c o n v e r t from m/ s t o kmph
// Output
mprintf ( The l o w e s t B l i n d s p e e d s a r e %3 . 1 f , %3 . 2 f
and %3 . 2 f Km/ h r , Vb1 *(18/5) , Vb2 *(18/5) , Vb3 *(18/5)
);
//=============end o f program
==================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.38 FINDING RANGE OF BEACON

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 37
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6
7 Pt
= 500*10^3;
8 pt
= 50;
9 f

beacon in watts
= 2500*10^6;
i n Hz

// Peak p u l s e power i n Watts

// peak power t r a n s m i t t e d by
// Radar O p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y

98

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

lamda
D
BW
Ab
k
F
Fb
To

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

0.12;
//
64;
//
5000;
//
0.51;
1.38*10^ -23;
20
1.1
290;

wavelength in m
antenna diameter in m
Radar Bandwidth
//
//
//
//

Boltzmann c o n s t a n t
Noise f i g u r e
Noise f i g u r e o f beacon
Temperature i n k e l v i n

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Ar
= (0.65* %pi * D * D ) /4
Rmax
= sqrt (( Ar * Pt * Ab ) /( lamda * lamda * k * To * BW *( F
-1) ) ) ; // Max t r a c k i n g r a n g e o f r a d a r
Rmax1
= sqrt (( Ar * pt * Ab ) /( lamda * lamda * k * To * BW *(
Fb -1) ) ) ; // Max t r a c k i n g r a n g e o f r a d a r i f Fb =
1.1

25
26
27

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Maximum T r a c k i n g Range o f Radar i s %3 . 3 e Km
\n Range o f b e a c o n i f n o i s e f i g u r e i s 1 . 1 = %3 . 3 e
Km\n , Rmax /1000 , Rmax1 /1000) ;
28 mprintf ( Note : C a l c u l a t i o n m i s t a k e i n t e x t b o o k i n
c a l c u l a t i n g Range o f b e a c o n \n i n s t e a d o f
1 . 3 6 1 0 9 km r a n g e i s w r o n g l y p r i n t e d a s 1 3 6 1 0 6
km )
29
30

//======================end o f program
==========================================

Scilab code Exa 11.39 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 39
//
99

==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 lamda
= 0.06;
7 Vr
= 100 ;

// w a v e l e n g t h i n m
// R a d i a l v e l o c i t y o f t a r g e t

i n kmph
8
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
10 Vr1
= Vr *(5/18) ; // R a d i a l v e l . i n m/ s
11 fd
= (2* Vr1 ) / lamda ; // d o p p l e r s h i f t
12
13 // o u t p u t
14
15 mprintf ( D o p p l e r S h i f t i s %3 . 3 f Khz , fd /1000) ;
16
17 //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.40 FINDING RX SIGNAL POWER

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 40
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 F = 9.5*10^9;

Hz
7 Vo = 3*10^8;
8 G = 20;
9 R = 50*10^3;

// r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n
// v e l i n m/ s ;
// a n t e n n a g a i n i n dBi ;
// d i s t a n c e o f r a d a r r e f l e c t e d
100

s i g n a l from t a r g e t
10 Pt = 10*10^3
//Tx power i n w a t t s
11 CS = 10;
// c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m2
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Gain = 10^( G /10)
//G = 10 l o g ( Gain ) ==>g a i n
antilog (20/10) ;
Gr
= Gain ;
// g a i n o f t x a n t e n n a and Rx
antenna
Gt
= Gain
lamda = Vo / F
Pr = ( lamda * lamda * Pt * Gt * Gr * CS ) /((4*4*4* %pi * %pi * %pi ) *(
R ^4) ) // r e c e i v e d power i n w a t t s

// Output
mprintf ( R e c e i v e d s i g n a l Power i s %g Watts , Pr ) ;
//
==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.41 FINDING DISTANCE OF TARGET

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 41
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6
7 Vo
= 3*10^8;
8 t
= 10*10^ -6;
9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ;
// t i m e t a k e n t o r x e c h o

101

12 R
= ( Vo * t ) /2;
// D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t
13
14 // o u t p u t
15
16 mprintf ( D i s t a n c e o f t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 2 f Km ,R /1000)

;
17
18

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.42 FINDING MIN AND MAX TARGET RANGE
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 42
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6
7 PW
= 10^ -6;
8 PRF
= 1000;

// P u l s e Width i n s e c
// P u l s e R e p e t i t i v e Freq i n

Hz
9 Vo
= 3*10^8;
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12
13 Rmax
= Vo /(2* PRF ) ;
14 Rmin
= ( Vo * PW ) /2 ;
15
16 // o u t p u t
17 mprintf ( Maximum Range

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ;

// max r a n g e o f r a d a r
// min r a n g e o f r a d a r

o f r a d a r i s %e m\n Minimum
Range o f r a d a r i s %d m , Rmax , Rmin ) ;

18

102

19

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.43 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 43
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// Given d a t a
Vr
= 100;
f
= 10*10^9;
Vo
= 3*10^8;

// s p e e d o f c a r i n kmph
// Radar o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
// v e l . o f EM wave

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
Vr1
fd

= Vr *(5/18) ; // kmph t o m/ s c o n v e r s i o n
= (2* Vr1 * f ) / Vo ; // D o p p l e r s h i f t i n Hz

// Output
mprintf ( D o p p l e r s h i f t = %3 . 2 f Khz , fd /1000) ;
//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.44 FINDING DISTANCE OF TARGET

1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 44
103

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

clc ;
clear ;
// Given d a t a
Vo
t

= 3*10^8;
= 200*10^ -6;

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ;
// t i m e t a k e n t o r x e c h o

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
R

= ( Vo * t ) /2;

// D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( D i s t a n c e o f t h e t a r g e t i s %3 . 2 f Km ,R /1000)
;
//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.45 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND AVERAGE POWER
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 45
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Pt
= 100*10^3;
7 PRF
= 1000;

// Peak t x . power
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q

. i n Hz
104

8 PW
= 1.2*10^ -6;
9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11 DC
= PRF * PW
12 Pav
= Pt * DC
13
14 // Output
15 mprintf ( Duty c y c l e i s %3 . 4

// P u l s e Width i n s e c

// Duty c y c l e
// Avg . power

f \n A v e r a g e power i s %3 . 0

f Watts ,DC , Pav ) ;

16
17

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.46 FINDING PRF

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 46
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Runamb
= 300*10^3;

// unambiguous r a n g e i n

m
7 Vo

// V e l . o f EM wave i n m/

= 3*10^8;
s

8
9 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
10
11 PRF
= Vo /(2* Runamb ) ; // P u l s e

repetitive

freq .
12
13
14

// Output
mprintf ( P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y = %g Hz , PRF ) ;
105

15

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.47 FINDING DUTY CYCLE AND MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 47
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6
7 Vo
= 3*10^8;
8 PRF
= 1000;

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ;
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q . i n

Hz
9 PW
= 10^ -6;
// P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12
13 DC
= PRF * PW
// Duty c y c l e
14
15 Runamb
= Vo /(2* PRF ) ;
// D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t
16
17 // o u t p u t
18
19 mprintf ( Duty c y c l e = %g\n Maximum unambiguous r a n g e

= %g Km ,DC , Runamb /1000 ) ;

20
21

//

==================================================================

106

Scilab code Exa 11.48 FINDING MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE AND

RANGE RESOLUTION
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 48
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6
7 Vo
= 3*10^8;
8 PRF
= 1000;

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ;
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q . i n

Hz
9 PW
= 4*10^ -6;
// P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12
13 Runamb
= Vo /(2* PRF ) ;
// D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t
14 RR
= ( Vo * PW ) /2;
// Range R e s o l u t i o n
15 // o u t p u t
16
17 mprintf ( Maximum unambiguous r a n g e = %g Km\n Range

R e s o l u t i o n = %g m , Runamb /1000 , RR ) ;
18
19

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.49 CALCULATING RADAR PARAMETERS

1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 49
107

//

==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 f
= 6*10^9;

// Radar o p e r a t i n g f r e q . i n

Hz
7 Vo
8 PRF

= 3*10^8;
= 1000;

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ;
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q . i n

Hz
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

PW
= 1.2*10^ -6;
DC
= 10^ -3;
Smin = 5*10^ -12;
R
= 60*10^3;
G
= 4000;
Ae
= 1
RCS
= 2
// C a l c u l a t i o n s

lamda
=
PRT
=
PRF
=
Pt
=
power
22 Pav
=

// P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
// Duty C y c l e
// min . d e t e c t a b l e s i g n a l
// Max . Range i n m
// power g a i n o f a n t e n n a
// e f f e c t i v e a r e a i n m2
// Radar c r o s s s e c . i n m2

Vo / f ;
// Wavelength i n m
PW / DC ;
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e
1/ PRT ;
// P u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q .
(( Smin *(4* %pi * R * R ) ^2) ) /( Ae * G * RCS ) ; // Peak
Pt * DC ;

// a v e r a g e power

23
24 Runamb
= Vo /(2* PRF ) ;
// D i s t a n c e o f t h e T a r g e t
25 RR
= ( Vo * PW ) /2;
// Range R e s o l u t i o n
26 // o u t p u t
27
28 mprintf ( O p e r a t i n g Wavelength = %g m\n PRT = %3 . 2 f

ms\n PRF = %3 . 1 f Hz\n Peak power = %3 . 3 f KW\n

A v e r a g e power = %3 . 3 f Watts \n unambiguous r a n g e =
%g Km\n Range R e s o l u t i o n = %g m , lamda , PRT *1000 ,
PRF , Pt /1000 , Pav , Runamb /1000 , RR ) ;
29 mprintf ( \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k f o r
Pt and Pav ) ;
108

30
31

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.50 FINDING AVERAGE POWER

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 50
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6
7 Vo
= 3*10^8;
8 PRT
= 1.4*10^ -3;

// v e l o f EM wave m/ s ;
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e t i m e . i n

sec
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

PW
Pt

= 5 *10^ -6;
= 1000*10^3;

// P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
// Peak power i n w a t t s

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
DC
Pav

= PW / PRT
= Pt * DC

// Duty c y c l e
// avg . power i n W

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Duty c y c l e = %e\n A v e r a g e power = %g W ,DC ,
Pav ) ;
//

==================================================================

109

Scilab code Exa 11.51 FINDING MIN RECEIVABLE SIGNAL

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 51
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// Given
F
BW
T
K

data
= 5;
= 1.2*10^6;
= 290;
= 1.38*10^ -23;

//
//
//
//

N o i s e F i g u r e i n dB
Bandwidth i n Hz
Ambient temp i n k e l v i n
boltzmann c o n s t a n t

// C a l c u l a t i o n s
F1
= 10^(5/10) ;
// a n t i l o g c a l c o f n o i s e
figure
13 Prmin
= K *( F1 -1) * T * BW ; // min . r x . s i g n a l
14
15
16

// Output
mprintf ( Minimum
Prmin ) ;
17 mprintf ( Note : I n
substituted in
f i n a l answer
18
19

R e c e i v a b l e s i g n a l = %3 . 4 e W\n ,
textbook All values are c o r r e c t l y
c a l c u l a t i n g Prmin . \ n but i n c o r r e c t
i s p r i n t e d i n t h e book )

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.52 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR

110

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 52
//
==================================================================

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Pt
= 1*10^6;
Pmin = 1*10^ -12;
Ae
= 16;
RCS = 4;
i n m2
10 F
= 9*10^9;
11 Vo
= 3*10^8;
12 G
= 5000;
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

// peak p u l s e power i n w a t t s
// minimum r e c e i v a b l e power
// e f f e c t i v e a r e a i n m s
// r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a
// r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
// Power g a i n o f a n t e n n a

// c a l c u l a t i o n s
Rmax = (( Pt * G * Ae * RCS ) /(16* %pi * %pi * Pmin ) ) ^0.25;
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar
, Rmax /1000) ;

i s %g Kms

//==============end o f t h e program
=============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.53 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 53
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;

111

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

// i n p u t d a t a
Pt = 500*10^3; // p e a l p u l s e power i n w a t t s
Pmin = 1*10^ -12; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power
Ac
= 5; // a r e a o f c a p t u r e i n m s
RCS = 20; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m2
F
= 10*10^9; // r a d a r o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
lamda = 3*10^ -2; // w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
Rmax = (( Pt * Ac * Ac * RCS ) /(4* %pi * lamda * lamda * Pmin ) )
^0.25;
// o u t p u t
mprintf ( Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar s y s t e m i s
%g Kms , Rmax /1000) ;
//==============end o f t h e program
=============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.54 FINDING BEAMWIDTH OF ANTENNA

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 54
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 f
= 10*10^9;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q . o f r a d a r

i n Hz
7 Vo
8 D
9

= 3*10^8;
= 5;

// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
// D i a m e t e r o f a n t e n n a i n m

112

10 // c a l c u l a t i o n s
11 lamda
= Vo / f ;
// w a v e l e n g t h i n m
12 BW
= 70*( lamda / D ) // BeamWidth i n d e g r e e s
13
14 // o u t p u t
15 mprintf ( Beamwidth = %3 . 3 f d e g r e e s , BW ) ;
16 //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.55 FINDING OPERATING FREQ PEAK POWER

AND RANGE OF RADAR
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 55
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// i n p u t d a t a
Pav = 200; // a v e r a g e power i n w a t t s
PRF = 1000; // p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y i n Hz
PW
= 1*10^ -6; // p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
Pmin = 1*10^ -12; // minimum r e c e i v a b l e power
Ac
= 10; // a r e a o f c a p t u r e i n m s
RCS = 2; // r a d a r c r o s s s e c t i o n a l a r e a i n m2
Vo
= 3*10^8; // v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
lamda = 0.1; // w a v e l e n g t h i n cms
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
F
= Vo / lamda ; // o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i n hz
Pt
= Pav /( PRF * PW ) ;
Rmax = (( Pt * Ac * Ac * RCS ) /(4* %pi * lamda * lamda * Pmin ) )
^0.25;
113

20
21
22

23
24

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( O p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y i s %g Ghz\n Radar peak
power i s %g KW\n Maximum Radar r a n g e o f t h e Radar
s y s t e m i s %g Km\n ,F /10^9 , Pt /1000 , Rmax /1000) ;
//==============end o f t h e program
=============================================

Scilab code Exa 11.56 FINDING RADIAL VELOCITY OF TARGET

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 56
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 f
= 9*10^9;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q . o f r a d a r

i n Hz
7 Vo
= 3*10^8;
// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
8 fd
= 1000;
// d o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q . i n Hz
9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11 lamda
= Vo / f ;
// Wavelength i n m
12 Vr
= lamda * fd /2; // r a d i a l v e l o c i t y o f t a r g e t
13
14 // o u t p u t
15 mprintf ( R a d i a l v e l o c i t y o f t a r g e t Vr = %3 . 2 f m/ s ,

Vr ) ;
16
17

//

==================================================================

114

Scilab code Exa 11.57 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCY

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 57
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 f
= 10*10^9;

i n Hz
7 Vr
= 800;
a i r c r a f t i n kmph
8 Vo
= 3*10^8;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q . o f r a d a r
// r a d i a l ve . o f o f
// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;

9
10 // c a l c u l a t i o n s
11
12 lamda
= Vo / f ;
// Wavelength i n m
13 Vr1
= Vr *5/18
// kmph t o m/ s c o n v e r s i o n
14 fd
= 2* Vr1 / lamda ; // D o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q , i n Hz
15
16 // Output
17 mprintf ( D o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q u e n c y f d = %3 . 2 e Hz , fd ) ;
18
19 //

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.58 FINDING DOPPLER SHIFT FREQUENCIES

1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 58

115

//

==================================================================
3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // i n p u t d a t a
6 f
= 6*10^9;

// o p e r a t i n g f r e q . o f r a d a r

i n Hz
7 Vr

= 600;
a i r c r a f t i n kmph
8 Vo
= 3*10^8;

// r a d i a l ve . o f o f
// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;

9
10 // c a l c u l a t i o n s
11
12 lamda
= Vo / f ;
// Wavelength i n m
13 Vr1
= Vr *5/18
// kmph t o m/ s c o n v e r s i o n
14 fd
= 2* Vr1 / lamda ; // D o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q , i n Hz
15
16 V
= Vr1 * cos ((45* %pi /180) ) // v e l i n d i r e c t i o n

of radar i f

t a r g e t d i r e c t i o n c h a n g e s by 45 deg
// d o p p l e r s h i f t f r e q . i n Hz

17 fd1
= 2* V / lamda ;
18
19
20 // Output
21 mprintf ( D o p p l e r s h i f t

f r e q u e n c y f d = %3 . 2 f KHz\n
Doppler s h i f t frequency i f the t a r g e t changes i t s
d i r e c t i o n by 45 deg = %3 . 2 f KHz , fd /1000 , fd1
/1000) ;

22
23

//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.59 FINDING BLIND SPEED

116

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 59
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 lamda
= 3*10^ -2;
7 PRF
= 1000;

// Wavelength i n m
// P u l s e R e p e t i t i v e f r e q u e n c y

i n Hz
8 n

= 1

// n v a l u e f o r l o w e s t b l i n d

speed
9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11 Vb
= ( n * lamda /2) * PRF ;

// B l i n d s p e e d o f t h e

Radar i n m/ s
12
13
14
15

// Output
mprintf ( Lowet b l i n d s p e e d = %d m/ s , Vb ) ;
//
==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.61 FINDING PULSE WIDTH AND PULSE ENERGY
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 60
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 PRF1
= 10*10^3;
7

freq .1
PRF2

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e
// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e

= 20*10^3;
117

freq .2
// a v e r a g e t x . power
// peak power

8 Pav
= 1000;
9 Pt
= 10*10^3;
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12 PRT1
= 1/ PRF1 ;
13
14
15
16
17
18

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e

i n t e r v a l in sec
PRT2
= 1/ PRF2 ;
i n t e r v a l in sec
DC
= Pav / Pt ;
PW1
= DC * PRT1
freq1
PW2
= DC * PRT2
freq2
E1
= Pt * PW1 ;
pulse
E2
= Pt * PW2 ;
pulse

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e
// duty c y c l e
// p u l s e w i d t h f o r
// p u l s e w i d t h f o r
// e n e r g y o f f i r s t
// e n e r g y o f s e c o n d

19
20
21

// o u t p u t
mprintf ( PW1 = %3 . 2 f ms\n PW2 = %3 . 3 f ms\n P u l s e
Energy f o r PRF = 10KHz i s %3 . 1 f J o u l e s \n P u l s e
Energy f o r PRF = 20KHz i s %3 . 2 f J o u l e s \n , PW1
*1000 , PW2 *1000 , E1 , E2 ) ;
22 //
==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.62 FINDING PRT PRF RANGE RESOLUTION AND
PULSE WIDTH
1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 62
//
==================================================================

118

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a
6 Runamb
= 150*10^3;

// u n a m b i g i u o u s r a n g e i n

m
7 BW
8 Vo

// bandwidth i n Hz
// v e l o f Em wave i n m

= 10^6;
= 3*10^8;
/s ;

9
10 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
11 PRF
= Vo /(2* Runamb ) ;

f r e q . i n Hz
= 1/ PRF ;
interval
13 RR
= Vo /(2* BW ) ;
14 PW
= (2* RR ) / Vo ;

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n

12 PRT

15
16
17

18
19

// p u l s e r e p e t i t i v e

// Range R e s o l u t i o n
// P u l s e w i d t h i n s e c

// Output
mprintf ( PRF = %3 . 2 f Hz\n p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n i n t e r v a l
= %3 . 1 f ms\n Range R e s o l u t i o n = %d m\n P u l s e W i d t h
= %3 . 2 f u s ,PRF , PRT *1000 , RR , PW *10^6 ) ;
//

==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.63 FINDING DOPPLER FREQUENCY

1
2

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 63
//
==================================================================

3 clc ;
4 clear ;
5 // Given d a t a

119

6 Vr
7 Vair

= 300;
= 200;

// V e l o c i t y o f r a d a r i n m/ s
// v e l o c t y o f a i r c r a f t i n m/

s
8 f
= 10*10^9;
9 Vo
= 3*10^8;
10
11 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
12
13 lamda
= Vo / f ;
14 Vrel
= Vr + Vair ;

// Radar o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;

// w a v e l e n g t h i n m
// r e l a t i v e r a d i a l v e l . b /w
r a d a r and a i r c r a f t when a p p r o a c h i n g e a c h o t h e r
15 fd
= (2* Vrel ) / lamda // D o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y

16
17
18
19

// Output
mprintf ( D o p p l e r f r e q u e n c y = %3 . 2 f KHz , fd /1000) ;
//
==================================================================

Scilab code Exa 11.64 FINDING MAX RANGE OF RADAR

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 63
//
==================================================================
clc ;
clear ;
// Given
Pt
G
f
Te
SNRmin
PW
F

data
= 2*10^6;
= 45;
= 6*10^9;
= 290;
= 20;
= 0.2*10^ -3
= 3;

// Peak power i n Watts

// a n t e n n a g a i n i n dB
// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
// e f f e c t i v e temp i n k e l v i n
// min SNR i n dB
// p u l s e w i d t h i n s e c
// N o i s e F i g u r e
120

13 B
14 RCS

= 10*10^3;
= 0.1;

// bandwidth i n KHz
// Radar c r o s s s e c t i o n i n m

2
15 K
= 1.38*10^ -23; // b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t
16 Vo
= 3*10^8;
// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
17
18 // a n t i l o g a c a l c u l a t i o n s
19 G1
= 10^(45/10) ;
// a n t i l o g c o n v e r s i o n o f

gain
20 SNR

= 10^(20/10) ;
SNRmin
21 F1
= 10^(3/10) ;
Noise Figure
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34

// a n t i l o g c o n v e r s i o n o f
// a n t i l o g c o n v e r s i o n o f

lamda = Vo / f ;
// w a v e l e n g t h i n m
Rmax
= (( Pt * G1 * G1 * lamda * lamda * RCS ) /((64* %pi * %pi *
%pi ) *( K * Te * B * F1 * SNR ) ) ) ^0.25;
// p t 1
= 10 l o g 1 0 ( Pt )
// lamda1 = 10 l o g 1 0 ( lamda 2 )
//G2
= 2G
//KTB
= 10 l o g 1 0 (KTeB)
//RCS1
= 10 l o g 1 0 (RCS)
// p
= 10 l o g 1 0 ( ( 4 %pi ) 3 )
//R4max = [ p t 1+G1+lamda1+RCS1pKTBFSNRmin ] ;

// Output
mprintf ( Maximum Range o f t h e Radar i s %3 . 2 f Km ,
Rmax /100) ;
35 mprintf ( \n Note : C a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i Textbook i n
m u l t i p l y i n g KTeB ) ;

Scilab code Exa 11.65 FINDING APERTURE SIZE AND PEAK POWER
OF TXR
1

// Chapter 11 e x a m p l e 63
121

//

==================================================================
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32

clc ;
clear ;
// Given
G
f
Te
SNR
L
F
RCS
K
Vo
DC
R
Pav
SV
Ts

data
= 50;
= 6*10^9;
= 1000;
= 20;
= 10;
= 3;
= -10;
= 1.38*10^ -23;
= 3*10^8;
= 0.3;
= 300*10^3;
= 1000;
= 20;
= 3;

// a n t e n n a g a i n i n dB
// o p e r a t i n g f r e q u e n c y
// N o i s e temp i n k e l v i n
// min SNR i n dB
// L o s s e s i n dB
// N o i s e F i g u r e i n dB
// Radar c r o s s s e c t i o n i n dB
// b o l t z m a n c o n s t a n t
// v e l o f Em wave i n m/ s ;
// Duty c y c l e
// Range i n kms
// A v e r a g e power i n w a t t s
// s e a r c h volume
// Scan t i m e

// c a l c u l a t i o n s
Pav1
= 10* log10 ( Pav )
// c o n v e r s i o n t o dB
KT
= 10* log10 ( Te * K )
// c o n v e r s i o n
t o dB
R4
= 10* log10 ( R ^4)
// c o n v e r s i o n t o dB
Ts1
= 10* log10 ( Ts )
// c o n v e r s i o n t o
dB
//SNR
= ( Pav ARCS Ts ) / ( 1 6 R4KTeLFSV )
A
= ( SNR - Pav1 - Ts - RCS +16+ R4 + KT + L + F + SV ) ; //
aperture
Pt
= Pav / DC ;
// peak ower i n
watts
//A1
=10(A/ 1 0 ) ;
// a n t i l o g
calculation
// o u t p u t
122

mprintf ( A = %3 . 2 f dB\n Peak power Pt = %3 . 2 f KW\n ,

A , Pt /1000) ;
34 // m p r i n t f ( A = %3 . 2 f m2\ n , A1 )
35 mprintf ( Note : c a l c u l a t i o n e r r o r i n t e x t b o o k a t KT
)
36 //
==================================================================

33

123