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CHAPTER

10

Chapter Summary
WHY did you learn it?
Lay the foundation for work with circles. Find real-life distances, such as the radius of a silo.
(p. 597)

WHAT did you learn?

Identify segments and lines related to circles.
(10.1)

Use properties of tangents of circles. (10.1) Use properties of arcs and chords of circles.
(10.2)

Solve real-life problems such as analyzing a procedure used to locate an avalanche rescue beacon. (p. 609) Reach conclusions about angles in real-life objects, such as your viewing angle at the movies. (p. 614) Estimate distances, such as the maximum distance at which fireworks can be seen. (p. 625) Find real-life distances, such as the distance a satellite transmits a signal. (p. 634) Solve real-life problems, such as determining cellular phone coverage. (p. 639) Make conclusions based on real-life constraints, such as using seismograph readings to locate the epicenter of an earthquake. (p. 644)

Use properties of inscribed angles and inscribed polygons of circles. (10.3) Use angles formed by tangents, chords, and secants. (10.4) Find the lengths of segments of tangents, chords, and lines that intersect a circle. (10.5) Find and graph the equation of a circle. (10.6) Draw loci in a plane that satisfy one or more conditions. (10.7)

How does Chapter 10 fit into the BIGGER PICTURE of geometry?

In this chapter, you learned that circles have many connections with other geometric figures. For instance, you learned that a quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle if and only if its opposite angles are supplementary. Circles also occur in natural settings, such as the ripples in a pond, and in manufactured structures, such as a cross section of a storage tank. The properties of circles that you studied in this chapter will help you solve problems related to mathematics and the real world.
STUDY STRATEGY

Did you answer your questions?

Your record of questions about difficult exercises, following the study strategy on page 594, may resemble this one.

Questions to Answer
Exercise 18, p. 617 Is there enough information to find x and y ? Oh, AC is a diameter, so x = 90 and y = 90.

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CHAPTER

10
VOCABULARY

Chapter Review
concentric circles, p. 596 common tangent, p. 596 interior of a circle, p. 596 exterior of a circle, p. 596 point of tangency, p. 597 central angle, p. 603 minor arc and its measure,
p. 603

circle, p. 595 center of circle, p. 595 radius of circle, p. 595 congruent circles, p. 595 diameter of circle, p. 595 chord, secant, tangent,
p. 595 tangent circles, p. 596

major arc and its measure,

p. 603 semicircle, p. 603 congruent arcs, p. 604 inscribed angle, p. 613 intercepted arc, p. 613 inscribed polygon, p. 615 circumscribed circle, p. 615

tangent segment, p. 630 secant segment, p. 630 external segment, p. 630 standard equation of a
circle, p. 636 locus, p. 642

10.1

TANGENTS TO CIRCLES
In R, R is the center. RJ is a radius, and JL is a diameter. MP is a chord, and MP is a secant. KS is a tangent and so it is perpendicular to the radius RS . KS KP because they are two tangents from the same exterior point.
EXAMPLES

Examples on pp. 595598

S M J L R P K

Name a point, segment, line, or circle that represents the phrase. 1. Diameter of P 3. Chord of P 5. Radius of Q 7. Secant 2. Point of tangency of Q 4. Center of larger circle 6. Common tangent 8. Point of tangency of P and Q
N P F E R q D B C S

9. Is PBC a right angle? Explain. 10. Show that SCD is isosceles.

10.2

ARCS AND CHORDS

Examples on pp. 603606

are congruent minor arcs with measure 75. WX and XY = 360 75 = 285. Chords TU WYX is a major arc, and mWYX and UY are congruent because they are equidistant from the center UY because TU UY. Chord WZ is a of the circle. TU
EXAMPLES

6 6 U Z

perpendicular bisector of chord UY , so WZ is a diameter.

75 75

650

Chapter 10 Circles

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Use Q in the diagram to find the measure of the indicated arc. AD is a diameter, and mCE = 121. 11. DE

14. BC

E D 59 C q B A 36

15. BDC
12. AE

16. BDA
13. AEC

10.3

INSCRIBED ANGLES
EXAMPLES

Examples on pp. 613616

ABC and ADC are congruent

1 inscribed angles, each with measure mAEC = 90. 2

D C

85 105 75 95

Because ADC is an inscribed right triangle, AC is a diameter. The quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle because its opposite angles are supplementary.
Kite ABCD is inscribed in P. Decide whether the statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.

A E

180 A D E P

17. ABC and ADC are right angles.

1 18. mACD = mAED 2

19. mDAB + mBCD = 180
C

10.4

OTHER ANGLE RELATIONSHIPS IN CIRCLES

EXAMPLES

Examples on pp. 621623

mABD = 120 = 60
A 120 D

1 2

mCED = (30 + 40) = 35

D 40 E C

1 2

mCED = (100 20) = 40

B 100 A C 20 D

1 2

B C

A 30 B

Find the value of x. 20.

B

21.
C F 170 x A E x D 60 G

22.
82 K

H x J

23.

q L 86 N x M

136

L 46

Chapter Review

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10.5

SEGMENT LENGTHS IN CIRCLES

EXAMPLES

Examples on pp. 629631

GE is a tangent segment.
B

C D A F E

BF FE = AF FD GC GB = GD GA (GE)2 = GD GA
Find the value of x. 24.
A 16 C 10 x B 8 D

25.
E 10 B 12 D 25 x A

26.
C 30 Dx A C 20 E

10.6

EQUATIONS OF CIRCLES
EXAMPLE

Examples on pp. 636637

C has center (3, 1) and radius 2. Its standard

(3, 1)
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 x

equation is [x (3)] + [y (1)] = 2 , or (x + 3) + ( y + 1) = 4.

Write the standard equation of the circle. Then graph the equation. 27. Center (2, 5), radius 9 28. Center (4, 1), radius 4 29. Center (6, 0), radius 1 0
Examples on pp. 642644

10.7

LOCUS
EXAMPLE To find the locus of points equidistant from two parallel lines, r and s, draw 2 parallel lines, r and s. Locate several points that are equidistant from r and s. Identify the pattern. The locus is a line parallel to r and s and halfway between them.

Draw the figure. Then sketch and describe the locus of points on the paper that satisfy the given condition(s). 30. RST, the locus of points that are equidistant from R and S 31. Line l, the locus of points that are no more than 4 inches from l 32. AB with length 4 cm, the locus of points 3 cm from A and 4 cm from B
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CHAPTER

10

Chapter Test
J

Use the diagram at the right. 1. Which theorems allow you to conclude that JK MK ? 2. Find the lengths of JK , MP, and PK. 3. Show that JL LM .

H N 4 M A B L 4 K

4. Find the measures of JM and JN . Use the diagram at the right.

1 P

BC . 6. Show that FE

5. Show that AF AB and FH BH.

H P C G

7. Suppose you were given that PH = PG. What could you conclude?

Find the measure of each numbered angle in P. 8.

1
P 2

9.
3 1 145
P

10.
60 2

105
P

11.
1 2 96 2
P

36 38 3 1

12. Sketch a pentagon ABCDE inscribed in a circle. Describe the relationship

between (a) CDE and CAE and (b) CBE and CAE.
In the diagram at the right CA is tangent to the circle at A. 13. If AG = 2, GD = 9, and BG = 3, find GF. 14. If CF = 12, CB = 3, and CD = 9, find CE. 15. If BF = 9 and CB = 3, find CA. 16. Graph the circle with equation (x 4)2 + ( y + 6)2 = 64. 17. Sketch and describe the locus of points in the coordinate plane that are
D C E B

A G F

equidistant from (0, 3) and (3, 0) and 4 units from the point (4, 0).
18. ROCK CIRCLE This circle of rock is in the Tnr desert in the African country of Niger. The circle is about 60 feet in diameter. About a mile away to the north, south, east, and west, stone arrows point away from the circle. Its not known who created the circle or why. Suppose the center of the circle is at (30, 30) on a grid measured in units of feet. Write an equation for the circle. DOG RUN A dog on a leash is able to move freely along a cable that is attached to the ground. The leash allows the dog to move anywhere within 3.5 feet from any point on the 10-foot straight cable. Draw and describe the locus of points that the dog can reach.
Chapter Test 653

19.