Chapter 6

The Transport Layer

The Transport Service

Services Provided to the Upper Layers Transport Service Primitives Berkeley Sockets An Example of Socket Programming:
An Internet File Server

Services Provided to the Upper Layers

The network, transport, and application layers.

Transport Service Primitives

The primitives for a simple transport service.

Transport Service Primitives (2)

The nesting of TPDUs, packets, and frames.

Transport Service Primitives (3)

A state diagram for a simple connection management scheme. Transitions labeled in italics are caused by packet arrivals. The solid lines show the client's state sequence. The dashed lines show the server's state sequence.

Berkeley Sockets

The socket primitives for TCP.

Socket Programming Example: Internet File Server

6-6-1

Client code using sockets.

Socket Programming Example: Internet File Server (2)

Client code using sockets.

Elements of Transport Protocols

Addressing Connection Establishment Connection Release Flow Control and Buffering Multiplexing Crash Recovery

Transport Protocol

(a) Environment of the data link layer. (b) Environment of the transport layer.

Addressing

TSAPs, NSAPs and transport connections.

Connection Establishment

How a user process in host 1 establishes a connection with a time-of-day server in host 2.

Connection Establishment (2)

(a) TPDUs may not enter the forbidden region. (b) The resynchronization problem.

Connection Establishment (3)

Three protocol scenarios for establishing a connection using a three-way handshake. CR denotes CONNECTION REQUEST. (a) Normal operation, (b) Old CONNECTION REQUEST appearing out of nowhere. (c) Duplicate CONNECTION REQUEST and duplicate ACK.

Connection Release

Abrupt disconnection with loss of data.

Connection Release (2)

The two-army problem.

Connection Release (3)

6-14, a, b

Four protocol scenarios for releasing a connection. (a) Normal case of a three-way handshake. (b) final ACK lost.

Connection Release (4)

6-14, c,d

(c) Response lost. (d) Response lost and subsequent DRs lost.

Flow Control and Buffering

(a) Chained fixed-size buffers. (b) Chained variable-sized buffers. (c) One large circular buffer per connection.

Flow Control and Buffering (2)

Dynamic buffer allocation. The arrows show the direction of transmission. An ellipsis () indicates a lost TPDU.

Multiplexing

(a) Upward multiplexing. (b) Downward multiplexing.

Crash Recovery

Different combinations of client and server strategy.

A Simple Transport Protocol

The Example Service Primitives The Example Transport Entity The Example as a Finite State Machine

The Example Transport Entity

The network layer packets used in our example.

The Example Transport Entity (2)

Each connection is in one of seven states: 1. Idle Connection not established yet. 2. Waiting CONNECT has been executed, CALL REQUEST sent. 3. Queued A CALL REQUEST has arrived; no LISTEN yet. 4. Established The connection has been established. 5. Sending The user is waiting for permission to send a packet. 6. Receiving A RECEIVE has been done. 7. DISCONNECTING a DISCONNECT has been done locally.

The Example Transport Entity (3)

The Example Transport Entity (4)

The Example Transport Entity (5)

The Example Transport Entity (6)

The Example Transport Entity (7)

The Example Transport Entity (8)

The Example Transport Entity (9)

The Example Transport Entity (10)

The Example as a Finite State Machine

The example protocol as a finite state machine. Each entry has an optional predicate, an optional action, and the new state. The tilde indicates that no major action is taken. An overbar above a predicate indicate the negation of the predicate. Blank entries correspond to impossible or invalid events.

The Example as a Finite State Machine (2)

The example protocol in graphical form. Transitions that leave the connection state unchanged have been omitted for simplicity.

The Internet Transport Protocols: UDP

Introduction to UDP Remote Procedure Call The Real-Time Transport Protocol

Introduction to UDP

The UDP header.

Remote Procedure Call

Steps in making a remote procedure call. The stubs are shaded.

The Real-Time Transport Protocol

(a) The position of RTP in the protocol stack. (b) Packet nesting.

The Real-Time Transport Protocol (2)

The RTP header.

The Internet Transport Protocols: TCP

Introduction to TCP The TCP Service Model The TCP Protocol The TCP Segment Header TCP Connection Establishment TCP Connection Release TCP Connection Management Modeling TCP Transmission Policy TCP Congestion Control TCP Timer Management Wireless TCP and UDP Transactional TCP

The TCP Service Model

Port 21 23 25 69 79 80 110 119 Protocol FTP Telnet SMTP TFTP Finger HTTP POP-3 NNTP Use File transfer Remote login E-mail Trivial File Transfer Protocol Lookup info about a user World Wide Web Remote e-mail access USENET news

Some assigned ports.

The TCP Service Model (2)

(a) Four 512-byte segments sent as separate IP datagrams. (b) The 2048 bytes of data delivered to the application in a single READ CALL.

The TCP Segment Header

TCP Header.

The TCP Segment Header (2)

The pseudoheader included in the TCP checksum.

TCP Connection Establishment

6-31

(a) TCP connection establishment in the normal case. (b) Call collision.

TCP Connection Management Modeling

The states used in the TCP connection management finite state machine.

TCP Connection Management Modeling (2)

TCP connection management finite state machine. The heavy solid line is the normal path for a client. The heavy dashed line is the normal path for a server. The light lines are unusual events. Each transition is labeled by the event causing it and the action resulting from it, separated by a slash.

TCP Transmission Policy

Window management in TCP.

TCP Transmission Policy (2)

Silly window syndrome.

TCP Congestion Control

(a) A fast network feeding a low capacity receiver. (b) A slow network feeding a high-capacity receiver.

TCP Congestion Control (2)

An example of the Internet congestion algorithm.

TCP Timer Management

(a) Probability density of ACK arrival times in the data link layer. (b) Probability density of ACK arrival times for TCP.

Wireless TCP and UDP

Splitting a TCP connection into two connections.

Transitional TCP

(a) RPC using normal TPC. (b) RPC using T/TCP.

Performance Issues
Performance Problems in Computer Networks Network Performance Measurement System Design for Better Performance Fast TPDU Processing Protocols for Gigabit Networks

Performance Problems in Computer Networks

The state of transmitting one megabit from San Diego to Boston (a) At t = 0, (b) After 500 sec, (c) After 20 msec, (d) after 40 msec.

Network Performance Measurement

The basic loop for improving network performance. 1. Measure relevant network parameters, performance. 2. Try to understand what is going on. 3. Change one parameter.

System Design for Better Performance

Rules: 1. CPU speed is more important than network speed. 2. Reduce packet count to reduce software overhead. 3. Minimize context switches. 4. Minimize copying. 5. You can buy more bandwidth but not lower delay. 6. Avoiding congestion is better than recovering from it. 7. Avoid timeouts.

System Design for Better Performance (2)

Response as a function of load.

System Design for Better Performance (3)

Four context switches to handle one packet with a user-space network manager.

Fast TPDU Processing

The fast path from sender to receiver is shown with a heavy line. The processing steps on this path are shaded.

Fast TPDU Processing (2)

(a) TCP header. (b) IP header. In both cases, the shaded fields are taken from the prototype without change.

Fast TPDU Processing (3)

A timing wheel.

Protocols for Gigabit Networks

Time to transfer and acknowledge a 1-megabit file over a 4000-km line.