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PIPE MATERIALS
MATERIAL SELECTION
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CORROSION RESISTANCE
COST READY MARKET AVAILABILITY STRENGTH REQUIREMENT FABRICABILITY QUALITY OF FUTURE MAINTANANCE
STEEL
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Carbon Steel
Iron Carbon compound having carbon percentage less than 2% by weight
Low Carbon content .05 to .15 % Mild Steel .16 to .29 % Medium Carbon Content .3 to .59 % High Carbon content .6 to .99% Ultra high carbon content 1 to 2% Drawback Rusting(Fe(OH)3, Graphitisation (Iron Carbide formation)
Stainless Steel
A steel Alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass
COMMONLY USED STEEL TYPES
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Carbon Steel
Cheap , upper temperature limited by graphitization, lower temperature by brittleness
C-Mo / Low Cr- Mo steel
3 Cr 1 Mo Group , 9 Cr 1 Mo Group,
Low Temperature Steel
Acceptable for low temperature . Impact tested carbon steel
Ferritic Stainless Steel
Straight chromium group, 16-30 % Cr, Rarely used as piping material. But used in valve internals
Austenitic Stainless Steel
18-8 Cr- Ni group
Duplex Stainless Steel
Used in offshore plant where Austenitic stainless steel is not allowed to use above 60 degC Cr 21-23 Ni- 4.5-6.5
Special High Temp Alloys
Used for very high temperature piping
EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT TYPE
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Carbon Steel
ASTM A 106, A 53, API 5L
C-Mo / Low Cr- Mo steel
ASTM A 335
Low Temp steel
ASTM A 333
Ferritic Stainless Steel
AISI 430, AISI 405
Austenitic Stainless Steel
ASTM A 312
Duplex Stainless Steel
ASTM A 790
Special High Temp Alloys
Incoloy
COMMONLY USED PIPING MATERIAL NON CORROSIVE APPLICATION
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INCOLOY / SS 304H / SS 316H ETC
538 C
TEMPERATURE IN C
LOW C Mo / Cr- MoSTEEL ( Eg: A335)
427 C
CARBON STEEL ( Eg: A106)
-29C
LOW TEMP CARBON STEEL ( Eg: A333)
-46 C
STAINLESS STEEL ( Eg: A312) SS 304L/316L ETC
CARBON STEEL PIPING COMPONENTS
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PIPES FITTINGS <2 (FORGINGS) FITTINGS >2 (WELDED) FLANGES (FORGINGS) VALVES < 2 (FORGING) VALVES > 2 (CASTING)
A53 Type E, F S Gr. A,B A106 Type Seamless Gr: A,B,C (Si content) (More stable at high temperature) AST M A105 API 5L Type Seamless,Welded Gr: A, B, A25, X42, X46 etc Mainly Used in pipe lines where temperature is limited to 260 degc ASTM A234 Gr. WPB ASTM A105 ASTM A105 ASTM A216 Gr.WCB
PROPERTIES OF METAL
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TOUGHNESS
This is a measure of brittleness. Sudden fracture, exhibiting little ductility in the vicinity of the break, occurs in certain metals when load is rapidly applied. The capability of a material to resist such a brittle fracture is a measure of its toughness
HARDNESS
This is a measure of the materials ability to resist deformation. It is the inverse of ductility
MACHINABILITY CREEP
Creep is defined as the time-dependent deformation of a material that occurs under load at elevated temperatures.
LOW TEMP CARBON STEEL PIPING COMPONENTS
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PIPES FITTINGS <2 (FORGINGS) A 350 Gr LF2,LF3 etc FITTINGS >2 (WELDED) A420 WPL1 ,WPL3, WPL6 etc FLANGES (FORGINGS) A 350 Gr LF2,LF3 etc VALVES < 2 (FORGING) A 350 Gr LF2, LF3 etc VALVES > 2 (CASTING) A352 Gr LCB,LC2, LC3etc
A333 Gr 1,3,6 etc
LOW CARBON STEEL PIPING COMPONENTS
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PIPES FITTINGS <2 (FORGINGS) A 182 Gr F1, F2,F11,F22 etc FITTINGS >2 (WELDED) A 234 Gr WP1, WP2, WP11,WP22 etc FLANGES (FORGINGS) A 182 Gr F1, F2,F11,F22 etc VALVES < 2 (FORGING) A 182 Gr F1, F2,F11,F22 etc VALVES > 2 (CASTING) A 217 Gr WC1, WC6. C5,C12, CA15 etc
A335 GrP1,P2, P11,P22 etc
STAINLESS STEEL
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PITTING CORROSION
STAINLESS STEEL
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INTERGRANULAR CORROSION
(SENSITIZATION)
Chromium carbide formation deletes the surrounding grain matrix of chromium atom(454-816C)
Draw back of Ferritic Stainless Steel
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474 deg C Embrittlement Loss of toughness at room temp after exposed to high temp (320C to 538 C) for long time
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SS PIPING COMPONENTS
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PIPES A312 TP304 A312 TP316 FITTINGS <2 (FORGINGS) A 182 F304 A 182 F316 FITTINGS >2 (WELDED) A403 WP304 A403 WP316 FLANGES (FORGINGS) A 182 F304 A 182 F316
VALVES < 2 (FORGING)
A 182 F304 A 182 F316
VALVES > 2 (CASTING) A351 Gr CF8 A351 Gr CF8M
A312 TP317
A312 TP304L A312 TP316L A312 TP317L A312 TP321 A312 TP347
A 182 F317
A 182 F304L A 182 F316L A 182 F317L A 182 F321 A 182 F347
A403 WP317
A403 WP304L A403 WP316L A403 WP317L A403 WP321 A403 WP347
A 182 F317
A 182 F304L A 182 F316L A 182 F317L A 182 F321 A 182 F347
A 182 F317
A 182 F304L A 182 F316L A 182 F317L A 182 F321 A 182 F347
A351 Gr CG8M
A351 Gr CF3 A351 Gr CF3M A351 Gr CG3M
A351CF8C
