Phonetic Transliteration

(This document uses the DV-TTSurekh font)

Users of the Transliterator

This keyboard is meant for three types of users: 1 Those whose mother-tongue is an Indian Language, who can speak it and who do not know how to write it. 2 Those who have earnt the anguage ora y but have not mastered the written ski s. ! Those who fee comfortab e with a "#$%T& keyboard and do not want to key in a te't using the I()*%I+T keyboard. ,e wou d strong y advise you to earn the use of the I()*%I+T keyboard as ear y as possib e. -or a users this keyboard wi a ow you not on y to do data-entry using $ng ish characters but wi a so enab e you to s ow y fami iari.e yourse f with Indian scripts. /nce you fee comfortab e with the script, you can shift over to the I()*%I+T keyboard itse f.

The Mapping Table

0e ow is given a mapping tab e for the Trans iterator where the $ng ish *haracter set is mapped onto the Indian anguage set.The mapping is as user-friend y as possib e so as to enab e a fast, accurate and speedy data-entry. 1gainst each character its appro'imate va ue in $ng ish is a so given a ong with an e'amp e. Consonants 1 )/2$ 3I(T) Indian )cripts with a few anguage e'ceptions have a comp e' system insofar as k ch T t p are concerned. In each case there is a five way system: k kh g gh (g

E
ch

J
chh

M
4

P
4h

R
(4

S
T

U
Th

V
5

Z
5h

\
(

]
t

`
th

b
d

f
dh

h
n

i
p

l
ph

n
b

v
bh

x
m

"

$ach of these is known as a 6arga. In each set we have a pair of voice ess consonants first, fo owed by their voiced counterparts. $ach pair comprises an #naspirate and an 1spirated sound$ k kh g gh. 1t the end of each 6arga is the corresponding (asa *onsonant. In the Trans iterator we have tried to arrange the phonetic keys as per this pattern. The #()3I-T7)3I-T i.e. owercase7upper-case correspond to the #naspirate 1spirate pairs. The (asa s are mapped on to the n7(7m keys. In the case of k and g, the (asa ( is added onto 7g7$(g and 747$ (4 respective y. The (asa of the 5ravidian fami y x% as in ka.n.ru $ca f is represented by .n . The other consonants are mapped onto their c osest corresponding keys in $ng ish as you can see from the mapping tab e."uite a few Indian Languages have two to three 7 7 sounds. These have been mapped onto #()3I-T7)3I-T to give the two 7 7 sounds. The 7 7 sound in anguages of the 5ravidian fami y as in Tami 7mo.hi7 anguage is mapped onto 7.h7. 0e aware of the (ukta characters. These are used in +un4abi or in 3indi for representing borrowed sounds in oan-words.The nuktas are represented by their c osest possib e corresponding e8uiva ents. Thus f represents a &' ( ) * are keyed in by typing 8 as in 781ti 7 9h as in 9hush or : as in :u shan. + is given the va ue of .. -ina y a few other characters: The 3indi f ap sounds a so found in +un4abi such as 7{,-. pe%$ tree or .!/.b153$ f ood are shown by % and 53. If you are typing in 2arathi and want to show the so ca ed 8uarter % as in v1.ry1, 01 use

the .r to show this sound Try remembering this mnemonics when typing. 2 */()/(1(T 21++I(: T10L$ *haracters as used in 5evanagari k E as in ka $ tomorrow kh J as in kh1 $skin g M as in go $round gh P as in ghar$house (g R as in ma(gga $fe icitious main y used in words borrowed from )anskrit. ch S as in ch1r$four chh U as in chhe$si' 4 V as in 4a $water 4h Z as in 4haran1$water-fa (4 \ as in Tami ka(44i$rice-grue T ] as in TaTTu$pony Th ` as in ThIk$/.9 5 b as in 5#b$sink 5h f as in 5h1 $shie d. ( h as in ga($devotees main y used in words borrowed from )anskrit. t i as in t#$you th l as in th1 $p ate d n as in do$two dh v as in dh1r1$f ow n x as in nI 1$b ue p { as in pa $second ph as in pha $fruit b ! as in bo $say bh " as in bho 1$innocent m # as in m1r$beat y 1 as in yah$this r 23 as in r1h$road 4 as in 1$bring L 56 as in 2arathi guL$ mo asses main y used in words borrowed from )anskrit. v 0 as in vah$that sh 7 as in sha2k1$doubt )h 8 as in )haTako($he'agon s 9 as in sa2t$saint h :; as in hu2$ ;I< am 1 nukta combinations 8 ( as in 81ti $fata 9h ) as in 9h1 $skin : * as in :arIb$poor . + as in .a9hamI$wounded % - as in pe%$tree 53 / as in ba53$grow f & as in firo.$-ero. *haracters not encountered in 5evanagari .r a so used to generate the so-ca ed 8uarter r in marathi$ su.ry1$knives

<= as in Tami $p1Tar$father .h / as in 2a ya am$ko.hiko5$$name of a town = >? @ as in /riya or 0enga i sa2kh=1$ 8uantity Commonly used Conjuncts These can be generated out by typing the individua characters. 3owever the combinations are given be ow: k)h A as in k)ham1$forgiveness shr B as in shrI$)ir dny C as in dny1n$know edge Vowels Indian Languages have a considerab y rich vowe system ref ected in their character set. To map these 6owe s against the a e i o u y and w avai ab e in the $ng ish a phabet is not easy. ,e have tried to make the vowe mapping as easy as possib e. The conventions and norms used are e'p ained be ow: 6owe s have been divided into four parts: )imp e 6owe s 5iphthongs 6isarga (asa s 3%I73%# 1 )I2+L$ 6/,$L) In the case of 6owe s, a simp e convention has been fo owed. Indian anguages have both ong and short vowe s. The short vowe s have been main y shown by the owercase character whereas uppercase is used for the ong vowe s. Indian anguages have both 2atras ;strokes< and -u vowe s corresponding to these matras. Thus D1 1y1 has a fu vowe D in the Initia and a 2atra for the fina y1$1' The norma ru e is that when the 6owe is preceded by a *onsonant, it has a 2atra 6a ue. /therwise the vowe has the -u 6owe 6a ue. &ou do not have to worry where to use what, since the engine norma y takes care of this combination. 3owever in certain anguages ike :u4arati or 3indi a -u 6owe can fo ow a *onsonant as in :u4arati JEFGkhaI precipice or 4EFG aI taken. 1 specia combination is provided for this. The 6owe in 8uestion is preceded by 7a7. Thus aI wi give 4EF' The tab e be ow gives a the representations for a 6owe s whether -u or 2atras. )3/%T 6/,$L) -#LL721T%1 */()>-#LL 6/,$L a D a as in ake 1$ a one aa i E.HI i as in ichchh1$wish ai u J.IK u as in urf$a ias au e L.I, e as in ek$one ae o D,.I, o as in or$direction ao L/(: 6/,$L) -#LL721T%1 */()>-#LL 6/,$L 1 D.I 1 as in 1$come a1 I EF.IM I as in Ik$sugarcane aI # NO.IP # as in #par$u a# $ LQ.IQ $ as in Tami $(ge$where a$ / DQ.IQ / as in 2a aya am /ppoL$sister a/ The fo owing two are main y used in words of -oreign origin: /$ DR.IR /$ as in :u4arati /$ $a a/$ 1$ LR.IR 1$ as in :u4arati 1$pa $app e a1$ 2 5I+3T3/(:)

In the case of 5iphthongs a Two etter combination is given to accomodate the diphthongs. This combination is c osest to the phonetic va ue of the diphthong. 1, DS.IS 1, as in 1,r$ and a1, 1& L,.IS 1& as in 1&nak$spectac es a1& ! 3%I73%# These are of )anskrit origin and are used to represent words ike hrishi or nritya or hrishikesh. %emaining faithfu to )anskrit convention we have represented this vowe both fu and matra as 3%I 3%I <T.IU 3%I as in 3%IshI$ rishi ? 6I)1%:1: The 6isarga is shown as G as in du:kha sorrow ;main y used in )anskrit derived words< @ (1)1L 21%9$%) '2 IV *handrabindu as in 1.2kh eye 2 IW 1nuswar as in 12k$number

Some Do's and Don'ts

0efore p unging into your phonetic keyboard p ease note the fo owing : 1. The Trans iterator wi not work with T12IL. 1 specia ru e fi e is needed for that.This is because in the case of Tami the sounds 7t7 7d7 7th7 7dh7 are a represented by the same character 7t7. The same is the case with 8uite a few other sounds. -or Tami a specia phonetic keyboard version is under preparation. 2. In certain anguages ike +#(=10I where there is not a one hundred percent phonetic correspondence, there might be a few prob ems. Thus a word ike gho%1 horse wi be pronounced as ko%1. These prob ems wi be accomodated in the ne't version. &ou can sti use this 9eyboard for +un4abi. The one thing you have to remember is to rep ace the spoke form by its true phonetic va ue. Thus instead of typing 7k7 in 7kor17 type 7gh7. )imi ar y rep acing the 7T7 of To with 53 wi give you the right +un4abi representation of 753o 7. !. In the case of 3,the fo owing precaution is to be taken. #n ess otherwise specified do not use it in combinations. Thus )h or sh shou d not be typed as )3 or s3. This might resu t in an incorrect combination. ?. &ou wi have to take care of the ong and short vowe s. 2ake sure that you key in the right key for the Long or )hort 6owe . ,hen in doubt, spe -check it, if you are working in 3indi, 2arathi or :u4arati to get the right vowe .

T ping !ith the "e board

1 3I(T) 3ere are a few hints for typing with the phonetic keyboard. aA +rint out the mapping tab e and keep it before you initia y, since it wi take some time to associate the $ng ish keyboard characters with the Indian characters. bA 1 the consonants in the Indian )cript have an imp icit 7a7 i.e. each consonant is fo owed by an 7a7. E is pronouncd as 7ka7 and not 7k7. Thus the word E#4 a though written in 3indi as a chain of three consonants is in fact pronounced as 7kama 7. The +honetic 9eyboard ref ects this tendency of the script. &ou wi have to be conscious of the use of 7a7 when typing. If you type two consonants together in the Trans iterator system, they constitute a *on4unct i.e. as if these two characters are to be pronounced together without the 7a7. Thus in the case of H0X# .vikram7 k and r are 4oined together without the intervening 7a7. This is technica y known as 3a ant i.e. the imp icit 7a7 of 7k7 is de eted. 0e aware of this when typing and do (/T type two consonants together #(L$)) you want them to figure as a *on4unct. cA -or the (asa sign$ 1nuswar 7IW. or *handrabindu 7IV.? type 2 for the anuswar or .2 for the *handrabindu. Thus to get 1:;V type yah1.2 dA 7a7 vs 717 . /ur e'perience has been that you may tend to type 7a7 when you want to type 717. + ease be carefu about the use of the )3I-T key. &ou may want to type 7kam1 7 and

end up as 7kama 7 if you forget to )3I-T. These are the main points to retain when typing with the phonetic keyboard. Let us see now how to type. 2 T&+I(: +%1*TI*$ Let us start in the traditiona way by combining the who e set of vowe s with a consonant to generate out the combinations: ka k1 ki kI ku k# ke k1& ko k1, This wi give

HE

EM

EK

EP

E,

ES

E, ES

-oreign oan sounds: k/$ k1$

ER ER
6owe s of other anguages: k$ EQ k/ EQ Try typing out the other consonants > the 6owe sets. *ombine the vowe sets with g t ch d T 5 Th 5h (ow et us try and work with 3%I. This is how to set about it. To type the word dance in 3indi, 4ust key in n3%Itya ;do (/T forget to type 3%I in upper-case< and you wi see in the window$

xUi1
Try typing a few con4uncts: kr X k Y4 kn Yx pr Z phr [ -or con4uncts such as A as in DA23 ak)har you can type a fu set of consonants together$ k)h. -or C as in Cx type dny. shr wi give you B as in BM shrI. (ow that you are a bit more confident, why donBt you try and type a few words: )uppose you have to type a word ike 3/#)$ in 3indi. &ou know the word and a so how to pronounce it. &ou start typing the word: g>h . &ou see a P. -o ow it up by 7a7. &ou have ensured that gh and the fo owing consoant are separated by the 7a7. (ow type 7r7. &ou see the fu word P23 /()*%$$(. 1s easy as that *ongratu ationsC &ou have 4ust typed your first word using the Trans iterator. Let us take another word, say 9hush$ happy: Type first 9>h. &ou wi see ) appear on-screen. -o ow it up with # and you see )K' 1dd the s>h and you see the 7 on the screen. 3appyCC Let us take a toughie. Try the word 0I%5 in 3indi. +ronounce it menta y and start typing: p fo owed by a. (e't comes the nasa D so we type .2 fo owed by chh and fina y the I. The resu t is pa.2chhI${VUM 3ow about some practice. Try keying in the fo owing: a%k1 4-E b1& !S4 tot1 i,i

bh1rat "23i gi aharI HM4:;23M dostI n,9iM 1madanI D#nxM parav1h {230:; Try a few more words from memory. 5o (/T forget the 7a7Bs between two consonants that you want to keep separate. ;If in doubt run a spe -checker on it, if you are working in 3indi, 2arathi or :u4arati<. /nce you fee ,ord confident get down to sentences: mer1 bh1rat mah1n #,23 "23i #:;x tum ky1 kar rahe ho iK# Y1 E23 23:,; :;, 1nd how about a fu te't. ,e have entered a fu te't in +honetic for you. It is a very famous te't from a very famous 3indi writer: +remchand. The te't is ca ed shatara24 ke khi 1%I. ,hy donBt you try to read it through. ,e have a so given the origina 3indi version. -or added accuracy, if you are working in 2arathi or 3indi or :u4arati, try spe -checking the fi e. &our te't wi be character and word perfect.

Sample Phonetic Te#t

shatara24 ke khi 1%I mu2shI prem cha2d v1.id a I sh1h k1 samay th1 akhana# vi 1sit1 ke ra2g me2 5#b1 hu1 th1 chhoTe-ba%e, amir-garIb sabhI vI 1sit1 me2 5#be hue the koI n3%Itya 1,r g1n kI ma4a Is sa41t1 th1, to koi afIm kI pinak hI me2 ma.e et1 th1 4Ivan ke pratyek vibh1g me2 1mod-pramod k1 pr1dh1nya th1 sh1san vibh1g me2, s1hityak)hetra me2, s1m14ik vyavasth1 me2, ka 1kosha me2, udyog-dhandho2 me2, 1h1r-vyavah1r me2, sarvatra vi 1sit1 vay1p rahI thI r14akarmach1rI vi)hay-v1san1 me, kaviga( prem 1,r vIrah ke var(an me2, k1rIgar ka 1batt# 1,r chikan ban1ne me2, vyavas1yI surame, itra, missI 1,r ubaTan k1 ro4ag1r karane me2 ipta the sabhI kI 12kho me2 vi 1sit1 k1 mad chh1y1 hu1 th1 sa2s1r me2 ky1 ho rah1 h1&, isakI kisI ko 9habar na thI baTer a% rahe h1&2 tItaro2 kI a%1I ke ie pha I badI 41 rahI h1& kahI2 ch1,sar bichhI huI h1&D p1,-b1rah k1 shor mach1 hu1 h1& kahI2 shatara24 k1 ghor sagr1m chhi%1 hu1 h1& r141 se ekar ra2k tak isI dhun me2 masta the yah1.2 tak ki phakIro ko p1&se mi ate to ve roTiy1.2 na ekar afIm kh1te y1 madak pIte shatara24, t1sh ga24If1 khe ane se buddhi tIvra hotI h1&, vich1r-shakti k1 vik1s hot1 h1&, pechId1 masa o2 ko su a4h1ne kI 1dat pa%atI h1& ye da I e2 .oro2 ke s1th pesh kI 41tI thI2 ;is samprad1y ke ogo2 se duniy1 ab bhI kh1 I nahI2 h1& < isa ie agar mira.1 sa441d11 I 1,r mIr r1,shan a I apan1 adhik12sh samay buddhi tIvra karane me2 vyatIt karate the, to kisI vich1rashI puru)h ko ky1 1patti ho sakatI thIE dono2 ke p1s m1,r#sI 41gIre2 thID 4Ivik1 kI koI chint1 na thID ghar me2 b1&The chakh1,tiy1.2 karate the 1khir 1,r karate hI ky1E pr1ta:k1 dono2 mitra n1sht1 karake bis1t bichh1kar b1&Th 41te, muhare sa4 41te, 1,r a%1I ke d1.2v-pe2ch hone agate phir khabar na hotI thI ki kab dopahar huI, kab tIsar1 pahar, kab sh1mC ghar ke bhItar se b1r-b1r bu 1v1 1t1 ki kh1n1 t1&y1r h1& yah1.2 se 4av1b mi at1 cha o, 1te h1&D dastarakhv1n bichh1o yah1.2 tak ki b1varachI vivash hokar kamare hI me2 kh1n1 rakh 41t1 th1, 1,r dono2 mitra dono2 k1m s1th- s1th karate the mira41 sa441d11 I ke ghar me2 koI ba%1 b#531 na th1, isa iye unhI2 ke dIv1nakh1ne me2 b14iy1.2 hotI thI2 magar yah b1t na thI ki mira41 ke ghar ke 1,r og unake is vyavah1r se khush ho2 gharav1 o2 k1 to kahan1 hI ky1, muha ev1 e, ghar ke n1,karach1kar tak nitya dve)hap#r(a Tippa(iy1.2 kiy1 karate the--ba%1 manah#s khe h1& ghar ko tab1h kar det1 h1& khud1 na kare, kisI ko isakI ch1T pa%e 1damI dIn-duniy1, kisI ke k1m k1 nahI2 rahat1, na ghar k1 na gh1T k1 bur1 rog h1& yah1.2 tak ki mira41 kI begam s1hab1 ko isase itan1 dve)h th1 ki avasar kho4 kho4akar pati ko at1%atI thI2 par unhe2 isak1 avasar mushki se mi at1 th1 vah sotI hI rahatI thI2, tab tak idhar b1.I bichh 41tI thI 1,r, r1t ko 4ab so 41tI thI2, tab kahI2 mira414I ghar me2 1te the h1.2, n1,karo2 par vah apan1 guss1 ut1ratI rahatI thI2 -- ky1 p1n m1.2ge h1&2E kah do, 1kar e 41y.2 kh1ne kI phurasat nahI2 h1&E e 41kar kh1n1 sir

paTak do, kh1y.2, ch1he kutte ko khi 1veD par r#bar# vah bhI kuchh na kah sakatI thI2 unako apane pati se utan1 ma 1 na th1, 4itan1 mIr s1hab se unho2ne unak1 n1m mIr biga%# rakh chho%1 th1 sh1yad mira414I apanI saf1I dene ke ie s1r1 i a41m mIr s1hab hI ke sir thop dete the. ek din begam s1hab1 ke sir me2 darda hone ag1 unho2ne 1,25I se kah1 -- 41kar mira41 s1hab ko bu 1 1 kisI hakIm ke yah1.2 se dav1 1ve2 d1,%, 4a dI kar 1,25I gayI, to mira414I ne kah1 cha abhI 1te h1&2, begam s1hab k1 mi41. garam th1 itanI t1b kah1.2 ki unake sir me2 darda ho, 1,r pati shatara24 khe at1 rahe chehar1 surkha ho gay1 1,25I se kah1 -- 41kar kah, abhI cha iye nahI2 to vah 1p hI hakIm ke yah1.2 cha I 41ya.2gI mira414I ba%I di achaspa b1.I khe rahe theD do hI kishto2 me2 mIras1hab ko m1t huI 41tI thI 4hu.24ha 1kar bo e -- ky1 1&s1 dam abo2 par h1&E .ar1 s1 sabra nahI2 hot1E mIr -- are to 41kar sun hI 1iye na 1,rate2 n14uk mi.14 hotI hI h1&2 mira41 -- 4I h1.2, cha 1 kyo2 na 41#.2E do kishto2 1pakI m1t hotI h1& mIr -- 4an1b, is bharose na rahiyeg1 vah ch1 sochI h1& ki 1pake muhare dhare rahe2, 1,r m1t ho 41y par 41iye, sun 1iye kyo2 9h1makhv1h unak1 di dukh1iyeg1E mira41 -- isI b1t par m1t hI karake 41#.2g1 mIr -- m1&2 khe #.2g1 hI nahI2 1p 41kar sun 1iye mira41 -- are y1r, 41n1 hog1 hakIm ke yah1.2 sir-darda kh1k nahI2 h1&D mu4he paresh1n karane k1 bah1n1 h1& mIr -- kuchh bhI ho, unakI kh1tir to karanI hI pa%egI mira41 -- achchh1, ek ch1 1,r cha #.2 mIr -- haragi. nahI2, 4ab tak 1p sun na 1ve2ge, m1&2 muhare me2 h1th hI na ag1#.2g1 mira41 s1hab ma4ab#r hokar a2dar gaye, to begam s1hab1 ne ty1,riy1.2 bada akar ekinakar1hate hue, kah1 -- tumhe2 nigo%I shatara24 itanI py1rI h1&C ch1he koI mar hI 41y, par uThane k1 n1m nahI2 eteC n1,4 koI tum 41&s1 1damI hoC mira41 -- ky1 kah#.2, mIr s1hab m1nate hI na the ba%I mushki se pIchh1 chhu%1kar 1y1 h#.2 begam -- ky1 41&se vah khud nikhaTT# h1&2, v1&se hI sabako sama4hate h1&2E unake bhI to b1 -bachche h1&2D y1 sabak1 saf1y1 kar 51 1E mira41 -- ba%1 atI 1damI h1& 4ab 1 41t1 h1&, tab ma4ab#r hokar mu4he bhI khe an1 hI pa%at1 h1& begam -- dutk1r kyo2 nahI2 deteE mira41 -- bar1bar ke 1damI h1&2, umra me2, dar4e me2 mu4hase do a2gu #.2che mu 1hi.1 karan1 hI pa%at1 h1& begam -- to m1&2 hI dutk1r detI h#.2 n1r14 ho 41ya.2ge, ho 41y.2 k1,n kisI kI roTiy1.2 cha 1 det1 h1& r1nI r#The2gI, apan1 suh1g e2gI --hiriy1, 41 b1har se shatara24 uTh1 1 mIras1hab se kahan1, miy1.2 ab na khe e2ge, 1p tasharIf e 41iye mira41 -- h1.2-h1.2 kahI2 1&s1 :a4ab bhI na karan1C .a I kar1n1 ch1hatI ho ky1C--Thahar hiriy1, kah1.2 41tI h1&E begam -- 41ne kyo2 nahI2 deteE mere hI kh#n piye, 4o use roke achchh1, use rok1, mu4he roko to 41n#.2E yah kahakar begam s1hab1 4ha 1I huI dIv1nakh1ne kI taraph cha I2E mira41 bech1re k1 ra2g u% gay1 bIvI kI minnate2 karane age -- khud1 ke ie, tumhe2 ha.arat husen kI kasam h1& merI hI m1&yat dekhe, 4o udhar 41y ekin begam ne ek na m1nIE dIv1nakh1ne ke dv1r tak gayID par ek1ek par-puru)h ke s1mane 41te hue p1.2v ba.2dh se gaye bhItar 4h1.2k1 sa2yog se kamar1 kh1 I th1 mIras1hab ne do-ek muhare idhar-udhar kar diye theD 1,r apanI saf1I 4at1ne ke ie b1har Taha rahe the phir ky1 th1 begam ne andar pahu.2chakar b1.I u aT dI, muhare kuchh takhta ke nIche phe2k diye, kuchh b1harD 1,r kiv1%e andar se banda karake ku(a5I ag1 dI mIras1hab darav14e par to the hI, muhare b1har phe2ke 41te dekhe, ch#%iyo2 kI 4hanak bhI k1n me2 pa%I phir darav1.1 banda hu1 to sama4h gaye, begam s1hab1 biga% gayI2 chupake se ghar kI r1h I. /%I:I(1L 3I(5I T$FT

7i2W3V E, HJ4-M

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