Cash Flow Statement 6

iill now you have learnt about the financial

T statements being primarily inclusive of Position
Statement (showing the financial position of an
enterprise as on a particular date) and Income
Statement (showing the result of the operational
activities of an enterprise over a particular period).
There is also a third important financial statement
known as Cash flow statement, which shows inflows
and outflows of the cash and cash equivalents. This
statement is usually prepared by companies which
comes as a tool in the hands of users of financial
information to know about the sources and uses of
cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise over a
period of time from various activities of an
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
enterprise. It has gained substantial importance in
the last decade because of its practical utility to the
After studying this chapter, users of financial information.
you will be able to :
Accounting Standard-3 (AS-3), issued by The
• State the purpose
and preparation of
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI)
statement of cash flow in june 1981, which dealt with a statement showing
statement; ‘Changes in Financial Position’, (Fund Flow
• Distinguish between Statement), has been revised and now deals with the
operating activities, preparation and presentation of Cash flow statement.
investing activities and The revised AS-3 has made it mandatory for all listed
financing activities; companies to prepare and present a cash flow
• Prepare the statement statement along with other financial statements on
of cash flows using annual basis. Hence, it may be noted, that Fund
direct method;
Flow statement is no more considered relevant in
• Prepare the cash accounting and so not discussed here.
flow statement using
indirect method. A cash flow statement provides information
about the historical changes in cash and cash
280 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

equivalents of an enterprise by classifying cash flows into operating, investing

and financing activities. It requires that an enterprise should prepare a cash
flow statement and should present it for each accounting period for which financial
statements are presented. You will recall that cash flow analysis has also been
mentioned in Chapter 4 as a technique of financial analysis. This chapter
discusses this technique and explains the method of preparing a cash from
statement for an accounting period.

6.1 Nature of Cash Flow Statement

A Cash flow statement shows inflow and outflow of cash and cash equivalents
from various activities of a company during a specific period. The primary
objective of cash flow statement is to provide useful information about cash
flows (inflows and outflows) of an enterprise during a particular period under
various heads, i.e. operating activities, investing activities and financing activities.
This information is useful in providing users of financial statements with a
basis to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash and cash equivalents
and the needs of the enterprise to utilise those cash flows. The economic decisions
that are taken by users require an evaluation of the ability of an enterprise to
generate cash and cash equivalents and the timing and certainty of their
generation.

6.2 Benefits of Cash Flow Statement

Cash flow statement provides the following benefits :
z A cash flow statement when used along with other financial statements
provides information that enables users to evaluate changes in net assets
of an enterprise, its financial structure (including its liquidity and
solvency) and its ability to affect the amounts and timings of cash
flows in order to adapt to changing circumstances and opportunities.
z Cash flow information is useful in assessing the ability of the enterprise
to generate cash and cash equivalents and enables users to develop
models to assess and compare the present value of the future cash
flows of different enterprises.
z It also enhances the comparability of the reporting of operating
performance by different enterprises because it eliminates the effects of
using different accounting treatments for the same transactions and
events.
z Historical cash flow information is often used as an indicator of the
amount, timing and certainty of future cash flows. It is also helpful in
checking the accuracy of past assessments of future cash flows and in
Cash Flow Statement 281

examining the relationship between profitability and net cash flow and
impact of changing prices.

6.3 Cash and Cash Equivalents

As stated earlier, cash flow statement shows inflows and outflows of cash and
cash equivalents from various activities of an enterprise during a particular
period. As per AS-3, ‘Cash’ comprises cash in hand and demand deposits with
banks, and ‘Cash equivalents’ means short-term highly liquid investments that
are readily convertible into known amounts of cash and which are subject to
an insignificant risk of changes in value. Thus, cash equivalents refer to such
investments that are held for the purpose of meeting short-term cash
commitments rather than for investments or other purposes. An investment
normally qualifies as cash equivalent only when it has a short maturity, of say,
three months or less from the date of acquisition. Investments in shares are
excluded from cash equivalents unless they are in substantial cash equivalents.
For example, preference shares of a company acquired shortly before their specific
redemption date, provided there is only insignificant risk of failure of the company
to repay the amount at maturity. Similarly, short-term marketable securities
which can be readily converted into cash are treated as cash equivalents.

6.4 Cash Flows

‘Cash Flows’ implies movement of cash in and out of non-cash items. Receipt of
cash from a non-cash item is termed as cash inflow while cash payment in respect
of such items as cash outflow. For example, purchase of machinery by paying
cash is cash outflow while sale proceeds received from sale of machinery is cash
inflow. Other examples of cash flows include collection of cash from debtors,
payment to creditors, payment to employees, receipt of dividend, interest
payments, etc.
As per AS 3, cash flows exclude movements between items that constitute
cash or cash equivalents because these components are part of the cash
management of an enterprise rather than part of its operating, investing of
financing activities. Cash management includes the investment of excess cash
in cash equivalents. Hence, purchase of marketable securities or short-term
investment which constitutes cash equivalents is not considered while preparing
cash flow statement.

6.5 Classification of Activities for the Preparation of Cash Flow

Statement
You know that various activities of an enterprise result into cash flows (inflows
or receipts and outflows or payments) which is the subject matter of a cash flow
282 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

statement. As per AS-3, these activities are to be classified into three categories:
(1) operating, (2) investing, and (3) financing activities so as to show separately
the cash flows generated (or used) by (in) these activities. This helps the users of
cash flow statement to assess the impact of these activities on the financial position
of an enterprise and so also on its cash and cash equivalents.

6.5.1 Cash from Operating Activities

As per AS-3, operating activities are the activities that constitute the primary or
main activities of an enterprise, for example, for a company manufacturing
garments, procurement of raw material, incurrence of manufacturing expenses,
sale of garments, etc. These are the principal revenue producing activities (or
the main activities) of the enterprise and other activities that are not investing or
financing activities. The amount of cash from operations’ indicate the internal
solvency level of the company, and is regarded as the key indicator of the extent
to which the operations of the enterprise have generated sufficient cash flows to
maintain the operating capability of the enterprise, paying dividends, making of
new investments and repaying of loans without recourse to external source of
financing. Information about the specific components of historical operating cash
flows is useful in conjunction with other information, in forecasting future
operating cash flows.
Cash flows from operating activities are primarily derived from the main
activities of the enterprise. Therefore, they generally result from the transactions
and other events that enter into the determination of net profit or loss. Examples
of cash flows from operating activities are:

Cash Inflows from operating activities

z cash receipts from sale of goods and the rendering of services.
z cash receipts from royalties, fees, commissions and other revenues.

Cash Outflows from operating activities

z Cash payments to suppliers for goods and services.
z Cash payments to and on behalf of the employees.
z Cash payments to an insurance enterprise for premiums and claims,
annuities, and other policy benefits.
z Cash payments or refunds of income taxes unless they can be
specifically identified with financing and investing activities.
The net position is shown in case of operating cash flows.
Some transactions such as sale of an item of plant may give rise to a gain or
loss which is included in the determination of net profit or loss. However, the
Cash Flow Statement 283

cash flows relating to such transactions are cash flows from investing activities
which are discussed in detail later.
An enterprise may hold securities and loans for dealing or trading purposes
in which case they are similar to inventory acquired specifically for resale.
Therefore, cash flows arising from the purchase and sale of dealing or trading
securities are classified as operating activities. Similarly, cash advances and
loans made by financial enterprises are usually classified as operating activities
since they relate to main activity of that enterprise.

6.5.2 Cash from Investing Activities

Investing activities relate to purchase and sale of long-term assets or fixed assets
such as machinery, furniture, land and building, etc. Transactions related to
long-term investment are also investing activities. As per AS-3, investing activities
are the acquisition and disposal of long-term assets and other investments not
included in cash equivalents.
Separate disclosure of cash flows from investing activities is important
because they represent the extent to which expenditures have been made for
resources intended to generate future income and cash flows. Examples of cash
flows arising from investing activities are:

Cash Outflows from investing activities

z Cash payments to acquire fixed assets including intangibles and
capitalised research and development.
z Cash payments to acquire shares warrants or debt instruments of other
enterprises other than the instruments considered to be cash
equivalents or held for trading purposes.
z Cash advances and loans made to third party (other than advances
and loans made by a financial enterprise wherein it is operating
activities).

Cash Inflows from Investing Activities

z Cash receipt from disposal of fixed assets including intangibles.
z Cash receipt from the repayment of advances or loans made to third
parties ( except in case of financial enterprise).
z Cash receipt from disposal of shares, warrants or debt instruments of
other enterprises other than receipts from those instruments considered
to be cash or cash equivalents or held for trading purposes.
z Interest received in cash from loans and advances.
z Dividend received from investments in other enterprises.
284 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

6.5.3 Cash from Financing Activities

As the name suggests, financing activities relate to long-term funds or capital of
an enterprise, e.g. cash proceeds from issue of equity shares, debentures, raising
long-term bank loans, redemption of bank loan, etc. As per AS-3, financing
activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the
owners’ capital (including preference share capital in case of a company) and
borrowings of the enterprise. Separate disclosure of cash flows arising from
financing activities is important because it is useful in predicting claims on future
cash flows by providers of funds ( both capital and borrowings ) to the enterprise.
Examples of financing activities are:

Cash Inflows from financing activities

z Cash proceeds from issuing shares or other similar instruments.
z Cash proceeds from issuing debentures, loans, bonds and other short
or long-term borrowings.

Cash Outflows from financing activities

z Cash repayments of amounts borrowed.
z Interest paid on loans, debentures and advances.
z Dividends paid on equity and preference capital.

It is important to mention here that a transaction may include cash flows

that are classified differently. For example, when the instalment paid in respect
of a fixed asset acquired on deferred payment basis includes both interest and
loan, the interest element is classified under financing activities and the loan
element is classified under investing activities. Moreover, same activity may be
classified differently for different enterprises. For example, purchase of shares is
an operating activity for a share brokerage firm while it is investing activity in
case of other enterprises.
Cash Flow Statement 285

Cash Inflows Cash Outflows

From sale of goods To pay wages to employees

and services to customers

Receipt from royalties, Operating Purchase of inventory

fees, commission and Activities from suppliers
other revenues
Pay operating expenses

Pay taxes
Sale of property, plant,
equipment long-term
investment Investing Purchase of property,
Activities plant, equipment and
Receipt from Interest long investments
and dividends

Sale of preferred or Acquired preferred or

common Stock common stock
Financing
Issuance of Debts/Bonds Activities Repayment of
long-term debts

Collection of loans Payment of dividend

and interest

Fig. 6.1: Classification of Cash inflows and Cash Outflows Activities

6.5.4 Treatment of Some Peculiar Items

Extraordinary items
Extraordinary items are not the regular phenomenon, e.g. loss due to theft or
earthquake or flood. Extraordinary items are non-recurring in nature and hence
cash flows associated with extraordinary items should be classified and disclosed
separately as arising from operating, investing or financing activities. This is
done to enable users to understand their nature and effect on the present and
future cash flows of an enterprise.

Interest and Dividend

In case of a financial enterprise (whose main business is lending and borrowing),
interest paid, interest received and dividend received are classified as operating
activities while dividend paid is the financing activity.
In case of a non-financial enterprise, as per AS-3, it is considered more
286 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

appropriate that payment of interest and dividend paid are classified as financing
activities whereas receipt of interest and dividends are classified as investing
activities.

Taxes on Income and Gains

Taxes may be income tax (tax in normal profit), capital gains tax (tax on capital
profits), dividend tax (tax on the amount distributed as dividend to share holders).
AS 3 requires that cash flows arising from taxes on income should be separately
disclosed and should be classified as cash flows from operating activities unless
they can be specifically identified with financing and investing activities. This
clearly implies that:
z tax on operating profit should be classified as operating cash flows.
z dividend tax, i.e. tax paid on dividend should be classified as financing
activity along with dividend paid.
z Capital gains tax paid on sale of fixed assets should be classified under
investing activities.

Non-cash Transactions
As per AS-3, investing and financing transactions that do not require the use of
cash or cash equivalents should be excluded from a cash flow statement.
Examples of such transactions are – acquisition of machinery by issue of equity
shares, or redemption of debentures by issue of equity shares. Such transactions
should be disclosed elsewhere in the financial statements in a way that provide
all the relevant information about these investing and financing activities. Hence,
stocks acquired by issue of shares are not disclosed in cash flow statement.
With these three classifications, Cash Flow Statement is shown in Figure
6.1.

Cash Flow Statement

(Main heads only)
(A) Cash flows from operating activities xxx
(B) Cash flows from investing activities xxx
(C) Cash flows from financing activities xxx
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash xxx
equivalents (A + B + C)
+ Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning xxx
= Cash and cash equivalents at the end xxxx

Fig. 6.1 : Sharing Specimen Cash Flow Statement

Cash Flow Statement 287

Test your Understanding - I

Classify the following activities into operating activities, investing activities,
financing activities, cash activities.
1. Purchase of machinery. 2. Proceeds from issuance of equity share
capital.
3. Cash Sales. 4. Proceeds from long-term borrowings.
5. Proceeds from sales of old machinery. 6. Cash receipt from debtors.
7. Trading commission received. 8. Purchase of investment.
9. Redemption of preference shares. 10. Cash purchase.
11. Proceeds from sale of investment. 12. Purchase of goodwill.
13. Cash paid to supplier. 14. Interim dividend paid on equity shares.
15. Wages and salaries paid. 16. Proceeds from sale of patents.
17. Interest received on debentrues held 18. Interest paid on long-term borrowings.
as investments.
19. Office and administrative expenses 20. Manufacturing overhead paid.
paid.
21. Dividend received on shares held as 22. Rent received on property held as
investment. investment.
23. Selling and distribution expenses paid. 24. Income tax paid.
25. Dividend paid on preferences shares. 26. Underwriting commission paid.
27. Rent paid. 28. Brokerage paid on purchase of
29. Bank overdraft. investment.
30. Cash credit. 31. Short-term deposit.
32. Marketable securities. 33. Refund of income-tax received.

6.6 Ascertaining Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Operating activities are the main source of revenue and expenditure in an
enterprise. Not only that, this aspect is most complex and regarded as the major
problem area faced while preparing the cash flow statement. Therefore, the
ascertainment of cash flows from operating activities need special attention.
As per AS-3, an enterprise should report cash flows from operating activities
using either by using :
z Direct method whereby major classes of gross cash receipts and gross
cash payments are disclosed;
or
z Indirect method whereby net profit or loss is duly adjusted for the effects
of (1) transactions of a non-cash nature, (2) any deferrals or accruals of
past/future operating cash receipts, and (3) items of income or expenses
associated with investing or financing cash flows. It is important to
mention here that under indirect method, the starting point is net profit/
loss before taxation and extra ordinary items as per Income Statement
of the enterprise. Then this amount is for non-cash items, etc. adjusted
for ascertaining cash flows from operating activities.
288 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Accordingly, cash flow from operating activities can be determined using

either the Direct method or the Indirect method. These methods are discussed
in detail as follows.

6.6.1 Direct Method

As the name suggests, under direct method, major heads of cash inflows and
outflows (such as cash received from debtors, salary payments, etc) are
considered.
It is important to note here that items are recorded on accrual basis in Profit
and Loss Account. Hence, certain adjustments are made to convert them into
cash basis such as the following :
1. Cash receipts from customers = Sales+ Debtors and Bills Receivable
in the beginning – Debtors and Bills Receivable in the end.
2. Cash payments to suppliers = Purchases + Creditors and Bills Payable
in the beginning – Creditors and Bills Payable in the end.
3. Purchases = Cost of Goods Sold – Opening Stock + Closing Stock
4. Cash Expenses = Expenses on Accrual basis – Prepaid Expenses in the
beginning and Outstanding Expenses in the end + Prepaid Expenses
in the end and Outstanding Expenses in the beginning.
However, the following items are not to be considered:
1. Non-cash items such as depreciation , discount on shares, etc. be written-
off.
2. Items which are classified as investing or financing activities such as
interest received, dividend paid, etc.
As per AS-3, under the direct method, information about major classes of
gross cash receipts and cash payments may be obtained either–
z from the accounting records of the enterprise, or
z by adjusting sales cost of sales and other items in the statement of
profit or loss for the following:
z changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables
and payables;
z other non cash items; and
z other items for which cash effects are investing or financing cash
flows.
Figure 6.2 shows the Proforma of cash flows from operating activities using
direct method.
Cash Flow Statement 289

Cash Flows from Operating Activities (Direct Method)

Cash flows from operating activities:
Cash receipts from customers xxx
(–) Cash paid to suppliers and employees xxx
= Cash generated from operations xxx
(–) Income tax paid xxx
= Cash flow before extraordinary items xxx
+/– Extraordinary items xxx
= Net cash from operating activities xxxx

Fig. 6.2 : Proforma of Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Illustration 1
From the following information, calculate cash flow from operating activities
using direct method.
Profit and Loss Account
for the year ended on March 31, 2006
Dr. Cr.
Expenses/Losses Amount Revenues/Gains Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Cost of Goods Sold 1,20,000 Sales 2,20,000
Gross Profit 1,00,000
2,20,000 2,20,000

Salary 30,000 Gross Profit 1,00,000

Insurance Premium 8,000
Depreciation 20,000
Income Tax 10,000
Net Profit 32,000
1,00,000 1,00,000

Additional Information:
April 01, 2005 March 31, 2006
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Debtors 25,000 30,000
Bills Receivables 8,000 6,000
Creditors 17,000 15,000
Stock 22,000 27,000
Salaries Outstanding 2,000 3,000
Prepaid Insurance 5,000 5,500
Income Tax Outstanding 3,000 2,000
290 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Solution
Cash Flows from Operating Activities (Rs.)
Cash Receipts from Customers 2,17,000
Cash Paid to Suppliers (1,27,000)
Cash Paid to Employees (29,000)
Cash Paid for Insurance Premium (8,500)
Cash generated from Operations 52,500
Income Tax Paid (11,000)
Net Cash Inflow from Operations 41,500

Working Notes:
1. Cash Receipts from Customers is calculated as under :
Cash Receipts from Customers = Sales+ Debtors and Bills Receivables in the
beginning – Debtors and Bills Receivables in the end
= Rs.2,20,000 + Rs.25,000 + Rs.8,000 – Rs.30,000 – Rs.6,000
= Rs. 2,17,000
2. Purchases = Cost of Goods Sold – Opening Stock + Closing Stock
= Rs. 1,20,000 – Rs. 22,000 + Rs. 27,000
= Rs. 1,25,000
3. Cash Payments to Suppliers = Purchases+ Creditors and Bills Payables in the
beginning – Creditors and Bills Payable in the end
= Rs. 1,25,000 + Rs.17,000 – Rs.15,000
= Rs. 1,27,000
4. Cash Expenses = Expenses on Accrual basis – Prepaid Expenses in the beginning
and Outstanding Expenses in the end + Prepaid Expenses in the end and
Outstanding Expenses in the beginning
5. Cash Paid to Employees = Rs. 30,000+Rs.2,000 – Rs.3,000
= Rs. 29,000
6. Cash Paid for Insurance Premium = Rs. 8,000 – Rs.5,000+Rs.5,500
= Rs. 8,500
7. Income Tax Paid = Rs. 10,000+Rs.3,000 – Rs.2,000
= Rs. 11,000
8. It is important to note here that there are no extraordinary items.

6.6.2 Indirect Method

As mentioned earlier, indirect method of ascertaining cash flow from operating
activities begins with the amount of net profit/loss. This is not so because income
statement incorporates the effects of all operating activities of an enterprise.
However, income statement is prepared on accrual basis (and not on cash basis).
Moreover, it also includes certain non-operating items such as interest paid,
profit/loss on sale of fixed assets, etc) and non-cash items (such as depreciation,
goodwill to be written-off, etc. Therefore, it becomes necessary to adjust the
amount of net profit/loss as shown by Profit and Loss Account for arriving at
cash flows from operating activities. Let us look at the example :
Cash Flow Statement 291

Profit and Loss Account

for the year ended March 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Expenses/Losses Amount Revenues/Gains Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Salaries 35,000 Gross Profit 1,00,000
Rent 15,000 Profit on Sale of Land 2,000
Depreciation 10,000
Interest Paid 12,000
Net Profit 30,000
1,02,000 1,02,000

The above Profit and Loss Account shows the amount of net profit of
Rs.32,000. This has to be adjusted for arriving cash flows from operating
activities. Let us take various items one by one.
1. Depreciation is a non-cash item and hence, Rs.10,000 charged as
depreciation does not result in any cash flow. Therefore, this amount
must be added back to the net profit.
2. Interest paid of Rs.12,000 is a cash outflow on account of financing
activity. Therefore, this amount must also be added back to net profit
while calculating cash flows from operating activities. This amount of
interest will be shown as an outflow under the head of financing
activities.
3. Profit on sale of land is cash inflow from investing activity. Hence, this
amount must be deducted from the amount of net profit while
calculating cash flows from operating activities.
The above example gives you an idea as to how various adjustments are
made in the amount of net profit/loss. Other important adjustments relate to
changes in working capital which are necessary (i.e. items of current assets and
current liabilities) to convert net profit/loss which is based on accrual basis into
cash flows from operating activities. Therefore, the increase in current assets
and decrease in current liabilities are added to the net profit, and the decrease
in current assets and increase in current liabilities are deducted from the net
profit so as to arrive at the exact amount of net cash flow from operating activities.
As per AS-3, under indirect method, net cash flow from operating activities is
determined by adjusting net profit or loss for the effect of :
z Non-cash items such as depreciation, goodwill be written-off, provisions,
deferred taxes, etc. which are to be added back.
z All other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash
flows. The treatment of such items depend upon their nature. All investing
and financing incomes are to be deducted from the amount of net profits
while all such expenses are to be added back. For example, interest expense
292 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

which is a financing cash outflow is to be added back while interest income

which is investing cash inflow is to be deducted from the amount of net
profit.
z Changes in current assets and liabilities during the period. Increase in
current assets and decrease in current liabilities are to be deducted while
increase in current liabilities and decrease in current assets are to be
added up.
Figure 6.3 shows the proforma of calculating cash flows from operating
activities as per indirect method.
The direct method provides information which is useful in estimating future
cash flows. But such information is not available under the indirect method.
However, in practice, indirect method is mostly used by the companies for arriving
at the net cash flow from operating activities.
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
(Indirect Method)
Net Profit/Loss before Tax and Extraordinary Items
+ Deductions already made in Profit and Loss on account of xxx
Non-Cash items such as Depreciation, Goodwill to be Written-off.
+ Deductions already made in Profit and Loss on Account of xxx
Non-operating items such as Interest.
– Additions (incomes) made in Profit and Loss on Account of Non-operating xxx
Items such as Dividend Received, Profit on sale of Fixed Assets.
Operating Profit before Working Capital changes
+ Increase in Current Liabilities xxx
+ Decrease in Current Assets xxx
– Increase in Current Assets xxx
– Decrease in Current Liabilities xxx
Cash Flows from Operating Activities before Tax and Extraordinary Items.
– Income Tax Paid xxx
+/– Effects of Extraordinary Items xxx
Net Cash from Operating Activities xxx
Fig. 6.2: Proforma of Cash Flows from Operating Activities (Indirect Method)

As stated earlier, it may be noted that while working out the cash flow from
operating activities, the starting point is the ‘Net profit before tax and
extraordinary items’ and not the ‘Net profit as per Profit and Loss Account’, and
that the income tax paid is deducted there from as the last item to arrive at the
net cash flow from operating activities.
Cash Flow Statement 293

Illustration 2
Using the data given in Illustration 1, calculate cash flows from operating activities
using indirect method.
Solution
Cash Flows from Operating Activities (Rs.)
Net Profit before Taxation and Extraordinary Items (1) 42,000
Adjustments for–
+ Depreciation 20,000
= Operating Profit before working capital changes 62,000
– Increase in Sundry Debtors (5,000)
+ decrease in Bills Receivables +2,000
– Increase in Inventories (5,000)
– Increase in Prepaid Insurance (500)
– Decrease in Sundry Creditors (2,000)
+ Increase in Outstanding Salaries +1,000
= Cash generated from Operations 52,500
– Income tax paid (11,000)
= Net cash from Operating Activities 41,500

You will notice that the amount of cash flows from operating activities are the same whether
we use direct method or indirect method for its calculation.
Working Notes:
The net profit before taxation and extraordinary items has been worked out as under:
(1) Net Profit = Rs. 32,000
+ Income Tax provided for Profit and Loss = Rs.10,000
= Net Profit before Tax and Extraordinary Items = Rs.42,000

Illustration 3
Calculate cash flows from operating activities from the following information.
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended March 31, 2006
Expenses/Losses Amount Revenues/Gains Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Rent 10,000 Gross Profit 50,000
Salary 25,000 Profit on Sale of Machinery 2,000
Depreciation 5,000 Income Tax Refund 3,000
Loss on Sale of Equipment 3,000
Goodwill written-off 2,000
Provision for Taxation 8,000
Net Profit 2,000
55,000 55,000
294 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Additional Information:
April 01, 2005 March 31, 2006
Rs. Rs.
Provision for Taxation 10,000 13,000
Outstanding Rent 2,000 2,500
Creditors 21,000 25,000
Debtors 15,000 21,000
Inventories 25,000 22,000

Solution
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net profit before taxation, and extraordinary items 10,000
Adjustments for:
+ Depreciation 5,000
+ Loss on Sale of Equipment 3,000
+ Goodwill Written-off 2,000
– Profit on Sale of Machinery (2,000)
– Income Tax Refund (3,000)
Operating Profit before Working Capital charges 15,000
– Increase in Sundry Debtors (6,000)
+ Decrease in Inventories 3,000
+ Increase in Sundry Creditors 4,000
+ Increase in Outstanding Rent 500
Cash generated from Operations 16,500
Income Tax Paid (5,000)
Income Tax refund 3,000
Net Cash from Operating Activities 14,500

Working Notes:
1. Net profit before taxation & extraordinary item = Rs. 2,000+Rs.8,000
= Rs. 10,000
2. Income tax paid during the year has been ascertained by preparing provision for
tax account as follows:
Cash Flow Statement 295

Provision for Taxation Account

Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Cash 5,000 Balance b/d 10,000
(Income tax paid during Profit and Loss 8,000
the year - Balancing
Figure)
Balance c/d 13,000

18,000 18,000

Illustration 4
Charles Ltd. made a profit of Rs.1,00,000 after charging depreciation of
Rs.20,000 on assets and a transfer to general reserve of Rs.30,000. The goodwill
written-off was Rs.7,000 and gain on sale of machinery was Rs.3,000. Other
information available to you ( charges in the value of current assets and current
liabilities) are debtors showed an increase of Rs,6,000; creditors an increase of
Rs.10,000; prepaid expenses an increase of Rs.200; bills receivables a decrease
of Rs.3,000; bills payables a decrease of Rs.4,000 and outstanding expenses a
decrease of Rs. 2,000. Ascertain cash flow from operating activities.

Solution
(Rs.)
Net Profit before Taxation 1,00,000
Adjustment for Non-cash and Non-operating Items :
+ Depreciation 20,000
+ Transfer to general reserve 30,000
+ Goodwill written-off 7,000
– Gain on sale of machinery (3,000)
Operating profit before working capital 1,54,000
Adjustment for working capital charges :
– Increase in Debtors (6,000)
+ Increase in Creditors 10,000
– Increase in Prepaid Expenses (200)
+ Decrease in Bills Receivables 3,000
– Decrease in Bills Payables (4,000)
– Decrease in Outstanding Expenses (2,000)
= Net Cash from Operating Activities 1,54,800
296 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Do it Yourself
1. The Profit and Loss Account of Raj Limited is given here under:
Profit and Loss Account
for the year ended March 31, 2007
Dr. Cr.
Expenses/Losses Amount Revenues/Gains Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Opening Stock 2,00,000 Sales:
Purchases: Cash Sales 8,00,000
Cash Purchases 4,00,000 Credit Sales 34,00,000
Credit Purchases 17,00,000 Less Returns (2,00,000)
Less Returns (1,00,000) Net Sales 40,00,000
Net Purchases 20,00,000
Administrative 10,20,000 Trading 20,40,000
Expenses Commission
Discount Allowed 1,20,000 Discount Recd. 60,000
to Customers from Suppliers
Bad Debts 1,00,000 Closing Stock 1,00,000
Depreciation 3,80,000
Provision for Tax 8,00,000
Net Profit 15,80,000
62,00,000 62,00,000

Additional Information:

(Rs.) (Rs.)
Bills Receivable 20,00,000 40,00,000
Bills Payable 20,00,000 10,00,000
Outstanding Administrative Expenses 10,000 20,000
Prepaid Administrative Expenses 20,000 10,000
Accrued Trading Expenses 20,000 40,000
Advance Trading Expenses 40,000 20,000
Provision for Taxation 10,00,000 12,00,000
Ascertain Cash from Operations. Show your workings clearly.

2. From the following information calculate net cash from operations:

Particulars (Rs.)
Operating Profit after Provision for Tax of Rs. 1,53,000. 6,28,000
Insurance proceeds from the famine settlement 1,00,000
Cash Flow Statement 297

Proposed Dividend for the current year 72,000

Depreciation 1,40,000
Loss on Sale of Machinery 30,000
Profit on Sale of Investment 20,000
Dividend Received on Investments 6,000
Decrease in Current Assets 10,000
(other than cash and cash equivalents)
Increase in Current Liabilities 1,51,000
Increase in Current Assets other than Cash and Cash Equivalents 6,00,000
Decrease in Current Liabilities 64,000
Income Tax Paid 1,18,000
Refund of Income Tax Received 3,000

Test your Understanding – II

1. Choose one of the two alternatives given below and fill in the blanks in
the following statements:
(a) If the net profits earned during the year is Rs. 50,000 and the amount of
debtors in the beginning and the end of the year is Rs. 10,000 and
Rs. 20,000 respectively, then the cash from operating activities will be
equal to Rs. __________________ (Rs. 40,000/Rs. 60,000)
(b) If the net profits made during the year are Rs. 50,000 and the bills
receivables have decreased by Rs. 10,000 during the year then the cash
flow from operating activities will be equal to Rs. ________________ (40,000/
Rs. 60,000)
(c) Expenses paid in advance at the end of the year are ________________ the
profit made during the year (added to/deducted from).
(d) An increase in accrued income during the particular year is ________________
the net profit (added to/deducted from).
(e) Goodwill written-off is ________________ the profit made during the year
for calculating the cash flow from operating activities (added to/ deducted
from)
(f) For calculating cash flow from operating activities, provision for doubtful
debts is ________________ the profit made during the year (added to/
deducted from).
2. While computing cash from operating activities, indicated whether the
following items will be added or subtracted from the net profit- if not to be
considered write NC
298 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Items Result
(a) Increase in the value of creditors
(b) Increase in the value of patents
(c) Decrease in prepaid expenses
(d) Decrease in income received in advance
(e) Decrease in value of stock
(f) Increase in share capital
(g) Increase in the value of bills receivables
(h) Increase in the amount of outstanding expenses
(i) Conversion of debentures into shares
(j) Decrease in the value of bills payables
(k) Increase in the value of debtors
(l) Decrease in the amount of accrued income.

Sometimes, neither the amount of net profit is specified nor the Profit and Loss
Account is given. In such a situation, the amount of net profit can be worked
out by comparing the Profit, and Loss Account balance given in the comparative
Balance Sheets for two years. The difference is treated as the net profit for the
year; and, then, by adjusting it with the amount of provision for tax made during
the year (as worked out by comparing the provision for tax balances of two
years given in balance sheets), the amount of ‘Net Profit before tax’ can be
ascertained (see Illustration (see Illustration 7 and 8)

6.7 Ascertainment of Cash Flow from Investing and Financing Activities

The details of item leading inflows and outflows from investing and financing
activities have already been outlined. While preparing the cash flow statement,
all major items of gross cash receipts, gross cash payments, and net cash flows
from investing and financing activities must be shown separately under the
headings ‘Cash Flow from Investing Activities’ and ‘Cash Flow from Financing
Activities’ respectively.’
The ascertainment of net cash flows from investing and financing activities
have been briefly dealt with in Illustrations 5 and 6.
Cash Flow Statement 299

Illustration 5
Welprint Ltd. has given you the following information:
(Rs.)
Machinery as on April 01, 2004 50,000
Machinery as on March 31, 2005 60,000
Accumulated Depreciation on April 01, 2004 15,000
Accumulated Depreciation on March 31, 2005 25,000
During the year, a Machine costing Rs. 25,000 with Accumulated Depreciation of Rs.
15,000 was sold for Rs. 13,000.
Calculate cash flow from Investing Activities on the basis of the above
information.
Solution
Cash Flows from Investing Activities (Rs.)
Sale of Machinery 13,000
Purchase of Machinery (35,000)
Net cash used in Investing Activities (22,000)

Working Notes:
Machinery Account
Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Balance b/d 50,000 Cash (proceeds 13,000
Profit and Loss 3,000 from sale of machine)
(profit on sale of machine Accumulated 15,000
Cash (balancing figure–new 35,000 Depreciation
machinery purchased) Balance c/d 60,000
88,000 88,000

Accumulated Depreciation Account

Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Machinery 15,000 Balance b/d 25,000
Balance c/d 15,000 Profit and Loss
(Depreciation provided
during the year) 5,000
30,000 30,000
300 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Illustration 6
From the following information, calculate cash flows from financing activities:
( Rs.) ( Rs.)
Long-term Loans 2,00,000 2,50,000
During the year, the company repaid a loan of Rs. 1,00,000.
Solution
Cash flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from long-term borrowings 1,50,000
Repayment of long-term borrowings (1,00,000)
Net cash inflow from Financing Activities 50,000

Working Notes:
Long-term Loan Account
Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Cash (loan repaid) 1,00,000 Balance b/d 2,00,000
Balance c/d 2,50,000 Cash (new loan raised) 1,50,000
3,50,000 3,50,000

Do it Yourself
1. From the following particulars, calculate cash flows from investing activities:
Purchased Sold
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Plant 4,40,000 50,000
Investments 1,80,000 1,00,000
Goodwill 2,00,000
Patents 1,00,000
Interest received on debentures held as investment Rs. 60,000
Dividend received on shares held as investment Rs. 10,000
A plot of land had been purchased for investment purposes and was let out for
commercial use and rent received Rs. 30,000.
Cash Flow Statement 301

2.From the following Information, calculate cash flows from investing and financing
activities:-
2005 2006

Machine at cost 5,00,000 9,00,000

Accumulated Deprciation 3,00,000 4,50,000
Equity Shares Capital 28,00,000 35,00,000
Bank Loan 12,50,000 7,50,000

In year 2006, machine costing Rs.2,00,000 was sold at a profit of Rs.1,50,000,

Depreciation charged on machine during the year 2006 amounted to Rs.2,50,000.

6.8 Preparation of Cash Flow Statement

As stated earlier cash flow statement provides information about change in the
position of Cash and Cash Equivalents of an enterprise, over an accounting
period. The activities contributing this change are classified into operating,
investing and financial. The methology of working out the net cash flow (or use)
from all the three activities for an accounting period has been explained in details
and a brief format of Cash Flow Statement has also been given in Fig. 6.1. However,
while preparing a cash flow statement, full details of inflows and outflows are
given under head including the net cash flow (or use) arise there from. The
aggregate of the net cash flows (or use) is worked out and is shown as, Net
Increase Decrease in cash and Cash Equivalents’ to which the amount of ‘cash
and cash equivalent at the beginning’ is added and thus the amount of ‘cash
and cash equivalents at the end’ is arrived at as shown in Fig. 6.1. This figure
will be the same as the total amount of cash in hand, cash at bank (or overdraft)
and cash equivalants (if any) given in the balance sheet (see Illustrations 7 to
10). Another point that needs to be noted is that when cash flows from operating
activities are worked out by an indirect method and shown as such in the cash
flow statement, the statement itself is termed as ‘Indirect method cash flow
statement’. Thus, the cash flow statements prepared in Illustrations 7, 8 and 9
fall under this category as the cash flows from operating activities have been
worked out by indirect method. Similarly, if the cash flows from operating
activities are worked by direct method while preparing the cash flow statement,
it will be termed as ‘direct method Cash Flow Statement’. Illustration 10 shows
both types of Cash Flow Statement. However, unless it is specified clearly as to
which method is to be used, the cash flow statement may preferably be prepared
by an indirect method as is done by most companies in practive. Look at these
flow statements of Grase in Industries, Ucal Fuel Systems and Sterlite optical
Technologies given at the end of the Chapter.
302 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Illustration 7
From the following information, prepare Cash Flow Statement for Pioneer Ltd.
Balance Sheet of Pioneer Ltd. as on March 31, 2005
Liabilities March 31, March 31, Assets March 31, March 31,
2004 2005 2004 2005
Equity Shares 5,00,000 7,00,000 Patents 1,00,000 95,000
Profit and Loss 2,00,000 3,50,000 Equipments 2,00,000 2,30,000
Bank Loan 1,00,000 50,000 Furniture 3,00,000 2,70,000
Proposed Dividend 50,000 70,000 Investments ------ 1,00,000
Provison of Taxation 30,000 50,000 Debtors 80,000 1,20,000
Creditors 50,000 45,000 Store 50,000 1,30,000
Oustanding Rent 5,000 7,000 Cash 5,000 27,000
Bank 2,00,000 3,00,000
9,35,000 12,72,000 9,35,000 12,72,000

During the year, equipment costing Rs.80,000 was purchased. Loss on sale of
equipment amounted to Rs.5,000. Depreciation of Rs.15,000 and Rs. 3,000
were provided for equipments and furniture.
Solution
Cash Flow Statement
(Rs.)
I
. Cash flows from Operating Activities :
Net profit before taxation & extraordinary items 2,00,000
Provision for :
Depreciation on Equipment 15,000
Depreciation on Furniture 30,000
Patents Written-off 5,000
Proposed Dividend 70,000
Loss on Sale of Equipment 5,000

Operating Profit before Working Capital Charges 3,25,000

– Decrease in Creditors (5,000)
+ Increase in Outstanding Rent 2,000
– Increase in Debtors (40,000)
– Increase in Goods (80,000)
as generated from Operating Activities
2,02,000
(–) Tax Paid (30,000)

A. Cash Inflows from Operating Activities 1,72,000

Cash Flow Statement 303

II. Cash flows from Investing Activities:

Proceeds from Sale of Equipments 30,000
Purchase of new Equipment (80,000)
Purchase of Investments (1,00,000)
B. Cash used in Investing Activities (1,50,000)
III. Cash flows from Financing Activities:
Issues of Equity share capital 2,00,000
Repayment of bank loan (50,000)
Payment of Dividend (50,000)
C. Cash Inflows from Financing Activities 1,00,000
Net increase in Cash & Cash Equivalents (A+B+C) 1,22,000
+ Cash and Cash Equivalents in the beginning 2,05,000
Cash and Cash Equivalents in the end 3,27,000

Working Notes:
(1)
Equipment Account
Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Balance b/d 2,00,000 Depreciation 15,000
Cash 80,000 (balancing figure)
Bank 30,000
Profit & Loss (Loss on sale) 5,000
Balance c/d 2,30,000
2,80,000 2,80,000

(2) Patents of Rs. 5,000 (i.e. Rs.1,00,000 – Rs. 95,000) were written-off during the
year, and depreciation on furniture Rs. 30,000. (Rs. 3,00,000 – Rs. 2,70,000)
(3) It is assumed that dividend of Rs.50,000 and tax of Rs.30,000 provided in 2003-
2004 has been paid during the year 2004-05. Hence, proposed dividend and provision
for tax during the year amounts to Rs.70,000 and Rs. 50,000 respectively.
(Rs.)
(4) Profit and Loss at the end 3,50,000
(–) Profit and Loss in the beginning 2,00,000

(5) Net Profit during the year 1,50,000

+ Provision for Tax during the year 50,000
Net Profit before Taxation & Extraordinary Items 2,00,000
304 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Illustration 8
From the following information, prepare a Cash Flow Statement for Xerox Limited.
Balance Sheet of Xerox Ltd. as on March 31, 2007
Liabilities March March Assets March March
31,2006 31,2007 31,2006 31,2007

Equity Share 10,00,000 15,00,000 Goodwill 2,00,000 1,80,000

Profit and Loss 6,00,000 7,50,000 Land & Building 8,00,000 6,50,000
Debentures 2,00,000 -- Plant & Machinery 4,00,000 3,60,000
Bank Loan -- 1,00,000 Investments -- 6,00,000
Profit for Taxation 80,000 95,000 Debtors 1,50,000 2,00,000
Creditors 60,000 70,000 Stock 1,00,000 1,80,000
50,000 30,000 Cash 50,000 70,000
Bank 2,90,000 3,05,000

19,90,000 25,45,000 19,90,000 25,45,000

Dividend of Rs.1,50,000 was proposed and paid during the year. Income
tax paid during the year includes Rs.15,000 on account of Dividend Tax.
Moreover, during the year, Land and Building worth Rs.1,50,000 was sold at a
profit of 10%. The rate of Depreciation on Plant and Machinery is 10%.

Solution
Cash Flow Statement
I
. Cash flows from Operating Activities (Rs.)
Net Profit before Taxation and Extraordinary Items 2,45,000
Adjustment for –
+ Depreciation 40,000
+ Goodwill written-off 20,000
+ Proposed Dividend 1,50,000
– Profit on Sale of Land (15,000)
= Operating Profit before working capital charges 4,40,000
+ Increase in Creditors 10,000
– Decrease in Bills Paybles (20,000)
– Increase in Debtors (50,000)
– Increase in Stock (80,000)
= Cash generated from Operations 3,00,000
– Income Tax Paid (1) (65,000)
A. Cash Inflows from Operations 2,35,000
Cash Flow Statement 305

II. Cash flows from Investing Activities

Proceeds from Sale of Land and Building 1,65,000
Purchase of Investment 6,00,000

B. Cash used in Investing Activities (4,35,000)

III. Cash flows from Financing Activities

Proceeds from issue of Equity Share Capital 5,00,000
Redemption of Debentures (2,00,000)
Proceeds from raising Bank Loan 1,00,000
Dividend Paid (1,50,000)
Dividend Tax Paid (15,000)

C. Cash flows from Financing Activities 2,35,000

Net Increase in cash and cash equivalents (A+B+C) 35,000
+ Cash and Cash Equivalents in the beginning 3,40,000

Cash and Cash Equivalent at the end 3,75,000

Working Notes:
(1) Total income tax paid during the year Rs. 80,0000
(–) Dividend tax paid (given) Rs. (15,000)

Income tax paid for operating activities Rs. 65,000

(2) Net profit earned during the year after tax and dividend
= Rs. 7,50,000 – 6,00,000 = Rs.1,50,000
(3) Net profit before tax
= Rs. 1,50,000 + Provision for tax made
= Rs. 1,50,000 + 95,000 (See provision for taxation account)
= Rs. 2,45,000
Equity Share Capital Account
Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Balance c/d 15,00,000 Balance b/d 10,00,000
Cash 5,00,000
(New capital raised)
15,00,000 15,00,000

Debenture Account
Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Cash (Redemption) 20,000 Balance b/d 20,000
20,000 20,000
306 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Bank Account
Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Balance c/d 1,00,000 Cash 1,00,000
1,00,000 1,00,000

Provision for Taxation Account

Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Cash (Tax paid- which 80,000 Balance b/d 80,000
includes Rs. 15,000 as Profit and Loss 95,000
dividend (Provision made during
Balance c/d 95,000 the year)
1,75,000 1,75,000

Land and Building Account

Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Balance b/d 8,00,000 Cash 1,65,000
Profit and Loss 15,000 Balance c/d 6,50,000
(Profit on sale)
8,15,000 8,15,000

Proposed Dividend Account

Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Cash 1,50,000 Profit and Loss 1,50,000

1,50,000 1,50,000

Plant and Machinery Account

Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Balance b/d 4,00,000 Depreciation 40,000
3,60,000
4,00,000 4,00,000
Cash Flow Statement 307

Illustration 9
From the following particulars related to Oswal Agro Mills Ltd., prepare cash
Flow Statement for the year ended on March 31, 2006
Particulars 31.3.06 31.03.05
Source of funds (Rs. lakh) (Rs. Lakh)
Shareholders funds
Capital 1,300 1,400
Reserve and Surplus 4,700 4,000

Grand Total 6,000 5,400

Application of funds
Fixed Assets
Gross Block 3,600 3,400
(-) Depreciation (1,200) (1,000)
Net Block 2,400 2,400
Investments 300 200
Current Assets
- Inventories 1,200 1,300
- Sundry Debtors 800 900
- Cash and Bank Balance 1,200 800
- Loans and Advances 800 800
Total
Less : Current Liabilities
- Trade Creditors 500 400
- Short term loans 200 600
Total (700) (1,000)

Net Current Assets 3,300 2,800

Gross Total 6,000 5,400

Income Statement for the year ended on March 31, 2006

(Rs. in lakh)
Sales 2,800
Other income (Dividend income) 1,000
(–) Expenditure 3,800
Labour cost (600)
Interest paid (200)
Depreciation (200)
Profit before Tax 2,800
(–) Tax Paid (1,000)
(–) Loss due to earthquake (1,100)
Net Profit 700
308 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

You are given that no dividends were paid by the company during the year
2006. Out of fixed assets, lands worth Rs.1,000 having no accumulated
depreciation were sold at no profit or no loss.
Solution
Cash Flow Statement
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net Profit before Tax and Extraordinary Items (1) 2,800
Adjustment for :
+ Interest paid 200
+ Depreciation 200

Operating profit before working capital charges 3,200

Adjustment for :
+ Decrease in Inventories 100
+ Decrease in Sundry Debtors 100
+ Increase in Sundry Creditors 100
– Decrease in Short Term Loans (400)

Cash generated from Operations 3,100

(–) Income Tax Paid (1,000)
(–) Loss due to earthquake (1,100)

A. Net cash from Operating Activities 1,000

Cash flows from Investing Activities
Sale of Land (2) 1,000
Purchase of Fixed Assets (2) (1,200)
Purchase of Investments (100)

B. Net cash (300)

Cash flows from Financing Activities
Interest Paid (200)
Redemption of Capital (100)

(300)
C. Net Cash used in Financing Activities
Net increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents 400
during the year (A+B+C)
+ Cash and Cash Equivalents in the 800
beginning of the year

= Cash and Cash Equivalents in the end 1,200

Cash Flow Statement 309

Working Notes:
(Rs. in lakh)
(1) Net Profit before Tax and Extraordinary Items = Rs. 700 + Rs.1,100 + Rs.1,000
= Rs. 2,800

(2) Fixed Assets Account

Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Balance b/d 3,400 Cash (Sale of land) 1,000
Cash (Purchase of fixed 1,200 Balance c/d 3,600
assets)
4,600 4,600

Accumulated Depreciation Account

Dr. Cr.
Particulars J.F. Amount Particulars J.F. Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Balance c/d 1,200 Balance b/d 1,000
Profit and Loss 200
1,200 1,200

Illustration 10
From the following information, prepare a Cash Flow Statement as per AS-3 for
Banjara Ltd, using both direct and indirect methods.
Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2006
(Rs.’000)
2006 2005
Assets
Cash on Hand and balances with Bank 200 25
Marketable Securities
( having one month maturity) 670 135
Sundry Debtors 1,700 1,200
Interest Receivable 100 -
Inventories 900 1,950
Investments 2,500 2,500
Fixed Assets at cost 2,180 1,910
310 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Accumulated Depreciation (1,450) (1,060)

Fixed Assets (net) 730 850
Total Assets 6,800 6,660
Liabilities
Sundry Creditors 150 1,890
Interest Payable 230 100
Income Tax Payable 400 1,000
Long-term Debt 1,110 1,040
Total liabilities 1,890 4,030
Shareholders’ Fund
Share Capital 1,500 1,250
Reserves 3,410 1,380
Total shareholders’ Fund 4,910 2,630

Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Fund 6,800 6,660

Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended March 31, 2006
(Rs.’000)
Sales 30,650
Cost of sales (26,000)

Gross profit 4,650

Depreciation (450)
Administrative and selling expenses ( 910)
Interest expense (400)
Interest income 300
Dividend income 200

Net profit before taxation and extraordinary items 3,390

Extraordinary items:
Insurance proceeds from earthquake disaster settlement 140

Net profit after Extraordinary Items 3,530

Income tax (300)

Net Profit 3,230

Cash Flow Statement 311

Additional Information: (Rs.’000)

a. An amount of Rs. 250 was raised from the issue of share capital and a further
Rs. 250 was raised from long-term borrowings.
b. Interest expense was Rs. 400 of which Rs. 170 was paid during the period. Rs.
100 relating to interest expense of the prior period was also paid during the
period.
c. Dividends paid were Rs. 1,200.
d. Tax deducted at source on dividends received (included in the tax expense of
Rs. 300 for the year) amounted to Rs. 40.
e. During the period, the enterprise acquired Fixed Assets for Rs. 350. The payment
was made in cash.
f
. Plant with original cost of Rs. 80 and accumulated depreciation of Rs. 60 was
sold for Rs. 20.
g. Sundry Debtors and Sundry Creditors include amounts relating to credit sales
and credit purchases only.

Solution
Cash Flow Statement
(Direct Method)
(Rs.‘000)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash Receipts from Customers 30,150
Cash Paid to Suppliers and Employees (27,600)
Cash generated from Operations 2,550
Income Tax paid (860)
Cash Flow before Extraordinary Item 1,690
Proceeds from earthquake disaster settlement 140
Net Cash from Operating Activities 1,830
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchase of Fixed Assets (350)
Proceeds from Sale of Equipment 20
Interest Received 200
Dividends Received 160
Net cash from Investing Activities 30
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of Share Capital 250
Proceeds from Long-term Borrowings 250
312 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Repayment of Long-term Borrowings (180)

Interest paid (270)
Dividends paid (1,200)
Net cash used in Financing Activities (1,150)
Net increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents 710
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 160

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period 870

Cash Flow Statement

(Indirect Method)
(Rs.‘000)
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net Profit before Taxation and Extraordinary Item 3,390
Adjustments for:
+ Depreciation 450
– Interest Income (300)
– Dividend Income (200)
+ Interest Expense 400

Operating Profit before working capital charges 3,740

Increase in Sundry Debtors (500)
Decrease in Inventories 1,050
Decrease in Sundry Creditors (1,740)

Cash generated from Operations 2,550

Income Tax paid (860)

Cash flow before Extraordinary Items 1,690

Proceeds from earthquake disaster settlement 140

Net cash from Operating Activities 1,830

Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchase of Fixed Assets (350)
Proceeds from Sale of Equipment 20
Interest Received 200
Dividends Received (net of TDS) 160

Net cash from Investing Activities 30

Cash flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of Share Capital 250
Proceeds from Long-term Borrowings 250
Cash Flow Statement 313

Repayment of Long-term Borrowings (180)

Interest Paid (270)
Dividends Paid (1,200)

Net Cash used in Financing Activities (1,150)

Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents 710

Cash and Cash Equivalents at the beginning of the period 160

Cash and Cash Equivalents at the end of the period 870

Working Notes:
(1) Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and Cash Equivalents consist of cash on hand and balances with banks, and
investments in money-market instruments. Cash and Cash Equivalents included in the
Cash Flow Statement comprise the following balance sheet amounts.
(Rs.‘000)
2006 2005
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Cash in Hand and balances with Bank 200 25
Short-term Investments 670 135
Cash and Cash Equivalents 870 160
(2) Cash Receipts from Customers
Sales 30,650
Add: Sundry Debtors at the beginning of the year 1,200
31,850
Less : Sundry Debtors at the end of the year 1,700
30,150
(3) Cash paid to Suppliers and Employees
Cost of Sales 26,000
Administrative and Selling Expenses 910
26,910
Add: Sundry Creditors at the beginning of the year 1,890
Inventories at the end of the year 900 2,790
29,700
Less : Sundry Creditors at the end of the year 150
Inventories at the beginning of the year 1,950 2,100
27,600

(4) Income Tax paid (including TDS from dividends received) 300
Income Tax expense for the year
(including tax deducted at source from dividends received)
314 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Add : Income Tax liability at the beginning of the year 1,000

1,300
Less : Income Tax liability at the end of the year 400

900

Out of Rs. 900, tax deducted at source on dividends received (amounting

to Rs. 40) is included in cash flows from investing activities and the balance of Rs. 860 is
included in cash flows from operating activities.
(5) Repayment of Long-term Borrowings
Long-term Debts at the beginning of the year 1,040
Add : Long-term Borrowings made during the year 250

1,290
Less : Long-term Borrowings at the end of the year 1,110

180

(6) Interest paid

Interest expense for the year 400
Add: Interest Payable at the beginning of the year 100

500
Less: Interest Payable at the end of the year 230

270

Terms Introduced in the Chapter

1. Cash 2. Cash Equivalent

3. Cash Inflows 4. Cash Outflows
5. Non-cash item 6. Cash Flow Statement
7. Operating Activities 8. Investing Activities
9. Financing Activities 10. Accounting Standard 3
11. Extraordinary Items
Cash Flow Statement 315

Summary

Cash Flow Statement: The Cash Flow Statement is considered to be superior to

Statement of Changes in Financial Position to ascertain the liquidity of an
enterprise. Cash Flow Statement is to be prepared and reported by Indian
enterprises according to AS-3 issued by The Institute of Chartered Accountants of
India. The cash flows are categorised into flows from operating, investing and
financing activities. This statement helps the users to ascertain the amount and
certainty of cash flows to be generated by an enterprise.

Question for Practice

A. Short Answer Questions

1. What is a Cash flow statement?
2. How the varions activities are classified (as per AS-3 revised) while
preparing cash flow statement?
3. State the uses of cash flow statement?
4. What are the objectives of preparing cash flow statement.
5. Explain the terms: Cash Equivalents, Cash flows.
6. Prepare a format of cash flow from operating activities under direct method
and indirect method.
7. Now that you know the meaning of operating activities, state clearly what
would constitute the operating activities for the following types of
enterprises:
(i) Hotel
(ii) Film production house
(iii) Financial enterprise
(iv) Media enterprise
(v) Steel manufacturing unit
(vi) Software business unit.
8. “The nature/type of enterprise can change altogether the category into
which a particular activity may be classified.” Do you agree? Illustrate
your answer.
316 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

B. Long Answer Questions

1. Describe the procedure to prepare Cash Flow Statement.
2. Describe “Direct” and “Indirect” method of ascertaining Cash Flow from
operating activities.
3. Explain the major Cash Inflow and outflows from investing activities.
4. Explain the major Cash Inflows and outflows from financing activities.

Numerical Questions

1. Anand Ltd. arrived at a net income of Rs. 5,00,000 for the year ended
March 31, 2007. Depreciation for the year was Rs. 2,00,000. There was
again of Rs. 50,000 on assets sold which was credited to profit and loss
account. Bills Receivables increased during the year Rs. 40,000 and Bills
Payables also increased by Rs. 60,000. Compute the cash flow operating
activities by the indirect approach.
2. From the information given below you are required to prepare the cash
paid for the inventory:
(Rs.)
Inventory in the beginning 40,000
Purchases 1,60,000
Inventory in the end 38,000
Inventory creditors in the beginning 14,000
Inventory creditors in the end 14,500
[Ans.: Rs. 1,59,500]

3. For each of the following transactions, calculate the resulting cash flow
and state the nature of cash flow viz., operating, investing and financing.
(a) Acquired machinery for Rs. 2,50,000 paying 20% drawn and
executing a bond for the balance payable.
(b) Paid Rs. 2,50,000 to acquire shares in Informa Tech. and received a
dividend of Rs. 50,000 after acquisition.
(c) Sold machinery of original cost Rs. 2,00,000 with an accumulated
depreciation of Rs. 1,60,000 for Rs. 60,000.
[Ans.: Rs. 50,000 investing flow (outflow); Rs. 2,00,000 investing flow
(outflow); Rs. 60,000 investing flow (inflow).].
4. The following is the Profit and Loss Account of Yamuna Limited:
Cash Flow Statement 317

Yamuna Limited
Profit and Loss Account for the Year ended March 31, 2007
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Sales 10,00,000
Cost of Goods Sold:
Opening Stock 2,50,000
Purchases 5,00,000
7,50,000
Less Closing Stock 2,00,000 5,50,000
Gross Profit 4,50,000
Operating Expenses 3,00,000
Net Profit 1,50,000

Additional information:
(i) Trade debtors decrease by Rs. 30,000 during the year.
(ii) Prepaid expenses increase by Rs. 5,000 during the year.
(iii) Trade creditors decrease by Rs. 15,000 during the year.
(iv) Outstanding expenses increased by Rs. 3,000 during the year.
(v) Operating expenses included depreciation of Rs. 25,000.
Compute net cash provided by operations for the year ended March 31, 2007
by the indirect method.
[Ans.: Cash provided from operations Rs. 2,18,000].
5. Compute cash from operations from the following figures:
(i) Profit for the year 2005-06 is a sum of Rs. 10,000 after providing for
depreciation of Rs. 2,000.
(ii) The current assets of the business for the year ended March 31, 2006
and 2007 are as follows:
March March
31, 2006 31, 2007
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Debtors 10,000 12,000
Provision for Doubtful Debts 1,000 1,200
Bills Receivables 4,000 3,000
Bills Payables 5,000 6,000
Creditors 8,000 9,000
Inventories 5,000 8,000
Short-term Investments 10,000 12,000
Outstanding Expenses 1,000 1,500
Prepaid Expenses 2,000 1,000
Accrued Income 3,000 4,000
Income received in advance 2,000 1,000
[Ans.: Cash from operations: Rs. 7,700].
Preparation of Cash Flow Statement from Summary Cash Account
318 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

6. From the following particulars of Bharat Gas Limited, calculate Cash

Flows from Investing Activities. Also show the workings clearly preparing
the ledger accounts:
Balance Sheet of Bharat Gas Limited as on .....................
Liabilities 2006 2007 2006 2007
Amount Amount Amount Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Goodwill 1,00,000 3,00,000
Patents 2,80,000 1,60,000
Machinery 10,20,000 12,40,000
10% Long-term 60,000 1,60,000
investment
Investment in 1,00,000 1,00,000
land
Shares of 1,00,000 1,00,000
Amartax Ltd.

Additional Information:
(a) Patents were written off to the extent of Rs. 40,000 and some Patents
were sold at a profit of Rs. 20,000.
(b) A Machine costing Rs. 1,40,000 (Depreciation provided thereon
Rs. 60,000) was sold for Rs. 50,000. Depreciation charged during the
year was Rs. 1,40,000.
(c) On March 31, 2007, 10% Investments were purchased for Rs. 1,80,000
and some Investments were sold at a profit of Rs. 20,000. Interest on
Investment was received on March 31, 2007.
(d) Amartax Ltd. paid Dividend @ 10% on its shares.
(e) A plot of Land had been purchased for investment purposes and let out
for commercial use and rent received Rs. 30,000.
[Ans.: Rs. 5,24,200].
7. From the following Balance Sheet of Mohan Ltd. Prepare cash flow
Statement:
Balance Sheet of Rajeshwar Limited as on ............................
Liabilities 2005 2006 Assets 2005 2006
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Equity Share Capital 2,00,000 3,00,000 Fixed Assets 4,00,000 6,00,000
Profit & Loss 1,60,000 2,00,000 Stock 1,30,000 1,50,000
Bank Loan 1,00,000 80,000 Debtor’s 1,00,000 60,000
Accumulated Dep. 80,000 1,00,000 Bills Receivable 20,000 30,000
Creditor 1,40,000 1,20,000 Bank 90,000 30,000
Proposed Dividend 60,000 70,000
7,40,000 8,70,000 7,40,000 8,70,000
Cash Flow Statement 319

Additional Information:
Machine Costing Rs. 80,000 on which accumulated depreciation was
Rs, 50,000 was sold for Rs. 20,000.
[Ans.: Cash flow from Operating Activity Rs. 1,80,000
Cash flow from Invisiting Activity Rs. (2,60,000)
Cash flow from Financing Activity Rs. 20,000].
8. From the following Balance Sheets of Tiger Super Steel Ltd., prepare Cash
Flow Statement:
Balance Sheet
Liabilities 2005 2006 Assets 2005 2006
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Equity Share Capital 80,000 1,20,000 Goodwill 24,000 18,800
10%Preference Sh. Capital 40,000 20,000 Land & Building 40,000 20,000
General Reserve 8,000 12,000 Plant 36,000 76,400
Profit and Loss Account 7,200 10,800 Investment 4,000 14,000
Proposed Dividend 11,200 15,600 Debtor’s 30,000 43,200
Bills Payable 14,000 21,200 Stock 34,000 31,200
Outstanding Expenses 3,200 2,400 Cash 6,800 11,200
Provision for Taxation 11,200 12,800
1,74,800 2,14,800 1,74,800 2,14,800

Additional Information:
Depreciation Charge on Land & Building Rs. 20,000, and Plant Rs. 10,000
during the year.
[Ans.: Cash flow from Operating Activities Rs. 34,800
Cash flow from Invisiting Activities Rs. (50,400)
Cash flow from Financing Activities Rs. 20,000].
9. Prepare Cash Flow Statement from the following Information:
Balance Sheet
Liabilities 2004 2005 Assets 2004 2005
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Equity Share Capital 5,00,000 7,00,000 Cash/Bank 3,00,000 4,00,000
8% Debentures 6,00,000 4,00,000 Sundry Debtor 4,00,000 6,00,000
Profit and Loss Account 3,00,000 5,00,000 Stock 5,00,000 6,00,000
Creditor 6,00,000 9,00,000 Goodwill 2,50,000 1,70,000
Discount on Debenture 50,000 30,000
Plant 5,00,000 7,00,000
20,00,000 25,00,000 20,00,000 25,00,000

Additional Information:
Depreciation Charge on Plant amount to Rs. 80,000.
320 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

[Ans.: Cash inflow from Operating Activities Rs. 3,80,000

Cash inflow from Invisiting Activities Rs. (2,80,000)
Cash inflow from Financing Activities Rs. — NIL].
10. From the following Information Prepare Cash flow Statements for Yogeta
Ltd.
Balance Sheet
Liabilities 2005 2006 Assets 2005 2006
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Equity Share Capital 2,00,000 3,00,000 Bank 45,000 –
Preference Share Capital – 1,00,000 Cash 5,000 –
Profit and Loss Account 1,00,000 2,00,000 Stock 1,00,000 1,70,000
Loan 2,00,000 – Bills Receivable 50,000 1,00,000
Provision for Taxation 30,000 50,000 Fixed Assets 4,00,000 7,00,000
Bills Payable 50,000 70,000
Bank overdraft – 1,00,000
Loan from Rahul 20,000 1,50,000
6,00,000 9,70,000 6,00,000 9,70,000

Additional Information:
Net Profit for the year After Charging Rs. 50,000 as Depreciation was Rs.
1,50,000. Dividend paid on Share was Rs. 50,000, Tax Provision created
during the year year amounted to Rs. 60,000.
[Ans.: Cash from Operating Activities Rs. 2,20,000
Cash from Invisiting Activities Rs. (3,50,000)
Cash from Financing Activities Rs. (80,000)].
11. Following is the Financial Statement of Garima Ltd. Prepare Cash flow
Statements.
Balance Sheet as on 31st Dec. 2006
Liabilities 2005 2006 Assets 2005 2006
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Equity Share Capital 2,00,000 3,00,000 Plant & Machinery 2,00,000 3,64,000
Preference Share Capital 80,000 1,40,000 Stock 60,000 1,60,000
Creditor 56,000 1,56,000 Debtor 20,000 80,000
Provision for Taxation 4,000 12,000 Bank 80,000 28,000
Profit & Loss Account 28,000 40,000 Prepaid Expenses 8,000 16,000
3,68,000 6,48,000 3,68,000 6,48,000
Cash Flow Statement 321

Profit and Loss Account for the Year ended Dec. 31, 2006
Receipts Amount Payments Amount
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Opening Stock 60,000 Sales 5,00,000
Purchase 4,92,000 Closing Stock 1,60,000
Gross Profit c/d 1,08,000
6,60,000 6,60,000
Salary 44,000 Gross Profit b/d 1,08,000
Depreciation 32,000
Provision for Tax 16,000
Net profit c/d 16,000
1,08,000 1,08,000

Dividend 4,000 Balance b/d 28,000

Balance c/d 40,000 Net Profit b/d 16,000
44,000 44,000

[Ans.: Cash Outflow (use) from Operating Activities Rs. (12,000)

Cash flow from Investing Activities Rs. (1,96,000)
Cash flow from Financing Activities Rs. (1,56,000)].
12. Following as the Balance Sheets of Computer India Ltd.:
(In Lakhs)
Liabilities 2004 2005 Assets 2004 2005
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.)
Equity Share Capital 40,000 50,000 Fixed Assets 41,000 40,000
Profit and Loss Account 1,000 1,200 Less : Provision for 11,000 15,000
Depreciation
General Reserve 2,000 2,500 30,000 25,000
10% Debentures 6,000 6,500 Debtors 20,000 24,000
Sundry Creditor 12,000 11,000 Stock 30,000 35,000
Provision for Taxation 3,000 4,200 Prepaid Expenses 300 500
Proposed Dividend 5,000 5,800 Cash 1,200 3,500
Bank overdraft 12,500 6,800
81,500 88,000 81,500 88,000

Additional Information:
Interest paid on Debenture Rs. 600
[Ans.: Net Cash from Operating Activities Rs. 2,100
Net Cash from Invisiting Activities Rs. 1,000
Net Cash from Financing Activities Rs. 4,900].
322 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

Project Work

1. Read and analyse the cash flow statements as given in the Annual Report
of any three listed companies (say Arvind Mills, Infosys, Tisco, etc.) and
ascertain:
(i) which method (direct or indirect) is used for the purpose of calculating
cash flows from operating activities;
(ii) the treatment of special items such as dividend tax, profit/loss on sale of
fixed assets, depreciation of extraordinary items, etc.
(iii) Whether all companies follow the same proforma of cash flow statement
or different ones.
(iv) As to whether you think that companies properly highlight cash flow
statement in their Annual Reports.
2. ”Every enterprise must necessarily prepare and present a statement of
cash flows”. Discuss it in the classroom.
3. You analyse the cash flow statement for the past 3 years for Madrid Ltd.
and find that-
(i) there has been net increase in cash and cash equivalents over the
years.
(ii) However, net cash flow from operating activities have been negative
throughout. What may be the possible reasons for the above mentioned
situation. What would be your perception about the functioning of the
company.

Answers to Test your Understanding

Test your Understanding – I

Answer : a) Operating activities - 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 15, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27;
b) Investing activities - 1, 5, 8, 11, 12, 16, 17, 21, 22, 29;
c) Financing activities - 2, 4, 9, 14, 18, 25, 26, 28;
d) Cash equivalents - 30, 31, 32, 33.

Test your Understanding – II

Answers: 1. 40,000, 2. 60,000, 3. deducted from,
4. deducted from, 5. added to, 7. added to

Answers: 1. +, 2. NC, 3. +, 4. -, 5. +, 6. NC, 7. -, 8 +, 9. NC, 10 -, 11 -, 12 +

Cash Flow Statement 323

APPENDIX - 1
GRASIM INDUSTRIES LIMITED
Cash flow statement for the year ended 31st March, 2000
Rs. in Crores
Current Previous
Year Year

A. Cash Flow from Operating Activities

a. Net profit before tax and exception item 1201.90 1361.36
Adjustment for :
Depreciation 291.64 284.57
Interest expenses 97.32 138.76
Interest Income (29.48) (75.38)
Dividend Income (38.04) (39.37)
Write down in value of Assets held for disposal — 7.00
Profit/Loss on sale of Fixed Assets (Net) 3.99 (2.25)
Profit on sale of Long Term Investment (Net) (62.57) (24.90)
Profit on sale of Current Investments (Net) (7.27) (3.37)
b. Operating profit before working capital changes 1457.49 1646.42
Adjustments for:
Trade and other receivables 116.66 (78.33)
Inventories (72.14) (219.13)
Assets Held for Disposal 0.97 1.84
Trade Payables 159.70 90.96
c. Cash generated from Operations 1662.68 1441.76
Direct Taxes Paid (Net) (380.42) (391.30)
Cash from operating activities before 1282.26 1050.46
exceptional item
Net Cash from Operating Activities 1282.26 1050.46
B. Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Purchase of fixed assets (408.80) (301.75)
Sale of fixed assets 9.29 19.71
Purchase of Investments (502.03) (75.41)
Sale of Investments 72.19 669.49
Investments/Advances in Joint Ventures,
Subsidiaries & Others (119.31) (1294.14)
Interest received 29.11 74.29
Dividend received 38.04 39.37
Net Cash from/(used in) investing activities (881.51) (868.44)
C. Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Proceeds from borrowings 128.25 326.40
Repayments of borrowings (181.58) (354.13)
Interest paid (112.71) (150.11)
Dividends paid (145.25) (128.19)
Corporate dividend tax (20.58) (16.77)
Net Cash from/(used in) financing activities (331.87) (322.80)
D. Net increase/(Decrease) in Cash and 68.88 (140.78)
Cash equivalent
Cash and Cash equivalent at the beginning of the year 86.70 227.48
Cash and Cash equivalent at the end of the year 155.58 86.70
(Cash and cash equivalent represent Cash and Bank balances)
Note:
1. Previous years’ figures have been regrouped/recast wherever necessary
324 Accountancy : Company Accounts and Analysis of Financial Statements

APPENDIX - 2

UCAL FUEL SYSTEMS LIMITED

Cash Flow Statement for the year ended 31st March, 2000
For the For the
year ended year ended
31.3.2006 31.3.2005
Rs.
in ‘000

A. Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Net Profit before tax and extraordinary items 241,438 359,488
Adjustment for :
Miscellaneous Expenditure written-off 12,826 3,330
Depreciation/Assets Discarded 129,948 134,530
Interest Income (2,285) (3,185)
Dividend Income (12,910) (12,590)
Interest Expense 59,968 4,634

Operating Profit before Working Capital changes 428,985 486,207

Adjustments for :
Debtors 30,912 44,225
Inventories 10,620 (53,446)
Loans and Advances 30,051 (44,039)
Trade Payables 26,337 (76,138)
Prior Period Adjustments 671 323

Cash generated from Operations 527,576 357,132

Income - Tax paid (90,594) (92,962)

Net cash from Operating Activities - “A” 436,982 264,170

B. Cash flow from Investing Activities

Purchase of Fixed Assets (85,586) (221,417)
Product Development & Research Expenses (71,238) (71,133)
Capital Work-In-Progress (46,346) 146,329
Sale of Fixed Assets 3,154 4,091
Sale of Investments 281,120 4,750
Purchase of Investments (1,068,690) (35,000)
Interest Received 3,355 2,837
Dividend Received 12,909 12,590

Net cash from Operating Activities - “B” (971,322) (156,953)

C. Cash flow from Financing Activities

Proceeds from Borrowings/Repayment of Loans 686,633 (44,251)
Dividend paid including Tax on Dividend (79,225) (62,777)
Interest Paid (61,456) (4,294)
Net cash used in Financing Activities - “C” 545,952 (111,322)
Net increase in Cash and
Cash Equivalents - “A+B+C” 11,612 (4,105)
Cash and Cash Equivalents as at the beginning 62,950 67,055
Cash and Cash Equivalents as at the end 74,562 62,950
Cash Flow Statement 325

APPENDIX - 3
STERLITE OPTICAL TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED
Cash Flow Statement for the year ended March 31, 2006
2006 2005
(Rs.inMillion) (Rs.inMillion)

A. Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Net Profit after tax as per Profit & Loss Account 407.66 102.20
Adjustment for Taxation (26.10) 0.32
381.56 102.52
Adjustments for :
- Depreciation 289.92 266.76
- Investment Written-off &
Loss On Sale of Investment - 0.41
- Interest Expenses (net) 161.36 104.12
- (Profit)/Loss on Sale of Assets (1.49) 2.52
- Gain on prepayment of Deferred Sales Tax Liability (146.60) -
- Provisions and Write-off - 16,80
303.19
Operating profit before working capital changes 684.75 493.13
Adjustments for :
- (Increase)/Decrease in Trade and Other receivables (661.23) (777.17)
- (Increase)/Decrease in Inventories (85.14) (83.02)
- Increase/(Decrease) in Trade Payables (161.14) (907.51) 941.55
Cash generated from operations (222.76) 574.49
Direct taxes (paid/TDS deducted)/Refund received (35.25) 13.68
Net Cash flow from Operating Activities (258.01) 588.17
B. Cash flow from Investing Activities
Purchases of Fixed Assets
(Including Capital Work in Progress) (48.95) (67.81)
Proceeds from Sale of Fixed Assets 3.21 14.48
(Purchase)/Sale of Investments (0.05) -
Investments in Bank Fixed Deposits (491.64) -
Application Money Paid Pending Allotment (24.95) -
Interest received from Subsidiary Companies 15.99 19.65
Loan to Subsidiary Companies (100.83) (95.58)
Net cash flow from Investing Activities (647.22) (129.26)
C. Cash flow from Financing Activities
Proceeds/(Repayment) of Secured Loans (net) 1,175.73 (89.92)
Proceeds/(Repayment) of Preferential Equity Issue
& Share Warrants 336.00 -
Proceeds/(Repayment) of Unsecured Loans (net) (117.62) (120.71)
Interest paid (163.43) (123.77)
Payment of Unclaimed Dividend (0.03) (0.09)
Net Cash flow from Financing Activities 1,230.65 (334.49)

Net Increase in cash and cash equivalent 325.42 124.42

Cash and cash equivalent as at beginning of the year 137.66 13.24
Cash and cash equivalent as at the year end 463.08 137.66
Notes