Scribd
Upload
116 views

Rajib Bahar E2d Services/iCSQL

This document provides an overview of key Transact-SQL concepts and functions for working with SQL Server including: the basic CRUD operations (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE); creating databases, stored procedures, and functions; aggregation functions like TOP, DISTINCT, GROUP BY; subqueries using IN and EXISTS; APPLY operator for CROSS and OUTER joins; Common Table Expressions (CTE); pivoting with PIVOT/UNPIVOT; ranking functions like ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK and NTILE; and exception handling. Examples are provided for many of these concepts.

Uploaded by

Rajib Bahar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
116 views

Rajib Bahar E2d Services/iCSQL

This document provides an overview of key Transact-SQL concepts and functions for working with SQL Server including: the basic CRUD operations (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE); creating databases, stored procedures, and functions; aggregation functions like TOP, DISTINCT, GROUP BY; subqueries using IN and EXISTS; APPLY operator for CROSS and OUTER joins; Common Table Expressions (CTE); pivoting with PIVOT/UNPIVOT; ranking functions like ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK and NTILE; and exception handling. Examples are provided for many of these concepts.

Uploaded by

Rajib Bahar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Rajib Bahar

e2D Services/iCSQL
 TSQL?
 Demos
 Questions
 Reference
 Select/Insert/Update/Delete
 Creating DB, Stored Proc, Functions
 Top, Distinct, Group by
 Subqueries – IN, EXISTS
 Apply Operator – CROSS, OUTER
 Common Table Expression – CTE
 Pivoting Data – PIVOT/ UNPIVOT
 Ranking Functions – ROW_NUMBER, RANK,
DENSE_RANK, NTILE
 Exception Handling
 SELECT - to read data
 Insert – to add more data into the database
 Update - to change existing record inside the database
 Delete – to remove existing data from the database

 CRUD
 TSQL Cheatsheet
 Demo DB
 Demo Proc – Cons/Pros
 Demo Functions – Cons/Pros
 Top – is used to specify how many of the first N results we
want to get
Select top 10 * from [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address]

 We can get certain percentage of result set


Select top 10 percent * from [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].
[Address]

 We can use variables to specify total as well


Declare @amt int
Set @amt = 5
Select top @amt * from [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address]
 Distinct – allows us to get unique results from a query
based on the columns specified

Select distinct [Column 1] from [AdventureWorks2008].


[dbo].[Address]
 Group By– is used to group data based on the columns specified

-- simple group by query


Select [Column 0], [Column 1] from [AdventureWorks2008].
[dbo].[Address]
Group by [Column 0], [Column 1]

-- using group by to find duplicate entries


Select [Column 0], count(*) as Total from
[AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address]
Group by [Column 0]
Having COUNT(*) > 1
 Subqueries – is query on data from another query
 How to use IN?
 SELECT [Column 0], [Column 1], [Column 2]
 FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address] where [Column 4] IN
(‘77’, ‘79’, ‘9’)
 SELECT [Column 0], [Column 1], [Column 2] FROM
[AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address] where [Column 4] NOT IN(‘77’,
‘79’, ‘9’)
 SELECT [Column 0], [Column 1], [Column 2] FROM
[AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address] where [Column 4] IN (select
[Column 4] from [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address] where [Column
4] = ‘77’)
 Why do we care? It helps us avoid writing… select [Column 1], [Column
2], [Column 4] from [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address] where
[Column 4]= ‘77’or [Column 4]= ‘79’
 EXISTS – is used to test for existence of rows
 IF EXISTS (select * from sys.objects where
sys.objects.name='Address')
print 'Address exists'
ELSE
print 'no it does not exist‘
 SELECT [Column 0], [Column 1], [Column 2]
FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address]
where EXISTS (select [Column 1] from master.dbo.Address
where [Column 4] = ‘77’)
 Correlated Subqueries – is a repeating or outer query which
is repeated for each row in the result set
 SELECT [Column 1] ,[Column 2] ,[Column 3],
(select MAX(CAST([Column 4] AS INT)) from dbo.Address)
MaxNumber
FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address] where
[Column 4] in (‘77’, ‘79’, ‘143’, ‘161’)
 The example before with IN operator is also correlated
subquery
 CROSS – applies the function against the resultset or outer
table and brings value/entries that have same value
 OUTER – Does same thing as CROSS but brings in
additional entries where they do not match. As far as the
non-matching entries are concerned, we see null values
displayed in the output.

CREATE TABLE [dbo].[Address2](


[street] [varchar](128) NULL,
[city] [varchar(128)] NOT NULL,
[zip] [varchar](5) NOT NULL,
[Num] INT,
[ParentNum] INT
) ON [PRIMARY]
INSERT INTO [dbo].[Address2]
(street, city, zip)
SELECT [Column 1], [Column 3], [Column 5]
FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address]
GO

update Address2
set [street] = [street] + '...'
where [zip] like ‘%9%’
create FUNCTION [dbo].[GetValues]
(
@zip varchar(5)
)
RETURNS TABLE
AS
RETURN
(
SELECT *
FROM [dbo].[Address2]
where [zip] = @zip
)
SELECT sv.[street] ,sv.[city] ,sv.[zip], fsv.*
FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address2] sv
CROSS APPLY dbo.GetValues(sv.name) AS fsv

SELECT sv.[street] ,sv.[city] ,sv.[zip], fsv.*


FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address2] sv
OUTER APPLY dbo.GetValues(sv.name) AS fsv
 Common Table Expression or CTE– Similar to temporary
table… Temp table’s lifetime is limited to session only… It
can refer to itself and allow recursive operation

WITH SptList ([street], [city] , [zip] ) as


(
SELECT [street], [city] , [zip]
FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address2]
)

select * from SptList


 Recursive CTE– Similar to temporary table… Temp table’s
lifetime is limited to session only… It can refer to itself and
allow recursive operation

WITH SptListRec ([street], [city] , [zip] ) as


(
-- anchor member
SELECT [street], [city], [zip]
FROM [dbo].[Address2]
where ParentNum is null
union all
-- recursive member
select sv.[street], sv.[city], sv.[zip]
from dbo.Address2 sv
inner join SptListRec slr on
sv.ParentNum = slr.num
where sv.ParentNum <> -1
)
select * from SptListRec
 PIVOT– turns resulting rows into columns… who is it
useful for? Most likely our bosses who use tons of
spreadsheet.
 UNPIVOT– as the name suggests it turns columns into
rows.
SELECT pvt.*
FROM
(SELECT [street], [city]
FROM dbo.Address2) p
PIVOT
(
COUNT (p.[street])
FOR p.[city] IN
( [0], [-1] )
) AS pvt

select city, COUNT(*)


from Address2
where zip like ‘9%’
group by city
 ROW_NUMBER– it numbers the result set where we do not
have any identity / sequential numbered list. Useful for
paging grid results.

SELECT [city], [street] , [zip] ,


ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY [City] desc)
FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address2]
 Any MySql fan?

WITH SptList (city, street, zip, RowNum)


as
(
SELECT [city], [street] , [zip] ,
ROW_NUMBER() OVER(ORDER BY [city] desc) as
RowNum
FROM [AdventureWorks2008].[dbo].[Address2]
)
select * from sptlist
where RowNum between 5 and 10
 Rank()

select
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY g.grade desc) as
RowNum, s.[Name], g.[grade],
RANK() OVER (order by g.grade desc) as 'Ranks'
from TestDb.dbo.Grade g inner join students s
on g.studentid = s.id
 Dense_Rank() - resolve the gap issues from previous query

select
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY g.grade desc) as
RowNum, s.[Name], g.[grade],
DENSE_RANK() OVER (order by g.grade desc) as 'Ranks'
from TestDb.dbo.Grade g inner join students s
on g.studentid = s.id
 NTILE() – batch output into groups

SELECT s.name, g.grade,


NTILE(3) OVER(ORDER BY g.grade DESC) AS 'Grade
Grouping'
FROM Grade g inner join students s
on g.studentid = s.id
 RaiseError – was pre SQL 2005 way to do error handling
 Begin Try ... End Try and Begin Catch … End Catch – is the
new way to deal with this
 http://www.codeproject.com/KB/database/ExceptionHan
dlingSql2005.aspx
 Books Online
Thank You!!!

You might also like