A Crash Course in Python

By Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk

Based on the excellent tutorial by Guido Van Rossum:
http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/tut.html
SIGUnix Meeting
Mon 28 Oct 2002
8:00 pm
1310 DCL
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
How to Start Python
Interactive:
bash# python
>>> print "Hello World"
Hello World
>>>
From File:
bash# cat << EOF > myfile.py
print "Hello World\n"
EOF
bash# python myfile.py
Hello World
bash#
Executable File:
bash# cat << EOF > myfile.py
#!/usr/bin/python
print "Hello World\n"
EOF
bash# chmod a+x myfile.py
bash# ./myfile.py
Hello World
bash#
How to Start Python
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Python Data Types
Numbers:
Strings:
Lists:
Tuples:
Dictionaries:
Objects:
Modules:
flt_num = 10.0 int_num = 25
my_str = "Dude, why are you using perl?"
my_list = ("yo", 24, "blah", "go away")
my_tup = (1, 4, 32, "yoyo", ['fo', 'moog'])
my_dict = {'a': 24.5, 'mo': 'fo', 42: 'answer'}
my_inst = MyClass('foo')
import myfile
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Numbers
Integers:
Floating Point:
Complex Numbers:
>>> my_int = 4
>>> my_int/3
1
>>> my_float = 5.5
>>> 20/my_float
3.6363636363636362
>>> 0.5-0.1
0.40000000000000002
>>> 4+3j
(4+3j)
>>> _ - 3j
(4+0j)
>>> my_complex = complex(10,3)
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Strings
>>> str = "Hello, my friends, welcome to Python."
>>> str.upper()
'HELLO, MY FRIENDS, WELCOME TO PYTHON.'
>>> str.index('my')
7
>>> str[0:5]
'Hello'
>>> str + " I hope you enjoy your stay."
'Hello, my friends, welcome to Python. I hope you
enjoy your stay'
>>> print str(5) + " + " + str(3) + " = " + str(3+5)
5 + 3 = 8
>>> str.count('e')
4
>>> len(str)
37
o
n
e

l
i
n
e
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Everything's an Object
Object Attributes:
str . index ('e')
variable name delimiter
attribute arguments
Attribute Peeking with dir():
>>> dir(str)
['capitalize', 'center', 'count', 'encode',
'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'index', 'isalnum',
'isalpha', 'isdigit', 'islower', 'isspace',
'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower',
'lstrip', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust',
'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith',
'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper']
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
append(x) add x to the end of the list
extend(L) add all items in sequence L to end of list
insert(i,x) insert x at a position i
remove(x) remove first item equal to x
pop([i]) remove item at position i or end of list
index(x) return index of first item equal to x
count(x) count occurances of x
sort() sort the list
reverse() reverse the list
Lists
>>> lst = ['3', 45, 'frogger', 2]
>>> lst[2]
'frogger'
>>> del lst[2]
>>> lst
['3', 45, 2]
>>> lst.append('help')
>>> lst
['3', 45, 2, 'help']
List Methods:
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
x in s test if s contains x
x not in s test if s does not contain x
s + t sequence concatenation
s * n, n * s n shallow copies of s
s[i] ith element of s
s[i:j] slice of s
len(s) length of s (number of elements)
min(s) minimal element of s
max(s) maximal element of s
Tuples (sequences)
>>> tup = (6, 7, 'forty-two', 'question?')
>>> tup[0]
6
>>> del tup[3]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
TypeError: object doesn't support item deletion
>>> tup2 = ((1,2,3),[4,5,6]); tup2
((1, 2, 3), [4, 5, 6])
Sequence Operations (s,t sequences):
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Slicing up Sequences
Slice Operator:
sequence [ i : j ]
sequence variable start one past end
>>> seq = (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
>>> seq[0]
0
>>> seq[-1]
8
>>> seq[1:4]
(1, 2, 3)
>>> seq[:3]
(0, 1, 2)
>>> seq[3:]
(3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
>>> seq[-3:]
(6, 7, 8)
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
len(d) number of items in d
d[k] item of d with key k
d[k] = x associate key k with value x
del d[k] delete item with key k
k in d test if d has an item with key k
d.items() a copy of the (key, value) pairs in d
d.keys() a copy of the list of keys in d
d.values() a copy of the list of values in d
Dictionaries (mapping types)
>>> dict = {42: 'forty-two', 'naomi': 'person'}, 3: [1,2]}
>>> dict[42]
'forty-two'
>>> dict['namoi']
'person'
>>> del dict[42]; dict
{3: [1, 2], 'naomi': 'person'}
>>> dict.keys()
[3, 'naomi']
Mapping Operations Abridged (d mapping object):
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Control Flow Statements
If Conditionals:
For Loops:
While Loops:
>>> x = 2
>>> if x < 4:
... print "x is so small\n"
... else:
... print "x is big, yo!\n"
...
x is so small
>>> for x in [1,2]:
... print x
...
1
2
>>> while x < 4: x++
...
>>> x
4
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
If Conditionals
if conditional1:
statement1
...
statementn
elif conditional2:
statements
else:
statements
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
range([start,]stop[,step])
make a list of integers in the range [start, stop),
progressing by step each time.
For Statements
for name in list:
statement1
statement2
...
statementn
The Range Function:
>>> range(2,8)
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
>>> range(10,2,-2)
[10, 8, 6, 4]
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
While Loops
while conditional:
statement1
statement2
...
statementn
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Breaking out of Loops
Break, Continue and Else:
break exit the loop immediately
continue skip to next loop iteration
else executed when a loop falls off the end
from random import randrange
for n in range(10):
r = randrange(0,10) # get random int in [0,10)
if n=r: continue # skip iteration if n=r
if n>r: break # exit the loop if n>r
print n
else:
print "wow, you are lucky!\n"
if n<9:
print "better luck next time\n"
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Pass into the Void
# a big, long, infinte noop
def void(): pass
if a=b: pass
for n in range(10): pass
while 1: pass
class Nada: pass
The Pass Statement:
pass do nothing but fill a syntactic hole
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Functions
>>> def bar():
... print "The QuuxBox if foobarred!"
...
>>> def baz():
... print "No it's not!"
...
>>> def foo(fun):
... fun()
...
>>> foo(bar)
The QuuxBox is foobarred!
>>> foo(baz)
No it's not!
>>> def docfoo():
... "This foo is documented!"
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
A Crash Course in Python SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Basic Def
def name([arg1, arg2, ...]):
statement1
...
statementn
[return [expression]]
Returning Values:
return [expression]
exit the function, optionally returning the result
of expression to the one who invoketh the function
Function Namespace
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
bullets = 10;
def fire():
print "BANG!\n"
bullets -= 1 # error bullets not defined
def truefire():
global bullets # make bullets global
print "BANG!\n"
bullets -= 1 # good bullets is global
Global Variable Access
global name [...]
tell python to interpret name as a global variable.
Multiple names may be globalized by listing the all
separated by commas.
The Argument List
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Default Arguments
def charIndex(string, char, start=0, len=-1):
if len<0: len=len(string)
...
Keyword Arguments
charAt("MakeMyDay", "M", len=4)
Extended Argument Lists
def arbitraryfun(foo, *arglist):
...
def keywordfun(foo, **kwdict):
...
def name(arg[=defval], ..., [*arglist], [**kwdict]):
function-body
Lamba Forms
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Function Objects
>>> def subtractor(x, y): return x-y
...
>>> sub = subtractor
>>> add = lambda(x, y): return x+y
>>> sub(5, 7)
-2
>>> add(5, 7)
12
lambda arglist: expression
Modules
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
Importing Modules
>>> import sys
>>> print sys.version
2.2.1 (#1, Oct 4 2002, 15:26:55)
[GCC 3.2 (CRUX)]
>>> from math import *
>>> sin(pi/2)
1.0
The Import Statement
import module
from module import name[, ...]
from module import *
from package import module
Standard Modules
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
sys python system variables, including argv
os generic system interface (cross-platform)
os.path generic filesystem interface (cross-platform)
re regular expressions
time time query and conversion
math basic floating-point math functions (C libm)
Online Module Index
http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/modindex.html
Functional Programming (Lists)
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
filter(function, sequence)
return all items in sequence for which function is true
map(function, sequence)
return the result of function applied to all items in
sequence
Filter
Map
def positives(list):
return filter(lambda x: return x>0, list)
def lookup(dict, kwlist):
return map(lambda k: return dict[k], kwlist)
Function Programming Contd.
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
reduce(function, sequence)
apply the binary function function to the first two items
in the sequence, then on the result and the next item, ...
Reduce
def dot(a, b):
if len(a) != len(b):
raise ValueError, "sequences have inequal lengths"
prod = [a[i]*b[i] for i in range(len(a))]
return reduce(lamba x, y: return x+y, prod)
List Comprehensions
[expression for name in sequence [if conditional] ...]
>>> [x**2 for x in range(10)]
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]
Classes
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
class Namespace(UserDict):
def __init__(self, basedicts):
self.basedicts = basedicts
def __getitem__(self, key):
if key in self.data:
return self.data[key]
for dict in basedicts:
if key in dict:
return dict[key]
raise NameError, key
def __contains__(self, key):
if key in self.data:
return 1
for dict in basedicts:
if key in dict:
return 1
return 0
Basic Syntax
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
class name(bases):
statements
Class Instances
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
class Area:
def __init__(self, x=0.0, y=0.0, w=0.0, h=0.0):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.w = w
self.h = h
def pointIn(self, x, y):
return self.x <= x <= self.x + self.w && \
self.y <= y <= self.y + self.h
def move(self, dx, dy):
self.x += dx
self.y += dy
inst = Area(1.0, 1.0, 4.0, 4.0)
Initializer Method
__init__(self[, args])
method called to initialize a new instance of the class.
Class Inheritance
A Crash Course in Python
SigUNIX/Stephen Saville and Andrew Lusk
28 Oct 2002 1310 DCL
class Rect(Area): pass
class Circle(Area):
def __init__(self, x=0.0, y=0.0, r=0.0):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.r = r
def pointIn(self, x, y):
return (x-self.x)**2 + (y-self.y)**2 < self.r**2