CHAPTER 3 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF BEAM COLUMN JOINT SPECIMENS 3.

1 General This chapter gives a detailed outlook of the dimensions, the load calculations, the design specifications and the detailing of beam-column specimens as per code IS 456:2000 and code IS 13920:1993.The details of the preparation of the control and retrofitted reinforced concrete beam-column joint specimens are also given in this chapter. 3.2 Design and Detailing of Beam-Column Joint Specimens as per Code IS 456:2000 for M 20 Concrete The test specimen consists of a column portion of cross-section 200 mm x 200 mm and a cantilever beam portion having the same cross-section. The height of the column is 1.5 m and the length of the cantilever portion is 0.6 m. The grade of concrete is M 20 and the grade of steel is Fe 415 for main reinforcement & Fe 250 for transverse reinforcement. 3.2.1 Tension Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.1 (a), the minimum tension reinforcement should not be less than the following As = 0. 85bd/fy , where As = b = d = fy = minimum area of tension reinforcement breadth of beam effective depth Characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2 i.e. As = 0.85 x 200 x 170/ 415 Therefore the Minimum area of tension reinforcement required is 69.63 mm2. The maximum area of tension reinforcement according to code IS 456: 2000, Cl 26.5.1.1(b) is given as 0.04bD. i.e. 0.04 x 200 x 200 = 1600mm2 Two numbers of 16 mm diameter bars has been adopted as tension reinforcement. The area of tension reinforcement provided is 402.18 mm2 which is within the above limits. 3.2.2 Compression Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.2, the maximum area of compression reinforcement is less than 0.04bD.

16

i.e. 0.04 x 200 x 200 = 1600mm2. Two numbers of 12mm diameter bars has been adopted as compression reinforcement for the static load test. Two numbers of 16 mm diameter bars has been provided in compression side also for the load reversal test. The area of reinforcement provided are 226.19 mm2 and 402.12 mm2 which is less than the maximum limit prescribed in the code. 3.2.3 Shear Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.6, the minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that (Asv /b Sv) = 0.4/ 0.87 fy where Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member b = breadth of the beam fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 Asv = 0.4 x 200 x 120 / 0.87 x 415 = 26.58 mm2. Using 2-legged 6mm diameter bar as stirrup, the cross-sectional area of stirrup is worked out to be 56.54 mm2. 3.2.3.1 Spacing of Shear Reinforcement According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.1.5, the maximum spacing of shear

reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups where d is the effective depth of the section under consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm. i.e. 0.75d = 127.5 mm Therefore, 6mm stirrups had been adopted at a spacing of 120mm centre to centre. 3.2.3.2 Check for Bending Ast = 402.18 mm2 ; Asc = 226.23 mm2 Tu = 0.87 fy Ast = 0.84 x 415 x 402.18 = 145207 N 17

Cu = 0.36 fck xu b + fsc Asc 0.446 fck Asc = 0.36 x 20 x 200 x xu + 226.23 fsc 0.446 x 20 x 226.23 = 1440 xu + 226.23fsc 2018 Let assume xu = 50 ; 3/7 xu = 21 > 20 which is d [ref: fig.7, IS 456:2000] cu = 0.0035(xu-d)/xu = 0.0021 : fsc = 330 N/mm2 [ref. Table A , SP 16 ,page.6] Cu = 1440 x 50 + 226.23 x 330 2018 = 144637 N Cu Tu Mu = Ccu (d-0.416 xu) + Csu (d-d) = 72000 (170-0.416 x 50) + 72638 (170-20) = 21.6 x 106 N-mm But Mu = Bending moment (i.e) Mu = Wl where W= Load on the beam l = Distance of the load 21.6 x 106 = W x 600 W = 35.5 kN According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.1, the nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depth can be calculated as

v = V / bd
u

where

= Nominal shear stress

Vu = shear force due to design loads b = breadth of the member, which for flanged section shall be taken as the breadth of the web, bw d = effective depth.

v = 35500/ (200 x 170) v = 1.044 N/mm

2

100Ast/bd = 100 x 402.18/200 x 170 = 1.18%

18

The design shear strength of concrete as 0.65 N/mm2.

had been obtained from Table 19 of IS 456 : 2000

From Table 20, of IS 456:2000, the maximum shear stress, had been obtained as 2.8 According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.2.3, exceed

cmax for M20

grade of concrete

the nominal shear stress in beams

, should not
v

cmax

given in Table 20 of code IS 456:2000.

c bd)

cmax

>

v > c

Tthe shear reinforcement is to be provided according to IS 456:2000, cl 40.3 According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.4, shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to (Vu as Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv Where Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance sv. The strength of shear reinforcement Vus shall be calculated

sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member.

= design shear strength of the concrete.

c

b = breadth of the member.

fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall

not be taken greater than 415 N/mm2, d = effective depth. Therefore, Vus = (Vu -

c bd)
19

= (35500 0.65 x 200 x 170 ) = 13400 N But, Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv i.e. sv = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / Vus = 0.87 x 250 x 56.54 x 170 / 13400 sv = 156 mm But the adopted stirrup spacing in the beam is 120mm which is less than the above requirement for shear. So, the beam is safe against shear. 3.2.3.3 Anchorage Length According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.2, the calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on each side of the section by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or by a combination. The development length Ld is given in cl 26.2.1 of code IS 456:2000 as, Ld = ( s/4 Where

bd)

= nominal diameter of the bar, s= stress in bar at the section considered at design load

bd

= design bond stress given in cl 26.2.1.1 of IS 456:2000.

According to IS 456: 2000, the design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension for M 20 grade concrete is given as 1.2 N/mm2. Also it is given that for the deformed bars the value of design bond stress is to be increased by 60 percent and for the bars in compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension shall be increased by 25 percent. Fe 415 bars of 16 mm

have been used as the tension reinforcement and 12mm

have been used as compression reinforcement for static test. Therefore the anchorage length for the tension rod in the beam can be obtained as, Ld = (16 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.2 x 1.6) = 753 mm. The anchorage length for the compression rod in the beam can be obtained as,

20

Ld = (12 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.2 x 1.25 x 1.6) = 451mm. Fe 415 bars of 16 mm diameter bars have been used as the tension and compression reinforcement for load reversal. Therefore the anchorage length for rods in the beam can be obtained as, Ld = (16 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.2 x 1.25) = 753 mm. 3.2.4 Longitudinal Reinforcement in Column According to code IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.3.1 (a), the cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, shall be not less than 0.8 percent and not more than 6 percent of the gross cross- sectional area of the column. As given in cl 26.5.3.1(c) & (d), the minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular columns and the bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter. Four numbers of 12 mm diameter rods has been provided as longitudinal reinforcement. Cross section area of reinforcement = 452.39mm2 Percentage of steel is 1.13 %, which is greater than 0.8 % and less than 6 %. 3.2.5 Lateral Ties in Column The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than one-fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 6 mm. 6 mm diameter bar was adopted for the lateral ties which are greater than one fourth diameter of the longitudinal bar of 12mm diameter bar. 3.2.5.1 Spacing of Lateral Ties According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.3.2(c), the spacing of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following distances: i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members i.e. 200 mm ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied; i.e. 16 x 12 = 192 mm. iii) 300 mm. The least of the above three dimensions is 192 mm. Therefore the spacing should be less than or equal to 192 mm. The spacing for the lateral ties in the column has been fixed as 180 mm 21

center to center. Fig.3.1 shows the reinforcement details for the beam-column joint specimen detailed as per code IS 456: 2000 subjected to static load. Fig.3.2 shows the reinforcement detail for M20 concrete beam-column joint specimen detailed as per code IS 456: 2000 subjected to load reversal.

Fig.3.1 Reinforcement Details for M20 Concrete Specimen as per Code IS 456: 2000 Subjected to Static Load

Fig.3.2 Reinforcement Details for M20 Concrete Specimen as per Code IS 456: 2000 Subjected to Load Reversal 22

3.3 Design and Detailing of Beam-Column Joint Specimens as per Code IS 456:2000 for M 25 Concrete The test specimen consists of a column portion of cross-section 200 mm x 200 mm and a cantilever beam portion having the same cross-section. The height of the column is 1.5 m and the length of the cantilever portion is 0.6 m. The grade of concrete is M 25 and the grade of steel is Fe 415 for main reinforcement & Fe 250 for transverse reinforcement. 3.3.1 Tension Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.1 (a), the minimum tension reinforcement should not be less than the following As = 0. 85bd/fy , where As = b = d = fy = minimum area of tension reinforcement breadth of beam effective depth Characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2 i.e. As = 0.85 x 200 x 170/ 415 Therefore the Minimum area of tension reinforcement required is 69.63 mm2. The maximum area of tension reinforcement according to code IS 456: 2000, Cl 26.5.1.1(b) is given as 0.04bD. i.e. 0.04 x 200 x 200 = 1600mm2 Two numbers of 16 mm diameter bars has been adopted as tension reinforcement. The of tension reinforcement provided is 402.18 mm2 which is within the above limits. 3.3.2 Compression Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.2, The maximum area of compression reinforcement is less than 0.04bD. i.e. 0.04 x 200 x 200 = 1600mm2. Two numbers of 12mm diameter bars has been adopted as compression reinforcement for the static load test. Two numbers of 16 mm diameter bars has been provided in compression side also for the load reversal test. The area of reinforcement provided are 226.19 mm2 and 402.12 mm2 which is less than the maximum limit prescribed in the code. area

23

3.3.3 Shear Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.6, the minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that: (Asv /b Sv ) = 0.4/ 0.87 fy where Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member b = breadth of the beam fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 Asv = 0.4 x 200 x 120 / 0.87 x 415 = 26.58 mm2. Using 2-legged 6mm diameter bar as stirrup, the cross-sectional area of stirrup is worked out to be 56.54 mm2. 3.3.3.1 Spacing of Shear Reinforcement According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.1.5, the maximum spacing of shear

reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups where d is the effective depth of the section under consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm. i.e. 0.75d = 127.5 mm Therefore, 6mm stirrups had been adopted at a spacing of 120mm centre to centre. 3.3.3.2 Check for Bending Ast = 402.18 mm2 ; Asc = 226.23 mm2 Tu = 0.87 fy Ast = 0.87 x 415 x 402.18 = 145207 N Cu = 0.36 fck xu b + fsc Asc 0.446 fck Asc = 0.36 x 25 x 200 x xu + 226.23 fsc 0.446 x 25 x 226.23 = 1800 xu + 226.23fsc 2523 Let assume xu = 48 ; 3/7 xu = 20.6 > 20 which is d [ref: fig.7, IS 456:2000]

cu = 0.0035(xu-d)/xu = 0.00204 : fsc = 320 N/mm2 [ref. Table A , SP 16 ,page.6] Cu = 1800 x 48 + 226.23 x 320 2523 = 156197 N

24

Cu Tu Mu = Ccu (d-0.416 xu) + Csu (d-d) = 86400 (170-0.416 x 48) + 69797 (170-20) = 23.432 x 106 N-mm But Mu = Bending moment ( i.e.) Mu = Wl where W= Load on the beam l = Distance of the load 23.432 x 106 = W x 600 W = 39 kN According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.1, the nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depth can be calculated as

v = Vu/ bd
where

= Nominal shear stress

Vu = shear force due to design loads b = breadth of the member, which for flanged section shall be taken as the breadth of the web, bw d = effective depth.

v = 39200/ (200 x 170) v = 1.153 N/mm

The design shear strength of concrete as 0.65 N/mm2. From Table 20, of IS 456:2000, the maximum shear stress,
2

100Ast/bd = 100 x 402.18/200 x 170 = 1.18%

had been obtained from Table 19 of IS 456 : 2000

cmax

for M25 grade of concrete

had been obtained as 3.1 .According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.2.3, the nominal shear stress in beams

, should not exceed

v

cmax

given in Table 20 of code IS 456:2000.

25

cmax

>

v > c

The shear reinforcement is to be provided according to IS 456:2000, cl 40.3 According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.4, shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to (Vu -

c bd) The strength of shear reinforcement V

Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv

us shall

be calculated as

Where Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance sv.

sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member.

= design shear strength of the concrete.

c

b = breadth of the member.

fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall

not be taken greater than 415 N/mm2, d = effective depth. Therefore, Vus = (Vu -

c bd)

= (39200 0.65 x 200 x 170 ) = 17100 N But, Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv i.e. sv = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / Vus = 0.87 x 250 x 56.54 x 170 / 17100 sv = 123 mm But the adopted stirrup spacing in the beam is 120mm which is less than the above requirement for shear. So, the beam is safe against shear.

26

3.3.3.3 Anchorage Length According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.2, the calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on each side of the section by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or by a combination. The development length Ld is given in cl 26.2.1 of code IS 456:2000 as, Ld = ( s/4 Where

bd)

= nominal diameter of the bar, s= stress in bar at the section considered at design load

bd

= design bond stress given in cl 26.2.1.1 of IS 456:2000.

According to IS 456: 2000, the design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension for M 25 grade concrete is given as 1.4 N/mm2. Also it is given that for the deformed bars the value of design bond stress is to be increased by 60 percent and for the bars in compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension shall be increased by 25 percent. Fe 415 bars of 16 mm

have been used as the tension reinforcement and 12mm

have been used as compression reinforcement for static test. Therefore the anchorage length for the tension rod in the beam can be obtained as, Ld = (16 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.4 x 1.6) = 645 mm. The anchorage length for the compression rod in the beam can be obtained as, Ld = (12 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.4 x 1.25 x 1.6) = 387 mm. Fe 415 bars of 16 mm diameter bars have been used as the tension and compression reinforcement for load reversal. Therefore the anchorage length for rods in the beam can be obtained as, Ld = (16 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.2 x 1.25) = 645 mm. 3.3.4 Longitudinal Reinforcement in Column According to code IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.3.1 (a), the cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8 percent and not more than 6 percent of the gross cross sectional area of the column. 27

As given in cl 26.5.3.1(c) & (d), the minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular columns and the bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter. Four number12 mm diameter bar has been provided as longitudinal reinforcement. Cross section area of reinforcement = 452.39 mm2 Percentage of steel is 1.13 %, which is greater than 0.8 % and less than 6 %. 3.3.5 Lateral Ties in Column The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than one- fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 6 mm. 6 mm diameter bar was adopted for the lateral ties which are greater than one fourth diameter of the longitudinal bar of 12mm diameter bar. 3.3.5.1 Spacing of Lateral Ties According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.3.2(c), the spacing of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following distances: i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members i.e. 200 mm

ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied; i.e. 16 x 12 = 192 mm. iii) 300 mm. The least of the above three dimentions is 192 mm. Therefore the spacing should be less than or equal to 192 mm. The spacing for the lateral ties in the column has been fixed as 180mm center to center. Fig.3.3 shows the reinforcement details for M25 concrete beamcolumn joint specimen detailed as per code IS 456: 2000 subjected to static load. Fig.3.4 shows the reinforcement details for M25 concrete beam-column joint specimen detailed as per code IS 456 : 2000 subjected to load reversal.

28

Fig.3.3 Reinforcement Details for M25 Concrete Specimen as per IS 456: 2000 Subjected to Static Load .

Fig.3.4 Reinforcement Details for M25 Concrete Specimen as per IS 456: 2000 Subjected to Load Reversal 29

3.4 Design and Detailing of Beam-Column Joint Specimens as per Code IS 456:2000 for M 30 Concrete The test specimen consists of a column portion of cross-section 200 mm x 200 mm and a cantilever beam portion having the same cross-section. The height of the column is 1.5 m and the length of the cantilever portion is 0.6 m. The grade of concrete is M 30 and the grade of steel is Fe 415 for main reinforcement & Fe 250 for transverse reinforcement. 3.4.1 Tension Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.1 (a), the minimum tension reinforcement should not be less than the following As = 0. 85bd/fy , where As = b = d = fy = minimum area of tension reinforcement breadth of beam effective depth Characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2 i.e. As = 0.85 x 200 x 170/ 415 Therefore the Minimum area of tension reinforcement required is 69.63 mm2. The maximum area of tension reinforcement according to code IS 456: 2000, Cl 26.5.1.1(b) is given as 0.04bD. i.e. 0.04 x 200 x 200 = 1600mm2 Two numbers of 16 mm diameter bars has been adopted as tension reinforcement. The of tension reinforcement provided is 402.18 mm2 which is within the above limits. 3.4.2 Compression Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.2, The maximum area of compression reinforcement is less than 0.04bD. i.e. 0.04 x 200 x 200 = 1600mm2. Two numbers of 12mm diameter bars has been adopted as compression reinforcement for the static load test. Two numbers of 16 mm diameter bars has been provided in compression side also for the load reversal test. The area of reinforcement provided are 226.19 mm2 and 402.12 mm2 which is less than the maximum limit prescribed in the code. area

30

3.4.3 Shear Reinforcement in Beam According to code IS 456:2000, Cl 26.5.1.6, the minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that: (Asv /b Sv ) = 0.4/ 0.87 fy where Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear Sv = stirrup spacing along the length of the member b = breadth of the beam fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 Asv = 0.4 x 200 x 120 / 0.87 x 415 = 26.58 mm2. Using 2-legged 6mm diameter bar as stirrup, the cross-sectional area of stirrup is worked out to be 56.54 mm2. 3.4.3.1 Spacing of Shear Reinforcement According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.1.5, the maximum spacing of shear

reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups where d is the effective depth of the section under consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm. i.e. 0.75d = 127.5 mm Therefore, 6mm stirrups had been adopted at a spacing of 120mm centre to centre. 3.4.3.2 Check for Bending Ast = 402.18 mm2 ; Asc = 226.23 mm2 Tu = 0.87 fy Ast = 0.84 x 415 x 402.18 = 145207 N Cu = 0.36 fck xu b + fsc Asc 0.446 fck Asc = 0.36 x 30 x 200 x xu + 226.23 fsc 0.446 x 30 x 226.23 = 2160 xu + 226.23fsc 3027 Let assume xu = 47 ; 3/7 xu = 20.14 > 20 which is d [ref: fig.7, IS 456:2000]

cu = 0.0035(xu-d)/xu = 0.002 : fsc = 310 N/mm2 [ref. Table A , SP 16 ,page.6]

31

Cu = 2160 x 47 + 226.23 x 310 3027 = 168624 N Cu Tu Mu = Ccu (d-0.416 xu) + Csu (d-d) = 101520 (170-0.416 x 47) + 67104 (170-20) = 25.4 x 106 N-mm But Mu = Bending moment (i.e). Mu = Wl where W= Load on the beam l = Distance of the load 25.4 x 106 = W x 600 W = 42.2 kN According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.1, the nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depth can be calculated as

v = V / bd
u

where

= Nominal shear stress

Vu = shear force due to design loads b = breadth of the member, which for flanged section shall be taken as the breadth of the web, bw d = effective depth.

v = 42200/ (200 x 170) v = 1.24 N/mm

The design shear strength of concrete as 0.65 N/mm2. From Table 20 of IS 456:2000, the maximum shear stress, had been obtained as 3.5.
2

100Ast/bd = 100 x 402.18/200 x 170 = 1.18%

had been obtained from Table 19 of IS 456 : 2000

cmax

for M30 grade of concrete

32

According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.2.3, exceed

the nominal shear stress in beams

, should not
v

cmax

given in Table 20 of code IS 456:2000.

c bd)

cmax

>

v > c

Tthe shear reinforcement is to be provided according to IS 456:2000, cl 40.3. According to IS 456:2000, cl 40.4, shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to (Vu as Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv Where Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance sv. The strength of shear reinforcement Vus shall be calculated

sv = spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the length of the member.

= design shear strength of the concrete.

c

b = breadth of the member,

fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement which shall

not be taken greater than 415 N/mm2, d = effective depth. Therefore, Vus = (Vu -

c bd)

= (42200 0.65 x 200 x 170 ) = 20100 N But, Vus = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / sv i.e. sv = 0.87 x fy x Asv x d / Vus 33

= 0.87 x 250 x 56.54 x 170 / 20100 sv = 121 mm But the adopted stirrup spacing in the beam is 120 mm which is less than the above requirement for shear. So, the beam is safe against shear. 3.4.3.3 Anchorage Length According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.2, the calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on each side of the section by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or by a combination. The development length Ld is given in cl 26.2.1 of code IS 456:2000 as, Ld = ( s/4 Where

bd)

= nominal diameter of the bar, s= stress in bar at the section considered at design load

bd

= design bond stress given in cl 26.2.1.1 of IS 456:2000.

According to IS 456: 2000, the design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension for M 30 grade concrete is given as 1.5 N/mm2. Also it is given that for the deformed bars the value of design bond stress is to be increased by 60 percent and for the bars in compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension shall be increased by 25 percent. Fe 415 bars of 16 mm

have been used as the tension reinforcement and 12mm

have been used as compression reinforcement for static test. Therefore the anchorage length for the tension rod in the beam can be obtained as, Ld = (16 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.5 x 1.6) = 602 mm. The anchorage length for the compression rod in the beam can be obtained as, Ld = (12 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.5 x 1.25 x 1.6) = 361mm. Fe 415 bars of 16 mm diameter bars have been used as the tension and compression reinforcement for load reversal. Therefore the anchorage length for rods in the beam can be obtained as, Ld = (16 x 0.87 x 415) / (4 x 1.2 x 1.25) = 602 mm.

34

3.4.4 Longitudinal Reinforcement in Column According to code IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.3.1 (a), the cross-sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than 0.8 percent and not more than 6 percent of the gross cross- sectional area of the column. As given in cl 26.5.3.1(c) & (d), the minimum number of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four in rectangular columns and the bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter. Four numbers of 12 mm diameter bar has been provided for the tension reinforcement. Cross section area of reinforcement = 452.39 mm2 Percentage of steel is 1.13 %, which is greater than 0.8 % and less than 6 %. 3.4.5 Lateral Ties in Column The diameter of the polygonal links or lateral ties shall be not less than one- fourth of the diameter of the largest longitudinal bar, and in no case less than 6 mm. 6 mm diameter bar was adopted for the lateral ties which are greater than one fourth diameter of the longitudinal bar of 12mm diameter bar. 3.4.5.1 Spacing of Lateral Ties According to IS 456:2000, cl 26.5.3.2(c), the spacing of transverse reinforcement shall be not more than the least of the following distances: i) The least lateral dimension of the compression members i.e. 200 mm ii) Sixteen times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement bar to be tied; i.e. 16 x 12 = 192 mm. iii) 300 mm. The least of the above three dimensions is 192 mm. Therefore the spacing should be less than or equal to 192 mm. The spacing for the lateral ties in the column has been fixed as 180mm center to center. Fig.3.5 shows the reinforcement details for M30 concretebeamcolumn joint specimen detailed as per code IS 456: 2000 subjected to static load. Fig.3.6 shows the reinforcement details for M30 Concrete beam-column joint specimen detailed as per code IS 456: 2000 subjected to load reversal.

35

Fig.3.5 Reinforcement Details for M30 Concrete Specimen as per IS 456: 2000 Subjected to Static Load

Fig.3.6 Reinforcement Details for M30 Concrete Specimen as per IS 456: 2000 Subjected to Load Reversal

36

3.5 Design and Detailing of Beam -Column Joint Specimens as per Code IS 13920 :1993 3.5.1 Design of Beam According to clause 6.1 of code IS 13920:1993 the following requirements have to be satisfied for a flexural member. As per clause 6.1.2, the member shall preferably have a width to depth ratio of more than 0.3. Here the cross section of beam is 200 mm x 200 mm. The width to depth ratio is 1 which is more than 0.3. As per clause 6.1.3, the width of the member shall not be less than 200 mm. Here, the width of the member is equal to 200 mm. 3.5.1.1 Web Reinforcement According to cl 6.3.1 of code IS 456:2000 web reinforcement shall consist of vertical hoops which vertical closed stirrups are having a 135 hook with a 10 diameter extension (but not < 75 mm) at each end that is embedded in the confined core as shown below. Also the minimum diameter of the bar forming a hoop shall be 6 mm as shown in Fig 3.7.

Fig 3.7 Stirrups in Beam as per Code IS 13920:1993 For the present study, the diameter of the stirrup used for the beam portion is 6mm and the 135 hook provided is of 80 mm extension into the core which is greater than 75mm. The details of the stirrup are shown in Fig 3.8.

Fig 3.8 Hoop Rod as per Code IS 13920:1993 37

3.5.1.2 Spacing of Hoops According to cl 6.3.5 of code IS 13920:1993, for a length of 2d at either end of a beam the spacing of hoops shall not exceed d/4 and 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar. The first hoop shall be at a distance not exceeding 50 mm from the joint face. For the rest of the beam portion the stirrups are to be provided at a spacing not greater than d/2, where d is the effective depth of the member. The details are shown in Fig 3.9.

Fig 3.9 Beam Reinforcement as per Code IS 13920:1993 The distance 2d in the beam portion of the beam column joint is 340mm. The spacing d/4 is 42.5 mm and 8 is 120 mm. So the least of the above values were considered and the spacing of the stirrups was fixed as 40mm center to center.The rest of the beam portion the spacing of stirrups was adopted as 80mm which is less than half of the least lateral dimension. Also the first stirrup was placed at a distance of 50mm from the joint face. 3.5.1.3 Anchorage Length According to IS 13920:1993, clause 6.2.5, in an external joint, both the top and the bottom bars of the beam shall be provided with anchorage length, beyond the inner face of the column, equal to the development length in tension plus 10 times the bar diameter minus the allowance for 90 degree bend. In an internal joint, both face bars of the beam shall be taken continuously through the column.

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Fig 3.10 Anchorage of Beam Bars in an External Joint According to code IS 456:2000, cl. 26.2.2.1(b), the anchorage value of a 90o bend is 8 times of the diameter of the bar. Substituting the anchorage value of the 90o bend, the expression for the anchorage length is given by Ld + 10 - 8 . The beam reinforcement is to be anchored into the column as shown in Fig 3.10. Where Ld = Development length in tension for the as per IS 456:2000 given as Ld = ( s/4

bd)

= nominal diameter of the bar. s= stress in bar at the section considered at design load.

bd

= design bond stress given in cl 2.6.2.1.1 of IS 456:2000.

16 mm Fe 415 bars were used as longitudinal reinforcement for the beam. The anchorage length for the beam reinforcements for the M 20 concrete specimens can be obtained as, Ld = ((16 x 0.87 x 415)/ (4 x 1.2 x 1.6)) + 2 x 12 = 785 mm.

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The anchorage length for the beam reinforcements for the M 25 concrete specimens can be obtained as, Ld = ((16 x 0.87 x 415)/ (4 x 1.4 x 1.6)) + 2 x 12 = 677 mm. The anchorage length for the beam reinforcements for the M 30 concrete specimens can be obtained as, Ld = ((16 x 0.87 x 415)/ (4 x 1.6 x 1.6)) + 2 x 12 = 634 mm. 3.5.2 Design of Column According to cl 7.1.2 of code IS 13920:1993 , the minimum dimension of the member shall not be less than 200 mm. Hence the cross-section of the column portion is kept as 200 x 200 mm. As per cl 7.1.3, the ratio of the shortest cross sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall preferably not be less than 0.4. The ratio of the shortest cross sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension is 1 which is greater than 0.4 in the designed beam. 3.5.2.1 Transverse Reinforcement IS 13920:1993, cl. 7.3.1 states that rectangular hoops may be used as transverse reinforcement for rectangular columns. A rectangular hoop is a closed stirrup having a 135 hook with a 10 diameter extension but not less than 75 mm at each end that is embedded in the confined core. Clause 7.3.3 of code IS 13920:1993 states that the spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the column, except where special confining reinforcement is provided. The least lateral dimension of the column is 200 mm and half of the least lateral dimension is 100 mm. Hence a transverse reinforcement of 6 mm hoops at a spacing of 100 mm center to center has been adopted. 3.5.2.2 Special Confining Reinforcement Clause 7.4.1 of code IS 13920:1993 emphasizes on the special confining reinforcement that is to be provided in the column portion. It reveals that the special 40

confining reinforcement is to be provided over a length lo from each joint face, towards mid span, and on either side of any section, where flexural yielding may occur under the effect of earthquake forces. The length lo shall not be less than (a) larger lateral dimension of the member at the section where yielding occurs, (b) 1/6 of clear span of the member (c) 450 mm. The special confining reinforcement is shown in the Fig 3.11

Fig 3.11 Column and Joint Detailing as per Code IS 13920:1993 Clause7.4.6 of code IS 13920:1993 gives that the spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than 100 mm.

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Clause 7.4.8 of code IS 13920:1993 gives the cross section area of the bar to be used as special confining reinforcement in the column. The states that the area of cross section, Ash , of the bar forming rectangular hoop, to be used as special confining reinforcement shall not be less than the following expression. Ash = 0.18 S h (fck / fy) ((Ag / Ak)-1) where Ash = area of the bar cross section. S h = spacing of hoops. = longer dimension of the rectangular confining hoop measured to its outer face. It shall not exceed 300 mm. fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete cube fy = yield stress of steel Ag = gross area of the column cross section Ak = area of confined concrete core in the rectangular hoop measured to its outside dimensions. From the above expression , the diameter of the bar that to be used as the special confining reinforcement was fixed as 8 mm with a length of 1100 mm and is shown in Fig. 3.12. The spacing of hoops or lateral ties in the special confining zone was fixed as 50mm which is not greater than of minimum dimension of the column.

Fig 3.12 Hoops used for Special Confinement From the three criterions given in clause 7.4.1 of code IS 13920:1993, for deciding the length of the special confining zone, the maximum value of 450 mm from the face joint

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face was adopted. That is the special confining reinforcement was provided at a distance of 450mm from the face of joint on both sides of the joint in the column portion. 3.5.2.3 Joints of Frames Clause 8.1 of code IS 13920:1993 states that the special confining reinforcement as required at the column shall be provided through the joint as well, unless the joint is confined such that it has beams framing into all vertical faces of it and where each beam width is at least 3/4 of the column width, may be provided with half the special confining reinforcement required at the end of the column and the spacing of hoops shall not exceed 150 mm as specified in clause 8.2 of code IS 13920:1993. Since the column is not confined as specified in the code provision of clause 8.2 as given above, the special confining reinforcement was extended into the column portion also. Fig. 3.13 shows the reinforcement detailing for the M20 concrete beam-column joint specimens as per code IS 13920:1993. Fig. 3.14 shows the reinforcement detailing for the M 25 concrete beam-column joint specimens as per code IS 13920:1993. Fig. 3.15 shows the reinforcement detailing for the M 30 concrete beam-column joint specimens as per code IS 13920:1993

Fig. 3.13 Reinforcement Detailing for M 20 Concrete Beam-Column Joint Specimens as per Code IS 13920:1993

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Fig. 3.14 Reinforcement Detailing for the M 25 Concrete Beam-Column Joint Specimens as per Code IS 13920:1993

Fig. 3.15 Reinforcement Detailing for the M 30 Concrete Beam-Column Joint Specimens as per Code IS 13920:1993 44

3.6 Preparation of the Beam-Column Joint Specimens The reinforced concrete beam-column joint specimens were cast using fabricated steel moulds. Reinforcement was prepared and placed inside the mould. 3.6.1 Mix Design Concrete mix design is a procedure by mean of which the proportions of cement, water, course aggregate, fine aggregate and admixtures if any are determined. Indian standard method of mix design has been adopted for obtaining the mix proportions of M 20, M25 and M30 concrete. The design steps for M 20 concrete are given below. Specific Gravity of C.A Specific Gravity of FA Specific Gravity of cement Sand Zone Size of Aggregate Grade of Concrete S.D for different degree of control Step.1 Target Strength for Mix Design Fck=fck+1.65s =20 +1.65 x 3.6 =25.94N/mm2 Step.2 Selection of Water Cement Ratio For the target strength of 25.94 N/mm2 , the value of water-cement ratio has been found from the graph given in page 7 of IS 10262:1982 W/C =0.506 =2.85 =2.714 =3.15 =Zone 3 =20 mm =M20 =Very Good

The value of standard deviation has been selected from Table1 of code IS 10262:1982,page 5

Step.3 Selection of Water and Cement Content The water and sand content have been found from Table 4 found on page 9 of IS 10262:1982, Water Content Sand Content =186 kg =35%

Step. 4 Adjustment of Value in Water Content and Sand %

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The water content and the sand content are adjusted as shown below. Change in Condition Sand conforming Zone Increase or decrease in the value of compacting factor Each 0.05 increase or decrease in free w/c ratio Water content 0 3 0 3 =35 - 3.38 =31.62 % Total water content =186 +186 x 3/100 =191.58 kg Step. 5 Determination of Cement Content Cement =191.58 / 0.506 =378.70 kg Step. 6 Determination of Coarse and Fine Aggregate The quantities of course aggregate and fine aggregate are found using the formula given in page11 of code IS 10262:1982, 0.98 Therefore, And 0.98 Therefore fc = (191.58 + 435.4 / 3.15 + (1/0.68) x (fc/2.714)) x (1/1000) =1302.25 kg fa = (191.58 + 378.70 / 3.15 + (1/0.3162) x (fa/2.714)) x (1/1000) = 573.38 kg % Sand in Total Aggregate -1.5 0 -1.88 -3.38

Total sand content

The quantities have been found for 1 bag of cement and the mix proportion for M 20 concrete is given in Table 3 .1 Table 3.1 Mix Proportions for M 20 Concrete Cement 50 1 Fine Aggregate 75.70 1.51 Course Aggregate 171.94 3.44 Water 25.29 0.51

Similarly the mix proportions for M 25 and M 30 concrete were found and the mix proportions are given in Table 3.2

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Table.3.2 Mix Proportions for M 20 , M 25 & M 30 Concrete Grade of Concrete M 20 M 25 M 30 Mix Proportions 1:1.51:3.44:0.51 1:1.25:2.885:0.42 1:1.028:2.6:0.39

Concrete was mixed in a tilting type mixer machine. Care was taken to see that concrete was properly placed and compacted. The sides of the mould were removed 24 hours after casting and the test specimens were cured in water for 28 days. In case of retrofitted specimens, the faces were ground mechanically to remove any laitance. All the voids were filled with putty. Then a two component primer system was applied on the concrete surface and allowed to cure for 24 hours. A two component epoxy coating was then applied on the primer coated surface and one layer of sheet was immediately wrapped over the surface of the reinforced concrete beam-column joint. A hand roller was then applied gently over the wrap so that good adhesion was achieved between the concrete surface and the wrapping sheets and allowed to cure for seven days. Another coat of the two component epoxy was applied over the fiber sheet. Then the second wrap was applied following the same procedure and allowed to cure for a further period of seven days. Both the wrapped layers were orthogonal to each other. The details of the retrofitting sheets made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), aramid fiber reinforced polymer (AFRP) and sisal fiber sheets are given in Table 3.3. Table.3.3 Details of the Retrofitting sheets Product Name SK-G600 SK-N300 SK-A415 SISAL Fiber Type GFRP CFRP AFRP SISAL Fiber Strength (Mpa) 2300 4900 2880 1800 FiberStiffness (Gpa) 76 230 100 75 ArealWeight (g/m2) 600 300 415 950 Fabric Thickness(mm) 0.230 0.166 0.288 0.450

Fig. 3.16, Fig. 3.17, Fig. 3.18 , Fig. 3.19 and Fig. 3.20 shows the fabrication of reinforcement , placing of reinforcement in the mould , casting, curing and typical view of beam-column joint specimen. Fig. 3.21, Fig. 3.22, Fig. 3.23, and Fig. 3.24 shows the typical

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views of retrofitted beam-column joint specimens wrapped with GFRP, CFRP, AFRP, and SISAL sheets respectively.

Fig.3.16 Typical View of Fabrication of Reinforcement

Fig.3.17 Typical View of Placing of Reinforcement in the Mould

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Fig.3.18 Typical View of Casting of Beam-Column Joint Specimen

Fig.3.19 Typical View of Curing of Specimen

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Fig. 3.20 Typical View of Beam-Column Joint Specimen

Fig.3.21 Typical View of Beam-Column Joint Specimen Retrofitted with GFRP Sheet

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Fig.3.22 Typical View of Beam-Column Joint Specimen Retrofitted with CFRP Sheet

Fig.3.23 Typical View of Beam-Column Joint Specimen Retrofitted with AFRP Sheet

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Fig.3.24 Typical View of Beam-Column Joint Specimen Retrofitted with Sisal Fiber Sheet

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