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Based From The Experiment

The document discusses using Bernoulli's theorem and the continuity equation to determine fluid velocity from an experiment. Bernoulli's theorem relates pressure, velocity and elevation in fluid flow, and is useful for measuring velocity with a Pitot tube. The continuity equation expresses the conservation of mass in fluid systems and can be applied to model flow through a Venturi tube where the cross-sectional area varies. The objectives are to determine fluid velocity and obtain the hydraulic grade line and total energy line.

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M Syafiq Samad
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Based From The Experiment

The document discusses using Bernoulli's theorem and the continuity equation to determine fluid velocity from an experiment. Bernoulli's theorem relates pressure, velocity and elevation in fluid flow, and is useful for measuring velocity with a Pitot tube. The continuity equation expresses the conservation of mass in fluid systems and can be applied to model flow through a Venturi tube where the cross-sectional area varies. The objectives are to determine fluid velocity and obtain the hydraulic grade line and total energy line.

Uploaded by

M Syafiq Samad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SUMMARY

Based from the experiment,



OBJECTIVES:

To determine the fluid velocity using the Bernoullis theorem and the
continuity equation.
To obtain the hydraulic grade line and the total energy line.
















INTRODUCTION:
The Bernoulli equation is very useful, partly because it is very simple to use and partly
because it can give great insight into the balance between pressure, velocity and elevation. One
of the most immediate applications of Bernoulli's equation is in the measurement of velocity
with a Pitot-tube. The Pitot tube (named after the French scientist Pitot) is one of the simplest
and most useful instruments ever devised. It simply consists of a tube bent at right angles.
By pointing the tube directly upstream into the flow and measuring the difference
between the pressure sensed by the Pitot tube and the pressure of the surrounding air flow, it can
give a very accurate measure of the velocity. In fact, it is probably the most accurate method
available for measuring flow velocity on a routine basis, and accuracies better than 1% are easily
possible. Bernoulli's equation along the streamline that begins far upstream of the tube and
comes to rest in the mouth of the Pitot tube shows the Pitot tube measures the stagnation pressure
in the flow.
The continuity equation is a statement of the conservation of mass in a system. Consider
a pipe that is uniform in diameter at both ends but has a constriction between the ends, called a
Venturi tube. Furthermore, assume that fluid is flowing through the pipe from one end through
the narrow throat of the tube with cross-sectional areas A
1
and A
2
, respectively. Let V
1
and V
2
be
the average flow speeds at these cross sections. Assume also that there are no leaks in the pipe
nor is fluid being pumped in through the sides. The continuity equation states that the fluid
mass flow rate the amount of fluid per unit time, must be the same at any cross section of the
pipe or else there is an accumulation of mass, "mass creation" and the steady flow assumption is
violated. Simply stated,
(Mass rate)
1
= (Mass rate)
2
= Conservation of mass

Total energy head = Hydraulic head + V
iC
2
/ 2g

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