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1
The Language Of
Medicine
10
th
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Chapter 5
Digestive System
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2
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Chapter Goals
Name the organs of the digestive system and
describe their locations and functions.
Define combining forms for organs and know
the meaning of related terminology.
Describe signs, symptoms, and disease
conditions affecting the digestive system.

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Chapter 5
Lesson 5.1
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5
Introduction
The digestive or gastrointestinal system
performs four main functions:
ingestion
digestion
absorption
elimination
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Introduction:
Ingestion and Digestion
Ingestionfood material taken into mouth

Digestionfood is broken down, mechanically
and chemically, as it travels through the
gastrointestinal tract.
Digestive enzymes aid the breakdown of complex
nutrients.
Proteins amino acids
Sugars glucose
Fats fatty acids or triglycerides
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Introduction:
Absorption
Digested food passes into the bloodstream
through lining cells of the small intestine.

Nutrients travel to all cells of the body.

Cells burn nutrients to release the energy
stored in food.
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Introduction:
Elimination
The body eliminates solid waste materials
that cannot be absorbed into bloodstream.
The large intestine concentrates feces.
The wastes pass out of the body through
the anus.
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Organs of the Digestive System
The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral
cavity.
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Oral Cavity
Major parts of the oral cavity
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Oral Cavity (contd)
Major parts of the oral cavity
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Oral Cavity (contd)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental
arch


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Oral Cavity (contd)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental
arch

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Oral Cavity (contd)
Anatomy of a tooth
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Oral Cavity (contd)
Anatomy of a tooth
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Oral Cavity (contd)
Salivary glands
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Pharynx
Deglutition
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Pharynx (contd)
Deglutition
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Esophagus/Stomach
Parts of the stomach

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Esophagus/Stomach (contd)
Parts of the stomach

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The Digestive Tract
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The Digestive Tract (contd)
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Small Intestine
Villi in the lining of the small intestine
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Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestine
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Large Intestine (contd)
Parts of the large intestine
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Liver, Gallbladder, and
Pancreas (contd)
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
(contd)
Besides producing bile, the liver:
Helps maintain normal blood glucose levels
Manufactures blood proteins necessary for
clotting
Releases bilirubin, a pigment in bile
Removes toxins and poisons from the blood

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QUICK QUIZ:
1. What happens if bilirubin cannot leave the
body and remains in the bloodstream?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Emulsification
C. Hyperbilirubinemia
D. Glycogenolysis

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Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
The pancreas and its functions
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Food Pathway through the GI Tract
Food enters
through the
oral cavity and
exits through
the anus
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Food Pathway through the GI Tract
(contd)
Food enters
through the
oral cavity and
exits through
the anus
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QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which term is the first part of the large
intestine?
A. Cecum
B. Duodenum
C. Jejunum
D. Pylorus

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QUICK QUIZ: (contd)
3. Which term means swallowing?
A. Mastication
B. Deglutition
C. Emulsification
D. Peristalsis

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Vocabulary
absorption


amino acids


amylase


anus
Passage of materials through the walls of the
small intestine into the bloodstream

Small building blocks of proteins; released
when proteins are digested

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary
glands to digest starch

Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract
to the outside of body
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Vocabulary (contd)
appendix

bile



bilirubin

bowel
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum

Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in
the gallbladder; breaks up large fat globules;
composed of bile pigments, cholesterol, and bile
salts

Pigment released by the liver in bile

Intestine
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Vocabulary (contd)
canine teeth


cecum

colon


common
bile duct
Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors;
also called cuspids or eyeteeth

First part of the large intestine

Consists of the ascending, transverse,
descending, and sigmoid segments

Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to
the duodenum; also called the choledochus
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Vocabulary (contd)
defecation

deglutition

dentin


digestion
Elimination of feces from the digestive tract
through the anus

Swallowing

Primary material found in teeth; covered by
the enamel in the crown and a protective layer
of cementum in the root

Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
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Vocabulary (contd)
duodenum

elimination

emulsification

enamel
First part of the small intestine; measures
12 inches long
Act of removal of materials from the body

Physical process of breaking up large fat
globules into smaller globules
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
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Vocabulary (contd)
enzyme

esophagus

fatty acids


feces
Chemical that speeds up reactions between
substances; enzyme names end in ase

Tube connecting the throat to the stomach

Substances produced when fats are digested;
a category of lipids

Solid wastes; stool


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Vocabulary (contd)
gallbladder

glucose

glycogen


hydrochloric acid
Small sac under the liver; stores bile

Simple sugar

Starch; glucose is stored in the form of
glycogen in liver cells

Substance produced by the stomach;
necessary for digestion of food
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Vocabulary (contd)
ileum

incisor

insulin



jejunum
Third part of the small intestine

One of four front teeth in the dental arch

Hormone produced by endocrine cells of the
pancreas; transports sugar from the blood into
cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the
liver

Second part of the small intestine
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Vocabulary (contd)
lipase

liver





lower esophageal
sphincter (LES)

Pancreatic enzyme needed to digest fats

Large organ located in the RUQ of the
abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron,
and vitamins; produces blood proteins;
destroys worn-out RBCs; filters out toxins;
normal adult liver weighs about 2 to 3
pounds

Ring of muscles between the esophagus
and stomach; cardiac sphincter
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Vocabulary (contd)
mastication

molar teeth


palate

pancreas
Chewing

Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the
middle on either side of the dental arch

Roof of the mouth

Organ under the stomach; produces insulin
and enzymes
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Vocabulary (contd)
papillae (singular:
papilla)

parotid gland

peristalsis


pharynx
Small, nipple-like elevations on the tongue


Salivary gland within the cheek, just
anterior to the ear

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular
organs


Throat, the common passageway for food
from the mouth and for air from the nose
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Vocabulary (contd)
portal vein

protease

pulp

pyloric sphincter
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from
the intestines

Enzyme that digests protein


Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves
and blood vessels

Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach,
near the duodenum; opens when a wave of
peristalsis passes over it
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Vocabulary (contd)
pylorus

rectum


rugae


saliva
Distal region of the stomach, opening to the
duodenum

Last section of the large intestine, connecting the
end of the colon and the anus

Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the
stomach

Digestive juice produced by salivary glands; contains
the enzyme amylase
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Vocabulary (contd)
salivary glands

sigmoid colon


sphincter


stomach
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands

Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the
colon, just before the rectum; empties into
the rectum

Circular ring of muscle that constricts a
passage or closes a natural opening

Muscular organ that receives food from the
esophagus
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Vocabulary (contd)
triglycerides



uvula


villi (singular:
villus)
Fat molecules composed of three parts
fatty acids and one part glycerol; subgroup
of lipids

Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the
soft palate

Microscopic projections in the wall of the
small intestine that absorb nutrients into
the bloodstream

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Terminology Combining Forms
Parts of the Body

an/o
append/o, appendic/o
bucc/o
cec/o
celi/o
cheil/o
cholecyst/o
choledoch/o

anus
appendix
cheek
cecum
belly,abdomen
lip
gallbladder
common bile duct
Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology Combining Forms
Parts of the Body (contd)
col/o colon
colon/o colon
dent/i tooth
duoden/o duodenum
enter/o intestines, usually small intestine
esophag/o esophagus
faci/o face
gastr/o stomach
gingiv/o gums
Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology Combining Forms
Parts of the Body (contd)
gloss/o tongue
hepat/o liver
ile/o ileum
jejun/o jejunum
labi/o lip
lapar/o abdomen
lingu/o tongue
mandibul/o lower jaw, mandible
odont/o tooth
Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology Combining Forms
Parts of the Body (contd)
or/o mouth
palat/o palate
pancreat/o pancreas
peritone/o peritoneum
pharyng/o throat
proct/o anus and rectum
pylor/o pyloric sphincter
rect/o rectum
sialaden/o salivary gland
Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology Combining Forms
Parts of the Body (contd)
sigmoid/o sigmoid colon
stomat/o mouth
uvul/o uvula
Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology Combining Forms
Substances
amyl/o starch
bil/i gall, bile
bilirubin/o bilirubin (bile pigment)
chol/e gall or bile
chlorhydr/o hydrochloric acid
gluc/o sugar
glyc/o sugar
Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology Combining Forms
Substances (contd)
glycogen/o glycogen, animal starch
lip/o fat
lith/o stone
prote/o protein
py/o pus
sial/o saliva, salivary
steat/o fat
Combining Form Meaning
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Terminology Suffixes
-ase enzyme
-chezia defecation, elimination of
wastes
-iasis abnormal condition
-prandial meal
Suffix Meaning
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Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Terminology (contd)
Three types of anastomoses
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QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means inflammation of the lip?
A. Cholecystitis
B. Celiac
C. Appendicitis
D. Cheilitis

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Chapter 5
Lesson 5.2
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Pathology
of the Digestive System
Signs and symptoms
Anorexia lack of appetite
Ascites abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the abdomen
Borborygmus (plural: borborygmi) rumbling
or gurgling noise produced by the movement
of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract
Constipation difficulty in passing stools
Diarrhea frequent passage of loose, watery
stools
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Pathology
of the Digestive System (contd)
Dysphagia difficulty in swallowing
Eructation gas expelled from the stomach
through the mouth
Flatus gas expelled through the anus
Hematochezia passage of fresh, bright red
blood from the rectum
Jaundice (icterus) yellow-orange coloration
of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by
high levels of bilirubin in the blood
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Pathology
of the Digestive System (contd)
Melena black, tarry stools; feces containing
digested blood
Nausea unpleasant sensation in the stomach
associated with a tendency to vomit
Steatorrhea fat in the feces; frothy, foul-
smelling fecal matter
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Pathologic Conditions
Oral Cavity and Teeth
Aphthous stomatitis inflammation of the
mouth with small, painful ulcers

Dental caries tooth decay

Herpetic stomatitis inflammation of the mouth
by infection with the herpes virus

Oral leukoplakia white plaques or patches

Periodontal disease inflammation and
degeneration of the gums, teeth and surrounding
bone
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Achalasia failure of the lower
esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to
relax
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Esophageal cancer malignant tumor of the
esophagus

Esophageal varices swollen, varicose veins
at the lower end of the esophagus

Gastric carcinoma malignant tumor of the
stomach
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (contd)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) solids and fluids return to
the mouth from the stomach

Peptic ulcer open sore or lesion
of the mucous membrane of the
stomach or duodenum
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Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (contd)
Hernia protrusion of an organ or
part through the muscle normally
containing it
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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Small and Large Intestines
Anal fistula abnormal tube-like
passageway near the anus

Colonic polyposis polyps protrude
from the mucous membrane of the
colon
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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Small and Large Intestines (contd)
Colorectal cancer adenocarcinoma of
the colon or rectum or both

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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Small and Large Intestines (contd)
Crohn disease chronic inflammation of the
intestinal tract
Diverticulosis abnormal side pockets
(outpouchings) in the intestinal wall


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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Small and Large Intestines (contd)
Dysentery painful, inflamed intestines
Hemorrhoids swollen, twisted, varicose
veins in the rectal region
Ileus failure of peristalsis with resulting
obstruction of the intestines
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small
intestine

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Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract
Small and Large Intestines (contd)
Intussusception telescoping of the
intestines
IBS irritable bowel syndrome group of
gastrointestinal symptoms associated with
stress and tension
Ulcerative colitis chronic inflammation of
the colon with the presence of ulcers
Volvulus twisting of the intestines on itself
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Pathologic Conditions
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Cirrhosis chronic degenerative disease of the
liver
Pancreatic cancer malignant tumor of the
pancreas
Pancreatitis inflammation of the pancreas
Viral hepatitis inflammation of the liver
caused by a virus
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Pathologic Conditions
Liver Gallbladder, and Pancreas (contd)
Cholelithiasis gallstones in the gallbladder