VEDIC MATHEMATICS Sixteen simple Mathematical Formulae from the Vedas (For One-tine Answers to ull Mathematical Problems) By JAGADGURU SWAMI SRI BHARATI KRSWA TIRTHAI MATARAJA, AASEARACARVA OF GOVARDHANA MATHA, PURI General Réiter Dr. V.S. AGRAWALA, MOTILAL BANARSIDA! Delhi :: Varanasi. =z: Patna@MOTILAL BANARSIDASS Indological Publishers & Rookselert Head Office :41-U.A., Bungalow Road, Delhi-110 007 Branches : 1. Chovwk,"Varanast1 (u-r.) 2. Ashok Rajpath, Patna-4 (naan) First Edition ; Varanasi, 1965 Reprint ; Deli, 1970, 1971 1975, 1978, 1981 Re §5 (Cloth) Price ys! 40 (Paper) ‘ala, at Shri Jainendra Press, ids Area, Ni Published by Nareura Prakash ain, for Moties Hanarsidas, Bungalow Road, Jawahar Nagas, Dethi-110 007, PUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENT Thave great pleasure in associating myself with the publi cation of the book Vedic Mathematics or ‘Sixteen Simple Mathe- matical Formulae,’ by Jagadgura Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha, Shankaracharya of Govardbana Pitha. It was long awaited by his disciples. Shrimati Manjula Devi, sole inheriter of Swamiji’s right, entered into an agreement with the Banaras Hindu University to publich it and the same is now being done in the Nepal Endowment Hindu Vishvavidyalaya Sanskrit Granthamala, J foel grateful to all those who have worked for it. Shri Arvind N. Mafatlal business magnate of Bombay und a devotee of Swamiji has taken interest in the publication of the work, ‘He has taken the trouble of being personally present in this (Prukushuna Tisara). He nae given expression to hie deep devotion to Shri Shunkaracharyaji by ig to fe chair ot # chair ab the Baas Hindu University hy the name of Shri Jagadguru Bharati Krishua Tirtha Shan- karacharya Chair of Vedie Studies for which he ix making » nt endowment. As Vice-Chancellor of this University + the donation and offer my heart-felt thanks to him for his generosity. N. H. BHAGWATL Date 27-3.65 Vie Chancellor Banaras Hindu UnversityGENERAL EDITOR’S FOREWORD The work entitled VEDIC MATHEMATICS or ‘Sixteen Simple Mathematical Formule from the Vedas’ was written by His Holiness Jagadgura Sankarécarya Gri Bharati Krsna ‘Tirthaji Maharaja of Govardhana Matha, Puri (1884-1960). ‘It forma a class by itself not pragmatieally conceived and worked or i i it the reanlt of the intuitional visualisation of fundamental ‘math and ing the conrsa of eight. years af highly concen- trated mental endeavour on the part of the author and therefore appropriately given the litle of “mental” mathematics appearing more ax miracle than the usual approach of hard-baked science, author has himaelf stated in the Preface. Swami Sotkardcirya was a gifted scholar on many fronts of learning including science and humanities but his whoie milicu was something of a much higher texture viz, tht he was a Rai fulfilling the ideals and attainments of those Seer of ancient India who discovered the cosmic laws embodied in the Vedas. Swami Bharati Krena Tirths had the same reveren- tial approach towards the Vedas, ‘The question naturally arises as to whether the Siitras wi form the basis of this treatise exist anywhere in the Vedic literature as known to us. Bat this criticism loses all itn force if we inform ourselves of the definition of Veda given by Sri Saikaracdrya himself a quoted below : sas th “The very word ‘Veda’ hae this derivational meaning i. the fountain- Ihead and illimitable store hone of all knowledge. ‘This derivation, in effect, ‘means, connotes and implies that the Vedus should contain (italics mins) within themselves all the kuowledge needed by mankind relating not only to the sn- called ‘epvitual’ (or other-worldly) matters but also to those usually described ‘as purely ‘aeoniar’, ‘temporal’, or ‘worldly’ and also to the means roquired by Ihumsuity ae such forthe achievement of all-round, complate and perfect success ‘im all concervable directions and vhat there can ine wv wljectival or restrictive cpithet calculated (or tending) to limit that knowledge down in any aphere,6 “In other words, it connotes and implies that our ancient Indian Vedic lore should be (alica mine) all round, complete and perfect and able to throw ‘he fallest necessary light on all matters which any aspiring seaker after know Inge cau possibly seck to be enlightened on". Tt is the whole essence of his assessment of Vedio tradition that it is not to be approached from a factual standpoint but from the ideal standpoint viz, as the Vedas as traditionally accepted in Tndin as the repository of all knowledge should be and not what they are in human possession. That approach eulirely tums the tables on all critics, for the authorship of Vedic mathematics then need not be laboriously searched in the texto a preserved from antiquity. ‘he Vedas aro well known as four in number Rk, Yaju, Sama and Atharva but they have also the four Upavedas and the six Vedangas all of which form tn indivisible corpus of divine knowledge as it once was and as it may be revealed. The four Upavedas are ax follows :— Veda Raveda Sémavede . ‘Yajurveda Dhaburveda Atharvaveda Sthipathyaveda In this list the Upaveda of Sthapatya or engineering com- prises all kinds of architectural and structural human endeavour and all visual arts, Swamiji naturally regarded mathematics or the science of calculations and computations to fall under this extegory. Tu the light of the above definition asd approach must be understood the author's statement that the sixteen Sitras on which tho present volume is based form part of a Parigista of tho Atharvaveda. We are aware that each Veda bas its eubsi diary apocryphal texts some of which romain in manuscripts and others have been printed but that formulation has not closed. For example, some Parifigtas of the Atharvaveda were edited by G. M. Bolling and J. Von Negelein, Liepzing, 1909-10. But Uhis work of 817 Suikariieyaji deserves to Ie regarded ax a new Parisista by itself and it is not surprising that the Satras fe 1 mentioned herein do not appear in the hitherto known Baris ‘tas A list of these main 16 Sitras and of their sub-sitras or corollaries is prefixed in the bei of the text and the style of language also points to their discovery by Sri Swimiji himself. Al any rate, ib in needless to dwell longer on this point of origin since the vast merit of these rules should be a matter of discovery for each intelligent reader, Whatever is wrilan here by the author stands on its own merits and is presented as auch to the mathematical world. qualities and was a prolie writer and eloquent speaker. T ld the good fortune of listening to his discourses for weeks tagether on several occasions when he used to visit Lucknow and attracted large audiences. He conld at a stretch sperk for several hours in Sanskrit and Bnglish with the same facility and the intonation ‘of his musical voice Heft. fas Hg innpression different field viz, that of philosophy of grammar. ‘Swamiji had planned to write 16 volumes on all axpects and branches of mathematical processes and problems ancl there is no doubt that his mental powers wre certainly of Hut but what has heen left to us is this introductory volume which in itwlf in of Uhe highest merit for reason of presenting a new technique which the author stylos as “‘mental”” mathematics different from the orthodox methods of mathematicians all over the world, Arithmetical problems usually solved by 18, 28 or 42 steps in case of such vulgar fractions as 1/19, 1/29, 1/49 are here solved in one simple line and that is possible to be done even by young boys. The truth of these methods wax demons: ‘trated by this saintly teacher before many University audiences in India and in the U.8.4. including learned Professors und every one present was struck with their originality and simplicity. We are told in hia Preface by Swami Sarikaricarya that ho contemplated to cover all tho different branches of mathe-8 thins algebra, geometry (pline and solid) trigonometry (plane and spherieal) conies—geometrieal and analytical, astronomy, ealeulus—differential and integral ete., with these basi the Sdtras could not be left hy him in writing but if some one has the patience and the genins to pursue the method and impti- ions of these formulae he may probably be able to bring ‘these various branches within the orbit of this original style Sires, Thal comprehensive application of fore, in the fitness of things and a happy event for the B.H.U. to be given the opportunity of publishing this book by the courtesy of Srimati Manjula Devi ‘Lrivedi, disciple of Sri Swims who agreed to make over this manuscript to us through the efforts of Dr. Bt. Omkarhath Thakur. ‘The work has been seen through the Press mainiy by Dr. Prem Tatia Siar Faculty of Music & Fine Arix in the Tuiversily. To all of these our grateful thanics are due. Tir. Buij Mohai, Head of the Department of Mathematics, D.1I-U., took the trouble, at my request, ot going through the manuscript and verifying the calculations for which I offer him my best thanks. 1 also express gratilude to Sri Lakehmidas, Manager, B.H.U. Pross, for taking great pains in printing this difficult text. We wish to express our denpests yralilude lo Sri Swi Pratyagitminanda Saraswati for the valuable foreword that he has written for thix work. Toilay he stands pre-eminent in the world of Tantric scholars and is a profound mathematician and scientific thinker himvelf. lis inspiring words are like fragrant flowers offered ut: the feet of the ancient Vedic Ris whose spiritual lineage was revesled in the late Sankariekeys, $ri Bharati Krpna Tirtha, Swami Pratyagitminandaj not only paid a tribute ta Gri Gunkeriedtyaji but his ambrocial has words have showarad Mlewingx on all those who are lovers of intnitional experiences in the domain of metaphysies and swamfif, hy a fortunate chance, travelled from Caloutta 2 to Varanasi to preside over the Tantric Sommelan of the Varana- soya Sanskrit University (8th to 11th March 1065) and although ho is now 85 years of age, his innate generosity made him accept our request to give his foreword. I am particularly happy that I am able to publish this work under the Nepal Endowment Hindu Vishvavidyshays Publiontion Se since our Inte President Dr. Rajendra Prassdji spoke to me about , for T entertained an ardent desire to do so of Sit Swami. V. 8. AGRAWATA, M.A, PhD., D.Litt Banaras Hindu University General Raitor, Varanasi-5 Hindu Vishwavidyalaya March 17, 1965. Nepal Rajya SanskritFOREWORD Vedic Mathematics by the late Sankaracirya (Bharati Kygna Tirtha) of Govardhana Pilla is a monumental work. In his deep-layer explorations of eryptic Vedic: mysteries relat ing specially to their calculus of shorthand formulae and their neat and ready app to practical problems, the late Sufkariicirya shews the rare combination of the probing insight ‘and revealing intuition of a Yogi with the analytic acumen and synthetic talent of a mathematician. With the late Sankara- cirya we belong to a race, now fast becoming extinct, of die- hard believers who think that the Vedas represent an inexhaus- tible mine of profoundest, wisdom in matters both spiritual and temporal ; and that-this store of wisdom was not, as regards its assets of fundamental validity and value at lest, gathered by the laborious inductive and deductive methods of ordinary syatomatic enquiry, but was » direct gift of revelation to eecrs competent to receive it from a Souree, perfect: and 2 admit, and the Inta Suflearfiegrya hax also practically admitted, that one cannot expect to convert. ur revert criticism, uch less carry conviction, hy merely asserting one’s staunchest beliefs. To meet these ends, one must be prepared to go the whole length of testing and verification by accepted, accredited methods. ‘The late Saikaricirya has, by bio comparative and critical study of Vedic mathematics, made this essential requiroment in Vedie studies abundantly clear. So let us agree m a8 wo gange the farcoff rahulae with the post's eye or with Uhat of the wees, but with the alert, expert, scrutinizing eye of the physical astronomer, if we may put it as that. ‘That there ix consolidated metaphysical background in the Vedas of the objective sciences including mathematics as regards their basic conceptions is a point that may be granted by a thinker who has looked broadly and deeply into both the realms. Tn our paper recontly published. Physios’—we attempted to look into the mysteries of creativea (Rg. X.190) with a view to unveiling the metaphysical harkgrannd where both ancient wisdom and modern physics may meet on 4 common basis of logical understanding, and compare notes, discovering, where possible, points of significant or suggestive parallelisin between the two sets of concepts, ancient and modern. That metaphysical background ineludes mathematics also ; because physics as ever pursued is the application of mathema- tics lo given or specified apace-time-event situations. ‘There we examined Tapas as a fundumer the Absolute emerges into the realms of moasuree, limits, frame-works and relations. And thi a logical order which seems lo lend itself, within a framework of conditions and specifications, to mxthematical analysis. Ratri in the Hyman ropresents the Principle of Limits, for exa- mple, Rtatica Satyatica stand for Becoming (Calana-kalana) and Being (vartana-kalana) at a stage where limils or conditions 8 apy ormer gives the ioned, unrestricted how or thus of cosmic prucent; Ue latter, shat Popias, which corresponds to Ardhamiira in Tantric symbolism, negotiates, in its role specially of oritical variation, between what is, ab-inilio, unconuitioned and unrestricted, and what appears otherwise, as for instance, in our own universe of logico mathematical appre This is, necessarily, abstruse metaphysics, but it is, novertheless, the starting background of both physics and mathematics, Bul forall practical purposes we must come down from my. ue ierra.jirma of our actual apprehension ‘and appreciation. That is tw sty, we must descend to our own Pragmatic levels of time-space-event. situations. Here we face wetwal problems, and one must meet and deal with these squarely withont evasion or mystification. ‘The late Satkara- cfxya lus done this masterly feat with an adroitness that compels admiration, I. fullows from the fundamental premises that the universe vo in musi have a basic mathomatical structure, and consequently, to know a fact or obtain a result herein, to any req wi obey the ruie of mathe- variations, see of precisioi, unm } \ 8 Even some species of lower animals are by instinct gifted math ‘maticians ; for example, the migratory bird which flies thousands ‘of miles off from ite nost-home, and after period, unerringly returns. ‘This implies a subconscious mathematical talent that, works wonder. Wo may cite the case of a horse who was a mathematical prodigy and could ‘tell’ the result of a cube root (requiring 32 operations, according to M. Materlink in his *Unimown Quest’) in a twiniie of tie eye. This sounds fe magic, Dut it is undeniable that the feat of mathematics does sometimes assume a magical iook. ian, undondtediy, ius heen given | share of this magical gift. And he ean improve upon it, by practice and discipline, by Yoga and allied methods. This is undeniable also. Lately, he has devised the ‘aiitomatic brain’ for complicated ealeulations by science, Ut. looks Tike magic. But apart from this ‘magic’, there is and has been, the ‘logic’ of mathematics also. Man works from instinet, talent, or even genius. But ordinarily he works as a logical entity ‘and more requiring specified data or premises to sbark fro or less elahorate steps of reasoning to arrive at a conclusion. This is his normal process of induction and deduction. Here formule (Sttras) and relations (e.g. equations) must obtain as in mathematics. The magic and logic of mathematies in some ceases get: mixed up ; but it is same to keep them apart. You can get a resnlt: hy magic, but when you are called prow, ‘yon must have rocanrsa to Iogie Keven in this Intter cave, your logic (your formule and applications) may be cither simple and clegant or complicated and cumbrous. The former is the ideal to aim at, We have classical instances of master mathematicians whose methods of analysis and solution have heen regarded as marvels of vogency, compactness and elegance. Some have been ‘heantiful as a cal Mechanics.) the lato Safikardcdrya has claimed, and rightly we may think, that the Vedie Sttras and their applications possess these porn (og. Tagrange’s ‘Analyu Virlues to a degree of eminence that cannot be challenged. ‘The outstanding merit of his work lies in hix aclnal proving af this contention. Whether or not the Vedas be believed as repositories of perfect wisdom, it is unquestionable that the Vedic race lived not as merely pastoral folk possessing a half-or-quarter-developed lization. ‘The Vedie seers were, again, not mere ‘navel-gazers' or ‘nose-tip-gazers’. They proved themselves slepta in all levels and branches of knowledge, theoretical and practical. For example, thoy had their varied objective science, both pure and applied. Let us lake a concrete illustration. Suppose in a Lime of drought we require rains by artificial means. ‘The modem scientist has his own theory and art (technique) for producing the result. ‘The old seer scientist had his both also, but different from these now availing. He had his science and technique, called Yajta, in which Mantra, Yantra and other factors must co-operate with mathomatical determinateness and precision. For this purpose, he had developed the six auxiliaries of the Vedas in each of which mathematical skill and adroitnese, cccult or otherwise, play the decisive role. The Siitras lay dowa the shortest. and surest lines. The correct intonation of ‘the Mantra, the correct configuration of the Yantra (in the making of the Vedi ete., eg. the quadrature of a circle), the correct time or astral conjugation factor, the correct rhythms ete., all had to be perfected so as to produce the desired result, effectively and adequately. Each of these required the caloulus of mathematics, ‘tho modern toohnician has his logarithmic tables and mechanics’ manuals ; the old Yajaiike had his Sitras. How were the Sttras obtained by magic or logic or both !—is « vital matter we do not discuss hore. The Inte Satkardcarya has claimed for them cogency, compactness and simplicity. ‘This is an even more vital point, and we think, he has reasonably made it good. ure and | | | | | A HUMBLE HOMAGE ‘The late Sankarickryn’s epoch-making work on Vedicw Mathematics brings to the notice of the intelligentsia m strikingly a new theory and method, now almost unknown, of arriving at the truth of things which in this particular case concerns the truth of numbers and magnitude, but might as well cover, as it undoubtedly did in a past age in India, all sciences and arts, with results which do not fail to evoke a sense of awe and amazement today. The method obviously is radically differnt from the one adopted by the modern mind, Music and not Mathematics is my field (although the philosophy of ‘and metaphysical corres- pondences with musical numbers, the relation of numbers wi 1, dissonant and assonant tonal intervals ete., closely inter-relate music and mathematics), but study of the Uraditional lierature on music and fine arte with which 1 have wen concerned for the last few years has convinced me of one fundamental fact regarding the ancient Indian theory and method of knowledge and experience vis a vis the modern. While all groat and true knowledge is born of intuition and not of any rational process or imagination, there is a radical difference between Uhe ancient Tudian method and the modem Western method concerning intuition, "The divergence embraces everything other than the fact method of working out experience and rer to the intellect. ‘The modern method in to get the intuition by augges- tion from an appearance in life or nature or from a mental idea and even if the source of the intuition is the soul, the method tt once relates ito a support external to the soul, ‘The ancient Indian method of knowledge had for its business to disclose somthing of the Self, the Infinite ofthe Divine to the regard gh its finite symbols and the Divine through his powers. ‘The16 process was one of Integral kaowledge and in its subordinate ranges was instrumental in revealing the truths of cosmic phonomena and these truths werg utilised for worldly ends. ‘These two methods are based on different theories of knowledge and experience, fundamentally divergent in outlook and approach. The world as yet knows very little of the ancient Indian method, much less of its secret. techniques. Sti Sankaricdrya’s remarkably uniqne work, of Vedie mathe- matics has brought to popular notice demonstrably for the first time that the said method was usefully empioyed in ancient India in solving problems of secular knowledge just as for solving ‘those of the spiritual domain, Tam happy that in the printing and publication of this monumental work and the preceding spade-work I had the privilege to render some little service, PREM LATA SHARMA Varanast 9. Dean, Facuity of Hiusic & Fine ans, 23.3.6. Banaras Hindu Universi CONVENTIONAL TO UNCONVENTIONALLY ORIGINAL This book Vedic Mathematics deals mainly with various vedic mathematical formulae and their applications for carrying out tedious and cumbersome arithmetical operations, and to a very large extent, executing them mentally. In this field of mental arithmetical operations the works of the famous mathemati- cians Trachtenberg and Lester Meyers (High Speed Maths) are ‘Some people may find it difficult, at first reading, to understand the arithmetical operations although they have been explained! very lucidly by Jagadguruji, It is not because the explanations are lacking in any manner but because the methods are totally unconventional. Some people are so deeply rooted in the con- ventional methods that they, probably, subconsciously reject to see the logic in unconventional methods. ‘An attempt has been made in this note to explain the un- conventional aspects of the methods. Unce the reader gets in the beginning itself, he would used to the unconvention notes are given for the first few chapters only. Chapter 1 ‘Chapter 1 deals with a topic that has been dealt with compre- hensively inthe chapter 26 viz. ‘Recurring’ Decimal’. Gurudeva has discussed the recurring decimals of 1/19, 1/29, ete. in chapter I to arouse curiosity and create interest. In conversion of vulgar fractions into their decimal equivalents Guruceva. has used very unconventional methods of multiplication and division. Incalculation of decimal equivalent of 1/19, first method of the “Ekadhika Sitra’ requires multiplication of 1 by 2 by a special and unconventional process. Inconventional method product of I. the multiplicand, by 2 the multiplier, is 2 and that is the end of multi- plication provess. It is not so in the unconventional “Fkidhika’ ‘method. In this method, in the above example, 1 isthe first multi- plicand and its product with multiplier 2" is 2 which in this special process becomes the second multiplicand. This when multiplied as 4 which becomes the third multiplicand. And the process of16b multiplication thus goes on till the digits start recurring. Similarly in the second method Sutra’ for calculating the decimal equivalent of 1/1 required to divide 1 by 2 by an unconventional and special process. In the conventional metho when I, the dividend, is to be divided by the divisor 2, the quotient is 0.5 and the process of division ‘ends. Inthe special method of “Ekadhike Sitra’ for calculating decimal equivalents, the process starts by putting zero as the first digit of the quotient, 1 as the first remainder. A decimal point is put after the first quotient digit which is zero. Now, the frst n is prefixed to the frst quoiieni ‘0' to form “10” as the second dividend, Division of 10 by the divisor 2 (which ! digit which is pul after the decimal point. The sceond remainder digit "0" is prefixed to the second quotient digit 5 to form 5 as the third dividend digit. Division of 5 hy 2 gives 2 as the third quotient digit and 1 as the third remainder digit which when prefixed to the third quotient digit “2” gives 12 lend and so the process goes on till the digi er IU ge) gi ingle digits larger fonedline method. Vineulum methoxl ix hased om the fact that 18 is same as (20-2) and 76 as (100-24) or 576 as (600-24), Guru- deva has made this arithmetical fact 2 powerful device by writing 18 as 2, 76 a5 1 T4 and 516 as63 4 This device is specially useful in vedic division method. ‘A small note on ‘aliquot’ may facilitate the study for some. Aliquot part is the part contained by the whole an integeal number of times, ¢.g. 12 is contained by the whole number 110, 9 times, or in simple words it 1s the quotient of that fraction. Chapter 1V_ In the division by the Nikhilam method the dividend is divided Into two portions by a vertical line. This vertical line should have as many digits tits right a there can be in the highest possi- ble remainder. In general the number of such digits are the same as in the figure which is one less than the divisor. Needless to state that the vertical and horizontal lines must be drawn neatly. when using this method. Wines, Com, Visnva MOHAN TIWARL | | | { | i CONTENTS I INTRODUCTORY 1. My Beloved Gurudeva—(Srimati Manjula yivedi) 2% Author's Preface, 7 A. -A Descriptive Prefatory Nate B.—Explanatory Exposition C.—Hlustrativo Spocimen Samples Sixteen Siitras and their Corollaries — i Prolegomena, : 6 Cuarren I. Actual Applications of Uw Vedi Sitras .. af II. Arithmetical Computations @ TIT. Multiplication 40 Practical Application (compound multiplication) 4y Practice & Proportion ( » . IV. Division by the Nikhilam meted 55 V. Division by the Pardvartya method VI. Argumental Division 5 Linking uote (Reespitulation & Conclusion)... a4 VII. Factorisation (of simple quadratios) a 8 VEIL. Factorisation (of harder quadraties) 90 IX. Faetorisation of Cubies ete. X. Highest Common Factor, XI. Simple Equations (First Principles) XI. Simple Rynations (by Sanyam ete.) XIII. Merger Type of Easy Simple Kquations Extension method 103 XIV. Compler Merger : ta XV. Simultaneous Simple Equations 140 XVI. Miscellaneous (Simple) B, ian XVI. Quadratic Eyuatiom 187 XVIII. Cubic Equations n 4688 Page Cravens No. XIX. Biquadratic Equations... mn ‘XX. Multiple Simultaneous Equations 4 XXL. Simultaneous Quadratic Equations 118 XXIL Factorisation & Differential Calenlus . 188 XXILL Partial Fractions 186 XXIV. Integration by Partial Fractions . 101 XXV. The Vedic Numerical Code ve 104 XEXVI Recurring Decimals fe 198 XXVII. Straight Division 240 XXVIIL Auxiliary Fractions 285 XXIX. Divisibiity & Simple Oxeulatone 273 ‘XXX. Divisibility & Complex Multiplex Osculators 285 XXXL Sum & Dilference of Squares ... ve 296 XXXII. Plementary Squaring, Cubing cto, vs 800 XXXMIL Straight Squaring vos 305 XXXIV Vargamila (equare root) 1. 808 XXXV. Culm Roots of Exact Cubes... ve BIB XXXVI Cube Roots (General) 327 XXXVIT. Pythagoras’ Theorem ete., 49 XXXVI. Apollonius’ Theorem 362 XXXIX. Anulytical Conies 384 ‘XT. Miscellaneous Matters - ve 861 Press Opinions 365 SMTT. MANJULA TRIVEDI [In the lines that follow the writer gives a short biographical sketch of the illustrious author of Vedic Mathematics and a short ‘account of the genesis of his work now published, based om inti ‘mate personal knowledge—Eprr0n.] ‘Very few persons can there he amongst the cultured people of India who have not heard about HIS HOLINESS JAGAT~ GURU SHANKARACHARYA SRI BHARATI KRISHNA cy , the magnificent and divine personality that gracefully adorned the famous Govardhan Math, Puri, his vast and versatile learning, his spiritusl and educational attainments, his wonderful research achievements in the field of Vedic Mathematics and his consecration of all these quali- fications to the service of humanity as euch. His Holiness, better known among his disciples by the beloved. “Tagadguruji? or “Gurudeva’ was born of highly warned and pious parents in March, 1884, His father, late Sci P, Narasimha Shastri, wax then in service ax a Tahsildar at ‘Tinnivelly (Madras Presidency) who Inter retired as a Deputy. Collector. Tis uncle, late Shri Chandrashekhar Shastei, was the Principal of the Maharaja's College, Vizianagaram snd his gteat-grandfather was late Justice C. Ranganath Shastri of the Madras High Court. was an exceptionally brilliant student and invariably wou the first place in all the subjects in all the classes throughout his educational career, During his school days, he was a student of National College, Trichanapalli; Church Missionary Society College, Tinnevelli and Hindu College, innevelli. He passed his matriculation examination from the Madras University in Jannary, 1899, topping the list as usual He and on account of this he was awarded tho title of SARASWAT ee(i) by the Madras Sanskrit Aswoviation in July, 1889 when he was the profound impression loft on him by his Sanakait Guru ‘Shri Vedam Venkatrai Shastri whom Jagadguruji always romomberod with deepest love, reverence and gratitude, with . tears in his eyes. ‘After winning the highest place in the B.A. Examination, Shri Veukatraman Saraswali appeared at the M.A. Examination of the American College of Sciences, Rochester, New York, from Bombay Centre in 1908 ; and in 1904 at the age of just twenty ho passed M.A. Examination in further seven subjects simul- ‘taneously securing the highest honours in all, which is perhaps the all-time world-record of academic brilliance. His subjects included Sanskrit, Philosophy, English, Mathematics, History and Science. As aatudent Venkatraman was marked for his splendid brilliance, superb retentive memory and ever-insatiable curiosity. Tle would deluge his tcachers with myriads of picrcing questions which made them uneasy and forced them frequently to make 2 frank confession of ignorance on their part. In thie respect, he was considered to be a terribly mischievous student. Venkatraman Saras- ng learned articles on religion, philosophy, sociology, history, polities, literature wte., lo late W. 'T. Stead’s “REVIEW OF REVIEWS” and he was specially interested in all the branches of modem science. In Even from his University days Sh wali Tad started cont dy of the latest researches and science continued to be Shri Jagadgurnji’s hobby till his vary ast days, Sri Venkatraman started his public life unde the guidance of late Hon'ble Shri Gopal Krishna Gokhale, C.LE. in 1905 in connection with the National Kiducation Movement and the South African Indian issue, Although, however, on the one luand, Prof. Venkatraman Saraswati had acquired an endless fund of learning and his desire to ieam ever more was siill lunquenchable and on the other hand the urge for selfless service (i) ‘of humanity swayed his heart mightily, yet the undoubtedly ‘Jeepest attraction that Venkatraman Seraswati felt wae that towards the study and practies of the soience of scienees—the holy ancient Indian spiritual science or Adhydtme-Vidya. In 1008, therefore, he proceeded to the Sringeri Math in Mysore to lay himself at the feet of the renowned late Jagadguru Shankaracharya Maharaj Shri Satchidinanda Sivabbinava Nrisimha Bharati Swami: But he had not stayed there long, before he had to assume ‘pal af the newly started National Collogo at Rajmahendri under pressing and clamant call of from the nationalist lmvlere. Prof. Venkatraman Seras- wuod there for Unree years but in 1911 he could not resist: hia burning desire for spiritual knowledge, practice and faUlsinment any more and, therefore, tearing himself off euddenly from tho said college he went back to Shri Setchidinanda next eight years he penis in dhe prof the most advanced Vedaula Philosophy and practice of the Ven! Bishmaasdhans. During thess days Prof. used to study Vedanta at tho fect of Shri Nrisimha Bhérai Swami, teach Sanskrit and Philosophy in schools there, and practise the highest and most: vigorous Voge nearby forests, Frequently, he was also invited by several inwlidutions lo deliver Toclures on philosophy ; for example he delivered x series of wixleen lectures on Shankaracharya’s Philosophy at Shankar Tnslitute of Philoooph dosh} aud similar levi Bombay eto. After several years of the most advanced studies, the deepest meditation, and the highest spiritual attainment Prof. Venkatra- man Saraswati was initiated into the holy order of SAMNYASA at Banaras (Varanasi) by his Holiness Jagadguru Shankara- charya Sri Trivikram Tirthaji Moharaj of Sharadapeeth on the 4th Tnly 1919 and on this occasion he was given the new Swami Bharati Krishna Tirtha. ina in theCir) This was the starting point of an effulgent manifestation of Swamiji's real groatnege, Within twn years of hinxtay in-the oly order, he proved his unique suitability for being installed ‘on the pontifical throne of Sharada Peetha Shankaracharya and accordingly in 1921, he was co installed with all the formal ceremonies despite all his reluctance and active resistance. Immediately, on assuming the pontificate Shri Jagadguruji started touring India from corner to comer and delivering lectures on Santana Dharma and by his scintillating intellectual brill fc , ry of 'y of thought, aud loftiness of tar he took the entire intellectual and religious class of the nation by storm. Jogadguru Shankaracharya Shri Madhusudan Tirtha of Govordhan Math Puri was at this stage greatly imprened Ly Jagadguryji and when the former was in failing health he sted Jagadgurn} wed him on Govardhan Math Gadi, Shui dagadgar ist bis importunate requeate for a long time but at last when Jagadguru Shri Madhu- nality, purpose, indomitable will, pu obs forced Jagadguru Shri Bharati Krishan Tirthaj1 to accept the Govardhan Math’s Gadi and accordingly Jagadguruji installed ‘Shri Swarupanandji on the Sharedapecth Gadi and himvelf assumed the duties of the ecclesiastical and pontifical head of Sri Govardhan Math, Puri Tn this capacity of Jagadguru Shankaracharya of Govar- ‘han Math, Puri, he continued to dissominate the holy spiritual ie! na Dharma in their pristine purity all over ‘the world the rest of his life for 35 years. Months after months and years after years he pent in teaching and preaching, talking ond lecturing, discussing and convineing millions of people all ‘over tho country. He took upon himself the colossal task of the renaissance of Tudian culture, spreading of Sanatana Dharma, revival of the highest human and moral values and enkindling of the loftiest spiritual enlightenment throughout lofty and noble mission, | | | cy) From his very carly days Jagadguruji wax aware of the need for the right interpretation of “Dharma” which he defined as “ius aus total of al ¢ ily making fand permanently Keeping all the people, individually 26 well fas collectively superlatively comfortable, prosperous, happy, fand joyous in all respects (including the physical, inentel, intellectual, educational, economic, social, political, psychic, spritual oto. ad infinitum)". He was painfully aware of the “escapism” of some from their duties under the garb of spiritua- lity and of the superficial modern educational varnish of the others, divorced from spiritual therefore, always Inid great emphasis on the necessity of har- monising the ‘spiritual’ and the ‘maiesial’ epheres of daily life, He also wanted to remove the falee ideas, on the one hhand, of those persons who think that Dharma can be practised by exclusively individual spiritual Sidhani coupled with more honest bread-earning, ignoring one’s responsibility for rendering selfless service to the society and on the other hand of those ‘who think that the Sadhana ean be complete by mere service of society even without leaning or practising any spirituality oneself, He wanted happy blending of both. He stood for the omnilateral und all-round progress simultenaously of both ‘the individual -and gooiety towards the speedy realisation of India’s spiritual and cultural ideal, the lofty Vedantic ideal of ‘Pirnatva’ (perfection and harmony all-round) ry for ith thewe ideas agitating his mind for several decades carrying on a laborious, elaborate, patient and day- splendid and perfect scheme for all-round reconstruction first, of India and through it of the world, Consequently Sri Jagadguryji founded in 1958 at Nagpur ‘an institution named Sri Vishwa Punarnirmane Sangha (World Reconstruction Association). The Administrative Board of the Sangha consisted of Jagadguruji’s dinciples, devotees and admi- tere of his idealistic and spiritual ideals for humanitarian service ‘and included a number of high court judges, ministers, eduea- fiomusts, statesmen and other persormye of the high ee« vil) ploasure, ‘To see him was a privilege. To xpeak to him was ‘a real blessing and to be granted a special interview—Ah ! that was the aome of happiness which peuple coveted most in all earnestness, ‘The magnetic force of his wonderful personality ‘was such that one word, one smile, or even one look was quite enough to convert even the most sceptic into his most ardent and obedient disciple. He belonged to all irrespective of caste or creed and he was a real Guru to the whole world. People of all nationalities, religions and climes, Brahmins indus xnd Mahomedlans, Parsis and Chris- tians, Muropeans and Ame cived equal treatment at in Holiness. ‘That was the secret of the immense ‘He was grand in hie simplicity. People would give any- thing and everything to get his blessings and he would talk words of wisdom as freely withont fear or fevour, He was wands of people visited word to say to each, after atten of woe and then give them some “prasad” wi malady whether physical or mental. He would actually shed tears when he found people suffering and would pray to God to relieve their suffering. ‘He wax mighty in his learning and voracious in his reading. A sharp intellect, a retentive momory and keen zest went lo mark him as the most distinguished scholar of his day. His Ieigure moments he would never spend in vain, Hie was always reading something or repeating something, ‘There wan uv bi of knowledge which he did not know and that ulso ‘shastrically’. ‘He was equally leamed in Chandshsastra, Ayurveda and Jyotish Sastra. He was a poet of uncommon merit and wrote a number of poems in Sanskrit in the praive of hix guru, gods and godesses with a charming flow of Bhakti so conspicuous in all his writings. Thave got a collection of over three thousand slokas for- ing part of the various eulogistic poems composed hy Gurudeva in or her tale (m) in adoration of various Devas and Devis. ‘These Slokas have eon edited and are being translated into Hindi. They are proposed lo be published in throo volumes along with Hindi translation. ‘The book on “Sanatana Dharma” by H. H. Swami Bhi Krima Tirths Mabdrdja bas been published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombey. hove all, his Bhakti towards his Vidyigura was come- mn. He would talk for days together about the greatness of his Vidyiguru. He would be never dred of worshipping the Guru, Tis Guru also was equally attached to him and called our Swamiji as the own son of the Goddess of Learning, Shri Barada. Everyday he would first worship his gura’s sandals. His “Gurupiduka Stotra * clearly indicates the qualities he attributed to the sandals of his guru. ‘hove all ho wae a tue Samayasin, ‘Tle eld the world but ax & stage where every one jmil io play a part. he was undoubtedly very great Mahatma but without any dixplay of mysterien or oceulliams, I have not bean able to express here even one millionth part of what I focl. His spotless holiness, his deep picty, his endless wisdom, his childlike peacefulness, sportivencss and innocence and his universal affection beggar all description His Holiness has left us & noble example of simplest living and highest thinking. May all the world benefit by the example of a life so nobly and so simply, so spiritually and eo lovingly lived Introductory Remarks on the Present Volume Tow proceed to give a short account of the genesis of the work published herowith. Revered Guruji used to say that he hed reconstructed the sixteen mathematical formulae (given im this text) from the Atharvavedu aft assiduous research and “Tapas’ for about: eight years in the(x) forests surrounding Sringeri. Obviously these formule xre not to be found in the present recensions of Atharvaveda ; they ‘wore actually reconstructed, on the basis of intuitive revelation, from materials seattered here and there in the Atharvaveda, Revered Gurudeva used to say that he had written sixteen volumes (one for each Stra) on these Siitras and thet the manuscripts of the said volumes wore deposited at the house of one of his disciples. Unfortunately, the said manuscripts wore lost irretrievably from the place of their deposit and this colossal loss was finally confirmed in 1956, Revered Gurudeva ‘was not much perturbed over thie irretriovable loss and used to say that everything was there in his memory and that he could reswrite the 16 volums | My late husband Sri (. M. Trivedi, Hon, Gen. Seoertary V.P. Sangh noticed that while Sri Jagadguru Maharaj was busy demonstrating before learned people and societies Vedic Mathematics as discovered and propounded by him, to the Sitras of Jagadguruji. My husband, therefore, pleaded earnestly with Gurudova and persuaded him to arrange for the publication of the Sitras in his own name. Tn 1957, when he had decided finally to undertake a tour of the U.S.A. he re-wrote from memory the present Volume, giving an introductory account of the sixteen for mule reconstructed by him. Thi his old age fone month and a half with his failing health and weak eyesight. He had planned to write subsequent volu- mes. but his failing health (and cataract developed in both eyes) did not allow the fulfilment of his plans. Now the present volume is the only work ou Mathematics that has been left over by Revered Guruji; all his other writings un Vedic Mathematics have, alas, been lost for e Th volume was written in a nn EEN es se lee, cea Cx) had been given to understand that he would have to go to the printing. But his health deteriorated after his return to India and finally the typescript was brought back from the U.S.A. after his attainment of Mahnsamadhi, in 1960. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Towe a deep debt of gratitude to Justice N. H. Bhagwati, tho enlightened Vice-Chancellor of the Banaras Hindu Univer taken the publication of this work which was introduced to thein for thia introduction. My hearty and reverent thanks are due to Dr. V. 8. Agrawala (Professor, Art & Architecture, B.ILU.) the vateran scholar, who took the initiative and throughout kept up a very Keon interest in this publication. It is my pleasant duty to offer my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Prom Lata Sharma, Dean, Faculty of Music and Fine Arts, B.H.U. who voluntarily took over the work of press-dressing of the typescript and proot reading of this volume after a deadlock had come to prevail in the process of printing just at the outset: But for her hard labour which she has undertaken out: of sheer sense of reverence for the noble and glorious work of Revered Gurudeva this volume would nol have seen the light of the day for a long time. I trust that Revered Gurudeva’s Holy Spirit will shower Tis choicest blessings on her. My sincere thanks are also due to Bri 8. Nijabodha of the Research Scetion under the charge of Dr. Sharma, who has ably assisted her in this onerous task. The Humblest of Hix Disciples Smti, MANJULA TRIVEDI Nagpur, Tony. General Secretary 16th March, 1965. ‘Sar Vishwa Punornirmana Sangha, Nagpur. toAUTHOR'S PREFACE AA DESCRIPTIVE PREFATORY NOTE on THE ASTOUNDING WONDERS oF ANCIENT INDIAN VEDIC MATHEMATICS 1. Iu the course of our discourses on manifold andl multifarious subjects {spiritual 1, philesaphical, prehi, ‘psychological, ethical, tducationa, juli, mathe a al, pe social etc., ete. from time to timo and from place to place during the last five decades and more, we have been repeatedly pointing out that the Vedas (the most ancient Indian scriptures, nay, the oldest “Religious” seriptures of the whole world) claim to deal with all branche: of learning (spiritual and temporal) and to give eee -eamest jie. the fountain-head and illimitable store-house of all know- ledge. This derivation, in effect, means, conniotes and implies that the Vedan should contain within Unewselves all the knowledge needed by mankind relating not only to the so-called ‘spiritual’ (or other-worldly) matters but also to those usually described as purely “secular”, “ we means required by hnmanity as such for ihe achievesmeni of all-round, complete and perfect success in all conceivable directions and that there can be no adjectival or restrictive epithet calculated (or tending) to limit that knowledge down in any sphere, any direction or any respect whatsoever. 3. In other words, it connotes and implies that our ancient Indian Vedic lore should be all-round complete and perfect and able to throw the fullest necessary light on all auatier which any aspiring seeker after imowiedge ean possibi teok to be enlightened on, “eee mmporal”, or “Wordly”; and sho to( xiv) 4. Te is thus in the fitness of thingo that the Vedas include Ayuruaia (anatomy, physiology, hygiene, sanitary science, medical science, surgery ete., ete.,) not for the purpose of achie- ving porfect health and strength in the after-death future bub in order to attain them here and now in our prosont physical bodies; (ii) Dhanurveda (arvhery and other military sciences) hot for fighting with one another after our transportation to heaven but in order to quell and subdue all invaders from abroad and all insurgents ftom within; (iii) Gandharea Veda {the science and art of music) and (iv) Sihipulya Veda (engineer- ing, atehitecture ete.,and all branches of mathematics in general) Ait these subjects, be it noted, are inherent parts uf the Veda ie, are reckoned as “spiritual” studies and catered for as such therein, 5. Similar is the case with regard to the Velarigas (i. grammar, prosody, astronomy, lexicoyraphy ele., ele.,) whieh, according to the Indian cultural conce parts and subjects of Vedic ( GAs x direct and equence of this analytical and grammatical xtudy of the real connotation and full implications of the word “Veda” and owing to various other historical causes of a personal character (into details of which we need not now enter), we have been from ont very early childhood, most earnestly and actively striving to study the Vedas critically from this stand-point and to realise and prove to ourselves (and to others) the correctness (or otherwise) of the darivati ions, are alse inher se, Religions) stu, 7. ‘There were, too, certain personal historical reasons why in our quest for the discovering of all learning in all its dopartments, branches, sub-branches etc., in the Vedas, onr gaze was riveted mainly on othics, psychology and melapliysics fon the one hand and on the “positive” aciences and especially ‘mathematies on the other. 8, And the contemptuons or, at best patronising attitude adopted by soine so-called Orientalists, Indologists, anti- quarians, research-scholars ete., who condemned, or light- (iw) frivolously and fippantly dis- a reogudite yuri of the ‘Vedas as “sheer-nonsense”—or as “infant-humanity’s prattle”, and go on, merely added fuel to the fire (80 to speak) and further confirmed and strengthened our resolute determination to unravel the too-long hidden mysteries of philosophy and science contained in ancient India’s Vedio lore, with the consequence that, after eight years of concentrated contemplation in forest- solitude, we wore at long last able to recover the long lost keys which aione could uniock the portals thereof. 9. And we were agreeably astonished and intensely gra- tified to find that exceedingly tough mathematical problems (which the mathematically most advanced present day Wee- tern scientific world had spent huge Loto of time, energy and ‘money on and which even now it eolves with the utmost difficulty and after vast labour involving large numbers of difficult, tedious and cumbersome “steps” of working) can be easily and readily solved with the help of these ultra-easy Vedic Siitras (or mathe- ical aphorisms) contained in the Parifigta (the Appondix- porlion) of the Avwarvavena in a few simple steps and by methods which can be conscientiously described as mere “mental arithmetic”. 10. Eversince (ie. since several decades ago), we have been carrying on an incessant and strenvous campaign for the India-wide diffusion of all this scientific knowledge, by means of leclures, blackbouri demonstrations, regular classes and s0 on in schools, culleges, universities ate, all o country and have been astounding our uuiiencos everywhere with the wonders and marvela not to aay, micacles of Tndian Vedic mathematics, 11, We were thus at last enabled to succeed in attracting ‘the more than passing attention of the authorities of several Indian universities to this subject. And, in 1962, the Nagpur University uot me-ely had a few lectures and blackboard- zations yiven but also arranged for our holding regular Jn Vedic mathematics (in the University’s Convocation(xvi) ially of Une Unie ss physics etc. Hall) for the benefit of all in general and espe versity and college professors of mathemati 12, And, consequently, the educationists and the cream ‘of the English educated section of the people including Use highest officials (e.g. the high-court judges, the ministers etc.,) and the general pblie as such were all highly impressed : nay, thrilled, wonder-struck and flabbergasted! And not only the newspapers but. even the Tnivessity’s official reports snows sensation caused thereby in superlati- voly eulogistic terms; wud the papers began to refer to ua as Qotogenarian Tagadgura Shankaracharya who had taken Nagpur by storm with lis Vedic mathematics”, and so on! 13. Tt in manifestly impossible, in the course of a short rote (iu the nature of a “‘trailer”), to give a full, detailed, tho- rough-going, comprehensive and exhaustive description of the unique fontures and startling characteristics of all the ‘mathematical lore in question, ‘his can and will be done in the subsequent volumes of this series (dealing eeriatim and in extenso with all the various portions of all the various branches of mathematics). 14, We may, however, at this point, draw the eamest attention of every one concerned to the following salient items thereof : (i) The Sittras (aphorisms) apply to and cover each and every part of exch and every chapter of each fnclnding ari- of meathonatien thmetic, algebra. yrometty—plane and solid, trigo nometry—plane and spherical, conics—geometrical and analytical, astronomy, —calculus—differentiat nd integral ete., eto. In fact, thre is no part of ‘mathematics, pute oF applied, which io beyond their jurisliotion ; (ii) The Sutras ase easy to understand, easy to apply truthfully summarised in one word “mental” ! | | (iii) (iv) wy) (vi) (xvii) Even as regards complex problems involving @ good number of mathematical operations (consecutively ‘or even simultaneously to be performed), the time taken by the Vedie method will he a third, » fourth, a tenth or even a much smaller fraction of the required according to modern (ir. current) Went methods : And, in some very important and striking cases, sums requiring 30, 50, 100 or even more numerous and cumbrous “steps” of working (according to the current Western methods) ean be answered in a single and simple step of work by the Vedie method ' And little children (of only 10 or 12 years of age) merely look at the sums written on the blackboard (on the platform) and immediately shout, ont. and dictate the answers from the body of the Teall (or other venue of the demonstration). And this is because, ax a matter of fact, each digit automa. tically yields its predecessor and its successor ! and the children have merely to go on tossing off (or reeling off) the digits one after another (forwards of backwards) by mere mental arithmetic (without needing pen or pencil, paper or slate ctc)! On seeing this kind of work actually being performed by the little children, the doctors, professors. and other “big-guns” of mathematies are wonder struck —“ts this mathematics or magic” # And we invariably answer aud say: “Tb is both. Te is magic until you understand it ; and itis mathematics thereafter”; and then we proceed to substantiate and prove the correctness of this reply of ours Aud As regards the time required by the students for mastering the whole course of Vedic mathematics as applied to all its branches, we need merely state from ont actual experience that 8 months (or 12 months) at an average rate of 2 or 3 hours per dny {(xvii) should suffice for completing the whole course of mathematical stuties on these Vedi 18 or 20 years required according to the existing systems of the Tndian and also of foreign uni- versities. 15. Tn this connection, it is a gratifying fact that unlike some go-called Indologists (of the type hereinabove referred to) there have been some great modern mathomaticians and his- torians of mathematics (like Prof. G. P. Halstead, Professor Ginsburg, Prof. De Morogan, Prof. Hutton ete.,) who have, fas truth-seekers and truth-lovers, evinced a truly scientific attitude and frankly expressed their intense and whole-hearted appreciation of ancient India’s grand and glorious contributions to the progress of mathemntical knowledge (in the Western hemisphere and elsewhere), of the history of mathematics, will speak eloquently for (j) On page 20 of his book “On the Foundation and ‘Technique of Ari , we find Prof. GP. Tlalstead saying “The importance of the creation of the ERO mark can never be exaggerated. This giving of airy nothing not merely local habitation and s name, a picture but helpful power is the characteristic ve ib mprang, mathematical creation has been more potent for the general on-go of intelligence and power”. (ii) In this connection, in his splendid treatise on “The present mode of expressing numbers” (the Tndian Historical Quarterly Vol. 8, pages 630-040) B. B. Dutta sya: “The Hindus adopted the decimal scale vary early. The numerical language of no other nation is ¢0 scientific and has attained as high 4 state of perfection as that of the ancient Hindus. (xr) In symbolism they succeeded with ten signs to express any number most elegantly and simply. Tt is this boauty of the Hindu numerieai notation whi ted the attention of all the civilised peoples of the world and charmed them to adopt it” (ii) In this very context, Prof. Ginsburg says : “The Hindu notation was carried to Arabia about 770 A.D. by @ Hindu scholar named Kasxa who ‘was invited from Tjain to the famous Court of Bagh- dad by the Abbaside Khalif Al-Mansvs. Katko taught Hindu astronomy and mathematics to the lara ; and, with hic help, they translated into Arabic the Brabma-Sphula-Siddhinta of Brahma Gupta. The recent discovery by the French savant MI. Nav proves that the Hindu numerals wore well known and much appreciated in Syria about the middle of the 7Uh Century A-D”. (Gxepuno’s “axew Lion? Mathe- 369), Arabian seh matical Society, Second sories, Vol. 25, pages 38 (iv) On this point, we find B. B. Duis fur “From Arabia, the numerals slowly marched towards the West through Egypt and Northem Arabia; and they finally entered Enrope in the Nith Century. The Europeans called therm (he Arabic notations, because they received them from the Arabs. But the Arabs themselves, the Bastern as well ax the Western, have unanimously called them the Hindu figures. (Al-Argan-Al-Tindu”.) 17, The above-cited pansyen are, however, in connection oof India’s invention of the “Zeno” ins of the 7th century A.D. and later to world mathematica! knowledge. In the light, however, of the hereinabove given detailed description of the unique merits and characteristic excellences of tho atill earlicr Vedic Sitras doalt with in the 18 volumes ofrelating and applicable to those particular types alone (=) this series! the consciontious (trath-loving and truth-telling) historians of Mathematics (of the lofty eminence of Prof. De Morgan ote.) have not been guilty of even the least exaggeration in their candid admission that “even the highest and farthest reaches of modern Western mathematics have not. yet brought the Western world even to the thresholl of Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics”, 18 Tt is our eamest aim and aspiration, in these 16 volumes, to explain and expound the contents of the Vedie Teach of every secker after mathematical knowledge B.—EXPLANATORY EXPOSITION or SOMF SALTENT, INSTRUCTIVE AND (¢ THHISTRATIVE SAMPLE SPECIMENS RY WAY OF COMPARISON ann CONTRAST Preliminary Note :— With regard to every subject dealt with in the Vedic Mathematical Siitras, the rule generally holds good that the Sitras have always provided for what may be termed the “General Case’ (by means of simple processes which cun be easily and readily nay, instantaneously applied to any and every question which can possibly arise under any particular heading. 2. But, al the same time, we often come across special ich, wlthough classifiable under the general heading . yet present certain additional and typical charac terestics which render them still easier to solve. And, therefore, special provision is found to have been made for such special cases by means of special Siitras, sub-Satras, corollaries ete., T Oniy ope volume bas been bequeathed by Wiis Holes tw pooteity ef p. x above—Generat Editor. (oat) 3. And all that the student of these Satras has to do is to look for the special characteristics in question, recognise the particular type before him and determine and apply the special formula prescribed therefor. generally speaking it is only in case no special case is involved, that the general formula has to be resorted to, ‘And this process is naturally a little longer. But itn hardly be pointed out that, even then, the longest of the methods acvurding to the Vedic system comes nowhere (in respect of ing provess according to the system now current everywhere. 5. For instance, the conversion of a vuigar fraction (cay fy or gly oF dy ete.,) to its equivalent recurring decimal shape involves 18 or 28 or 42 or more steps of eumbrons work- ing (according to the current. system) but, requires only one ingle and simple step of mental working. (acrording to ‘the Vedie Satras)! 6. This is nob all, There are till other methods and processes (in the latter system) whereby even that very small (usental) working can be rondored shorter till! hie and herein is the beatific beauty of the whole scheme. 7. ‘Yo start with, we should naturally have liked to begin this explanatory and illustrative exposition with a few pro ceases in arithmetical computations relating to multiplications and divisions of huge numbers by big multipliers and big, divisors respectively and then go on to other branches of ‘mathematical caieuiation 8. But, as we have just hereinabove referred to a parti- cular but wonderful type of mathematical work whorcin 18, 28, 42 or even more steps of working ean be condensed into 2 single-step answer which can be written down immediately (by means of what we have heen describing as straight, single- rithmetic) ; ane, as this statement must naturally have aroused intense engorness and enriosity in the minuls of the stndents (and the teachers too) and especially ax the process is,(adi) based on elementary and basic fundamental principles and requires no previous knowledge of anything in the nature of an indispensable and inescapable pre-requisite chapter, subject and s0 on, we are beginning this exposition here with fan easy explanation and simple clucidation of that: par illustrative specimen. 9. And then we shull take up the other various parts, one by one, of the various branches of mathematical computation ‘and hope to throw sufficient light thereon to enable the students to make their own comparison and contrast and arrive at correct conclusions on all the various points dealt with. ©. ILLUSTRATIVE SPECIMEN SAMPLES (Comparison anid Contrast) SAMPLE SPRCIMENS or ARITHMETICAL COMPUTATIONS I, Multiplication : The “Sanskrit Satra” (Formula) is— i) Multiply 87265 by 32177 settee By ciarrent method: By Vedic mental one-line method : 87205, 87205 s2ul7 32117 10856 2802090005 87265, | 87265, Note: Ouly the answer is writ: 174530 ten automatically down ae by Ordhwa — Liryak 2ananan0ns Sitra (forwards or back- — wards). | LL (xxiii) TI. Division » (2) Express Yin its full recurring decimal shape (18 digits) : By the current method; The ‘Sanskrit Sutra’ (Formula) is; 19) tron oszeaisrenersess2i wnt ga By the Vedio mental one line method : Fa (ly the Bkadhika-Purva Sutra) (forwards or backwards), we merely 120 torite down the Badigitansweer — cae +654631578) 60 94703421 { # 87 30 19 “To 95 150 180 m 90 70 100 133 152( xiv) Division continued : Note: 2p gives 42 roourring decimal places in the answe ‘these too are written down mechanically in Uhe sue way (backwards or forwards). And the same is the case with all such divisions (whatever the number of digits may be) (8) Divide 7031985 hy 822 By the current method : By the mental Vedic one-line method = 23)T0R1985(8544 ——8129)70919(85 6584 075 “wa 4115, “gots $292 3505 but (4) Divide 0003147 by 814256321 (to 6 devimal ypluces ) : ‘The current method is notoriously too long, tedious, cum- brous and clumsy and entails the expenditure of enormous time and toil, Only the Vedio mental one-line method is given here. The trithloving student can work it out by the other method and compare the two for himself. 8/1425632)-00084147 3295: 0000 (5) Pind the Reciprocal of 7246041 to cleven Decimal places : By the Vedio mental ono lino-method. (by the Ordhwa-Tiryak Siitra) 77]46041) wooo 1000000 374610 “woow001 3800 N.B.:—he same method ean be used for 200 or more places - nes erence er Cm) LLL. Divisibility + (0) Find owt whether 5293240096 is divisitle by 139: By tho current method, nothing less than complete division will give a clue to the answer (Yes or No). But by the Vedio mental one-line method (by the Ekidhika Parva Sitra), wo can at once say — for) 6 2 9 8 2 4 0 0 9 6) vy, 189) 189 80 36131-29131 19 BI 93 ae IV. Square Root : (7) Betract the square root of 738915489 : Ry the everrent method + Ry the ‘sd0ioisicoriss ‘ 4)738915489 35519674 47/338 329 ba) 991 sal 5428) 45054 43424 54363) “TasoR9 163080 ° “The square root is 27183. (8) Extract the square root of 19°706412814 to 6 decimal places : ‘The current method is too cumbrous and may be tried by the student himself. ‘The Vedio mental one-line method (by Urdhwa-Tiryak Satra) is as follows :— 8)19-Tosd12814 51010151713 499190 UB( xi) V. Cubing and Cube-Root The “Sanskrit Sittra’” (Formula) is :-— (9) Find the cube of 9989. 1 ara urns sf wav 1 ‘The current: method is too eumbrous ‘The Vedio mental one-line method (by the Yavadanam- Tavadinam Sitra) is as follows :— 99899967 /0363/1331- (10) Extract the Cube-Root of 355045312441 : The current method is too cumbrous, The Vedie mental one-line method is as follows :— 35501531 BT—= 7. . 17081 167 /0362/8609, SAMPLE SPECIMENS FROM ALGEBRA TL. Sample Equations : Phe “Sanskrit Sitra” (Formula) is — (11) Solve: ogee ereregere ax J By the current method: By the Vedic method (by the Siinyum-Samnccuya Sidr Oxf 1Tx12= -AXt5=0 “x= 1h x24 13x47 ote 5 es ‘The third case coming under this heading ia ono where the multiplier contains « xmaller number of digits than the multiplicand. Careful observation aud study of the relevant table of products gives us the neceswry clusand helps us to understand the correct application of the Sitra to this kind of Column 2 Column 3 37x9—38/3 73x9—65/7 82x 9=73/8 91 x9==81/9 and so on. : SRESESSS We note here that, in the first column of products where the multiplicand starls with 1 as its first digit the lett hand side part (of the product) is uniformly less. than the multi- plioand ; thal, in the second column (where the multiplicand begins with 2,) the left-hand side part of the product is exactly Sloss; and that, in the third column (of miscellaneous first- digits) the difference betwoen the multiplicand and the left hand portion of the product is invariable one more than the excess portion to the extreme left of the dividend. ‘The procedure applicable in this case is therefore evidently ss Fallows :— (i) Divide the multiplicand off by a vertical Tine—into a right-hand portion consisting of as many digits as ‘the multiplier ; and subtract from the mulliplicand ‘one more than the whole excess portion (on the left). ‘Vhis gives us the left-hand-side portion of the product, OR take the Hkanyiina and subtract previous (i. e, the excess) portion on the left ; and | (39) (Gi) Subtract the right-hand-side part of the multiplicand by the Nikhilamt rule, This will give you the right: hiand-side of the product. ‘The following examples will make the process clear :— ( 48x9 (@) 63x9 (8) 122x9 4:8: O: 3 lig: 1:3 1:82 10:9:8 (4) 11299 (6) 11119 x99 1:12: ML: 19: 2:12 1:12:19 (6) 459009 45: 99: 45:08:01 1:10: 88 (7) 15839 99 156 : 39: PAT! a0 (8) 26999 x999 25: 999: 28: 999 (8) 7990x9909 TT: 1999 = 78 :7999 (10) 111011 x99 m0: 11 suit (1) 1000001 x 99999 10 : 00001 : =L1 00001 1099 : 00; 89 9: 99990 : 99999 toCnarren TIT MULTIPLICATION (by Ordhoa-Tiryak Satra) Having dealt in fairly sullicient detail with the application of the Nikhilats Stra ete., tw special cases of multiplication, we now proceed to deal with the sndfiérarg (Ordhva Piryagbhyam) Siva which is Uw General Formula applicable to all casca of ‘multiplication (aud will also be found very useful, later on, in Uhe division of a Targe number by another largo number). The formula itsolf is very short and terse, consisting of only one compound word and means “vertically and cross- ‘The applications of this brief and terse Satra are manifola (as will be seen again and again, Inter on). First we take it up inits must elementary application (namely, to Multi- plication in general), A simple example will suttice to clarify the modus operandi thereof. Suppose we have bo multiply 12 by 13. (i) Wo multiply tho left-hand-most 12 digit (1) of the multiplicand verti- 13, cally by the left-hand-most digit —-—— (1) of the multiplicr, get their 1:342:6—150 product (1) and set it down as the left-hand-most: part of the answer. (i) We then multiply 1 and 3, and 1 and 2 eross-wise, add the two, get 6 as the sum-and set it down as the middle part of the answer ; and (il) We multiply 2 and 3 vertically, get 6 as their product and put it down ax the Iast (the right-hand-most) part of the answer Thus 12x13—156, | | | Le ca) A few other examples may also be tested and will be found to Iw eorrent <= 2) a) a qm 12 @) i 3) re Note: When one of the remults contains more than 1 digit, the right-hand-moxt digit thereof isto be put down there and the preceding (i.e. lefichand-side) digit (or digits) should be carried over to the left and placed under the previous digit (or digits) of the upper row wnt. practice has been achieved for this operation to bw performed mentally. ‘The digite carried ‘over may Iw shown in the working (as illustrated below) :— a 32 (4) 35 (4) 37 (6) 49 oy oy Og OE OF 8 105 oO, “ot 905, 901 1621 fe Ps fF 250TH ‘The Algebraical ptinciple involved is as follows :— The Suppose we have to multiply (ax-+h) by (cx-+d). produot is aox! = (2d-+bo}th. In other words, the first term (i.e. the cooficient of x4) is got hy vertical multiplication of @ and ¢; the middle term (i.e. the coefficient of x) is obtained by the cross-wise multiplication of a and d and of b and © and term the addition of the two produets ; und the independent is arrived at by vertical muitiplicsiion uf ihe absolute term And, as all arithmetical numbers are merely algebraic expres-i ) sions in x (with x=10), the algebraic principle explained above iis readily applicable to arithmetical numbers too. Now, if our ultiplieand and multiplicr be of 9 digits cach, it meroly means that we are multiplying (ax? {-bx--0) by (dx*-+ex-+1) (where x—10) -— axt+bx+o dxt fox ff adxt | x8 (ac [ bd) |x (of-}-be-ted) +x (bf-bee)-+ot We observe hore the following facts -— he eooffici is got by the plication of the frst digit (from the left side) ; }) that the coefficient. of xis got by the cross-wise multiplication of the first two digits and by the addition of the two products ; (iii) thot the ooctlicient of x* is obtained by the multi- plication of the first digit of the multiplicand by the last digit of the multiplicr, of the middle one by the middle one and of the last one by the first one and by the addition of all the 8 products ; (iv) that the coefficient of x is obtained by the cross ‘wise multiplication of the second digit by the third one and conversely and by the addition of the two produets ; and ye (v) that the independent term results from the vertical multiplication of the last digit by the last dixit, ‘We thus follow a process of ascent and of descent (going forward with the digits on the upper row and coming rearward with the digits on the lower row). If and when this principle (of ordinary Algebraic multiplication) is properly understood and carofully applied to the Arithmotical multiplication on hhand (where x stands for 10), the Ordhea Tiruak Sitra may be deomed to have been ouccetsfully mastered in actual practice. a es cae pa ni (a) ‘A fow illustrations will serve to illustrate this Ordhna Tiryak process of vertical and eross-wise multiplications :— qd) ut (2) 108 3) 109 M1 108 m1 reset rows 1 098 16 1 . 12 099 52 12326 1013 san 13450 13444 “532 (8) 785 () sa 42 362 wo 1908 7a 422 6741 “yp Los m41To (1) 795 (1) 102 (ay) 621 382 2108 a7 were 2147103, 30 4.5 87 osal 361 B7790 39°06 87 (13) 6471 6212 40197 852 NBT need hardly he me (Drelho-Tiryuk) process of multiplication from left to right or from right to loft (as wo prefer). All the diffe LL.(my rence will be that, in the former case, tworline multip- lication will be nocessary (at least mentally) while. in ‘the latter case, one-line multiplication will suffice., (but ‘careful practice is necessary). Owing to their relevancy to this context, a few Algebraic examples (of the Ordhoa-iryak type) are being given @ (2) C7) ab +9 2410 ab-L9b? tah ba+7b +22ab-+21b atari? ax} Tx $6 Last 41s" 4 81x44 791442 x hOxt}ox"43x%pa41 Tat} Bxt Bx +a" S45 7x10 262° | 68x" 56x7-}492"}40x8 41x44 88x F193" }8xt5 Tf and when a power of x is absent, it should be given a zero coefficient ; and the work should be Proceeded with exactly as before. For example, for (1x*45x-41)(3x°4+2°+3), we work aa follows Txt 0-45x41 ax} 049 Bixth Txh pratt ret higher than 6 may come times be facilitated hy the use of the vineulum, The following example will illustrate this = () 576 (2) OR 2 : But the vincalum process is ald 214 ; one which the student must —: very carefully practise, before log94s 122440: he resorts to it ond relies +1IL on it. Miseellanerns Feramples There being so many methods of multiplication one of them {the Ordhva-Tiryak one) heing perfectly general and therefore applicable to wll eases and the others (the Nikhilart one, the Yiivadinum etc.) being of use in certain special oases only, it is for Uke student to Uink of and weigh all the possible altemative provenses available, aia} in each partioular case and apply the formula proseribed therefor. We now concludo this chapter with a number of misce- Ismeous examples and with our own “running comments” thercon giving the students the necessary experience for making the best possible selection from amongst the various alternative method in question :— 3x37 (i) By Ordiva-Tiryak rule, or (ii) by the same method but with the use of the vineulum, Boidently, the former 19 belter.(2) 94x81 ()) By Drdhana.Tiryak, (ii) By ibid (with the = — use of the Vineulum) Evidently the former is better; but Or (iil) The Nskhilam Mothod is still better :—81—19 MH 6 (3) 123x89 @) 128 Or (iy 1z2 Or (a) 129-428 ono it on) asa 11088 2a =10047 (4) 65243 () 052 (i) The Vinculum method is manifestly 4, cumbrous in this ease and need not —— be worked out. sas (1302 xv01) 28036 (ii) The Nikkilam method may be useil and will be quite easy 5 but we will have to take a multiple of 43 which will bring it very near 1000. Such a multiple ia 43x23=089 ; and wo can work with il and finally 652—3a8 divide the whole thing out by 23. ‘This gives us the same answer (23/036). cay Therefore, the Online (yeneral) process is obviously the best (in this case). (3) 125x112 (Nikhilariy (i) 128° (li) Asall the digists (ii) 128-428, uz aro within 6, the 112-412 Vinculum method = ———__ 13270 is manifestly out 135 /,70 5 of place, =187 [76 =13776 Both the frat (6) 99x99 (ii) 104 99-1, (iv) The ow 101 99-1 ) (Yavadinam) 99 — ——— } methods — 10301 3/01 } also quite si2l 9801 appropriate? appropriate 168 ‘& easy — 99298 /01 9901 M 4 8) ® 62 a 181 131 213 “20028 2003 or373 122 22 1 —sm6 1746 84102 08873 (In all these 4 cases (Nos. 7-10), the General formula fits ‘én.at once). (11) 889 x 898 Z | (2) 889 Or (i) ATL Or Giiy sa9— 111 | #rnn tae 898 1102 898-102 | 102} 2 646852 120831 787 | 922 | 113/22 ——— — = 7/322 =798 / 392 Note Here in (ii) Nikhilam method, the verbieal multiplies ation of 111 and 102 is also performed in the same ‘manner (a3 shown in the *marked margin). {(48) (#2) (i) 870. Or (i) Vinculum Or (ii) a8 151288 3764 88028 (a) aT ae (817 332 2421 (id) 989x080 (i) 989 oso 1464 (5) 8989x8898 (i) 8989 64681652 1308147 2221 79984122 (U6) 213x213 () 18 23 4309 1 45309 method 576424 N.B. 984 being inappro- 98d— 163X928, Wo priate = — have made 3)800 [e784 uso of it & 188 / 028 or : Gi) Vineulum Or (ii) +. 8382x3006 method may RIT —183 also be used. yea a)u1a]7a2 Or (ii) 7 Vinculum method also useful 121 This is Joni iT the best 8989-1011 3898 —1102 7es7 | 4122" ul} 7908 | 4122 “1118/1122 =i /'192, Or ( Or 23+ 19 N.B. The di- Vincalum 2134 13 | gits being method nob =| — small, the suitable, 226 | 09 general x2] formula is always “QOMPOUND MULYIPLICATION” A. Square Measure, Cubic Measure Etc, ‘This is not a separate subject, all by itself. But it ie often of practical interest and importance, even to lay people and briefly. Areas of Rectangles. Suppose we have to know the area of a Rectangular piece ‘of land whove length and breadth are 7’ 8” and 6’ 11" reapeo- tively. According to the conventional method, we put both these ‘measurements into uniform shape (cither as inches or as vulgar fractions of fect— preferably the latter) and say :— 92,71 _ 0582 _1088 2% 12 144 — 30 (45 ny. ft c.Area=45 sq, ft. 52 sq. in. + 50) 1672 (62 6q,in. J 36 2B 2 In the Vedic method, however, we make use of the Algebraical multiplication and the Adyam Stitra and say :— Ti Kae ts, | ~3xt Tx +88(0) Splitting the middle term (by dividing by 12), wo get 9 and 9 as Q and R (9 12-40) 88 Ad xt | (9X12) 2488 sy fh.-+196 sy. in, 4. fe +82 5q, ‘And the whole work can he done mentally (2) Similarly 3° 7” | =15 x*4-05 x+70 XB'10" f =20 x? | (6% 12)+70 and (2) 7x [11 xox +8 15 x* {111 x | 88 aq. f+124 9q, in, Volumes of Paraliclopipeds : Wecan extend the same method to sums relating to 3 dimensions also. Suppose we have to find the volume of a parallelepiped whose dimensions are 8° 7”, 6° 10" and 7" 2”, By the customary method, we will say :— cout x M88 (ith all the big multiplication and 12, divisions involved). But, by the Vedio process, we have -— 3x47 | =20x4+10 x+10 oxti0 Tx42 14ox®-£110x?-+90%-+20 49x? -Oet L728 =149 oub, ft and 1388 cub. in, ‘Thos, even in these small computations, the customary thod seems to have a natural or ingrained bias in favour of neediesly big multiplications, divisions, vulgar fractions et, etc., for their own sake, ‘The Vedio Sutras, however, help us bese aud make the work o pleasure and not on tow infliction. E AND PROPORTION o PRAG COMPOUND MULTIPLICATION. ‘Tho some procedure under the selfriq (Dridhna-Tiryak ‘Satra) is readily applicable to most questions which come under the headings “Simple Practice” and “Compound. QUOT” parts are taken and many sepa of working are resorted to under the current system ub wherein ia mental Arithmetic, For example, suppose the question is :-— L, each rupee invested brings ‘Rupees two and five annas to the investor. How much will an cullay of Rs, 4 and annas nine therein yield 1” THE FIRST CONVENTIONAL MELHUD. For One Rupeo For 4 Rupees of Re. 1 Second Current Method. (By Simple Proportion) “On Re 1, the yield is Rs. $$ £.On Rs. $8, the yield in Re $¢x$8=Rs. 8595(mm) 256) 2701 (10-898 256 11 x16 256) 2065 ( 8 2306 208 x12 250) 2496 ( 9 2308 c a8 aa 7 288 By (he Veilic one-line method : ox + 5 arto ex? / 38x/45, Splitting the middle term (or by right to left {A few more instances may be taken :— (1) Rs, 2/5xRs. 2/6 ‘a8 25 44/20/25—Re, 5/6 % anna (2) Re. 4/9. Re. 4/9 os 4-9 16/72/81 =Re, 20/1325 annas (8) Rs. 16/9%Rs. 16/9 16-9 . #74] annes 5 zy (88) (4) Rs, 4/18 Re, 4/13 (i) By the ourrent ‘Practice’ method Baas For Re. 1 4-13 For Ra. 4 19-4 Sannas—} of Re 1 2 8} 4annas—} of 8 As, 1— 3 a= of 4 annas o- 4h 256) 5929 (23-23, az ~ 808 708 a x16 2850) 656 (2 Bia 14s 256 =9/16 (ii) By the one-line Vedic Method. 4-18 4138 16/104) N.B.—Questions relating to paving, carpeting, ornamenting ete., ete. (which are-tnder the current. system usually dealt with by the ‘Pructice’ method or by the ‘Proportion’ process) ean all be readily answered by the Ordhoa- "Tiryak method. Ra. 28]23% annas(mu) For example, suppose the question is -— Atthe rate of 7 annas 9 pics por foot, what will be the ost for 8 yards 1 foot 3 inches ? 253 9 176 /246/27 105 annas 83 pies Rs. 12/3/8) @ 9) 190) 9) mL yt Cuarren IV DIVISION (by the Nikhilam Method). Having doalt with Multiplication nt fairly considerable length, wo now go on to Division ; and there we start with the Nikhilam method (which is special one). ‘Suppose we have to divide a number of dividends (of two chart therefor ax follows -— @ 9) 12) 8) aA B 2 1/3 2/8 (#9) 4/0 6 aa oft @ 9) 70) 9) 8/0 I ‘8 3/8 Tet us first split cach dividend into a left-hand part for the Quotient and a rightchand part for the Remainder and divide them by a vertical lino. Tn all these particular cases, we observe that the first digit of the Dividend booomes the Quotient and the sum of the two digits becomes the Romainder. ‘This means that we can mechanically take the first digit down for the Quotient- column and that, by adding the quotient to the sevond digit, wo can get the Remainder. Next, wo tako as Dividends, another set of bigyer num- bers of 9 digits cach and make a chart of them us follows :— @) 9) 193 @) 9) M/s (3) 9) 12/4 al qe 1/3 nis 15 2/8 1a 23/4(56) In these cases, we note that the Remainder and the sum of the digits are still the samo and that, by taking the first digit of the Dividend down mechanically and adding it to the second digit of the dividend, we got the second digit of the quotient and that by adding it to the third digit of the dividend, we obtain the remainder. And then, by extending this procedure to till bigger numbers (consisting of still more digits), we are able to get the quotiont and remainder correctly. Por example, (1) 8) 1203/23} 8) 1990/13) «9} Ba0ON/a 133/6 1306/6 1336/7 1366/7 ‘And, thereafter, we take a few more cases as follows :— a9) 18) i 9) 22/5 (3) 9) 13/6 2/4 1/4 1/0 24/0 (9) 83/7 2/5 14/10 5/2 B ‘these cages, we find that the Remainder is the same as or greater than the Divisor. As this is not permissible, we redivide the Remainder hy 9, carry the quotient over to ‘the Quotient colnmn and retain the final Remainder in the Remainder oh 1s follows (1) 9) 1/8) 9) 22/5 (a) 9) 13/0 in uit 1A 1/8 240 14/10 E 25/0 6/1 w) (or) ‘Wo also notice that, when the Remainder is greater than the ion by th Divison, wo oan de the consequent Gna! D: method, as follows :— (@) 9) 13/6 (2) 9) 23/7 (8) 9) 1or164/9 1a 2/5 1289/18 4/10 “5/12 1129013 /2/2 a fl 2 ann a By 26/3 112405 /4 We next take up the next lowor numbers (8, 7 ete.) as our Divisors and note the results, as follows :— () 8) 2/8 @)7) Ue (3) 6) If i B a 27 1/6 16 Here we observe that, on taking the first digit of the Dividend down mechanically, we do not get the Remainder by adding that digit of tho quotiont to the socond digit of the dividend but have to add to it twice, thrice or 4 times the quoticnt: digit already taken down, In other words, we have to multiply the quotient-digit by 2 in the caso of 8, by 3 in the case of 7, by 4 in the case of 6 and so on. And this again means that wwe have to multiply the quotiont digit by the Divisor's comple ment from 10. And this suggests that the Nikhilam rule (about the sub- traction of all from 9 and of the last from 10) is at work ; and, to make sure of it, we try with bigger divisions, 1 follows: (1) 89) aftr) 73) 1/1 (8) 888) 1/038 nf a7 (87 nz [le 1/38m2 “12 a60i/2001 1/3497 1/4346 ), (8) ‘ggy7) 1/1208 7989) 1/0102 Tos 1103 ory 2011 by 7) 1 rio /1108 1/3448 © 899097) 1010101 100003 /100003 1/2306 1/2113 1110104 wy ti 3) 89) 11/11 100/18 12/345 win ny mm one ap [336 ie i = 13/801 12/43 113/45 (15) (ae) (7) 8987) 20/0185 899) 10/102 101s 2/026 rol 4/or 2028 for 22/2451 ns (a) (20) 89997) 10/10101 89997) 12/34507 10003 1/owvs_ 19003 1/uuus 110008 180009 11/20134 19/64608 (22) (23), 99079) 111/11111 88) 110/01 oooat 00/021 iz 12/ @/0021 2/4 100021 8 11/3442 124/89 125/1 3388) 10/1020 (18) ‘89998) 20/0202 ode 2/0008 120008 23 /22046 (21) '88087) 10/5007 o1o1s /tons 190000 10/40137 ( 8) In all the above examples, we have deliberately taken as Divisiors, numbers containing big digits. The reason therefor is as follows (i It is in such division (by big divisions) that the student finds his chief difficulty, because he has to multiply long big numbern by the “trial” digit of the quotient at every step and subtract that result from each dividend at each step ; but, in our method (of the Nikhilam formula), the bigger the digits, the smaller will be the required complement (from 9 or 10 as the case may be) ; and the multiplication. taok is lightened thereby. (i) There is no subtraction to be done at all! (ii) And, even as regards the multiplication, we have no multiplication of numbers by numbers as such but only of a singlo digit by a single digit, with the plcasant consequence that, at no stage, is a student called upon to multiply more then @ by more than 8, In other words, ¥X¥=¥i, is the utmost muiti- plication he has to perform, A single sample example will suffice to prove this : (24) 9819) 2 01 37 Orsi 02162 2 0499 ‘Note : In this case, the product of 8 and 2 is written down in its proper place, as 16 (with no “carrying” over to the left) and 60 on. Thus, in our “division” —process (by the Mikhilam formula), we perform only small single-digit multiplications ; we do no subtraction and no division at all ; and yet we readily obtain the required quotient and the required Remainder. In fact, we have accomplished our divisiou-work in full, without actually doing any division at all != As for divisors vonsisting of small digits, another vi formuia wili serve our purpose and ix io be deat with in next chapter. Just at present (in this chapter), we deal only with big divisors and explain how simple and easy such difficult multiplications can be made (with the aid of the Nikhilam Sita), And herein, we take up a few more illustrative examples relating to Uke oases (already referred to) wherein the Remainder excels the Divisor and eaplain the process, by difficulty can be easily surmounted (by further application of (25) 88) 1 98 ie 1 uo The Remainder here i wwe have lo divide 110 by 88 and get the quotient and the final ner and carry the former over aud add it to the quotient rem already obtained, ‘Thus, we soy :— 88) 110 2B 1 2 0, we add the newly obtained 1 to the previously obtained 1 ; and pnt down 2 as the quotient and 22 as the Remainder. ‘This double process can be combined into one as follows -— fa) 1 oR m 2 1 af0 pz 1 1/sa 2 pe cay A few more illustrations will serve to help the student in practising this method :— (20) 90007) 12 o4a07 (27) 97) 1s 10003 1 008 03 20000 ——_ ria 13 1 24606 03 10003 : ee so ra) (28) 99979) 111 97 0081 a0 oat 0 002 00021 11 1 01502 00021 11201623 ‘Thus, even the whole lengthy operation (of division of 11199171 hy 99979) involves no division and no subtraction and consists of few multiplications of single digits by single digits and a little addition (of an equally easy character). Yes ; this is all good enough so far as it goss; but it provides only for a particular type (namely, of divisions volving large-digit. numbers). Can it help us in other divisions (ie. those which involve small-digit divisors) t The answer is @ candidly emphatic and unequivocal No, ‘An ctuai sample specimen will prove this: to(a) (0) ‘But even this is too long and cumbrous; and this is a suitable a7 3 8 oO 3 1 for the application of the qawed (Parivarlya) method. This we proceed to explain in the next chapter. Suppose we have to divide 1011 by 23. By tho Nikhilam Tn such a case, we can use a multiple of the divisor and method, the working will be as follows — finally multiply again (by the Anurtpya rule). ‘Thus, (29) 93) 10 11 | (90) 23x4=92) 10 11 | 7 ee 4 oe — 10 1 Ne 80 x4 a 8 “ee 40 69 a 4 8 8 3 | 48 | 1 a ies ae 2 0 6 uo m1 6 0 a tT 7 7 ot 1 4 (4 times the divisor) wwe 9 43 2 This ix manifestly not only too long and cumbrous but much mora so than the current system (which, in this particular indisputably shorter and easier), | | . |Cuarrer V DIVISION (by the Pardvartya method) ‘We have thus found that, although admirably suited for lication in the xpecial or particular cawes wherein the divinar- digits are big ones, yel the Nikhilam method does not help us in the other cases (namely, those wherein the divisor consists. of small digits). ‘The last example (with 23 as divisor) at the end of the last chapter has mado this perfectly clear. Hence the rived for a fom found provided for in the Pardvartya Sutra, which is special- cave formula, which reads “Pardeartya ” and which ror the other cases, And means “Transpose and apply” The well-known rule relating to transposition enjoins invariable change of sign with every change of side. ‘Thus-+ bocomes-and conversely ; and xbecomes and conversely. In tthe ourrent system, this law is known but only in its application to the transposition of torms from left to mght and conversely and from numerator to denominator and conversely (in connection with the soiution of equations, the proving of Tdentities ete, ete; and also with regard to the Remainder Theorem, Horner's process of Synthet inion eto. ete.) According to the Vedic system, however, it has a number of applications, ono of which is discussed in the present chapter. At this point, we may make a reference to the Remainder ‘Theorem and Horner's process and then pass on Uo the other most interesting applications of the Pardvartya Sidra The Remainder Theorem : ‘We may begin this part of this exposition with a simple proof of tho Remainder Theorom, as follows : If E, D, Q & R be tho Dividend, the Divisor, the Quotient and the Remainder in a case of division and if the divisor is (x—p), we may put this relationship (a) And if we put x=p, x—p becomes zero; and the Identity takes the shape, E=R. In other words, the given cxpression If itsclf (with p substituted for x) will be the Remainder. Thus, the given exprestion BE (ie. the Dividend itself) (with p substituted for x) automatically becomes the remainder. And p is sulomatically available by putting x—p=0 ive. by merely reversing the sign of the—p (which is the absolute term in the binomial divisor). Im general terms, this means that, if'o be ax" pba pox" pda" oto, and if Dobe acy, the remainder is Lene t tort 1 a and s0 on (ie. B with Horner's process otf Synthetic Division carries this still farther and tells ue te q very small part of the Pardwurtys formula (which goes much other too. This, however, only x farther and ix capable of mmerous applications directions also). Now, suppose we have to divide (12x8—8x—32) by (x2). x2 Lex? 8x—32 e 24432 We +16 0 We put x--2 (the Divsior) down on the left (as usual) ; just below it, we put down tho—2 with ite sign changed ; and we do tho multiplication work just exactly as we did in the previous chapter. A few more algebraic examples may also be taken :— () Divide 72°+6x-+3 by x—1 x-1 Tatton + 3 Tx+12 15, s.The quotient is 7x12; and the Remainder is 15. @) xtl Teton 49 (8) x2 xtHis"+ Ox +5 =I 7 420 FH Han Tx—2 45 SOx +24 OB( 6 ) x28 wosth is bo Rea 89 wei 8 (5) x5 x axtfior 7 5 +10 100 x42 +20 +03 ‘At this stage, the student should practise the whole process as a MENTAL exercise (in respect of binomiai divinurs ‘at any rate). For example, with regard to the division of (12x?—8x—82) by the binomial (x2), one should be ubie to say 12x? Sx—32 z 125416; and R: ‘The procedure is as follows :— i sea 18 un tls frat coufalent in th (i) 7 gives 12 mn thefts coefficient in the quo and we put it down ; ) multiply 12 by —2, reverse the sign and add to tho next coefficient on the top (numerator), ‘Thus 12x—2-—%, Reversed, it is 24. Add—8 and obtain 16 as the next coeficient of the Quotient. (iii) multiply 16 by—2; reverse the siga and add to the next coefficient on top. Thus 10x—2=—82; Reversed, i is 92; add—32 and obtain 0 as the TaEORtS x1 Similarly, (1) | and (8) ‘This direct and straight application of the Pardvartya Sutra should be so woll practised as to become very simple MENTAL arithmetic. And the student should be able to say at once : (oy PETEEOEM sg ety orton; to) PE PARAY 1 Q—at tortor R055 Qartxt yand R=203. and Extending this process to the case of divisors vontaining three terms, we should follow the same method, hut should also take care to roverse the signs of the cuvflicient in all the other terms (except the first) -— Q) toad xtoxttst 4805 iI ie) 0 40 242 B}OP2 FORT /.Qaxt42; ond a Roox¢7 (2) x*#-2x—9 @xt+13x8+30x? +37x+ 45 ~a49 12 +54 30 otf 25 F143 -p9as-F 1582 2 EGR EIAD; and R—SANK +1832 2.Q=! 3) PL aet— at LO —3x—2 om 0-2 Note the zero. x? 0 +8 ‘and the zero x O42 carefully. )—=2x*=3x-2and R=0 = 0+0 ~(8) (4) tort toxt pox z 2-1 ti 1 O40 (8) x842n44 2x9 f9x8 $18x420 ig a 2 +45 0+ 0 “AQ—2x $5; & K=O —xt4ar—3 x H04x9 Tat 0}0 Note the 2: i-? +3 aero 2* ound the zero = 0 +4040 carefully. thc and R= 6x" | Bx }0 (2) Paetl xt HOx? $041 Note the zero x® and Tre oro x carefully er F142 0-40 -.Qaxt+x+1; and RO (8) 22x81 —2xt—7etpox? fisxt—sx— 8 Note BH0-1 4 40 +2 ‘the zero -2 +0 +1 xinthe =40 $0420 Di -2 -11-20 -20 +8412 2x 11x —20 ; and R: Oxtisx 412 In all the above cases, the first cocfficient in the divisor happened to be 1; and therofore there was no risk of fractional cooficionts coming in. But what about the cases wherein, the first coefficient not being unity, fractions will have to be reckoned with ? Co) Tho answer is that all the work may be done as before, swith & simple addi that avery coefficient in ‘tho answer must be divided by the first conificient of the Divisor. Thus 2x—4 —4x*7xt}0x —12 a -8 90 42 2 —15/2 21/254 2 Q>— 2x4 —Tfx—10} ; and Rnd This, however, means a halving of each coefficient (at every step) ; and this ix not ouly more cumbrous but also likly to lead to confusion, reduplication ete. ‘The better method therofore would bo to divide the Divisor itself at the very outset by its first coefficient, complete the working and divide it all off again, once for all at the end, ‘Thus: 9x4 —4x*—7x*}9x 12 W.B—Note —— 8 —30 —42 ‘that the R cz Conlways: — remains $4 constant. ‘Two more illustrative examples may be taken :— (1) 3)9x-7 3x4 — 5 7 +14 % aoxto 9 .Q=xt+2; end Red xt2 9 (2) 2)2x*—ax +1 Ox*—Oxt+5x*+16x* —16x+36 Soe 9 a at —9+9 ae 7-8} 15/4808 L(Cm) Arithmetical Applications (Miscellaneous) : Weshall uuw iakuup x number of Aci and get a clueas to the utility and jurisdiction of the Nikhilarit formula and why and whero we have to apply the Pardvartya Suera. (1) Divide 1234 by 112 m2 1234 888 888 2 3 a8) 396 But this is too cumbrous. ‘The Pardvartya formula will be more suitable. ‘Thus a] us) ft 2 344 -1-2 “1-2 2 | This is ever so much simpler. (2) Divide 1241 by 112. aut 941 888 888 ri 888 2. ror7 888 a oan, 3 898 W om) (3) Divide 1284 by 160 G) Nikhilark method is manifestly unsuitable. We should therefore use the Pardvartya formula. (i) 100 1-2 84 But thin ism onge where —6+0 8 0 (Vilokancnaiva) i. 0. by 240 _simpleinepectionor observa oar ({Ho8, we can put the $ 314 anewer down. 7 16 (03,2 39 47 8 3-0-3 2 4-0-8 1 () uz 130 45 =i-2 In all these cases (where the digits in the divisor are small) the Nikhilat method is gonorally unsuitable ; and the Pardwartya one is always to be preferred. (6) Divide 13458 by 1123 12s 13 4 0 1-2-3 246 12 0-240 Tiere, as the Remainder portion is a nogative quantity, we should follow the device used in subtractions of larger numbers from smaller ones (in coinage otc). Rs. as. ps. Bad 7 5 8 75 3 9 9 98 eu 6 615 6 |cm) In othor words, take 1 over from tho quotient column to the remainder column i.e, take 1123 over to the right side, subtract 20 therofrom and aay, Q=11 and R—1103 (2) Divide 13008 by 118 (similar) 3138 06 1-3 “2 6 4-12 124 — 107 N.B.:—Always remember that just ao one Rupee=16 annas, One Pound—20 shillings and one Dollar—100 cents and c0 on, so one taken over from the quotient to the Remainder—column stands, in conerele value, for the Di @) 102 0-1-3 8 a 10 () ;1a 120 38 48 Si-s-3 ad 38 a — (10) Divide 18999 by 112 M2139 99 1-2 -2 4 re Cp) 3.2 9 Aboby Vilokanam (i.0. mere 3-2 observation), 000 1 009 (12) 82 10 8 — Alko by Vilokanam (i 2 mere observation) i) ugg 2s ad isi 2 16 2 Thisisby the Nikbilar method 708 But 18 can be counted a8 10+8 or as 20-2. So, put 181 down as 2—2+1. We can thus avoid multiplication by big digits ie. by more than five Gi) 0 23 41 18 4 442 2=2+1 > (14) Divide 39999 by 9819 or (ii) (by Vinewlum and Pardvartya) (i) 919 3 9 99 9 o19 8 9 9 OO oi o 3m 10221 o 6-6 3 3 1 0542 OFR—2+l 3 1 0542 o1st 2-241 0728 3 0723 (15) Divide 1111 by 889. () 839 1111 or (ii) But 8391341; and (jit) a90 1111 Tei 161 161=281 il 2a ary ao tia ied 161 241 m1 ———— aay laa e = 272cm) (16) 818 8 1 2 (by simple subtraction of the eT 0 “ieiane ae in. thw cage of 16 ——"———gnnas, 20 shillings, 100 cents 5 oe a =6 104 ou (17) 998 1390 45 (18858 7 1 LD oe 012 Te 2 036 13 2 01 (19) () 828 43.9 9 9 or (iy Tm $288 T4914 as 088 51 19108781 cae a 1m we 943 238 ‘ —= 2 9043 cc 828 53 115 (20) Divide 1771 by s28 @ gsr om im a 1 943 —328 ain (21) Divide 2671 by 828 () 829 26 71 or(i)_gs ze 7) im anes 172 4-6 +4 2 1 0 2101s 172 2-342 318 amen or (iii) Subtract 828 straight off (in both cases) from 1015, (25) Divide 21999 by asia ()_8819_ 2 1 9 9 8 or (i)ss10 2 1990 181 24442 Ths 2 216 2 “219 4 3 4 2 4361 (26) Divide 1356 by 182 Eventhisistoocumbrous. Anurtipya and Paravartya willbe more suitable. @) 182 13) 5 6 Ui) __ 182 135 6 -8 -2 H22e 1 40 10 Ses 44 Saneenae mow gue Rie 328 28 2 . a +8 er) eR 2 7 ea(6) es) @ ay i 6008 we 4G 1-242 448-8 118 148-8 TH? gae1 TRE aed (29) Divide 4009 hy 882 @ 882 ey (0) 2) 224 22 109 9 Ti -I-y ase i 8 Th Bal ghey 2s 2b we te (3%) 2) 92 1 2 3 4 (38) Divide 7086 by 672 Ta -t-1 O27 6 OR ST i ar aga 211 343-2 To Fi 6 124 7 10 i 29 3 This work can be curtailed—or at least rendered a bit easier —by the Anuriipyena Sitra, We can take 168 (which ix one-fourth of 672) or 84 (which is one-eighth of it) or, better —— i) still, 112 (which is one-sixth thereof); and work it out with ‘that Divisor and finally divide the quotient proportionately. The division (with 112 as Divisor) works out as follows : wer2—8XU2 76 BE aett) 7 14 142 TA 847 6) =60 547 M57 1 336—50-+7=203 Ts will thus be seen that, in all such cases, a fairly easy method is for us to take the nearest mulliple (or sub-taulliple) to a power of 10 as our temporary divisor, use the Nikhilavis or the Pardvartya process and then multiply (or divide) the Quotient proportionately. A few morc examples are given bolow, in illustration hereof 1 400 (2) Divide 1999 hy 228. (8) Divide 184 hy 42a sda —=892 » 2x4g0—078 802 1699 sms 1 334 11-142 1-2 +1 122 TIF yg 07 tee 4-0 6 9 2-4 3 9 ieee 37 er(4) Divide 1284 by 511. + 2X6 1022 (3B) (9) Divide 1177 by 516 ~ 2X516=1082 | Cuarren VI ARGUMENTAL DIVISION (By simple argument per the Ordhoa Tiryak Sittra) Tn addition to the Niklilari method and the Pardvartya head (which are of use only in certain xp Wl of division which is ane 0 inl cases) there in mpl argumentation (bused on the “Ordhon Tiryak’ Sutra and practically amounta The following examples will explain and illustrate it (1) Suppose we have to divide (x* | 2x |-1) by (x41), we make a chart, as in the case of an ordinary multipli- x -+1 cation (by the ‘Crdhea Piryak’ process) and x +1 jot down the argumentation is as follows -— 1d x heing the Srot terms of the divisor (or the product and the multiplier respectively), the first term of the quotient (or the multiplicand) must be x. (ii) As for the coellicient of x in the product, it must come up as thesum of the cross-wise-multiplication-products of these. We have already gol x by the cross- multiplication of the x in the upper row and the 1 in the lower row; but the coefficient of x in the product is 2 The other x must therefore be the product of the x in the lower ow and the absolute term in the upper row... The latter is 1. And thus the Quotient is x1. (2) Divide (12x*—8x—32)by (x—2). taxt—te— 82 _ jant16 (i) 12x divided by x gives us 12x.(0) (i) The twelve multiplied by —2 gives Q—12x—16 ¢ x in the produot (or the dividend) is 8 ~. We must got the remaining 16x by multiplying the x of the divisor by 16, .. ‘The absolute term in the Divisor must be 16 Q—12x 116, And as -2x16= —82, .. R=0. j but the actual conta (8) Divide (x3 +77 -6x+45) by (x2) (i x3 divided by x gives us x x( 7x" 16x15 which is therefore the first term x of the quotient. Quam 24 (ii) x?x —2— —2x?; but we have 7x* in the Dividend. ‘This means that we have to get 9x? more. This ‘must result from the multiplication of x by 9x. Hence the second term of the divisor must be 9x. wyTstierts Sop Hn Qast Hirt. (Gi) As for the third term, wo alrcady have 2X! 18x. But wo have 6x in the dividend. We must therefore get an additional 24x, This can only come in by the multiplication of x by 24. ~. This is the ‘third term of the quotiont. ". Q=x?+9x-+24 (iv) Now thio last term of the quotient multiplied by 2 gives us —48,, But the absolute term in the dividend is 5. We have therefore to got an additional 53 from somewhere. But there is no further term left, in the Dividend. ‘Thie means that the 63 will remain o Qax? 0x $245; and R=53 as the Remainder. Note :—All the work explained in detail above can be casily performed by means of the ‘Parivartya’ Sitra (as already explained in the ‘Pardvartya’ chapter, im connection with Mental division by Binomial divisors). Se (a) The procedure is very simple ; and the following examples will Uhrow further light thereon and give the necessary practice to the student -— a4 b00411 (1) SEBERTI Qext Hon} 97; and R=65 () SOMETAHE Quxty 2x1; and R=0 haa Taty OtT i) + Qax8 4-2) Ux | 495 & R208 (4) o, Q=— 2x? + $x 4-54; and R=10 (5) (oy Stee absent powers. +. Qaxtux—s; and Ru +. Q=x43; and R—7x-48 SL. Qantyont1 jand R=0 Qexttxtt j and R=0 ay MORES gooey any OREO goats xt past pans! bata 4n (12) REP RETHAS Qaoxt | 5x | 143 and R=s48x41332 12xt—ax8—ax—19 (a3) . +. Q=19x? 9x12; and R=0 Tax*+41x*+81x"+79x+42 aay Se + Q—4x8 | 7x46; & R=0 9 fax? | tas) * 2x48 and R=0(6) —~“Toet Loxt}-4ix8 | 81x? 70-442 a xt—4x?| 12x—9 (18) Sao pa Ox*Ox* | 18x+20 (9) Ses (a) Bx" 45x17 andR=0 #4 2x8 and R=0 =x"}2x44; and R=0 (20) ae =x+6; and RO Sate Ox! 135%} 30x" | 87x] 45 SS Vox! 80x2481 See FORTS toxt36x2+81_ (ft P35; and x? 425-49 and R=0 =4xt 6x9; and R=0 xt ox-+9 ; and RO te 2x-+9j and R—O og) LOS +96x%-+16x 1.9 (26) Gatmae-p9 ony xibat—7xt 9 (21) roxy ax 8 36x" |- 6x} 86 eo SS arrarts aed txt post 41st 3x8 4x2 p2x+1; and R=0 PIR 49x | 3; and R. Stet 0x0; & RCs 11x20 5 (29) xe HL 20x44 8x12 643x310 (20) SE ee x41; and R=0 (a1) =x746x+1; and R=0 and R—3}x-+30} (82) (8) 2ixt4Txt41dxt4 2908+ x84 15243 (33) 4 a TS +Ox+1 aaa 2ix*47x541oxt4 29x84 xt 15x43 (34) Ce —axttots (38) 7x20 4.26x04-5a084-50x7-449x"-4 40x84 41xt 36x | 10x? 46x45 xo axt oe pSx EH / Sixt poxtyaxtpetpoe ys (38 (Same drordend as above) TORE BR ERTS TE Op Sxt poy Bat tatLINKING NOTE Reoariruation & Coxotusion oF (Elementary) Division Sre-ti0 Tn these three chapters (LV, V and VI relating to Division, wwe have dealt with a large number and variety of instructive and we now fool justified in postulating the following eonelusions -— mpl (2) The three methods exp doubt, free from the big handienp which the current system labours under, namely, (i) the multiplication, of large numbers (the Divisors) ly “ial digils”-of the quotiont at every step (With the chance of the product being found too big for the Dividend and s0 on), (i) the subtraction of large numbers from iange s ote, tthe hole procedure, (iv) the consequent: Fnhility af the cle af il all, (v) the resultant 1A explained are, no greater risk of errors being commit and so on @) And yel, although comparativdly superior to the process now int vogue everywhere, yet, they too suffer, in some cases, from Unese disadvantages. At any rate, they do not, in such cases, conform to the Vedio eystem’s Tdeal of “Short and Swed” (a) And, besides, all the three of them are suitable only for some spenial and parlicular type (or types) of eaves ; and none of them is suitable for general application to all cases :— () The ‘Nikkiluni’ method is generally unsuitable for Algebraic divisions ; and almost invariably, the ‘Pard- ‘wartya’ process suits them better ; ‘and, oven as regards Arithmetical computations, the ‘Nikhilard’ method is servieenble only when the Divisor-digits are large nnmbers (ie., 6, 7, 8 or 9) ‘and not at all helpful when ie divisor digits 1 small ones (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5); and it is only the C%@) ‘Pardvartya’ method that can be applied in the latter kind of oases ! (iii) Evon when a conveniont multiple (or sub-multiple) is made use of, even then there is room for a choice having to be made by the pupil as to whether the ‘Nikhilark’ mothod or the ‘Pardvartya’ one should be preferred : (jv) and there is no exception-less criterion by which the student can be enabled to make the requisite final sn; bt welical calculations to say when, where and why it should be resorted lo (as against the other two methods), ‘AIL these considerations (arising from our detailed: comparative-study of a large number of examples) add up, in ‘effect, to the simple conclusion that nono of these mathods can ‘be of generai utility in aii cases, that the selection of the most suitable method in each particular case may (owing to want of uniformity) be confusing to the student. and that this element of uncertainty is bound Uo cause confusion. And the question therefore naturally—nay, unavoidably arises as to whether tho Vedio Siitras can give us a General Formula applicable to all cases. And the answer is:—Yes, most certainly YES! There ‘is a splendid and beautiful and very easy method which conforms with the Vedie ideal of ideal simplicity all-round and whi in fact gives us what we have becn describing as “Vedic one line- ‘mental answers” | ‘This astounding method we shall, however, expound in a later chapter under the caption. “Straight-Division”—which is one of the Crowning Beauties of the Vedic mathematics Sutras, (Chapter KXVIL. a. {Cuarren VIL I. PACTORISATION (of Simple Quadraties) Factorisntion comes in naturally at this point, as a form of what we havo called “Reversed multiplication” and as a particular application of division. There is a lot of strikingly good material in the Vedic Sitras on this subject ton, which is ‘now to the modern mathematical world but which comes in at a very early stago in our Vedic Mathematics edo noi, however, propaw to go into dota exhaustive exposition of the subject but shall content ourselves ta throw light thereon and especially on the Sitraic technique by which a Sitra consisting of only one or two simple words, makes comprehensive provision for explaining and elucidating « pro- cedure whereby a so-called “difficult” mathematical problem (which, in the other system puzzles the students’ bruins) ceases to do so any longer, nay, is actually ianghed wiv hy them 33 being worth rejoicing over and nol worrying over! For inwtance, leb us take the question of factorisation of a quadratic expression into its component binomial factors. When the coefficient of x* is 1, itis easy enough, even nevording to the current system wherein you are asked to think out and find two numbers whose algebraic total is the middle confi cient. and whose product is the absolute term. For example, the quadratic expression in quostion be x*4+7+10, we tally do the usultiplication of the two factors x +2 (x-+2) and (x-+3) whose product ia x? }7x-}10; 45 rnd (by a mental process of reverting thereof), —Zip7x10 wwe think of 2 and 5 whose sum is 7 and whose — product is 10: and we thus factorise (x#--7x-+10) into (x-+2) and (x )5. And the actual working out thereof is as follows : xP Tx+10 2x x-+10 (x-$2)45 (x-+2) +2) (x5) t. (am) ‘The procedure is, no doubt, mathematically correct ; but the rprovess is needlessly long and cumbrous, However, as the 1s explained above, there is no great harm done. In respect, however, of Quadratic expressions whose first coefficient is nov unity (e.g. 2x*+5x+2), the students do not follow the mental process in question but helplessly depend on the 4-step method shown above and work it out as follows: — Qxt- pix +2 pate te Qx(x-+2)-+1 (x12) =(x+2) (2x41) As the pupils are never taught to apply the mental prices which can give us this result immediately, it means a real injury. ‘Who Vedie system, however, prevents this hind of harm, with the aid of two small sub-Sitras which say () wee (Anuripyena) and (ii) standard (Adyamddyendntya ‘mantyena) and which mean ‘proportionately’ and “the first Dy the first and the last by the last’. ‘Yhe former has been explained already (in connection swith the use of multiples and sub multiples, in multiplication and division) ; but, alongside of the latter sub-Siitra, it acquires ‘a now and beautiful double application and significance and works out a8 follows -— (i Split the middle eoafficient: into two such parts that ‘the ratio of the first coefficient to that first part is ue same an {f thab second part to the last coefficient. Thus, in the quadratio 2x*+5x+2, the middle term (5) is split into two suck parts (4 and 1) ‘that the ratio of the firet coefficient, to the first: part of ‘the middle coefficient (ie. 2: 4) and the ratio of the second part to the last coefficient (Le, 1: 2) are the same. Now, thin ratio (ie. x+2) is one factor. And the second factor is obtained by dividing the first w vali factor(98) already found and the last coefficient of the Quadratic hy the Inst coefficient of thal fuctor. Tn other words the second Binomial toons obaned thas 242 — act Thus we say: 2x°+Gx+2—(x+2) (2x-+1) Note:—The middle coefficient (which we split-np above into (441) may also be split up into (14), tat the io in that case is (2x-+1) and that the Binomial factor (according to the above-expl method) is (x+2). Thus, the change of SEQUENCR (in the splitting up of the middie term) makes no "This sub-Sutra has actually beon used already (in the chapters on dreision) ; and it will be coming up again and again, later on-(ie, in Co-ordinate Geometry ete., in connection with otraight lines, Hyperbolas, Conjugate Hyporbolas, Asymp factonsation of Quadratics into their Binomiai factors. ‘rhe tet, ut tow, we mows fin eoaation wth she | following additional examples will be found useful :— (1) 2x" | 5x—3 = (x| 3) (2x—1) (2) Ox? | 7x 15 = (x41) (2x45) (3) 2x2 -9x | 10 (12) (2245) (4) 2x8@—5x—3 (x—3) (2x41) (6) 8x@44x—-14 = (x2) (3R-47) (a) Bet L1ae—20 = fe ba) (ay. (7) 827242 (8) 421245 (9) 6x?-+11x-+3 (10) 6x?--11x—10 (11) Gxt 13x46 (12) @x2—18x—19 (13) 6x?+37x+6 (8) Ta" —6a-1 («—2) (3x—1) xt) @x+s) (2x-#3) (8x41) (2x5) (x2) (2x43) (ax-t2) (x41) (@x—19) (+6) (6x41) i) Fatt) (9) (15) axt—2945 (2x—) (4x—1) (16) Ox? 15x44 (8x1) (3x—4) } Aah pitas (x+5) (18) 12x*—23xy+10y? = (3x—2y) (4x—5y) (19) 15x*—14xy—8y? (8x—4y) (5x-+29) An additional sub-Sitra is of immense ultility in this context, for the purpose of verifying the correctness of out answers in multiplications, divisions and factorisations. It reads : arama mUSTTP: and means : “The product of the sum of the coefficients in the factors ia equal to the sum of the cocficients in the product”. ple down thus Iu symbols, we may put this pri 8, of the: product=Product of the 8, (in the facta Hor example, (x 7) (x +9)—=(x#+16x+ 68) 5 and we observe that (14-7) (14-9)—1+16-+63—80 Similarly, inthe case of Cubies, Bi-quadratics ete., the same rule holds good, Kor example : (x41) (x42) (x43) =x p6x* 41146; and we observe Ul 238 x4—1p64 1 6—08. ‘Thus, if and when some factors are known, this rule helps us to fill in the gaps. Tt will be found useful in the factorisation of cubies, biquadratics etc., and will be adverted to (in that context and in some other such contexte) later on. , anes eeCnarren VILL FACTORISATION (of “Harder” Quadratics) Thore is a class of Quadratio expressions known as Homogeneous Expressions of the second degree, wherein several letters (x, y, z ete.) figure and which are generally fought aby of by students (and teachers too) as being too “diffieult” but which can be very easily tackled by means of the Adyumé- dyena Satta (just explained) and another sb-Sitra which consists of only one (compound) word, which reads ehymearerr=at and means :—“hy (alternate) Blimination and Retention” Suppose we have to fectorise the Homogeneous quadrat (2st |-6y#4+3224-7ay+Llyz-+72x). This is obvionsly a case in which the ratios of the coefficients of the vations powers of the various letters are difficult to find oul ; and the reluctance of students (and even of teachers) io go thing like this, ix quite andable. Whe ‘Lopana—Sthapana’ snb-Sitra, however, removes the whole difficulty and makes the factorisation of a Quadratic of this type as easy and simple as that of the ordinary quadratic (already explaived). The procedure is ax follows -— Suppose we have to factoriso the following long Quadratic : Bat 6yt+Bat + Tay + lye Hex. (Q) We first eliminate 2 (by putting 2==0) aud retain only x and y and factorise the resulting ordinary quadratic (in x and ¥) (with the Adyam Satra) ; i) We then similarly eliminate y and retain only x end x and factorise the simple quadratic (in x and 2); (ii) with these two sats of factors before us, we fill in the gaps canved by our own deliberate elimination of z and y respectively. And that gives us the teal factors of the given long expression. ‘The procedure is an argumentative one and is ao follows: (a) Tt z=6, then B (the given expression x? | Txy-+ 6y? 06 8y) Ox+3y). Similarly, if y=0, then E—9e?474y-+878=(x-+87)(2x-+7) .. Filling in the gaps which we ourselves had created by leaving out z and y, we cay : B=(x-}2y-+82) (2x+8y+2) ‘The following additional examples will be found useful : (1) 3x*--y?—2e3—4xy-}-ya—ax —y) (8x y) and also (x2) (3x-+22) (2) 3x: 94 19x24 2822 -9xy—308—yz+19Wy By eliminating two letters at a time, we get: B—(x+y) (3x—2y), (9x42) (x+72) and also (x—2y) (9x-+15W) Ba(xty-+-4z—2w) (Bx—2y-4 424 15) (3) Bx2-42y24-5xy +2x—Sy—12=(x+8) (2x—4) and also (2y+3) (y—4) ot B=(x-2y+3) 2xty—4) (4) ax? say pty? dy 34-1) (88-42) and also (2y—1) (2y4-8) Bale | 2y—1) (3x 12-3) (5) 6x8—8y® 72 L 2xy-+ 1 yz—5xz x2) (3x-4dy) and also (2x-+82) (98 —22) (2x—2y +82) (Bx-+4y—22) Note: —We could have climinated x also and retained only y and 2 and factorised quadratic, That would not, however, bave given us any additional material but would have only confir- med and verified the answer we had already obtained. Thus, when 3 letters (x, y and 2) are there, only two climinations will generally suffice. The following exceptions to this rule should be noted :— (1) xtpay—2y"+ 2x2 oye set —(x—y) (84-2y) and (x2) (+32) ne rowulians simplecm) But x is to be found in all the terms ; and there is no means for deciding the proper combinations. In this ease, therefore, x too may be eliminate; and y and 2 retained. By so doing, we have -— vyt—syz—azt—(—y—7)(2y-+31) B=(x—y—a) (x+2y-+32) OR, avoid the x? (which gives the sane corelficient) and take only y® or 2%. And then, the confusion caused by the oneness of th cveflicient (in all the factors) is and we get. (x—y—2) (x+2y-+82) (as before). (0) x8L9yt-Laxytoxe bayantel () By climinating x, y and x one after another, wo have =(x+y+2) (x-+2y+2) OR (i) By y vr « both times, we get the same anawer. (8) x14By24+20"-44rxy | Oxz Tye Both thc methods yield the same result: EA(xty +22) (x 13 12) (4) x8 oxy | Sy! } Lee} yet Ort ax} By +148 Tiere too, we can climinate two letters at a time and thus keep only one letter and the independent term, cach time Thus, E— 3x*414x-48—-(x+4) (3x42); By | Sy |. 8—=(2y 4-4) (y 2); and also 62-142 +8—(32-+4) (22+2) (xL2y E8244) (Sxty42742) “Tapana-Sthipann” mothod (of alternate eli tnination and retention) will be found highly usefil, later on in TLC.F., in Solid Geometry and in Co- ordinate Geometry of the straight line, the Hyper- bola, the Conjugate Hyperbole, the Asymptotes ete, Note Caaprer TX FACTORISATION OF CUBICS ETC. (By Simple Argumentation e. tc.) Wo have already seen how, when a polynomial is divided by a Binomial, a Trinomial ete., the remainder ean be found by moans of the Remainder Theorem and how both the Quotie land the Remainder can be easily fouud by one oF other method of division explained already. From this it follows that, if, m this process, the rer is found to be zero, it means that the given dividend is divisible hay the given divisor, ie. the divisor is a factor of the Dividend. ‘And this means that, if, by some such method, we are able to find ont a verlain faclor of a given expression, the remaining faetor (or the product of all the remaining factors) can be obtained by simple division of the expression in ques by the factor alvendy fund out by some method of divisio (In this context, the sludent need hardly be reminded that, in all Algebraic divisions, the ‘Pardvartya’ method is always to be proferred to the ‘Wikhilam’ method). Applying this principle to the case of a cubic, wo may say that, if, by the Remainder Theorem or otherwise, wo lenow actor of a cubic, simple division by that factor ‘out the Quadratic (which is the “And these twa one Binomi will suffice to enable us to fin product of the remaining two ‘can be obtained by the ‘Adyamddyena? method of factorisation already explained. ‘A simpler and easior device for performing this operation {Il he to write down the first and the last terms by the ‘Adyamd dyena’ method and the middle term with the aid of the Guna Bumuecaya rule (i. tho principle—alrendly explained with regard to the &, of the product being the same as the Product of the S, of the factors) Lo(mH) Let us take @ concrete example and see how this method ean be matie use of. Suppose we have to factorise x#+6x2+ L1x+6 and that, by some method, we know (x-+1) to be a factor. We first use the Adyamddyena formula end thus mechanically put down x* and 6 as the first and the last coeffi- cients in the quotient (ie the product of the remaining two binomial factors). But we kuow already that the S. of the given expression is 24 ; and, as the 8, of (x—1)=2 we therefore know that the S, of the quotient must be 12. And as the first and inst digits thereof are already known lo be 1 and 6, their total is 7. And therefore the middle term must So, ihe quotient is xt45x,46. This is a very simple and easy but absolutely certain aud effective process. The student will remember that the ordinary rule for divisibilily of w dividend by a divisor (as has hecn explained already in the section dealing with the “Remainder—Theorem”) fs as follows :— df H=DQ+R, if D=a—p and if x=p, then R—R. COROLLARIES (i) $0, if, in the dividend, we substitute 1 for x, the result will be that, ac all the powers of 1 are unity itn dividend will now consist of the sum of all the coefficients Thus, if D is x—1, Roa-+b-+o-+d-+(where a, b, od ote., the fa+b-+e cte, le by D. In other words, coefficients) , and then, i it will mean that as R—0, Bis divi X-1 is a factor. (Gi) If, however, D=x+1 and if we substitute —1 for x in E, then, inasmuch as the aild powers of —1 will all bo 1 and the even powers thereof will all he 1, therefore it will follow that, in this case, Raa—bto—d ate. fe (5) if the sum of the cooflicients of the odd powers of x and ree e evan powers be equal, then the sum uf the cocci x+1 will be a factor. The felling few hatratons wil chide the sett cat i i what may be called Jication of the principle mainly by ‘be cle the Argumentation metho, based on the simple muliplento formula to the effect, that— ele ba) (FED) (x-te)—=aP4-x? (a -b-te)-+x(ah-bas-+be) “abe, as follows — torise x | 6x4-+11-46 eee LL factors are 1,2, or 1, 1,6, But thetr totai 6 (the coefficient of x4). So we must reject the 1,1, 6 group and accept the 1, % 3 group. And, texting for the third coefficient, we find ab-the-tea=11 1. RG +1) (+2) +3) 8, {the sum of the coeients of the odd powers) arn cients of 11-12; and 8, (the sum of the coe Vien powers)=6+6=12, And us 8,=8, ZHI is 0 factor. i Disiding By that factor, we fst use the ‘ddya- iidyena’ Sitra and pot down 1 and 6 as the first Tad the last coefficients. °. The middle coefficient The Q=x# | 5x+6 which (by ow “Zayamadyena) "hus B— (x41) (+2) (13). extpiix—a ' Tere Sec 2. x1 ipa factor. But as-is an inde- finite Agure, we cannot uso the Gupita-Samucoaya method here for the middle term but must divide ont {by mental “Pardvartya) and get the quotient a SP-tx-+6 which (by the Adyamidya’ rule) =(x-2) (2-8) =) (2) (=) ve about —1, 2 and —2 having —0 as the total eee ee ext ont and verify the 11.(9%) (3) Faotorisé 341982 | 44x }-48. (i) He 18, 5, 7,15, 24, 85 und 108. And tris 48 whose factors are, 1, 3, 4, 6,8 12, 16, 24 and 48,» x41 and x—1 are out of court. Aud the only possible factors are x42, x44 and x46 (verify). (i) or, argue nat 2444612 and 2x4x6—48 5 and lest, for and vorify 44 +. B=(x+2) (x-+4) (x48) (4) Bactorive x8—247—235-4-60 {i} Hore 8,=56 (with factors 1, ¥, 3, 4, 6,¥, 12, 18 and 36 ; 10 (which is 1 x2x2%3%5.) Possibie fuctors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 6, 10, 12, 18, 20, 30 sud GO. But the sum of the coefficients in each, factor must he a factor of the total ,. (le. 105). Therefore, all the italicized nombers go ont, and so do x1, x4, x46 and x10. Now, the nly possible numbers here (which when added, tolal —2) are —3, —4 and 5, Now, test for and verify x—3 2 BAQ-8) (x%4x-20)=(x—3) (x4) (45) (i) or take the possibilities x—10, x5, x8, x—4, AH KOR, 2 and x2. 2x 23x 1.60 ‘Then, argue as in the first method. (8) Factorise x?—2s* 5x | 6=Hore S=0 (i) . x1 is a factor ; and tho othor part (by Division) ig xt-x—6 which —(x+2) (x3) +. B=(x—1) (x42) (x8) (i) 16 (whose factors are 1, 2 and 3). And the only combination which gives nx the total —2, is —1, 2 ‘Desi and verify for —3, And put down the (7) (6) Factorive x?43x%—17x—8 1 (with factors £1, +8, +17 and +51 *. 1, 419 and £38 are not possible. And only 21 possible. And if x=—2, R=0 “x2 18 a factor = (x42) (X2+x—19) which has no further factors (7) Factorise x3 | 8x*}-10x | 12. (i) Tere 8)—8; and Ly—12.°.149-+4 are the proper numbers. Now test for and verify 19, |B (x44) (x8 7x 12) — (x | 1) (x | 3) (x 1 4) OR (ii) “14198 12 +. x41 is a factor. Then the quotient is obtainable by the ‘ddyamddyena’ and “Samuceaya’ Stras. And that again can be factorised with the aid of Uwe former = (541) (+8) (x44) (8) Factorise x*—7x-+6 oR Note : @ x—1 is a factor. By Purdvartya’ method of division (mental) BS (a1) (+x 6) = (x1) (2-2) (248) (ii) (hy » different kind of application of Adyamadyena OTe 6— (8 Ta 7 (x—1)fa?+x+1—7) (1) (x2) (x19) (1) This method is always applicable when x? is absent; and Uhis means that the 3 independent terms together total zero (2) Note the note on this and other allied points (in the section relating to cubic equations) in a later chapier Note that this method of factorisation by Argu- sentation is equally applicable to Biquadratics also. (#) The relationstup between the Binomial factors of n polynomint and its difterentials (first, second and so on) is an interesting and intriguing subject which will be dealt with ma later chapter. (6) The use of differenti» for finding out repeated factors will also : @i Cuarrer X HIGHEST COMMON FACTOR Tn the current system of mathematies, we have two methods which are used for finding the H.C.F. of two (or more) given expressions. The first is by means of factorisation (which is not always easy); and the second is by a process of continuous division like the method used in the G.C.34. chapter of Arithmetic) The latter is a mechanical process and can therefore be applied ong, and cumbrous. "The Vedic method provides a third method which is applicable to all cases and is, at the same time, free ftom this disadvantage Tt and, consequently, ., mainly, an application af the ‘Topana.Sthiipana’ Siitra, the ‘Sankalana-Vyarakalan’ process xnd the “Adyamilye’ rule. The procedure adopted is one of alternate destruction af the highest and the lowest powers (by w suitable multiplication of the coefficients and the addition or subtraction of tlw mullic ples). A concrete example will elucidate the process: — (Q) Suppose we have to find the ILG.R. of (x?-47x-+6) & (2-5x—6) G) Abe +6= (x41) (+0); and x®—5x—6 = S041) (x6) The ILC. is (+1), (ii) The Buch medtand (ihe GCM one) i well-known sent nee not be put down here. (ii) The thitd process of “Lopana-Sthapana’ (ie. of , Elimination and Retention, or Alternate destruction of the highest and the lowest powers) is explained below : Let E, and E, be the two expressions Then, for destroying the highest power, we should subtract H, from Bi, ; and for (0) destroying the lowest one, we shonld add the two. ‘The chart is follows sth Ta+0 ion 8x6 EGE | subten ion oeae } Adaition i) Bete ae) ape x xl We then remove the common factor (if any) from each ; and we find (x-+1) staring us in the fave x~1 isthe LCF. The Alyebraical principle or Proof herent is as follows :— Let P and @ he two expiessivus, TH heir TOP. aud A.and B the quotients (after their division by the H.C.F.) : Fos: and g=3- PATIA and Q=0B (A+B); and MP+NQ—H(MA4NB) P+Q: ©The LCE. of P and 2P20, Fa2Q and HPs is al the HGF. of PQ, g All that we have therefore to do is to select our M and N in such a way thet the highest and the lowest powera are removed and the HLC.R. appears and shows iteelf before us. A few more illustrative examples may be seen below :— xt 4x L12— (x42) (x2) (x8); and x8—7x24-16x—12=(x—2)* (x3) the HACE. is (x2) (x—3) =x? 5x46 But the fuctorisation of the two exprestions will De required. or (ii) The G.O.M. method or (itt) ‘The ‘Lopana-Sthdpana’ method :— xtts" 4x12 xt—Ts4+16x—12 Tate 1x12) (x9 3x? 4x4 12) 4) PBK Bx) BxP— 10K LIRR x8 om tA . The H.C. is (x*—5x46) }(10> 2) (i) tx P18 EIA = HD) (4 +344) 5 and 28°F 5x8--9x—4= (2x1) (P4344) The ICH is 249244 But the factorisution of the two cubies will be cumbrows. or (ii) The GCM. method. or (ii) The Vodie method : x3 [13x¢b tox 2s f5xtpox—4 0x8) +(x + 19x" F 19x |-4) Ox) Ox | 18x? | 24x. The HLC.R, in (x* + 8x44) () Gy xt 8 oxt ae p2= (x41) (x2) (AFH 28—1), and 4339x8432 (x-41) (2) (8—1)? “The HCP. is @—x—2 tut this factorisation of the two diquadration ix bound to be a (comparatively) Ixburious process. (ii) Tho cambrous G.U.M. method, (8) The Vatic malo: — axe 3x2) 2 ox | 4 ) txt Ox? ax? Bx [2 =(axt—28 (NB. by — 2x ke Like il over to, the left for subtraction). +The HCI, is x#§—x—2 (4) (i) The Vedic method — 1x3? | 14x |7 3x3_5x247 +14x)_ (N.B—mulliply this by ‘2x & subtract from LLS.) fo (101) Gi), The fretorizaion of the big, Riguatratie: wilt be (iii) The G.C.M, method is, in this case, caay. But how should one know this beforchand and start monkeying cor experimenting with it ? (5) (i) The Vedic method : Gxt Ux¥ | 16x?—20x 18 Gxt—11x* ext p20x—8 Gx11xt4 xt x 4 +. The HGP, is 6x? 1x44 (ii) 6x*—115% 4 16x? 28x | 8—(2x—1) (Bx) (2442); & 6x*_I1x® ex? | 22x—8—(2x—1) (3x4) (x*—2) The HCE. is (2x—1) (3x—4)=6x9—11x +4 (iii) The cumbersome G.C.M. method. (0) 6) tebe —0— Gs 2) tL B12) 5 ‘The, HCE, is x2} 2x+3 But the factorisation-work (especi former expression) will be a tonghi Gi) The GCM, method will be cumbrous (as ust (aii) The Vedio method— ox8 | xt 9 et tant E18 xt+2n"+9 xt] xox xo 4x? _oe—18 x*42x43x —6) —6x* 12x—18 this has no = further factors, it must be in the . * RS. Mhliply 7 TH BOR extort by = ond take it lover to the righ: for subtraction, xt} Bx +3(2) (7) @) axt | xd -o7st 4p 17e | 5 and 3x4L729 pie Tx+5 (iy ret paaettaretisieiis | axtplixtbenty ite 1244 2809-72624 280-20 dat TAM SAMH Tat Bey ot baa x) xt a FoF F10x a eeaeeesia x 4x Ox 10 1) ttn 65 Tox? 18x? 46x—10 EER S Tx) Tt f29x8 oe PEO ES the G.CM, method wil be eumbrous (as usual) at Sahirat plat PIR pom (4245) (EPH) But the factorisation of the two big biquadraties into two further factorless quadratics each, will entail greater waste of time and energy. So, the position may be analysed thus (i) The G.C.M_ method ‘oumbrous : re8Loret Ly janiexl and reliable but too (ii) The Factorisation method is moro intellectual but harder to work out and therefore tess dependable ;, (iil) The Vedic method is free from all these defecte and is not only intellectual but also simple, easy and reliable. And the beauty of it is that the HLCP. places itself before our eyes and seems to stare us in the face! Cuarrex XI SIMPLE EQUATIONS (FIRST PRINCIPLES) As regards the solution of equations of various types, the Vedic sub-Sitras give us some First Principles which are theoretically not. unknown to the western world but are not (in actual practice) utilised as basic and fundamental first ‘matical computations). An order to solve such equations, the students do not generally use these basic sub-Satras as such but (almost invari- ably) go through the whole tedious work of practically proving the formula in question instead of taking it for granted and applying it! Just as if on every occasion when the expression at+h?-+0%—aabe comes up ; one should not take it for granted that its fuetors are (abe) and (a*-+b44+-c4—ab—be—ca) but should go through the long process of multiplying these two, showing the product and then applying it to the case on hand, similarly for Pythagoras Theorem ete. ! The Vedio method gives us these sub-formulae in a con- denseil form (like Pardvartya etc.,) and enables us to perform Une nevewsary operation by mere application thereof. The underlying principle hehind all of them ww areed_ tig (Pardvartys Yejayet) which meas: “Transpose and adjust” ‘The applications, howevei, aie mumerous and splendidly ase ful. A few examples of this kind are cited hereunder, as illustrations thereof -— (1) 2-47-29 2 Bea e=9—7 + Jia to perform hundreds of such transposit the course of his work; but he should by practice obtain such familiarity with and such maxter over ib ax tor sani late and assume the general form a that if ax+b=cx+d, a-b 2. The student x82 and apply it by mental arithmetic automatically(18) lo the particular case actually before him and say :— Ox -7=K+0 the whole process should be a short and simple mental process. Second General Type (2) The above is the commonest kind (of transpositions). ‘The second common type is one in which each side (the T.LS and the RLS.) contains two Binomial factors. ~ Tn general lerms, lel (xa) (x-h)=(xb0) (xd) The usual method is to work out the two multiplications and do the transpositions and say — (ata) (x+b) =(x+0) (+d) . x=100 p72 —1)8 (i) (x49 ‘This ie-atill more terrific. But, with the aid of this Sitra, We can at once gay, V5 and (iil) Ota tb =o) 4(xthe—a) fh)? The literal coefficients make this still worse Rut the lies an —b. 1% mental answer (2) Tn the case of « special type of seeming “Biquadratics” ‘There is also similarly, a special type of seemingly dratie” equations which 1 really of the first dagroe and whieh the same Siitra solves for us, at sight. ‘Thus, for example (x3 (5) “x7 Accor ang 10 the curzent method, we cross-multiply aud Expanding the twa sides (with the aid of the usual formula EAN x Eb)(x e}(x-bely tb xan ppb) 4-xYab-fuc-fard-be-+bd-ed) x (ah we wi tuhd-dned hed) -abed)} (twice over) next say — x8 | 168 | 90s? | B1Gx | 1 3 | Ox? | 200% | 195(us ) According to the Vedie formula, howevr, we do not cross ly the that Ny+D,* and Ny-+D, are both 2x+8 and . 2x+8=0 4 The Algebraic proof hereof is as follows :-— (xtatd)§_ ba (xFa-+2d) x FePed ©. By the usual process of cross-multiplications, (x fa} 3d){x-+atd)—(x-+a)(x+at2d)? ~ (By expansion of both sides) Pi@aay 4 (tad | 18etd p94 Tod) | (a! Ladd} 1308424 120d? 48) —x4px(4x-+ 60) ++x}(16a?--18ad-+ 1202) +-x(4a24 180% + dad? 4-849) Lote, ele -*. (Cancelling common terms out), we have :— (1042) + 102494 344—x(849) ++ Bnd, ad8x4-2ad?4-364=0 ‘ntting iy Ab this point, the student will note that Nj +D, (under the cubes) and Ny-+D, are both (2x42a | 8d). And this gives us the required clue to the particular characteristic which characterises this type of equations. i.e. that N,+D, (under the cube) and N,+D, must be the same ; and, obviously, therefore, the “‘Sunyom Samuccaye’ Sitra applies to this type. And, while ‘the current: system has evidently not tried, experienced and listed it, the Vedic seers had doubtless experimented on, observed and listed this particular combination also and listed it under the present. Sabra Note : (1) ‘The condition noted above (about the 4 Binomials) io intereating. ‘the sum of the first | the sccond must be the same as the sum of the 3rd and 4th. (2) The most obvious anc readily understandable condition fulfilling this requirement is that the absolute terms in Nz, Ny, D, and D, Binomiale should be in Axi WP ‘(within the cubes) 0 x Hua wut), We have 2x-+ 2a. (us) (8) This may also be postulated in this way, ie. that the difference between the two Binomials on the R.H.S. must be equal to thrice the difference between those on the LLH.S. This, howover, is only a corollary result arising from the A.P. relationship amidst the four Binomials (namely, that if Ny, N,, D, and D, are in A.P. it is obvious that D, (D,—N)). (4) Tn any ease, the formula (in this special type) may be enunciated—in general terms—thns —if ND on both sidiex be the sume, ND should he equated to zero : ‘Two more examples of this type may be takon : (1) (x—5)*_(x—8) 2x-12=0 - x=6 7) 9) (2) (x—a)®_x—2a—b (FD), x+a+2b the Htoral coofficionte and swith cross multiplicatons, expansions, cancellations, trane- a auld he a horrid task ( Jt laborious labourer). The Vedic formula, however, tells ux that (x—a)+(x—b) and (x—2a—b)+(x+a+2b) both total up to ax—wth 6. x—-Ha—b) Note : In all the above examples, it will be observed that the 4 binomials are not merely in Arithmetical Progression Dut are also so related tat their cru totals are also the same ‘Thus, m the fitst example worked out above, by Cross. multiplication, we have (x-+7)(x-+3)=(x+1)(x-+5)® 5 and the Cross-ADDITION of these factors gives us 4x-+10 as ‘the total on oth sides; and this tallies with the value x=—4 (obtained above) 4m the second example (x Fa 48d) (x 1a | d)=(e pays patedy® ‘And here tov, Cross-ADDITION gives us 4x-+4a +6d as the total fon both sides. And this too gives us the same answer ae before.(0) Tu the thitd example, we have :— (x=9)(x—8)*=(x—3)(x—7)* And here too the Cross-ADDITION Procoss gives us 4¢—24 1s the total on both sides, And we get the seme answer as before. Jas the fourth ease, we have — (x-+a-+2b)(x—a)*—(x—2a—b\lx+b)s, ‘And cross ADDITION again gives us the total 4x—2a+2b on both sides and, therefore, the same value of x as before. The student should not, however, fall into the error of jnvagining Uhab this is au additional TRST (or suificient condition) for the application of the formula, This really comes in as a corollary-eonsequence of the AP. relationship between the But it is not a suficient condition (by itself) mula. The Rule about is the only condition Rinomial factors. for the applieability of the present Ni+D, and Ny+D, being the sam e. Cross-ADDITION gives 4x+17 as the total on hoth sides, and the condition Dy—Ny—3(D,—N,) is also satisfied (as 6: But 3 +5 |2 | 85 and, ws this essential condition is lacking, this particular equation does not come the purview of this Siitra, On actual crase-multiplicatio and expansion ete., we find hei pose 243x216 two Irrational Roots — J and not @ simple equation at all, of the ype we are here dealing with And this is in confiormity with the Inck of the basic condition in question i.e. that Ny+D, and Ny-+D, should be Une sane. (121) (3) In dhe case of another special type of seeming “Biguats” another special type of seeing ratios” which are rally simple equations of the first degree. which the “Sinyam Samuccaye”” Siilra is applicnble to and which we now go on to, (This section may, however, be held over for a later reading). “Biquae oF (#1) (X49) (£45) (x7) =(x-49) (x | 4) (2-16) (+10) We fit note that eroe-ADDITION gives us the same total (4x-429) on 3 that, on eross-rvnttiplication, expansion ete., the x* and the x" confficients will cancel out. But what about the x* coefficients ? For them ton to vanish, itis necessary that the sum of the products of the independent terms taken two at a should be the same on both the sides. And this is the case when iF (xa) (x +b) (ete) (x+4)—(x+-€) (x+£) (+8) (x | h), we have not merely a-+b+e+d—e+f+gth but also two other conditions fulfilled » (3) that the sum of any 2 binomials on the one side is ual to the sum of some two binomials on the other and (ii) ab-Fed on the left—ef-+eh on the right. In the example actually now before us, we find all these conditions fulfilled : (1) +1) 1-49) = (e442 +6); (SETH Ux +8) = (+2) (4M): OCI KET) O04 2)HX40) s (x49) HOC 5)= (x | 4) + (x-+10) : (x-+9) + (+7) = (x+6)-+(x-+10) + and (x1 5)Hx47) = (s+2)+H(x+10): and (il) (6-63) and (8-160) are both equal to 68. So, by this test, at sight, wo know the equation comes under the rango of thie Siitra ©. 4x }22—0... x= 5h Similar ix the case with regard to the equation :-— (2) (x49) (e449) (4) (x47) (x41) (+48) (x—2) (x6)cam) (x2) (xt 2) (x44) (x40) =(8—1) (RFT) (248) (x+7); and (i) By cross-addition, the x1 ‘The sum of eack pair of Binomaials on the one side is qual to the sum of some pair thereof on the other ; and (iii) ab-fodseftgh ie, —4+24= ‘The Sitea applies; and 4x+10=0 x= —2b total on both sides is 4x |-10 Such however is not the case with the equation :-— (3) (1) (x6) (x46) (2-45) = (x8) (2) (+3) (+7) Here, we observe i— (i) Tho total on both sides is 4x-+4; but (ji) the totals of pairs of Binomials (on the two sides) do not tally ; and (iii) ab+ed#ef+gh equation is therefore a quadeatic (and nol within we scapes of thee premenis Sitira}. The Algebraical Explanation (for # iype of equations) (+a) (+b) (x0) (xa) (+6) (+) (+g) (x+h) ‘The data are: (i) atb+e+ +h+gth: (i) The sum of any pair of binomials on the one side must be the same as the sam of some pair of binomials on the other. Suppose that a+b—e+f; and c+d eth; and abd-+aed | bed) |-abed tat (ott tg th) +3? (of-beg-teh Hg | fh | gh) stx(eig-teth [ogh | feh)-+efgh (138 ) The xt and x®cancel out ; and, owing to the data in the case, the x? coofficionts are the me on hath si A therefore hey too cancel out. And there is no quadratic equation (left: for ux to solve herein) Proof: The x* coelficients are LHS. ab-+actad-| be-+-bd-red RLS. of | og-}-oh-+fg-+th-Fgh icc. (ab | ed) | a(c |-d) b(c-+-d)—ah+ed-+(a-+b\e-+d) and (ef-+gh)-+e(g-+h) -+fg-th)=ef + gh | (e | f(e+h) But (ab-ed)—(er-+gh) ; and a+b—e | f; and e}d eth oe the LAS = 1c RuHS.; and x* vanishes ! FURTHER EXTENSION OF THE SOTRA In‘the beginning of this very chapter, il was noted that if a function (containing the unknown x, y ele.,) ocours as a common factor in all the terms on both sides (or on the LHS (with zero on the K.H.S,) that function can be removed therefrom and equated to Zero. We now proceed to deal with certain types of eaves which do not seem to be of this kind but a1e really so, All that we have to do is to re-arrange the terms in stich a manner as to unmask the masked terme,cotosay and make the position transparently clear on the surface. For example. (1) ay xth y eto btet ota tatb ‘Taking —8 over from the RLS. to the T.HS. distributing it amongst the 8 terms there, we have: a xtoy 4 xth e+e gy Hei tie Beto ie. x-tatbte, xtb feta, xtetatb bee * eta! ath” ©. Ry virkue of the Samueceaya ru xtathte=0 2 2=—(atbte) "This whole working can be dono, at sight i.e. mentallycm) observe ‘Ada unity to each of the 6 terms; an athe xtabble pxtathto tath+e As Dy abfetat 8-patb Subtract unity from each of the 6 terms ; and we have x—a—b—c—0 4 z=(a | |e) () tot eb eet wry ere TH fa} EET x—be _ x—ca y x—ab a(b Te) ble Fa) * efa-Fb) Subtracting 1 from each of the 6 terms, we have : x—ab—ac—be—0 7, x=(ab-+be-+ea) (5) iE —ab el era | wtb 324-20? —be xt tabt—en Batbte 3bbepa Subtracting a from the first terms, 6 from the second terms and e from the third terms (on both sides), we have : x—abbemwa=0 2 x=ab-+bebea As (bon) heath) =0, we add boe, ea and a—b to the first, seoond and third terms respetively ; and we x bat tht pot = 0 (a2+0%- 40%) (1) ax Lafat |-2be) a), ex-tole®+2ab) _ a Fale pabe + eetolet Pub) 9 As a(b—e}-+h{e—a)-+ela—b) 0 s.We add a(b—c) to the first term, h(c—a) to the second and clab) to the last ; aud we have: (15) Lala? | 2be) |-a(b. Spa tet tey Similarly, ty = B fx-elat+o* +04} and t= Sp ie Hettbe tet —0 (a? +404) fat tht ie? =0 bee tea Fab = 2at4-2b*+2c8 bab-bao | be Splitting the RLS. into (b*-+be-bo4)-+(ot-bea-+a4) + (atta -+b8), transposing the three parts to the left andl ng the first with the fist, the second with Uhe second and the third with the third (hy way of application of the ‘Adymédyena’ formula), we have : Similarly, t, — fe same N and (y — the same N — (a +0408)Cuaprer XTIT MERGER TYPE, ff EASY SIMPLE EQUATIONS (by the Pardvartya’ method) Having dealt with various subdivisions under a few special types of simple equations which the Siinyam Samya- samuccaye formule helps us to solve easily, we now go on to and take up another special type of simple equations which the Parivartya Siitra (dealt with already in connection with Division etc) can tackle for us. ‘Whio is of what may be described as the MERGER Type ; and this too includes several sub-headings under that heading. The first type : ‘The first variety ig one in which a number of terma on the left: hand side is equated to a single term on the right hand side, in such manner that N+N,+N, ete, (the sum of the numerators on the left) and (the single numerator on che right) are the same, For instans “25 Here Ny+Ny iv. (344) == =N(iw. 7) So the Sater applies. The procedure is one of merging of the RAILS, fraction into the left. so that only two terms remain, ‘The process is as follows Ax we mean to merge the RLS into the LALS, we merged binomial from thu absolute terms in the binomials on the left and multi- ply those remainders hy the mumerators of the terms on the left. And the process ix complete. () We first pul down the two to-be-retained denomi- ST xy subtract Ue independent term of the to-be- | cur) iy Then, a6 Stfrom the RUS) ie to be merged, we +2 as the remainder, multiply it by the numerator (ie. 3), get —6 as the product and put that down fs the new numerator for our firet term. (ii) And we do the same thing with the second term, obtain 4 as the product and set it down as our Numerator for the Qnd term of the new (ie. the derived) equation. (iv) As the work of merging has been completed, we put zero on the right hand side. So the resullant new equation (after the merger) now reat: —6_4 B+L x42 ‘Then, by simple cross-multiplication, we say Ax |da 6x12 4 0x— 18 x= 8/6 or, by the general formula (~mb~na)/(m-+n) explained already (in the chapter on simple equations and first principles), wwe say at once : oe ee “ph epaT a + Me+3. 3 7 ($1) OER) ~ HB) OER) ETT RHR A 1 18 = x 8/5 The General Algebraical Proof hereot is P pla shalepho eee+1 =P 4 9 “seateth abet ee © n+ Fy Fo xh q(x+b—x—0) (e+e) (+b) ~9(o=2) xtb (plea) +-q(e—b)} = hp(a—e)-+aq(b—c) —bpla—e) tag(b—0) Plea) +-q(e—b) Well: the Algebraical explanation, may look frightfully Tong. But the application of the ‘Parivartya’ Sitra (as just herein- above explained and illustrated) is simple enough and easy enough and should be welcomed by the student with delight. A few more examples of this sort may be noted : Q) 3 4 8 8 xTe 8. The Siitra applies. (2) 2 3 5 elms Here 243=5 :, The formula applies. Note :—At thin stage, when both the numerators are found to be 6 and ean therefore be removed, the formula “Sunyam Somuccaye” may be readily applied : and we may say (e42)4( “x= W243 5 But, i249 = 9 ay 243=, Nopptapatary ™ Ata the merger Siitra applies; Int after the morger, the uimetutors are different (ie, 10 and —19) and theres fore the ‘Sinyam’ Sitra will not apply. Cm) DISGUISES ‘Hore too, we have often to deal with disguises, by seeing through and penctrating them, in the same way as in the previous chapter (with regard to the ‘Sinyam Samuccaye’ formula). A few illustrations will make this clear: (6 28 wet gee wre transposition will do the trick. ‘Thus Poa Now, 24355 1. The Sire applies. ® 4, 9 api tase 449715 2. Doubt arises ; but the coefficients of x being different in the three denominators, we try the T.C.M. method and get: 2 1k _ 30 6xt3" Gea Ox +2 And here, on noting Ny (19) | Nz (18)= Na (90), we say : “YES; the Sitra applies” and proceed to apply it: 2.1246 | 2) 1 26)(6e)4)—0 2 x — 13/28 But how should we know hefore-hand that the Sitra does apply? The TEST ix very simple aud mesely consists in the division of each numerator by the x—coefficient in the denomi- ‘the ‘Sinyam’ case). Thus $ | $—2|2—5; and 4 “YES” and go ahead, with the merging. 9 25 2x-17 x1 FT Here ($-+§) and 22 are the sume (ie. 8) 2. YRS. -_60 90 150 Specast ecto aoeng NOTE. c0-+90=180 NOTE2+3=5 .", YES(10) Proceed therefore and say: w 7, 6 qe et Here f+$—141}=94; and 3 is aloo 2). YE Do the merging therefore and say : hoy <7 =80 * gieyia Sit 203 @ 44 7 8 Sept toxtl aetT Here $-+yo=45=3/2 -. YES See ie ea “TorF2! 1oxt1 1ox+5 ) 7 4 6 _ 18 epi ae pi~ oeHt Here $+$= 2}; and ee : SHI s4x+21 84xtTE + XS 2 1428-41680 198 1438 ~ TF | : | EXTENSION OF MERCER METHOD (Multiple Merger) Wernow take up and deal with equations wherein Ny-+Ny+ Nelof the LHSJ=N of the RLS, and wherein the sume “Purivartya’ (Merger) formule can be applied in exactly the same way as before. ‘Thus? Qe eee sere xe2'x+S xt5 xt TEST: 14345—9 .. YES. —2 , -3 45 —o YES, again. ape es wpa x¢3” RTS =o 0 xa 787 +. (i) By the Basic Formula { x: —mb—ne 18H12_ 90 _ ay or (ii) By ‘Sunyam Samuceaye’ formula : (12) 1 3)—0 + X= 2h Note -—These two steps (of successive merging) can be combined into one hy multiplying Ny first by (2A) and then by (25) ie. by 6 and similarly Ng first by (3—4) and then by (3—5) ie. by 2 and proceeding as helore 6 6 3 mex” . By either method (Basic or Sinyam), x=—2} The Algebraic Proof Woreot is Uhis(183) shape of the formula required for the single- step merger. (vide supra). ‘Similarly, the merger-formula can be extended to any number of terms as follows: sentptytet. FW law) ( ) (ad) (ao Ap Mbow) (= =~) be) (hay (bs x+b = (which ia the general formula for the purpose) ‘Thus, in the above example (P28) H1—8)(—2)(—2) _ ah 2 AAAI) ora 2 A few more illustrations of this type are given below ag) 3 4 4 48 48 Bepl aeT ae. oti Here #1 21% =8; and % YES ty ww vps facpe maces tae tal yt 8 “onpetapi ep ata” TS o. YES Here §+2,° +34 =22 ; and 4} is also 22 SOO en SOO OOO ae Lene Ee cox tv" Ge pw0 FTE EI 1 Cheep on lope _ YDS 6ox-+30 | 60x20 | Gox-+12 o0x 1 4 8a. vps a0x-+30* 60x+20 GORFTE om 2 _ 3. yng aoe pao apa” sox 8 ie +30 | B0x-+20 +. 2odox-+840=0 x: 17 Note :-—Any change of SEQUENCE (ofthe terms on the LLS) vill cause no change in the working or the result. 195 _ 144 x1 dt Hore 4,27 4125 _24.0495-265 and M44 5 also 36». YES 1500 Jo o by exqg-mmltiplication or by (‘Sinyam Formula), o0x—20=0 .. x—# OR (by Multiple simultancous merger) 40) (=18) (=18) +(—270) (=8) ( (2 (=18) (—8)-+(9) (=8 (9) west Note -—Again any change of SEQUENCE (of the terms on the L.H.S.) will cause no change in the working or Ue resultOnavren XIV COMPLEX MERGERS There is still another type—a special and complex type of equations which are usually dubbed ‘iuunder’ fut which ean be readily tackled with the aid of the Pardvurlya Sitra, For instance : wo, 3 2 Bet1 9x2 2x3 S42 Note the TESTS : (1) 39 (2) 10xa ie. 102 15s: 15 : 3) ‘Vransposing, 2x41 and taking the T.CM. . 30 (ox-+3) (6x) Here comes the third TEST i.c. that the numerator (of the final derived equation) is the same on both sides— +. (0x43) (6x | 1) =(6x. 9) (6x—4) Lora ett areeeey CLUE—This gives us tho necessary clue, namely, that, after putting up the L.C.M. coctiiciont for x in all the denominators, (D,) (D,)—(D,) (Dy). AS the trans- position, the LCM. ete., ean be done mentally, this clue amounts to a solution of the equation at sight In these examples, we should transpose the 4 fractions jn such o manner that, after the eross-multiplication ete. are over, all the four denuininators (of the final derived eyualion) (105) have the same (L.C.M.) coefficient for x and the numerator is A the RIES (of the tion) ‘A fow more illustrations will be found helpful Qe eee tapi {Seat Goa eT (i) Transposing ete., we have : 6 8 ones Tex" iext6 isx—10 isx—9 Here the Non both sides (of the final derived equation) is 18 «The 8 the came on the LIES. ol (182-3) (18x46) =(18x—10) (18x—9) wan7 vse seplOpo 2A Note : ~In some cases (details of which we need not now enter into but which will be dealt with later), the original fractions themselves (after the transposition) fulfil the conditions of the Test. In such cases, we need not bother about the LCM. etc., but may straightaway transpose the terms and apply the "Pardvartya’ formula, In fact, the case just now dealt with is of this type, as will be evident from the following : Gi) 2 8 GeTT 8x1 Ox—B ax—1 Here & 4; and the numerator (on both sides of the final derived equation) is 1. Tho Sfitre applies and ean be applied immediately (without, bothering shout, the TCM. ete.) (6x-+1) (Ax-+1) = (9x—5) (2x—1) 1RELOXET STRATES «aS @ 2, a iy Bet RD EFT GT 2 63 (i) By LGM. method, (6x+9) (6x+6)—(+7) (6x44)( 130) Gi) Im this caso there is another, peuliarty in that ection may 1p other way to and yet tho conditions are satisfied. So, we have: (6x |) (6x+7)~(6x+8) (8x+4) =13 2 (iii) And even, by CROSS-multiplication at the very’ oulset, we get 12x+19—0 (by Samya Samuccaye). .°. x—-E§ Tn sush cases, SEQUENCE (in transposition) docs not matter ! 0 6x8 oe x=) (3) 1 TESTS: *3 and 4f ure both 17 ;aud Sf and 42 are both 13, This equation fan be solved in several ay (all of them very simple and easy) : (i) By the LOM. process: 204 156 . in the dorived equation (in its final form), and Ny— 16817121317 2. The Siitra applies +. (12x+-20) (12x-+83)—=(12x—45) (12128) os 1a¢ = 28X45—20X33_ 600 25 oy (ii) or, removing the common factor (12) ose “122x420 T2x+33° 18x45 12x—28 In the (final) derived Equation, N,=17X13; and Ny—13X17 D,xD,=D,xDy (iii) oF, at the very outsct (ic. without LOM. we.) : Bl SY Beth dat 4x—15 5x7 o-LALS. N=661~340=221 ; and RAILS, N——364+585 =221 Note : (ar) +The Sitra applies straightaway (ax) (4x11) = (x —18) (8x7) 12x4-58x4 55 = 12097344105 128x= 80 x= BE —In the second method, note that N,—N,=D,—D, and Ny=N,=D,—D, TESTS The General Formula applicable in such cases is: jPo9—m—n pq Sa! See tans) (_ oa ete) =? (haan) (m—n) (q—p) (p=) (nm) Oct) (xF a) = (ray (xn) As the numerators are the same, ©. The Satra applies vo lackp) (ea) +n) (x-+0) case. () 8 6 mM _ °TBe6 TB 1x4 13 “In the final derived equation, LHS. N=24; and BS. Nis also 24 +The Sitza applies wy iex= 2 .x=0 (ii) ‘Vilokana’ (je. mere observation) tov will suffice iu Un a4 8 3 . Seti! Ox ox eT (i) Here the resultant N is the samo (1) (on both sides) YES 6x? | 5xp1— 6x2 Te 42 We i) or, by Siinyam Samuccaye, 19x—1=0 -- x(138) 5 as “sera ioe to ‘Phe resultant Numerator on both sides is 45 «The Sitra applies. LHS. and the RTS. respectively ; and the america factor (5) being removed, hath give ne oz-411—0 (1) Beb1L Ox-+IT dx | 3x +19 x45 Bros arti’ x46 (i) « (By Pardvartya division) : fi onal pla R Ee z 2 os SPIO SeIS ap WFS {of the detived equation) «The Siitra applies, w= (2x-£10) (24-112) = (2x41) (24-48) 120-117 =3 vara ot qoexe Te ii) or by cross-multiplication at the very outset and Sanywm Sitra, we have: 4x41350 + x= 8d (8) 211 | Nox—47 9x9 ax pg x+5 Sx—10 3x4 xR _3 a. “af pT In tho resultant oquation, he Siitra, ae (9) (9415) (+9)—x—A) (Bx—10) 40-195 3B }) or hy eross-multiplication at the very outset and Sanyo formula, wyeck 18x 150 : (9) 12x®-49x-47, 12xttx+3_ 24s? | Lard, battens wpa axo1 xt) 4 2 4 ae Tie 116" k—-9 ae tia He ©. By ‘Sinyamy’ Sitra, we immediately obtain =13 Mx 9 7 Note :—Tho Uross muitipiieation and ‘Sting’ me simple, easy and straight) before uy here that there is no need to try any oiier process at all. The st may, however, for the sake of practice try the other muthols also and get further verification therefrom for the correctness of the answer just hereinabove arrived at.Cuarren XV SIMULTANEOUS SIMPLE EQUATIONS Here too, we have the GENERAL FORMULA applicable to all cases (under the ‘Pardvartya’ Sitra) and also the special Sitras applicable only to special types of cases, q NEKAL FORMULA ‘The current system may congratulate and felicitate itself on having a fairly satisfactory method—known as the Cross multiplication method—for the solving of simultaneous simple equations, which ix somewhat akin to the Vedic: ‘Pardvartya method and comes very near thereto, But even here, the unfortunate drawback still remains that, in spite of all the arrow-directions ete., intended to facilitate its use, the students (and sometimes even the teachers) of Mathematics often get confused as regards the plus and the ‘minus signs (+ and —) and how exactly they should be used ; and, consequently. we find most of them preferring—in actual daily practice—the substitution method or the elimination method (by which they frame new equations involving only x of only y), And this, of course, does not permit a one-line ‘mental-method answer ; and it entails the expenditure of more time and more toil The Vedic method (by the Pardvartya Rule) enables us to give the answer immediately (hy mere mental Arithmetic). Thus— wxpay= 8 Axtoyais Tho rule followed is the “Cyclic” one: (i) For the value of x, we start with the y-coeficients iependeni, ierms and cross-muitipiy forward (ie rightward) (ie. we start from the upper row and multiply (aa) across by the lower one; and conversely ; and the connecting Tink hetswoon the twn crosseprodets is always a minus). And this given ux our Numerator ; i) Ror finding the Den row across to the lower one (ie. (ie. leftward). Thus, 2x}3y= 8] 2, for the value of x, the numerator is 3x14— 4x }sy=14J 5x8=2; and the Denominator is 3x4— 2x5=s inalor. we go from the upper the x coefficient) but backward In other words x And. ax for the value of y, we follow the oyche system (i.e. start with the independent term on the upper row towards the ut on the lower row). So, our Numerator is: 8 284 ‘And NOTE that the Denominator is invariably the SAME as before (for x) and thus we avoid the contusion caused in the current system by another sct of multiplications, a change of sign ete, Tn other words, Y=t=2 @) x-y=7 42-14 oxt+2y—42 36 (3) ox+ y¥ ax—4ycu) A SPECIAL TYPE Tiere is a special type of simultaneous simple equations which may involve big numbers and may therefore seem “hard” but which, owing toa certain ratio between the coefficients, can be readily ie, mentally solved with the aid of the Sutra TET Ged aruq, (Siinyam Anyat) (which cryptically says: If one is in ratio, the other one is Zero), An example will make the meaning and the application Here we note that the y-coellicients are in the same atio to cach other as the independent lerms are to each other. And the Siitra says that, in such a case, the other one, namely, This gives us two simple equations in y, which give us the same value $ for y. ‘Thus x=0: y= N.B. -—Look for the ratio of the coetlicients of one of the un. enown quantities being the same as that of the inde pendent terms (on the R.FLS.); and if the four are in proportion, put the other unknown quantity down a zero; and equate the first unknown quantity to the absolute term on the right Phe Algebraical Proof is this : ax+by=bm teady nant 2 ads | bdy= amy bex-} bay bam o x(a —be=O Q) 1x4 by= 7] Here, 16x-+16y 14 Cus) (@) weet Ty— 12) Here vv 12: 16 :: 12: 16 (mentally) 16x+ 96y=16 “x= (8) 490x+172y 212 o770x| 8875 —477 Here 172—4x48 and 88 S| 2. The mit i the and 212463 and 477= 9x53 $ same al Nole-—The ig cowfficients (of x==01) need not frighten us!) and y’ V.B.:—This rule is also capable of infinite extension and may be extended to any number of unkown quantities, "Thus: (1) axtby+tes xed Ueteytarbt yaot (2) oxtbytememy 1 x=0 > ax-pay-}iz 1 1 aA 2d) A(AFRA) +: L+aP~0 ( Ma) Another Algebraical proof. xe7 apt Be fof BC AC _ly AWB =v| “af But A,B,C and D are in AP - D—B=—2 (A—B) Sprig 1 RHD=0; ie. BP pL=o A few more samples may be tried : Ww 14d 144 xP fp Ix pia xP exis x Pox ps x pox FRO (mentally) 1 1 Fat TARTS) 1 Rr RH ET) (x+3)(x+ + 2P+L=(2x+10)+(x-+6)=0 ee (2x FORT)” GFIGR+9) ~ Bx+1)(0x+4) t (8x+2)(4x+3) 2: P+L—(8x+0)=(Gx+4) 1814100 -. x=— 10 THIRD TYPE A third type of equations are those where Numerator and Denominator on the LHS. (barring the independent terms) stand in the same ratio to each other as the entire Numera- ior und the entire Denominator of the K.HiS. stand to cach other and these can be readily solved with the aid of the Upasiitra (subformula or corollary) arandta (Antyayoreva) which means, “only the last terms” i.e. the absolute terms. ‘Thus xha}1 xt1 SEPaR TS eS Here, (x8+x)—x (R41) and (x*4+8x)—=x(x | 3) (2x }3)#_ x13 dx®+1ax+ 9 9 (@x+5) x48 °° aE Pa0x | 25 cy a (e+ 6) _ +7, —By cross-multiplication, (Fee | +8) =(x+3)(x-+5)lx+7) Tiere, the total of the Binomials is 3x+-15 on each side. But the Simyam Samuccaye Siitra does not apply boacuso the number of factors (in the origiual shape) is 9 on the L.LLS. and only one on the RLS, ‘Ant reve is the Siitra to be applied. —— (st) (B) (x41 +2) 1-0) = Cw FO |-4)(R5) "The total fon cach aide} is the same (ue. Bx} 12}. But the ‘Sunyam Samuccayo’ Sutra doco not apply. ‘The “‘Antyayorcoa’ formula is the one to be applied. CAD) 8 at GHATS) HO 20 (10) (6--2)(x-+8)(R +11) = (-+-4)(8 + 5)R+7)- ie case is exactly like the one above. (x42)(xta)_x+ 5_ 6 4 _a8t “Geert ath 38 FOURTH TYPE Another type of special Fraction-Additions (in connection with Simple equations) is often met with, wherein the factors of the Denominatora are in Arithmetical Progression or related to one another in a special manner as in SUMMATION OF SERIES. These we can readily solve with the aid of the name “Antyayorrna” Siitra (but in a different context, and in a different sense). We therefore deal with this special type here, factors are in AP. Thus: 1 i CPI +2) 1 Oh 2)+3)! ONGC) ‘The Siitra tolls us that the sum of this ecries is a fraction ‘whose numerator is the sum of the numerators in the series and whose denominator is the product of the two ends i.e. the first and the last Binomials! So, in this case, oe) ‘and s0 on. SFY A+4) ‘The Algebraical proof of this is as follows : tin ee wee (ele (xT 2)EF8) DEY 2x42) 2 RETR TIETH ~ EHO) wherein the Numerator is the sum of the original Numerators and the Den nator is the product of the first and the last Binomial factors.(ey Adding ty to the above, we have 2 4 4 (EFFI OETA 2xtAteth att: = 3 (FRY +4) (e+ I)xF8)R) (FIRTH Continuing this process to any number uf terms, we find the Numorator continuously incresses by one and the Denominator invariably drops the middle hinomial and retains only the first and the last, thus proving the correctness of the Rule in question. — ot Tesea (x+D+2) x Pe i iat (KFRRTS) +2 x +3 and eo on to any number of terms Note:—The second term of cach step on the RWS. and the first term on the next step (of the T.F.8) cancel each other and that, consequently. whatever may he ‘the number of terms which we take, all the terms (on the RLS.) except the very first and the last cancel out and the Numorator (being the difference between the first and the last binomial i.e. the only binomials surviving) is the sum of the original Numera- tors (on the L.HLS.). And this proves the proposition in question. ty \ A fow more illustrations are taken . a) 1 1 e+) Dats) F S16) (188) @ 4 Ay. spptepispet 1 1 “ETS @TIRTH 4 pars Cae i (etayex+ 2a) (+Baj(apa) 4 ET ° a (etax ty’ Gxt6xt* GxetDeRTDt Hleie, there is o slight di the Denominator i.e. that the A.P.is not in respect of the indepen- dent term in the binomials (as in the previous examples) but in the x-coofficiont itself. But this makes no difference as regards ‘the applicability of the Sitra. oF ‘he Firat Algbraical Proof ofthis ip exactly ao before: e 2 f = 3 and fr 1 Gepngseey tf = Gerayemeen amt The addition of cach new term automatically establishes the proposition. The seco Algebraical proof ix slightly different but follows the same lines and leads to the same result : 1 peng fo ae by ‘= epi axleti sn) 1 =J (1 — 1 ) andso on ‘a @xFI)GRF) PACragt ‘iT Note:The cancellations take phice exactly us before, with the consequence that the sum-total of the fractions— 1 (@lex) _ 1 __ (Where I stands for 8) & fea “oxy, 1 stands for 8.) (which proves the proposition) (6) 1 . 1 fee EP RE FI) BEING A) »( toe) Hore, the progression is with regard to both Ube. items in the binomials (i. the x-cocfficients and the absolute terms). But this too makes no difference to the applicability of the formula under discussion. .%-——2 OO" Fae Fia) ” 1 on (G@payteta) | GeFayietay a (8x Fa(0x Fa) 1 1 eRe wet Seemingly, there is a slill greater difference in the structure of the Denominators. But even this makes no difference to the applicability of the aphorism. So wo say : 4 Ser eTETH) Both the Aigebraicai explanations apply to this case alo. An we may extend the rule indefinitely to a9 many ‘erm and ig as uny varieties as we may find necessary, (8) We may conclude this sub-section with a few examples ofits appition to Asthnetind oumbare: Qo en ata tometer ~ In a sum like this, the finding of tho L.C.M. and the multi- ions, additions, cancellations oto., will be tire coming under ite right partioular classification onables us to say at once: g 4 Tea Hand ww on, Note:The principle explained above is ia constant roquisi- tion in connection with the “Summation of Scries” in Higher Algebra ote., and therefore of tho utmost importance to the mathematician and the statistician, in general. (185) FIFTH TYPE There is also a fifth type of fruction-uddition (dealing with simple equations) which we often come across, which are connected with the “Summation of Series” (as in the previous type) and which we may readily tackle with the aid of the same (Anayayoreva) formula, The characteristic peculiarity here is that each numerator is the difference between the two Binomial factors of ita Deno- minstor. ‘Thus, a ‘ o ea OY eprh tea) PH™ a Both the Algebraical explanations hercof aro exactly os Tiefore (and nee nob be repented here). ~@Fx)eFw) @m o3 4, a yl (+ 1x+8) * (x+8)(x+10) * (x-+ 10) F288) “yet Se ent 2a) EPI TIO)* SHOT) EPIRA) 90 + epaoy $145) 138 Erne) 8) __a-b bo end Peo Peers | PEPIwxta(180 ) (i) Tf, instead of d, there be a in the Inst term (in this the Numerator in the answer hecom and consequently the LIS. (ie. the sum of the various fractions) is zero. (i) The difference hetween the the Denominator jmominl factors. of n te TIS. is the Numerator of cach fraction; and this characteristic will be found to characterise the RIS. also. Gi) The note at the end of the previous sub-veotion fie: series) holds good here ino, Cuarren XVII QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Tn the Vedic mathematies Sitras, CALCULUS comes in ata very carly stage. Asit so happens that DIFFERENTIAL calculus is made use of in the Vedie Sitras for breaking qua- ratio oquation down at sight into two simple equations of ‘the first dogree and as we now go on to our study of the Vedio equations, we shall begin this chapter with a breif exposition of the calculus. and fundementel fret pri (relating to limiting values), they justifiably come into the picture ab a very early stage. But these have been expounded and explained with enormous wealth of details covering not merely the Siitras themselves but also the sub-sitras, axioms, corollaries, implications etc, We do not propose to go into the arguments by which the calculus has been ostablished Dut shall content oursclves with an exposition of the rul enjoined therein and the actual Modus Uperand:. The principal rules are briefly given below: (i) In overy quadratic expression (put in its standard form i.e, with 1 as the coefficient of x), the sum of its two Binomial factors is its first. differential ‘Thus, wwe know its binomial factors are (x—2) and (x—2), fore, we can at two factors) ix ils D, (ie. first DIFFERENTIAL). Gi) This first differential (of each term) can also be ‘obtained by multiplying its saa (Dbwaja) wt (Ghila) (ie. the power by the ag (Anka uc. its coefficient) and reducing it by one. as regards the quadratic expression x*—5x+6, ‘And there- ‘Thus, as regards x*—ox+6 x gives 2x; —Ox gives—5; and 6 gives zero. a Dy ax.EE (168 ) Gi) Defining the DISCRIMINANT us the square of the coefficient of the middle term minus the product of double the first cveflicient aud double the independent term, Uhe lext Uhen lays down the very important proposition that the first. differential i equal lo the syuare root of the discriminant In the above casc x*~ 5x | oy 9x5 = 4 YH = $1 ‘hus the given quadratic equation is broken down at sight into the above two simple equations i.e. 2x. and W512. Bors ‘The current modern method (doaling with ite standard quadratic equation ax® | bx | c=0) tello ua that: b+ V5Faae This is no doubt all right, 60 far as it goes ; Ya" but itis still a very erude and clumsy way of stating that the first differential is the square root of the discriminant. Awoiher Tadiau ueilad (of medi noma sus Shree Shreedharacharya’s method) is « bit better than he the Vedic method which gives us (1) the relationship of the differential with the original quadratic (as the sum of its factors) and (2) its relationship with the discriminant as its square root ! and thirdly, breaks tho original quadratic equation-at sight- into two simple equations which immediately give us the two values of x! A few more illustrations are shown hereunder: (1) 484 $1 = (2x—1) 2x—1), a4 (2) 7x*6x-2=(x—-1)(7x4+2)=0 - ex—G= 4-81 = 49 (3) x8—11x+10=(x—10)(x—1) w&x—-N=+Vsl=+9 (8) Gxt+5x—3—0 1254-97 (5) Tx"9x—1-0 +. x9 4/100 (6) 5x*@—7x— lox T= Lyi (7) ox®—13x-2-0 sx 134 VEAL (8) xt 7x47 =0 1 KET $V —250 @) wxtLbepe—0 - vax tba ybimaae (80) ‘his portion of the Vedic Siitrax deals also with the Bino mial theorem, factorisations, factorials, repeated factors, continued fractions, Differentintions, Tnlegrations, Successive Differentiations, Integrations by means of continued fractions ote. But just now we ure concerned ouly with the just here: inahove explained use of the differential calculus in the solution cof quadratic equations (in gencral) because of the relationship D, = Vibe discriminant. The other applications just referred lo will be dealt with at later stages in the student's TE ‘This caloulus-method is perfectly GENERAL ive. it cs te all cases of quadrati« nquations. ‘There are, however, certain epocial types of quadratic equations which can be still moro easily and still more rapidly solved with the help of the special Satras applicable to them. Some of these formulas are old friends but in « new garb and a new set-up,a new context and soon. And they arw wo eflicient in the facilitating of mathe maties work and in reducing We therefore go on to xome of the most important amongst these special types. FIRST SPECTAT. TYPE, (Reviprocals) ‘This deals with Rociprocals. The equations have, under the current system, to be worked upon laboriously, before they can be olved. For example :(160) But, according to tho Vilokanam sub-Satra of Vedio Reciprocals, split the 4 of the R.HLS. into 4-4 and at once say: 1 K+ ESt+} ox=4or 1/4. Tt is a matter of simple observation and no more, 2) O) pla 5g es org = e ® mM =A0/9= (4) xH1) x+2_ 37 xeotxpi— (8) x14yx 4 aya ) yj t is xi-18 Hore the R.H.S. docs not readily seem to be of the same sutlice to show that can be split up into $+ xtlagif .x-forg @) xt aattt xt ork (8) x45 x+6 xF6 x5 (9) x xt xf x (10) 2x+in | 2x ax! oxen (My) (8) N.B.:—Note the minus (of the second rant) very carefully. ne not £ but “§ on the RATS. and will thorefore be wrong! (2) dagg-g-g abort (13) x _xt3_, as (14) 47 (15) 5x+9_5x—9 _ x0 Sx po Note :—In the shove examples, the L..8. was uf the ‘ah. and, consequently, we had to split the RLS. + Da into the same for i same form (0) ath? ab- In other words, the Denominator on the RTS. had to be factorised into two factors, the anni of whose squares (or their Aifforence, as the ease may be) ix the Numerator. ‘As this factorisation and the addition or subtraction of the squares will not always be easy and readily possible, we shall, at a Tater xlaye, expound certain rules which will facilitate this work of expressing a given number as the sun of two squares for ax the difference of two squares SECOND SPECIAL TYPE: And this, when simplified, — (Under the Sinyum Sumuceaye Formula.) We now take up a second special type of quadratic equa- tions which a very old friend (the Sinyam Sumuccaye Sitxa) ‘can help us to solvo, at sight (a sort of problem which the mathematicians all regard as “Fard") ! We may first remind the student of that po carlier chapter wherein, referring to various appli the Samuccaye Sitra, we deait with the wy wethod the onences of the eum of the numerator on the one hand and the(162) denominator on the other gave us one root and the oneness of tho B 1A the Der (on both sides) gave us another root, of the same Quadratic equation. We need not repeat all of it but only refer back to that poition of this volume and remind the student of the kind of illustrative examples with which we illustrated our theme : (Y) Sz44_92+6 get 10—0; or 3x+3=0 OFT Ax +3 xt Bat 7 ix} é 2 MGx+12 5 or 2x10) 16x~16—0; or 5x=0 ie (4) lex—3 __ 2x—15 Txt7 11x25 a 5 or ¥x—10=0 ‘THIRD SPRCTAT, TYPE ‘There io a hind aperial iypw of Qu is also generally considered. “very hued” bul whereof one covl is aii Fain wh Sake auient fread (he “Saimyer Samu coaye” Siitra and the other is given by another friend-not so ancient, howevor but still quite an old friend ic. the “Sinyam Anyat” Sutra which was used for 9 special type of samulteancous equations Tat us take a concrete instance of this type. Suppose we have to solve the equation ere ya ea pa pi jure of the characleristies af this special type The ms will be recognisable with tue help of Ue usual old test and an additional new test The TESTS are: 243-443; and 9+9=444 Im all such cases, “Sanyam Anyat” formula declares i goro ; and the “SE, oy Dy+D,=0 2x | 5=0 (103) The Algebraical Proof hereof is as follows an (by simple division) — he ‘and so on. So, {1 - zal sal-f'- bf 1 ++ (Removing 1-1 and 1-1 from both sides) x, (the common factor of all term)==0 ; ieee ca 8a (By the Samuccaye formula) 2x-45— and on its removal, Note :—in ail these cases, Vilokanam (i.e. more observation) gives us both the roots, A few more illustrations of this special type are given : Q) 3 x45 Cita at axetil ax tl ape | ati oe and 80 on. oe Sxt2tox+1 5/2 Gon yb ane | bre xtaT ath xtae lephte x=0 or Hath) @) a-b | be _ ath __ b+e ab) xh xtatb xb ¢ *.X=0 or i{e—a) (5) ath bie xtath Typhoo x0 or —Ha | Bb+4c)(1) FOURTH SPRCIAL TYPE ‘And again, there ia still another special by which are “harder” but which our old friends “Samyom Anyat” and “Parivarlya”” (Merger) ean help us lo solve easily. Note ;—Apropos af the subject-matter of the immediately ppreveding sub-section (the 3rd special type), ns now consider the equation 2 4 9 This may Tonk, at the ouleet, x+2 7 X43 like, hnt really is not, a quadratic equation of the type Geait with in the immodiately previous sub-section (ander Siinyam Anyat and Sinyam Samya Samuconye) Dut only a simple MERGER (because, not only is the number of terms on the R.H.S. one short of the number quired but also 3-+82£ Tt in really a case under inyam Anyat and Pardvartya (merger). Here, the TEST is the asual one for the merger process ie N,N, (om ihe LELSJAN, fon the RAS) Thos pe of Quadratics . (By merger method) —6 _ —6 Beran? eto-0 (ee x3 O35 0, (This can be verified by mere observation) 5 vs (by merger), x= 2h xe x This result can be readily put down, by putting op each mumecator over the absolute term of the Denominator tas the Numerator of cach term of the resultant equation and retaining the Denominator as before. [Or hy Root of Each Numerator] (in Uhe present case). (168) a; and 4$=5. And these will be our 7 x8 x8 x45 (By merger) x @ 2 49% xyl’xy3 x+5 ex=0 or —2h Note -—In the Inst two cates, the first term alone is different fand yet, wince the quotients ¢ and 4 are the same, therefore it makes no difference to the reault; and ‘we get the same two roots in all the three oases ! (@) (a 4 4 _ 4 Reps Sx Pe tT Here v $+#=t © YES 2-0 <. of (By Division), +4 _ +6 _ +16 GES Sx42 txt N.B. Note that 84 8X4 6 ang $X4 15 4, 954 — 6 ana 4 = 1 3 and that these are the new Numeralors (for the derived Equation) v(By LOM) 2% 4 2 _ 48 4, YES Gee Wax tO tax f3 od 1 2 YES Taef1e | 2x8 12x48 (By merger) 15, 5 gy vy Texte Texts)(166) The remaining examples in this chapter may be held- over (if deemed advisable) for a later reading. (a gy oe xfayb phe x pate -APb? bic? _at—ot ath | bre Here « ~ YES xfaro Merger) (a—b){b-c) | (b—o)(b—~a) Greek) epb Te acta’ xpd oetd Here (by division), we have: d-tax)1 (1 a ax 149 ce a ax[d” beta oxtd abe abe Qube |. “abex-pbea abex-pacd ~abexpapa °” YPS 14d Di "Dy Ds bed —abd , aed * nhee Ehed by (ter) -e-a Lb <0 axtd” bed x Ml thd 20d ‘act be—2ab (7) acted, brtad _2or-h54 axtd'bxt do oxtd 2d Were 2h Or (by division) 1 2 abex--bed ‘ abex-taed ~ abextabd ~.(By merger), abd_, acd—abd Dy Ds v, bd{ae) 4 2ad(b—0) _ 9 balax Fa) " actbx +d) =e, Ab—e) axtd’ Ord) OR (by more division Pardvartya) at the very first step. ciara enn axtd bxt+d ox+d (which is the same as Nos 6 supra) CONCLUDING LINKING NOTE (On Quadratic Equations) In addition to the above, there are several other special types of Quadratic Equations, for which the Vedic Sitras have made adequate provision and also suggested several beautifully interesting devices and so forth. But these we shall go into and deal with, at a later ‘stage. Just ab present, wo address ourselves to our next appro- priate subject for this introductory and illustrative Volume namely, the solution of cubic and Biquadratie Equations ete.Cuarree XVHT CUBIC EQUATIONS We solve cubic equations in various ways: () with the aid of the Pardvartya Stra, tho Lopana Sthapana Stra, the gemaeTen formula (Pairana-Apirnibhayim) which means “by the completion or non completion” of the (ii) by the method of Argumentation and Factorisation {as expiained in a previous chapter). The Piirana Method ‘The Puraya method is well-known to the current system. Tn fact, the usually-in-vogue general formula — 4 /b¥—tac for the standard quadratic (ax*+bx-+0—=0) ~ hhas been worked out by this very method. hus, ax*+bxto=0 +. (Dividing by a), 4 bs 2 wxty bee ar +-(completing the myuare on the T.H.S) bx, b® oy b* _b?—4ac ox. C4 ee a rc ati 4a® a(x + BY abate t aa) ‘This method of “oompleting the square” is thus quite well: known to the present day mathematicians, in connection with the solving of Quadratic Equations. But this is only a fragmentary and fractional application of the General Fornnila which (in (169) conjunction with Uke Pardoartya, the Lopana-Sthapana cte., Siitras) is equally applicable to cubic, biquadratic and other higher-degtee equations as well. Completing the Cubic With regard to cubie equations, we combine the-Pardeartya Siva (as explained in the ‘Division by Pardvartya’ chapter) and tho Parana sub-formula. Thus, (1) Pox xP6xt= 11x46 (Substituting the value of x*~6x? from above herein), Tot: x—2==y (and «let x=y+2) y Ly=Ooré1 2 x—Sorl or 2 It need hardly be poirted out that, by argumentation (ret the coefficients of x8, x# ete.,) we can arrive at the ‘same answer (as explained in a previous chapter dealing with factorisation by Angumentation) and that. this holds good in all the cases dealt. with in the present chapter (2) x*+ox"411x+6—0 ef Oxt= 1x6 Bat (x+9)P—x | 6x? | 12x-4-8——11x—O4 12x 8=2+2 yt=y (where y stands for x | 2) we faves (0-2) @) N.R.:—The object is to bring (x-+2) on the RILS. and thus help to formulate an equation in Y, obtain the threo roots and then, by substitution of the value of x (in terms of y), obtain the three values of x. yh-4ay 120-0, (y—8)(y*+8y—40) = 0 (y—3)(y—5)(y-+8)=0 2. y=3 or Bor —8 x=1 or # or —10(0) (4) xP 9xtp23x+15=0 ~ ¥840x9= —28x. 1 x43)" (e205 27x 27) = Ax | 12—A(x +3) nytedy A yO or £2 3 or —1 or —5 (8) x#}-Ox* }-24x+16—0 24x16 a) == (x8+-9x°+27x-+-27)— 3x11 —B(x-+3)+2 1 yiady42 yy -2—0 EE )A0 y= Lore x= 4 or 1 (6) x*+7x*+14x+8=0 ct} Txt= dx 8 Sh (+8) (x8-40x? | 97x | 97) 9x2 41 +19 yee) —2, 2. Y=yQyH)—2 NH (v2) y=lor—lor2 for 1 (1) x*+8x2|.17x110=0 =17x—10 2 (E43) (8 p9x24 978 | 27) — x 10x-+17— (tapi 74 yaylrt4—4 ve Ra ofor “1 or AA (8). x8 410x8L27x-418=0 Now «. (xt4)8—(x8412e? | 48x | 64) Hence the LHS. =(x+y)?—(2x8-491x446)=(x+y)? {(x$-4)(8x-+13) 6 “(YW +2)(y—3)—0 yl or Bor 3 2. R= —8 or —6 or 1 vo yiey (2¥-+5)—6 Note :—Expressions of the form x*—7x+6 can be split into x31 1x17 ote,, and readily factorised. ‘Thisis always applicable to oll such cases (where x? is absent) and should be fully utilised. ‘The Parana method explained in thie chapter for the solution of eubie equations will be found of great help in factorisation jand vi Cuavree XTX BIQUADRATIC EQUATIONS The procedures (Parana ete.,) expounded in the previous chapter for the solution of cubic equations can be equally well applied in the case of Biquadratics etc., too. Thus, (2) xt}4x825x4 16x | 840 (x-F1)(gix—L1)—72 ytey(Sly—42) -72 y=, 3, 4 or —6 2,2, 3 or —7 —Bly?442y+72—0 x= (2) x¢48x°414x?@—8x—15=0 Lax? | 8x | 15 (x-f-2)mext 8x94 24x84 32x 16— 10x84 dx +31 (x | 2)(20x | 20)—9==10(x | 2) wyisLor9 . y=tl or £3 x—-lor¥orlor—5 (8) x*—19x*4 49x*—78x-149=0 xt 12x¢= —40x4 }-78x—40 12x? | 54x? 108x + 81 5x4_30x-+41 = (x—3)(6x—16)—4—o(x—2)*—4 ye aya Lora “.y=aki or $2 + x=4 ur 5 or Zor (8) xt 16x84 86x24 176x-+105 x14. 16x9 = —86x?—176x—-105 (e+4) txt 16x84 96x84 256x-+256 (0x24 80x-+181 = (x+4)(10x-+40)—9 o(x+4)"—9 1oy*+9=0 ~.y8=1 or 9 x--Qor Sor lor 7 =A] or £3(m2) sh —16x? 9127 -216x-+180=0 t-te = 91x? 216x180 ” 16x8 |-ybx?—250x-+250 * (5) 5 (x—4)—4 #1 or #2, x= or 5 or 6 or 2 20x%-+197x?382x | 360—0 20x3— —187x3| 382x—360 5)¢— xt 90x8-} 150x4 500x825 ax 18x L968 = (vA) 7 (ay+12) 0 or y8—13y—1 =0 or (y-+1) (y+3y—4)= 0 or lor Bord =, 4, 2 or 8. Note:—The student need hardly be reminded that all these examples (which have all been solved by the Parana method hereinabove) can also be solved by tho Aru (@) A SPECIAL TYPE "horo are sevoral special types of Biquadratic equations dealt with in the Vedie Siitras. But we shall here deal with only ‘one such special type and hold the others over to a later stage. This type is one wherein the TAH.S. consists of the sum of the fourth powers uf two Binomials (and the RLS. gives us the equivalent thereof in the shape of an arithmetioal number.) ‘The formula applicable to such cases is Une aifte-unfee (Fyasti how to uso the average or the exact middle binomial for break ing the Biquadratie down into a simple quadratic (by the easy device of mutual cancellation of the old powers ie. the x® and the x). A single conorete illustration will suftice for explaining this proces (ETAL (+9)} Tani x48 (the average of ih iwa Binomiais)—a 706. = (13) fee (a—1)t= 708 dA ory 2 or—10 ory 22 In simple examples like this, the integral roots ate small ones and can be spotted out by mere inepection the splitting up of 706 into 625 and 81 and for this purpose, the Velokanam method will suffice. But, 1m eases involving more complex numbers, fractions, surds, imaginary quantities ete., and literal coefficients and s0 on : Vilokanam will not completely solve the Equation, But here too, the Vyasti-Samasti formula will quite serve the purpose. ‘Thus, The General Formula will be as follows : Given GFacbn) (orm) p cont panty (nt ——64 V2 Line (which tallies with the aobve) N.B,:~""Harder” Biqudraties, Penties ete., will be token up later.Carrer XX # MULTIPLE SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS. We now go on to the solution of Simultaneons Rquations involving three (or more) unknowns. The Lopana-Sthapana Satra, the Anuriipya Siitra and the Pardvariya Sitra are the ones that we make use of for this purpose. FIRST TYPE the R.ILS. in only one equation (and zeroes in the other two) From the homogeneous zero equations, we derive new equations defining two of Uie unknowns in terms of the third ; we then substitute these values in the third equation; and thus we obtain the values of all Uke Uree uukuow add A sevond method ix the judic nan subtract ion of proportionate multiples for bringing about the elinina- tion of one unknown and the retention of the other two. In both these methods, we ean make our own choice of the unknown lo be eliminated. Use multiples to be taken ete., ‘thus : a xy a) ax Sy |22=0 (B) Sefzy--a=10 (©) () AFC gives un: 4xtay—10; & 2ALB gives us: 6x--3y-—6 (ii) from A, we have x |.y=a Ll +: By Pardvartya, sand (1) (2) 7y—1lz~ 2 “ tenet eer a (i) Adding Band 20, wehave 16y-+3z—70 Subtracting B from 3A, 18y—262—0 () ALC gives us: 6x] b2— 2A45B gives us: 25x—102— 0 e-MP—2: and o= HE From (A) and (B) we have Gi)». —By+as 2-6 4x-$12x-42hx=87 SECOND TYPE ‘This is one wherein the R.H.8. contains significant figures in all the three equations. ‘this can be solved by Pardvurtys (CROSS multiplication) c0 as to produce two derived equations whose R. II. 8. concists of zero only, or by the first or the second of the methods utilised in the previous eub-section. ‘Thus,(1) G) 2. 196x-+84y—140, 190x-4-96y+1672—0 oe 28x +1 and 27x+30y—832 =12$ . x—1ay-fisn=0 Tlaving thos derived two equations of this kind (Le. of the first special type), we cant now follow the first method under Uab type; and, after a lol of big multiplications, subtractions, and 24 ay. m1) and Wy U2—4 ox $ By CROSS multiplication, WAS +S : =I ae and y= 80108124275 43x18 =IT 17 eg 228K 82, B8TX—162_ yy 7 tm vy Bex 1B8x-+524+987K—-102—=47H 9x woR=2;y=3i and 2-4 1 method dow involves Tot of clumsy labour. (iii) of, (adopting the Lopana Sthipana method), we say : C—A—B gives us My 1é2——27 and 9B—-W gives us —48iy 82/2 — 1 y aetay-t4e—18 |) BY axfaypor=2a 1) CJ G) -. 24x 36y+482—216 6x—62=0 Tax-}36y +547. Similarly 4x Bx} A8y 72 x—y—2—2 Gi)». 2y +85 and 2=x , a4 and-x—2 x-n=0 © vie tay 1820 Bx y— 250 12x; and Sy-+42—18-2x y= A928; — 9B —C gives us: or (iv) by mere observatio et oat oy he af - me YES ano) owe ym A 2 oa Rep caer ace 2ax-+46y+-607= 322 rine gy +32 \4— x aAy+4z-20- ux J awmerreniery yogi us: 942" Gi) naga ives Un. OY BE 19x—B2y-4 152! AY 33 5) (Qdx-}S2y +482) —(22x-+389 4447): 0) Mgaceeaby + 602)—(25x-+50y +752) and #0 on. Gi) «ay BEST 3} and #0 on, a8 before, * gy-d= 16-28 no yard jand bE=| Gi) ett ee, ET ye and om? ‘and x-+2y-+22=8 tn ait thew proccss, there is an elements mee OE te "nd cumbre chich renders them unit ness and oumbroumess which a of clam nn and St eatisustorily into the Vedic eategory. aca "h nialalzo eapable of universal application will Pe rave-back and a explained at a later stage 2Cuarter XXI SIMULTANEOUS QUADRATIC EQUATIONS i The ras needed for the solution of simultaneous Quadratic equations have practically all been explained already Only the actual applicational procedurc, devices and modus operanii thereof have to be explained. Thus: abn This is readily obtainable by Vilokunam (mere observation) and alo hecause symmetrical values can always he reversed @) x-y-1 =2} Note the minus } por 3 (8) 5x y1T] -. 2522—10xy +y*=299 and xy=t9 }"“tnt_goet at lox. or Bost. Whon the value of x or y has been found, xy at once gives us the value of the other. ‘Thus, if, hero, x—4, y=3, no other substitution ote. is necessary. 2 One eet of values can be found out by Vilokanam alone. 8 Tho internal relationship between the two sets of by (mere Vilokanam- observation) *. $x—=32 or —18 (0) Bovainhon att ty! and x 2xy tye x3 ‘Where is plus sign all through. reversal). a (sy Hx 24 Secondly x(x-+y)+4x=8x=24 1 ay—6 (0) Mayday bay" b4x—1—10 } (x+y) (x4 2y)+4x—1 2. 9x-+4y—10 But x-+2y= 6! +. (By Pardvarlya or by Sinyam Anyat) (9) 499 and x28 y—By? baat by=0 { (i) By Vilokanam, ya 60. ah = v4 Therefore it simply reversed (ie, one by Vilokanam and the ather by Dy) (x+y) dy dx ty =0 2 Be boy dy Hix HOy Ox | By Ay—0 +. 4y*4+-1oy—45: (10) coy Mak Emae sysop ah ys ton gyy teacayet Pott On etek 2) xt yO 09) Stop iy (e41\(tx—8) and xe:1 orb(180) OL Ftp ibaa bt ax ony —ox hagas | ost oxi ae0 | (14) xy xfyt 2x p8ya7 “AREY + OYIAT , 8~By + 2yt= 2y8—ay-L1=0 Bt (15) 2xtpxy-+ yt= 8 axt—xy }ay?—17 (hy CROSS—mm syle iptioation) cs 1 7 _ “ - +e ow #2 and. r=; or tov é or # 6 or #1. WN. :—est for the correct sign (plan or minis (18) 2x24 xy-ty*=77) * 84x24 goxy eae D aertany coud "Sone t gg | Oar toes tay Recea) caer Ge ea (By substitution), at 2kValT EvT 1 }-(By subtraction) tary 4 2y%—18 (17) 3x2—Axy | 2y* ‘ytox? 29x F16x431 (18) 2x2—txy-Layt— uP x—ay or by xtexy+ yteia $2 yaa (19) 3x2 —axy 29 ax we cama be xP at pant x=41 on tat | yt bay? - yok} PLEO It .. yaayTE eal (is) (2m) atoag—ayt | xoty or ty xt yt 68) .». By substitution, 17y2==68 or 10y?08 we yotyFor bv 5a/6 aud xotySor £3 VHS (21) xt—axy tyt=2x—2y +8 seen it (i) By Siinyam Anyat y= Letx yo sat ‘x—y=8 or £1. Now, substitute and solve ) By subtraction, 3xy+y" y=0or3ety—1 Substitute and solve a8 or NB. :—The Stinyam Anyat method is Uw best. (ey) axteaxy—ytno Yo xe ny or dy xf ytaealy 2x) ++ Substitute and soive or (ii) By transposition, axtaayty" ‘This means that the two equations are not independent ; and therefore, any value may be given to y and a corresponding set of values will emerge for x! (Harder” simultaneous Quadraties will be taken up at a Iter stage).Cuapren XXI1 FACTORISATION AND DIFFERENTIAL. CALCULUS In this Chapter the relevant Sitras (Gunaka-Samuooaya ete.,) dealing with successive differentiations, covering Leibnity theorem, Maclaurin’s theorem, faylor’s theorem ote, and given a lot of other material which is yet to be studied and decided on by the great mathematicians of the present-day western world, ix also. given Without going into the mare ahs a very brief sketch of the general and hasi« principles involved and a few pertinent sample specimens by way of illustration ‘The basic principle is, of course, clucidated by the very wenelature (ie, Use Gunakn-Somuccaya) which postulatca imi, if and whew a qumiraiie expression is the product of the Binomials (x-+a) and (x+b), its first differential is the sum of the said two factors aid ov um (as already expiained in the chapter on quadratic equations), Tt need hardly be pointed out that the well-known rule of \lfferentiation of a product (ie, that if y=uv, when u and v be ay _,du, dy, the fumetion of x, 4 — v4.4 w 4%) and the Guyaku-Sumucce Aen GEE BGS) and the Guyaha-Sumuccaye Sites denote, connote and imply the same mathematical truth, Let us start veh very simple instances : b (1) xt yax 42 et EH +. Dy (the firs differential—2x a ob (x1) (x+2) +8) 943x40) + (xt 45x46) (12) 1G= Ea (2) Oh6etpiiet6 — -Dy=8x8 412x411 (8 H4x43) =ab-thepae=Zah Dy-=0x+12 219-40) =2x-L N(x +9) 4 (xba)= Qatbfe)—2 La—2 La ( 183) (9) xt Lox 3522 | 50" FACE L) (2) (C8) (+A) 24x | 60=6(4x+10)=2 En (4) x8--16x8-- 71x? +178x*+214x |-120 (+1) (442) (+9) (544) (245) . Dy=6x*-+G0x"-4213x? | 356x-|-21 v Dy=Boat++ 1803" | 426x356 (5) x#4+19x9 423494 284x-4-240—(x-+2) (x+3) (x44) (x+10) o Dysdxt 57x84 468x-4284= Babe oy Dy= 12x" 14x +408=12 Bab . Dy= 2x p14 =6(4x+19)— 3 Eo ‘Those examples will suffice to chow the internal relationship ting between the factors of « Poly ive diferentiais of that Boiyno if ‘on knowing the former, we caus derive the latter and vice versa. rial and Uke success ub iw eanily, ‘There ig another relationship too in another direction wherein factorisation and differentiation are closely connected vrith each other and whorein this relationship is of immense practical help to ua in our mathematical work. And this is with Tegard to the use of successive differentials for the detection of repeated factors. ‘The procedure hereof is so simple that it needs no cla- horate expusition at all, The following examples will sorve to show the modus operandi in. quostion : (A) Kactorise 84x? Lox—2 Wax 81 6 (e 15) Sudging from the first and the last coeficients of E(the given oxpression), we can rule out (9x 5) and keep our eyes on (x—1) Tate —R=219x—4) ~. we have (x—1)* (According to the Adyam Adyena Satra) E—(x—1)8 (x2)(1) (2) Factorise 4x*—19x?—15x—4 * D.=12x?—24e— 15314? Ax Mx 24 24(x 2x 41)2 (x 4) (8) Pactoris 5 B =(-0)8 ext} set 2a | 36 Dy st 18x84. 262— 24 =9(2x9 9x4 | 19x—12) (8) Factors In the second, Kalau means 13 and Keudrasasaih. ropre- sents 077; and we are told that the multiplicand should be 077! and, In the third, Kamse means 17; and Keima-daha-khalair- amaluih means 05882353 ; and ww urv told that the multiplicand should be this number of 8 digits! Now, if we advert to the “Bkanyuna’ corollary of the Nikbitam chapter (on multiplication), we shall he ‘able to remind oursleves of the operation in question and the result to be achieved thereby. Let us do the multiplications accord- ingly (as directed) and sec what happens. (1) In the caso of 7 (as denominator), 143%999—=142/857 : and lo! these are the six recurring decimal digits in the answer ! (2) In the cave of 13, 07x 990=076/023 ; and these are the six digits in the recurring decimal equivalent of jy! and (8) In the case of 17, 0582353 xvvvvovv9—05882260/ 94117647 ; and these are the 16 recurring digite in the rocur ing decimal equiva Tn all the cases we observe the Rule of Complements (from 8) ai work, Aud necessary clue to the first half of the decimal and also a simple device (Bkanyinena) for arriving at the whole answer ! And all this is achieved with the help of the easy alphabet-code ! These results may therefore be formalated as follows : pol43x099_ 149857 999999 ages ; ‘999900 176923, ‘300808 9, . Te ix -é2an7i onght to end with @ 7. Th in -ATI42R 2. Th is -714285 and $ must end with 2», Te is -as7143 ‘This is the third method and the easiest and therefore the best of the lot. Independent method Tho above described methods are all for the utilisation Imomledge of the deoimal shape af'x fraction whose rator is unity, for deriving the corresponding decimal form of any multiple of that fraction. This is all right, x0 far as it goos, But what about: person who hay not got such a ready- to-hand table lo refer to? In such a case, should one newly prepare the basic chart and then manipulate it—eyclically (in one of the ways just explained), for getting the required result ? What would, of course, be absurd. For use by sucit persons, we have too, a totally independent method, by which, car) without resorting to any such previously prepared (or newly prepared) .¢ can reaiily deal with the perticular fraction ‘on hand! And the whole modus operandi is exactly the same ‘as has beon already explained in respect of the basic fraction and without the slightest difference or deviation in any particular whateoover therefrom. For example, suppose you have to decimalixe ¢. Your Inst digit will be 1. and as §=2}, your Hkaidhika Pare will be 5, Now, go on dividing by 5, in the umal snanuer; and you get the chart, as explained in the margin: =8}— 4 2 8/6 2] Aller you get tho fit three and &, yon find that your dividend is 28; but this is DN (ie, 49—21). So you may stop hore and put the last three quotient-digits down ns 5, 7 and 1 (the complements, from nine, of the digits already found). Or you may continue the division till you get 21 as the dividend; and as this was your starling-point, you may put the 6 digits down as a “Recurring” decimal. ‘Thus $=-428571 ‘Try this with qf 48) fe and so on, with any number of cases, And you will elways find the same thing happening right theouzh all of them. Thus, for those who do not have a tabu- Tated schodule before them, this absolutely independent method ig also there: and you can make full use of it. Note -—1. Tn this independent method, it should also be noted thatif we have to decimslive $, 8, 9, 4, $,¢lr., we have merely to divide 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 etc., by 7 and put down that remainder ax the first remainder jn each patticular case and that the work can be done automatically thereafter. 2. or, we may pre-decide the last digit in each case by taking the laot digits of 7, (1) 4, (2) 1, (2) 8 3(6), decimal equivalent of (a) 2 as the bh bt bond el(m8) Recapitulation (and Supplementation) 4 above th: Ow | above, there are several other very instructive and interesting principles, features and characteristics characterising this question of the conversion of vulgar fractions into decimal ones (in respect of the remainders, the quotients ele). For the benefit of tho, students, we propose now to recapitulate, | summarise, supploment and conclude this portion uf the subject (1) As regards the remainders, we have nated that, 9 soon as D+ N comes up before us aa a rewainder, the remaining remainders aro all complements—from the divisor (i.e. the denominator) —of the romaindors already obtained ; (2) This automatically means thal Uke quotient —Aigits alrondy obtained and the quotient—digits still to be found, are complements from Nino! (3) IE we take any ramaindar an: by the Caramarika (the lash digit), tha last digit of the product. is actually the quoticnt at that step. (The formula der srcien (Sexani Aibkews Ourameya) which is therefore of the utmost significance and practical utility in mathematical computations, For instance, is oui () ¥ The remainilers are 3, 2, 6, 4, 5 and 1. Multiplied by 7 (the Curamiérika) these remainders give successively 2, 14, 42, 28, 85 and 7, Ignoring the left-hand side digits, wo simply pul down the last dight (Charamatika) act, ant tot We get }—“i19954 | (2) zs The remainders aro 10,9, 12, 3,4and 1, Multiplied successively hy 3 (the last digit), these remainders give 90, 27, 80, 9, 12 and 3. Tgnoring the previous digits, we write down merely the Caraméttkas the last digit) of each product; and lol yty=-04 (8) Jy The remainders arc 10,15, 14, 4.6, 9. 5, 16; 8, 18, 11, 8, 12 and 1. Multiplied by 7, they give us successively : oe eee of cxch pr Cae) 70, 105, 98, 28, 42, 68, 35, 112, 48, 14, 21, 91,77 56, Abad 7 De ) digits wud putting down only the Carmivikus {the right-hand most digits), we have Pr 05882352 /94117667 Tn fact, the position is so simple and clear that we need not multiply the whole digit, write down the product and then drop the surplus digit (or digits). We need only put down the Charamiika (the right-hond-most digit) at the very outsct (us each step) and be done with it! (4) The Geometrical-Progression = character of the Remainders gives us a clue to the internal relationship between each remainder (and its successor) (or its predecessor)! ‘Thus, as we know one remainder, we practically know all Uhe rest of ‘them Thus, In the case of }: As we know tho first remainder is 9, ig thee xurphis (0, left-side) any} and immediately spot out and announce the next Remainder. Bxtets o 2 ond remainder 2x36. This is the third rdmainder. As 6 is Du N, we may stop here and (by the rule of com- plements from the denominator), we may put down 4, 6 and 1 as ug three remainders. Or, if we overlook the DN rule or prefer to go on with our multiplication by 3 (the Geometrical ratio), we get: 6X3=18; 18—14—4; and this is the 4th remainder. 4%3-12; 12-75; and this is the sth remainder. 5X3=18; 15—14=1; and this 1s the 6th (and last) ‘Remainder We have thus obtained from the first remainder, all the remainders : 3,2,6,4, 5and 1. And from these, by multiplication by the Caramavika (7), wo get ail the 6 quotient-digits (as expiained above} : +1, 4,28, 5and7(0) his is not all. Instead of using the first remainder (8) as our Geometrical Rativ, we may take the second one (2), multiply each preceding group of 2 remainders by 2 and get 82, 64 and 51 (for, by casting out the sevens, 6x2—7=5 ; and 4xX2—7=1). And multiplying these 6 digits by 7, we again get the Caramdiskas 1 42 8 5.7 (aa before) Or we may tuke help from the third remainder (i. 6), multiply the preceding group of 3 remainders and get 3 2 6,451 (lor, by casling ont the sevens, 3x6—14=4; 2x0—7—8 ; and jing these (same) 6 digits by 7, We again obtain the Caramafikas 142867 us before ‘This procedure is, of course, equally applicable to the fourth ond fifth remainders (ie. 4 and 5) and can get us the samo rooult as before ‘This is doubiless purely academical and of no practical utility. But we are discussing a principle, nay 4 universally operating mathematical law aud must therefore demonstrate its actual universality of application. So, if we take the 4th romainder (ie. 4) und multiply the fourm BF 4, we amyuin got 3 (Bor, 4x3—7—95 4x2—TH1; 4x8—21=8; 4x41 and the only difference is that the first two digits are fo hhave alteady started repeating themselves ! If we now take the 5th remainder (i.e. 5) and mult ‘iply the preceding group of 6 remainders by 5, we again get 2645/1 (for 3X5—M=1; 2x5— a2; Bxd—14—=6; 5x5—21=4; And, if we follow the same procedure with the 6th remainder (ie. 1) aud multiply the group of preceding remainders by 1, wo will, of course, get the same preceding remainders over again! (5) In the case of 17, the first four remainders are: 10,15, Land 4. As4isa manageable multiplier, we may make use of it asa convenient and suitable remainder for this p Let us therefore multiply the group of four Remainders (nlready (am) found) by 4 and est out the seventeens (wherever necessary). And then wa find 4x10—3 10, 15, 14, 4 4x15—51=9 10, 15, 14, 4,6 4x14 10, 15, 14, 4/6, 8, 5, 16/ 4x4—16, But as DoN—16, we ean stop here and set down all the other remainders by subtracting each of the above digits from 17: 7, 2, 8, 13/11, 8, 12and 1. And, multiplying cach of these 16 remainders (or rather their Caramdiidas i.e. units digits) hy 7, we got Pe: 05882352 (94117647 Still another method Besides (1) the corullary-Sitea (2) each remainder x the last digit. method, (3) the Bkidhike process from right: to left and (4) the Bkidkike method from left to right, there is still ww Gromedsival-Progre- ssion relationsitip and deduce the same resull by a simple and easy process, Ani it im iis, aun across a clear ratio between one remainder (or dividend) and another, we can take that ratio for grauted (as being of universal application) and work it out all through. For example, Tn the case of 19, we have 10 and 5 as the first two remainders and we note that 6 is just one-half of ten. Keeping this ratio in view, we can deduce that the next remainder ehould be one-half of 5. But. as 5 is not exactly divisible by 2 we add 19 to it, make it 24 and put down ite half (ie. 12) as the next remainder. The 12 10, 5, 12, 6, 3 11, 15, 17, 18 gives 6, 6 gives 8, 9, 14, 7, 13, 16, 8 4, 2 1 3(419) gives 11, 11( 10) gives 15, 16(-+19) gives 17 & (17419) gives 18. And ‘we stop there and put down the remaining half of the remainders by subtractions from 19. Having thus got the remainders, we and we get the quotient-digits automatically.( aa) NB. :—Pho ratio in question may be noticed at any stage of the In the case of 2y, we have the remainders 10 and 18. at the very start, We can make use of this ratio immediately and throughout, with the proviso that, if and when a fractional produet is threntened, we can lake tor (or as many multiples thereof as may be necessary) for making the digit on hand exactly divisible hy the divisor on hand. we deno ‘Thus, in the tase of #4, we havo the remainders 10 and 15 to start with (the ratio being 1 to 1). So, whenever one odd m™ yer crops up, its successor will be fractional. And we get over this difficulty in the way just explained. ‘And when we get a remainder which is numerically greater than the divisor, we cast off the divisor and put down the remain- der. Thus, 10 gives us 15; 15 (+17) gives 10, 15,14, 4, 6, 9 5, 18 us 48 ic. 14; 14 givesus2tie. 4 7, 2 8, 18,11, 8,12 4 4 gives us 6; 6 gives us 9; 9( |17) gives us 39 i. 5; (5-+17) gives us a3 ie, 10, And there we ean stop. Number of Decimal Places Students generally feel puzzled and non-plnssed as to how to now beforehand the number of decimal places which, on decimal eau division, a of m given vilgar friction ‘will actually consist of L out that, having—in the immediately preceding suh-section on this subject—made detailed, snulylical study of the successive romainders, we have, in every case before us, practically « ‘tabulated statement from which (without actual division to the very end) we can postulate beforchand all the forthcoming remainders. And the tabulated statement has the fu merit that it can be prepared, at any time, at a moment's notice! wer hereto, we must. p (293) All this meane, in effect, tht, (i) As oon as 1 (ot other starting point) is reached (in ‘our mental analysis), we will have completed ‘work of decimalisation and therefore kuow the actual number of decimal places coming ahead. ‘The cases J. dys drs ts ote., have all proved this. Gi) As oon as we reach the difference between the numerator and denominator, we know we have done half the work and that the other half is yet to come. ‘The cases of ¥ etcy (which we have dealt with in tense) have proved this too. ‘As soon as we reach a fairly small and manageable yomainder {in our menial calcubais ‘many more steps we should expect. Tet us again take the case of } hy way of illustration, The first remainder is 3; and used as a successive multiplier (with the provision for the casting out of the sevens), that first remainder—multiplier brings us on to 1. When we have done two steps and gob 1 and 4 as the first two quotiont-digits, we find 2 is the remainder. Multi- plying the first group of Lwo digits (14) by 2, we get £8 as the second-group (with the remainder also doubled i.e, 2x2—4), 14/28) Multiplying 28 by 2, we get 28x2=66 as the third group and 4X2=8 as the remainder, And then, by casting out the sevens, we obtain 67 as the quotient-group and 1 as the remainder! And as this was our starting-point, we stop further decide that 4, when decimalised. has 6 ‘decimal places in the answer. Going back to the case of z', the student will remember that, after 4 steps, we got.0588 as the quotient-digits and 4 ax the remainder. Multiplying the former by the Inter, we obtained 2852 as the second quotient-group and 4x4=16; fas the romainder ; and there we stopped, (berause we had the first 8 digits on hand and knew the other 8 digits). ‘Thus zy gave us 16 digitsCm) (Asa Geometrical 40 on, we are able to ntil ries is of the standard form 1, x, and 2.and 24 (in the case of 3), 4 and 4 (Ga the ease of 2x) and ao on for helping us to pre-determine the number of decimal places in the answer. This is the Algebraical prineiple utilited herei Note ‘We need hardly point out that the Zkddhika method has the supremo and superlative merit of lightening our division (and multiplication) work. For ins: tance, in the case of Jy dy ete., wo have to do our mn, not by 19 oF 29 eto., (the original deno- Tut hy 2 ar @ ete, (the Kbadh ‘And this is the ease that we perfor ‘he-pires), ith regard to every case i.e. nll our operations in this aystem— with much smaller divisors, multipliers elo., and this rule is invariable. What a tremendous saving in effort, labour, time and coat! x. We have purposely treated this subject at grest Tength and in elaborate dolail, Deenune it in very Tindersood, oroughly assimilated and clowey followed wo that, even without the help of a teacher, ‘the student may be enabled to work out these ‘methods independently in other similar cases and to know—with absolute certainty —that ANY ond EVERY vulgar fraction can be. readily tackled and converted into the corresponding recurring decimal (whatever may be the complexity thereof and the number of decimal places therein). In fact, in as much as these simple and easy processes are available—and suitable—for ALL possible denominators and for all possible numerators, the decimal (and especially the recurring decimal) should no longer be a bugbear to the student. On the contrary, they should be the most weleome of all welcome friends! ( 2) ‘Same Characersto features (General and speich - (2) T th an of in ih era dea 9 ete.,) as denominnians, the Bs ee ae Teas than the denominator! hi evi zl jes no elaboration. ' , a (fom nine) is found {g) Generally, the rue of complements in operation amongst them tions Hike sty des do > (were Ute er of di 1s will be presently denominator elucidated). (8) Hf and when the tthe fuctore of the denominator #8 fhetor (or factors), the division by i i one of cimal-fraction obtained from i ie exactly divisible by the other ‘the second factor leaves finder, Aud therefore the umber cof decimals obtirine by the first facia is not 2€ded to! Thus, " 142857 RH. S. being exonily nae ee a no remainder. There- es ont and Tea ve continues th sami: ‘his means that, in every ‘case wherein the aie 7 found, the numerator oD the 8. hates (om sin) te And by multiplying vist necessurily bo divisible by 3, 9 ete. > niglying mast eco eT ate by eh fcr ES Sonne ah ‘¢ aoeimal places in the answer. ANS difference to the number ut cei I ph eo consequently, we have 1 SX : : Going back to the Bhanyina Stirs e Co ote sanskrit Alphabetical code)» im aaa 113% 3? X37, ‘This means oe a Derr, 8 O27 87, B84 BY 86, UT a thy Denominator (7) Here, the nume divisible by 3, it divides fore, the number of digi and plained in eon " we know thal 142 theenamerator is divisible by 12,18. go7, 361 and 999, the multiplication 2( 226) by anyone of these factors will make no difference to the amber af decimal pl Here too, all the above considerations apply. And, since 7692377 X990=3*X7 X11 x37, therefore these factors (and combinations of factors) will, by multiplying the denominator, make no difference to the number of decimal places. (Noto. 9909B0-—VYD x 1001 —Y¥Y x7 X11 X13). a i © tay 22 digits in the answer (just like yy). and comes under the same category (with (1) dy isa special case and stands hy itself, Naturally it should have been expected to provide for 48 places. But, asa matter of fact, it gives only 42; ni for a perfectly valid and cogent re 1. Yo 4b BR He Hb aud 49) yuna it woreand take shape as 4, 9, #, #, § and 4; have their places 1 ives that, out of Ue 48 possible multiples, zycte., group! And thus, since 8 go out of the 48, theremaining 42 account for the 42 places actually found in the decimal equivalent of gy! ‘his is not a post’s mere postie phantasy but a veritable mathematical verity ! (8) fy is, in a way, an exception, as it contains only 13 digits. And, as this is an odd number, the question of the two complomentary halves does not arise! 13, however, ig. sub- multiple of 78; and there is no deviation from te normal in this respect. An at-sight-one-line mental method will soon be given for dy (in this very chapter) (9) Similarly gly has 44 digits and thus conforms to the sub- multiple rule. And this implies that, like gy, it will ueed another complete turn of the wheel (in one of its multiples) in order to mect the needs of all the multiples | (An incredibly easy method this case) an in ihix very chapter for reeling off _ (10) gq has only two recurrinig places (401); but the whole gamut can be and has been provided for, therewith. (11) In the case of basic fractions cnding in 3, the denomina- tor is first multiplied by 8 and gives us the Bkidhika, and the last digit in the answer is also 3. (12) gy (ike gy) has only two decimal places (03). (13) Jy hos only 21 digits, 21 is a sub-multiple of 42 but is odd and gives no scope for the complementary halves (15) ay has only 41 digits (similarly), (16) Pg is special. Since 73137=10001 and since 137 19990009 1. Py — 1B si (by Bhanyiina Sittra) (17) And, conversely, jy, __73__78 S 421 x61=34101 . Q—241 chvionsly Py=8 is the better one (weet: 421x5=2105 -.Py—8 gives 2.840=842 =421x2) (9) Determine P and for 409 409511 =208099 ~. Py 200 2 Obviously the Q oscuiator is preferabie (Test: 409x1000—4/09000 +. Qy=2 gives 18000 4=17006—=400 x44) Having thus studied the multiplex osenlator technique sand modus operandi, we now go on to and take up aclual examples of divisibility (which can be easily tackled by the multiplex osculatory procedure). Model Applications to Concrete Eaamples (1) Is 79158436267 divisible by 220 ¢ 229 x 19120009. Py=3 . [791 5843 5267 725 21644 But 6725=229 x25 +, YES (2) Ts 6056200566 divisible by 283? +283 x53—=14909 -, Py=15 sy (6 056 200 564 Sexe Toke sew} 283 x22. YES Bunt 622(4) (3) Ts 792 60251 divisible by 847 ? + 247317109000 + Pear 7 3028 e201 73054 0627 But 79654—947 x22 -. YES (4) Te 867 311 7259 divisible by 360 ¢ + 869% 3014001.” Ql oo ei ere 1g a) ILL 764 3508 (5) Is 985048497 divisible by 3671 + 307X3=1101 .*. Qg=11 §8 Bo 64 Be aT 734 66 314 323 But 134-3672. YES (8) Is 490 222 8098 divisible by 433 # 2 92 8h ORD {igs7 1g02 guy ages $ . NO, (7) Ta 1 888 ARK AT divisible by 407? 467 x3=1401 «. Qg—ld {3 Soe Savy YRS 46T —37 504 430 N.B, -—The alternative method of successive mechanical oacula- tious is uso, of course, available (but will prove generally less neat and tidy and will aleo be more tedious). (6) Is 789405 35004 divisible by 647 1 + G17 X1T=10090 .*, By=11 $78 940 535 O04 ait thio ties Bul 1204=087 x2. YES (9) Is 2009 1726 7051 0192 divisible by 991 ? “+ 991 x1IL=110001 *. Qy=11 2093 «1728 TOT alge 30721 526 —4030 1 YES: But 30721--991 » — (295) (10) 4s 479466 54391 divisible by 421? 421 x19-= 7009 Py=8 47 948654301 fists 230s ona” No (11) What change should be made in the first digit of thy above number in order to render it divisible by 421 ¢ Answer :—As 1084 is exactly 4421, the only change needed in order to reduce the actually present 1694 into 1084 is the alternation of the first digit from 4 to 3.Cuarrex XXXT SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES Not only with regard to questions arising in connection with and arising out of Pythagoras’ Theorem (which we shall shortly be taking up) but also in respect of matters relating to ‘the threo fundamental ‘Irigonometrical-Ratio-relationships (ae indicated by the three formulac Sin* 0-{.cos* O=1, 1-+tant 8=Sec? 0 and 1-|-cot# O= coseo? 8) ete., ete, we have often to deal with the difforence of two squaro numbers, the addition of two square numbers ete., ete. And itis desirable to have the assistance of rules governing this subject and benefit by them, Difference of two Square numbers ‘two, this ix much easier. For, any number can bo expressod as the difference of two square numbers, The 7 \l in the elementary Algebraica! ps formula at—b*—(a-+b) (a—b). Th number can be expressed in the shape of the product of two numbers, our task is automatically finished. And this “iP” imposes condition which is very enay to fulfil. For, even if ‘tho given number is « prime number, even then it can be correctly deseribed as the product of itself and of unity. ‘Thus 7=7%1, AT=17 XA, 197197 x1 and 50 on. means Unb, if the given In the next place, we have the derived formule : (a }b)@(a—by\—dab; and therefore ab can always come into the picture as fa-+b' (2 * ie. (half the sum)*—(half the diffe- >) ) 7 reuce)®; and as any number can a expressed a8 ab, the problem is readily solved. And the larger the number ions possible, the better. In fact, if we accept of factori fractions too as pen the number af possible solutions will be literally inginte. (297) For example, suppose we have to express 9 us the difference of two squares. We know that— 9a0x1 2-41 () xt =O)2-0F (2) 12-6 x2—4*—2" or 4xB=3)2—}* or 12X1=6—53* or 24x2—134—117 ‘The question, therefore, of expressing any number as the difference of two squares presents no difficulty at all ! he Sum of Pwo Square Numbers Tummuch, however, a5 a*-4-b* has no such corresponding advantage or facilities ete., to offer, the problem of expressing any unmber as the sum of two equare numbers is tongh one and needs very careful attention. ‘This, therefore, we now proceed to deal with. A Simple Rule in Operation We first tum our attention to a certain simple rule at « world of numbers, in this respect. Ke We need not go into the relevant original Siitras aud explain them (espoctally to our non-Sanskit-inowing reaters}. Sullice it for us, for our present purpose, to explain their purport and their application. Let us take a particular series of “mixed” fractions, namely, 1}, 28, 38. 4 . Syfe ote. which fulfil three conditions : (i) ut Une integer-portion consists of the natural tuimbers in order j ) thal the numerators are exaetly fhe same ; and( 298) (iii) that the denominators are the odd numbers, in order, commencing from 3 and going right on. ° Tt will be observed that, whwn sll thew fractions a put into shape as “improper” fractions, ™ ee as 4, 23, $2 ote,, ele. the sum of D* and N® is invariably equal to (N-+1)#! And tho General Algebraical form being, net = (24 (w+) fri intr Da=2n-+1; and N=2n (n-+1) DIP NtS(N 41)? or, (2n-+1)*}-4n¥{n |1)=(2n?+ 2-41) The shape of ib is perhaps fright 1 ing i 4 P ightening ; bub the thing in itwelf in very simple: and the best formula is DEN! (Ne Thin means that when n# (given)-+x* in. perfect square, we ean readily fin wit x8 Thu, for inatanee, () Tha (the given nomber) be 9, 2n-p1=9 44 in the fraction we want. And 984408414 (i) Ta be 35, 2041=35 2. n=17 ©. The fraction | wanted i THE ©. 85" 40124013", (ii) If a=87, Snt1=57 ©. n=28 ©The required fraction is 2895—2294 ~, 5774-1624" 1625" (iv) Tt a=14, 2041 *. The fraction wanted is 70384 Note:—Multiples and sub-multiples too behave in exactly the same manner (according to Amurtipye ie portionately). Ror instance, pro- Tel w=35 : 7 ©. The fraction wanted is 1733 352612613" TOR 12248= 12268 A Simpler Method (for the same) ‘This came result can also be achieved by @ simpler and casicr method which does not necessitate the * the transforming of them into the “improper” ote., but gives us the answer immediately, xed” fractions, fraction—shape Sal Tt will be observed that, in all the exampler dealt with In other words, the square of the given number is the sun of two conscoutive integers at the exact middle, For instance, it 7 be the given number, into the two consecutive T2225, Similarly, (1) If a=, ite square (3) (8) Tf a7, its square (9288); 624% 1625? (4) Tt a=141, its square (19881) =9940-+ 9041 2. 1417-90408 9041? and so on. And all the answers are exactly as we obtained hhofore (hy the first method). The Case of Been Numbers Yes; the square of an oid uumibar is nocesserily odd and ‘can be split up into two consecutive integers. But whal about Gren numbers whowe squares will always be even and cannot, be split up into two consecutive numbers # And the arwwer is thet such cases should be divided off by 2 (and other powers of 2) ‘antil an odd number is reached and then the fuel result should bbe multipiied proportionately. For example, if a=62, we divide it by 4 and get the odd number 13. Tea aquare (109)=84.[ 86. 13%484*— 35" "(multiplying all the terms by 4), wo say: 528-+330h=340", ‘There are many other simple and easy methods by which we can tackle the problem (of e8+b*=ct) by means of clues and vonetusions dedueible from 2244%=s%, 2+12%-19%, 98410" wir ete. But into details of these and other allied matters we du nol now enter.xxx ELEMENTARY SQUARING, CUBING BTC. In somo of the earliest chapters of this treatiso, we have dealt, at length, with multiplication-devices of various corte, and squaring, cubing ote., are only a particular application thereof. his is why this subject too found an integral place of its own in those carlicr chapters (on multiplication), ‘And yet it so happens that the squaring, enhing eée., of numbers have a particular entity and individuality of their ‘own ; and besides, they derive additions importance heeanse of their intimate connection with the question of the square-ront, the cube-root ete., (which we shall shortly be taking up). And, consequently, we shall now deal with this subject (of squaring, ccubing ete.), mainly by way of Preliminary Revision and Recapi- ‘ulation on the one hand and also hy way of presentation of some important new material too on the other The Yawadinane Sutre (for Sg In the revision part of it, we may just formally remind the student of the YAVADONAM formula and merely cite some examples thereof as a sort of practical memory-refresher : 1, 972=94/005 2 87274, / 69-7569 3. VFL), By 1-28, 1361 4. one 2/81 5. U654—U30, /225—V31 /295, 6. 113%=126,/69=12769 7. 99st —vo9 O16 8 8. u 1992/0016 12. 9999?—9998/0001 13. 1017%=1084/289 ( sot) 1078 4/621 =1079/521 15. ggoo1?09982/00081 16, oovs?—99090 00004 17, 99994-99988 /00036 18, 100044—=10008/0016 19. 999078" =999%06/000484 gy. 9a9998*—999006 000008 10904600529 9999746 0016129 The Anurizpya Sitra (for Cubing) ix new material. A simple example will, however, suffice to explain it: Wale the hypothetical case of one wh cubes of the ‘first ten natural numbers” (ie. 1 40 1 to go therebeyoni, with the help of an inieltigent pring ie “And suppose he desires Lo Degin with 11 i knows only the 1 to 10) and wishes procedure, : a 1. Tho fit thing one has to do herefor isto pui down the ‘evbwe of the fist digit. in a xow (of 4 figures inn a Geometrical ‘Ratio in the exact proportion subsisting between tea), Thus wt=1111 a2 1331 ‘under the second and (ii) The second step is to put. dow third numbers, just two tunes the add up. And that is all! ‘A fow more instanece will « 1248 48cm) (3) 149 = 14 10 64 (a) 108 = 332 (4) 18 oa a74a ears (0) 16" 1 6 36 216 11 749 ee 2m de a0 96 aoninae () 1818 of 512 2 — Aeon 8) 19% = 1 _ - 79 6 8 58 (20) ao 9261 (1) 934 = 8 12 18 27 19) 942 24 36 Cl (13) 25% = 8 20 60 125 (14) 329 40 100 16 268 (15) 0 = (10-1) (000—100-+10—1 200-420 § 19—108 (10) D for 26724184 38.4 49—101 (11) D for 60172=2440417—=25 (12) D for 732157046480 (13) D for 80607=112-+0+36 (14) D for 77=2x49=98 (15) D for 521998—80-+36-+-6=122 (16) D for 746213=42-+8-+12—62 (17) D for 12345670—18 |-23+-96-+20—102 U8) D for g7oeisa0. (19) D for aszesssv 6-+-544-32 | 60 | 25 ‘This ix merely x recapitulation of the Ordhea Tiryak process of multiplication as applied to squaring and needs no exposition. Note If a number consists of n digits, ite square must have ¥n or 2n-t digits. So, in the following process, take extra dots to the left (one joes than the number of digits in the given numbers) Pramples- (1) 207+ —4g00p | ace a4 (2) 2138=44,369—45369 (3) 221748841 (4) 334%—9 8 3 4 611556 1321 (5) 425%. 405 16/10/44/20/25=1800-25 0400 Or (by Yavadinam Sitra)=784/103*—80409 ( sor) pees eno 647128 /208 144/81: 2 Olitiso0 oor iy 1=2-9F0F372 | 1790921 Or (by Yavudiinam Sttra) 808. (s) 889 790321 (9) 11128, 12 (10) 213484 /anzfoo/ riot ig. (11) 8214*=9/12/10/28/17/8/16=10320706 (12) 32472—9/ 1/28/5816 /56/40—10s43009 (18) 6703*—36/84/49 36/42 /0/9—a4030209 (14) 31-4229 6/25 /20/20/16, 987-2164 089 ay 23 /6/1— -oosasae1 (10) so7s4—v4 144/193 /254/199/112/64—v0604484 z Or 11022=1/-2/1-5/0/4/4/4—oeoaana Or (by Yavadiinam Siva) 7956/1022—soe0s4e4 (17) 8887%=64/128/192/240/176/119/49—7a978760 2 Or VHT3=1-2-10-8-+-8769=78078769 Or (by ¥vadiinam) 7774/11132—7774) fies 8769—=78978769 (18) 141.391 /8/18/14/20/22/13/19/ 19971 .3424 (19) 21348%—4/4/13/22 27/34/46 40/25 —asseou025 (20) 430314=16/24/9/24/20/9/6/1=185 x 66961 (21) 46325°= 16/48/60 /02/73/72/34 00/95-—21 4000s (22) 713-214%==49/42/37 /26/10/28/17/8/16—5360820798Cuarren XXXIV YVARUAMOLA (SQUARF ROOT) ‘Armed with the recapitulation (in the last chapter) of tho “Straight Squaring method” and the practical application of the Duandwayoga (Duplex Process) thereto, we now proceed to deal with the Vargumila (i.e. the Square Root) on the same ‘The basic or fundamental rules governing the extraction of the square root, are as follows: (2) Tho given number is first arranged in two digit groups (from right to left); and a single digit (if any) left ind-end) is counted as a simple fat the lol group by itself lame as the number of digit-groups in the given number itself (ineluding * single digit (if any euch ‘there be). ‘Thus 16 will count as one group, 144 as two groups and 1024 a3 two. fn the square root will be the (2) So if the square root contains digits the square must consist of Sn or 2n-T digits (6) But, in cases of pure decimale, the number of digits in the square is always double that in the square oot. (6) he squares of the first nine natural numbers are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64 and 81. This means: {@ that an exact square cannot end ine, 3, 7 oF 85 iii (a) that @ complate square ending in 1 must have either 1 or 9 (mutual complements from 10) as of its aquare root 5 the last: di (900) (2) that a square can end in 4, only if the equare rool ends in 2 oF 8 (complemente) ; {e) that te ending of a square in» or © means that its square root too ends in 5 or 0 (respectively) ; (@ that a square ending in 6 must have 4 or 6 (complements) as the last. digit in its square root ; and (6) that the termination of an exact square in 9 is possible, only if the equare root ends in 3 or 7 (complements). In other words, this may be more briefly formulated thus : (a) that 1, 5, Gand 0 at the end of a number reproduce themselves as the last digits in its square ; (®) that squares of complements (from ten) have the same last digit. Thus, 12 and 9%; 2% and 88; 3 and 77; 48 & 6%; 6° and 6*; and 0 and 10® have the same ending (namely 1,4,9,6,5 and 0 respectively) ; and (c) that 2,3,7 and 8 are out of court altogether, as the final digit: of n perfect. square, Readily Available First Data. ‘Thus, defore we begin the straight extracting of a square toot hy “straight. division” method, we start with previous knowledge of (1) the number of digits in the square root and (2) the firwt digit, thereof. ‘Thux— (1) 74562814 N=8 . N in equare root=N/2—4 ; and the first digit thereof is 8. (2) 969106713. _N=0 . Nin the square root=N-H1—5 ; & the firet digit thereof is 3. But (8) (-7104)* must contain & dec ) y=4 (5) /0064—08 (6) v70000%9~007 nal digit(310) (1) -V=00007(0)= "008 ote. (8) -v/-00000007=-0002 ete. @) v" But (10) v/ Modus operandi (of Straight Squaring) ‘The procedure of Straight Squaring as inculcated in the Vodie Siitras is precisely the same as in Straight Division but with Uis difference, namely, that in the former the Divisor should be excatly double the first digit of the square root. N.B. Asa single digit can never be more than 9, 1t follows therefore that, in our method of straight squaring, no divisor above 18 is necessary. We may, of course, volundarily chocee to deal with larger numbers ; but there is no need to do 50. Initial Chart We thus start our operation with an initial chart, like the (9) (sn) (1) 10: 73 69 42; (2) 90; 61 71 74 6 1 18 Further Procedure Lot us now take a concrete case (the extraction of the square root of, say, 119716) and deal with it: ()) Tn the above given general chart, we have not only pul down the single first: digit of the square root wanted Int also prefixed to the next dividend-digit, the remainder after onr subtraction of the square of Uat first digit from the Teftchand-most digit or diivgroup of Uhegieen number. ga ie: i we Hive alan set down g, 7)! 9! as our divisor, the exact: donble of the first digit of the quotient: (4) Ur next Gross Dividend-unit is thus 29. Without subtracting anything from it, we simply divide the 29 by the divisor Gand putdown 41; g 71.6: the second quotiont-digit 4and @: : 25 the second remainder 6 in their Proper places as usual, B:4 (ii) Thus onr third Gross Dividend is 57. From this we subtract 16 (the square of the second quotient-d get 41 as the Actual Dividend, — 41. 9 7 divide it by 6 and set down the g:: 955 Q (0) and the R (6) in theie proper places as usual. (iv) Our third gross dividend-unit is 51, From this wo subtract the Dwandwa Yoga (Duplex) (=18), obtain Boas the remainder, divide it — 4); rig by 6 and put down the Q g: ; 2503 (0) ond tho R (8) in their proper places,(a2) (v) This gives us 36 5 our last gross dividend-unit. From this we subtract 36 (the Dwandwa Yoga of the third quotient digit 6); got 0 as Q and as R, This means that the work has bocn completed, that the given expression is 1; a perfect square and that 346 6: in ite equare root. And that 73> is all. - COMPLETE & Corroriness Proof of Completers (1) A manifest proof of the Complete-squareness of the given exprewion (and of the correctness of the myuate root ascertained) is by squaring the latter and finding the square to be exactly the same as the given completo square. Thus, 3469 24/62/48/36—110718 YES. (2) But this is too mechanical. We vblain a neat and valid proof from the very fact that, uf and when continued into the decimal part, all the quotient ‘lecimal part) are found to be zeroes and the remainders ian sare all zeroes ! Proof to the Contrary A number can not be an exact: square in the following cirensnstances : (1) if it ends in 2, 3, 7 or 85 (2) if ib ton fin an ovld number of zeroes (2) if its last digit is 6 but ite penultimate digit is evens (4) if ite last digit is not 6 but its penultimate digit ix odd; and (5) if, even thongh the number be even, its nal two digits (taken together) are not divisible by 4; AND a square root cannot be correct if it falls Lo fulfil aa any of the requiremenis hereinabove ee (33) Beamples Some instructive illustrative examples are given below : a 5: 29 sea (2) eo) a 2: & (complete) + (3) 40: 96 @ 1: 638 0236 : 2 8 (complete): a9: 9 06381 :5 115 4l Ps: al. aoa A complete square P2918 1.Gincomplete) (8) 6: 14: O4 7 504 PTB RII fa: 748 ...(inoomplete) (9) 12: 41: 254920 : 1646210 2423-000 +. A complete square (10) 4:7 074551 P07 4000 > 7 8 (750-427-788). working dividend is 834—783— M11. Divide this again by 108 and pub down 0 and 111 as Qaandd Ry (@) Onr next gross dividend in 258: 474 853 now 1118, Subtract there: 108 2-100 89 111.47 from act-+3b%=882-+189 =1071. Thorefore our fifth otal working dividend is 47. Divide it by 108 and put down 0 and 47 a Q, aud Ry 23700 0 (329) (f) Our sixth gross divi- 258: 4.7 4.8 5 3 dend is 475, Bubtract 10% :42/100/80/111/47/34 therefrom sbe%(=441) at 00 0 80, our Qy and Ry n (complete cube) fdend is thus 343. Subtract C* (=843) therefrom and set down 0 and © as or Q, and 6, ‘This meane that the given number is a perfect cube, that the work (of extracting its eube root) is over and iim the cube root is 637. NR. Proof of the correctness of our answer is, of course, readily available in the shape of the fact that 6379 is the given number. But this will be too crudely and cruelly laborious. Sufficient proof, however, is afforded by the very fact that, on going into the decimal part of the answers, we find that all the quotients and all the rem: der sare zeroes. ‘An Inoomplete cube is now dealt with as a sample = Extract the cube root of 417 to 3 places of dh Hore the divisor is 147. a a M7: 3.43 is required. + Dividing 740. by 147, we yet 4 and 152 a5 Qy and R, (¢) ++ The third gross dividend is 1520. Subtracting Jab? (—336) therefrom, we have 1184 as our third factual working dividend, We divide it by 147 and put down 7 and 155 us onr Qy and By. (a) Our fourth gross dividend is 1550. We subtract 6abe-+ bi (=1176 | 64—1240) therefrom, obtain 310 as our «(390) fourth actual working dividend, divide it by 147 and set down 1 and 163 a8 our Qy and Ry (c) Our noxt gross dividend is 1630. Wo subtract Sao%+- abt (=10204836=1365) therefrom, got 265 os our fifth actual working dividend, divide it by 1475 and 80 on. Note: ‘The divisor should not be lwo sinall. Tis ullra-smallness will give rise to big quotients (sometimes of several digits), the insufficiency of the remainders for the subtractions to be made and other auch vomplivatien which will confuse the student's mind, Tn case the divisor actually happens to be too small, ‘two simple devices are available for surmounting this difficulty, (i) Take the first four (or 5 or 6) digits as one group and extract the cube root. For example, suppor we hhave to find out the cube root of 1340, 085. Our (0) No subtraction being needed at this point, divide 5026 by 972 and put down 5 and 166 as Qy and Ry. (©) Our third gross dividend (4.D) is 1662; subtract 3abt (=1350) from 1662, divide the resultant. dividend (AD) ie. 312 by 972 and set down 0 and 312 ax Q, and Ry. ) (d) Our next GD is 9125, ‘Bubtract Gabe-+b* 125) from 9125, divide the AD (3000) by 972 and put down 2 and 1944 a5 Qy and Ky" and 20 on, Or, Secondly, multiply B (the given expression) by 23, 38, 42 or 5% ele., (as found necessary and most convenient) find the cube root and then divide the CR hy 2, 3, 4, 5 ete. For instance, instead of taking 3 (as the divisor), take 8 x4* (=3 x 64=192), find the cube root and divide it by 4. Here again, a concrete example may be worked out by woth the methods: 2:0 0 00 4102 26 led by 8, it gives 2 and 4 a8 (@) Q=1; R=) (0) Now, GD—AD—10. sin subtract Sab* (=19). ‘After this subtraction, the AD is 28, Divide this by 3 and put down @ nud 10 av Qy aud Rye (d) The fourth GD is 100, From this deduct Gabe-} b® (=124+8=80). The AD is 20. | ‘Now, as for dividing this 20 by 3, the directly apparent j c) Qcand K, are 6 and 2, But the aetual quotient and Remainier are difficult to determine (because of the smallness of the divisor) and the insufficiency of the Remai next subtrac- tions and a good number of trial digits may fail before one can arrive at the correct figures! This is why the other method is to be preferred in such cases. And then the working will Ibe ax follows : | Multiplying 2 by 0%, 20: 0 0 0 we get 250. st 84 124 196 332 29 9 (@) I (®) By=340. Dividing this by 108, we have Qe=2 and niern for th( $82) aabt=72, Deduoting this from 1240, we get 1169, Dividing this by 108, Qg=9 and Ry=196 . (@) Gabe-+b8—648-48—656 The Working Dividend (960—656—1304. Dividing this by 108, we have 0 and Ry382 The CR—6290— Dividing by 5, the actual cube root—1-259— (2) Let us take another 1500: 0 0 0 concrete example ic, 968 : 1169 298 400 gar 312, We multiply MA 12 by 5* and put 1500 down as the Total Dividend. And we take the first tour digits as one group. (a) Thus Qy=11 and R,—109 (8) Dividing 1690 by 363, we have Q, (6) aab?=528. Working Dividen (a) Gabe-+b?— 1006-54 we get 2928, Divi ducting this from 4000, ing this by 303, Qq=7 and ra: 200 (exact cube) (ly 7 divided by 8 gives 2 and 1 as Qy and Ry (6) Third Gorss Dividend 125. Actual dividend—0 ». Qg= (@ Fourth gross dividend—8; Gabe+-b*—0 48-8 1“. Subtracting the latter from the former, Qy=0 and R,=0 ‘Whe CR=12 (838) 1 second proof epeaks for itself. 19:8 24 N.B. The obvi 8 gives Qy=45 and R, {e) Gross Dividend—102 ; 3ab!—08. +. Actual dividend=6. Divided by 12, Qy=0 and Ry—6 {d) GD—64 ; vabde+b =+os and Ry: an; and 33: OT H101 v00 Q-35 “(complete cube). 60: Divided by 27, this gives 2 &0 as =31. Divided by pwebtaan 7A (@) GD ix 40; Gabo}b'mse+s—44 -, AD=2 And, divided by 27, this gives 0 and 2 ax Qy and Ry {c) GD is 215 ab’e=94+12—21 ©. AD=0; and, divided by 27, this gives 0 and 0 as Qs and Ry (NAD is; Sbot6 -° AD=0. And, divided by 27, this gives us 0 and 0 a6 Qe and Ry. (@) Gb=1; 1; AD=0. Divided by 27, this 4 0 and 0 as Q, and Ry ‘The CR is 981, N.B.—The second proof is clearly there before us. (@ B=101 Il: 00 0 0 43: 13782148 11240 (a) Qy=4 5 Ry—87 5 an] Dae (8) GP—-AD—270 + and, divided by 48, this gives us 6 and 82 a5 Qj and Ry( 84) AD=388. and, ivid Q, Sims (@) G.D=1480 ; and Gabo-+b' AD=S44. And this, divided by 48, gives us 9 and 112 as Q, and Ry (6) GD—1120 ; and 3ac*+-3b%e=300-| 540—840 © AD=280. And, divided by 48, this gives ua 6 and 40 as Q, and R,; and 0 on (a) Hore Q,=3; and R,=2; and D=27 () GD—AD=27; and, divided by 27, this gives us 1 and 0 as Q, and Ry (complete cube) () GD=9 ; and sab*—9 ; ». AD—0, und, divided by 27, this gives us Oand as Q, and Ry. The CR is 31. (8) The given expression (B)—¥s, 408, aos (2) Q=4; Ry=19; and D: () GD—AD—104, 453458 And, divided 19 60 G1 82 47 94 hy 48, th 3_7._0 0 O(exact cube) gives us $ and 60 a6 Q, and Ry (2) GD—008 ; and ab*=108 -. AD=307. And, hy 48, this gives na 7 und 61 ax Q, and R, (@ GD=613 ; and Gabo+b*=504+27=551 =. AD=82 ‘And, divided by 48, this gives us 0 and 82 as Q, & By (9 GD=a24 ; and Sact+sb%—=o884180=777 -. AD =47 Anil this, divided by 48, gives ux 0 and 47 a8 Q, ¢ By (f) @D—shot=475—441 34, (9) GD—343 ; and ®—343 *. AD=0 +, Q,=R,=0 +. The OR is 437 led (35) N.B.:—The proof is there ax usnal. (7) B=84, 604, 519 (a) Qt: Mi: 60 4 oe Dosa; 48: | 20.62 80 190 80 72 and Rx=20 | 4: 89-0 O_O (perfect cube) (®) GD=AD=206. And, divided by 48, this gives us 3 and 62 as Qy and Ry (c) GD=620 ; and 3ab4—108 ~. AD=512. And, divided by 48, this gives us @ and 80 as Qy and Ry (@ GD=804 ; and Gabc+b*— C48 |-27=675 ~. AD=128. And, divided by 48, this gives us 0 and 129 a8 Q, & Ry {¢) Gb=1205; and Sac?+3D%—972-| 4B-—1216 . AD=80. And, divided by 48, this gives us 0 and 80 as Q, and Ry (f) GD=801 ; and sbot=729 . AD—72._ And, divided by 48, this gives us 0 and 72 as Q, and Ry (g) GD=729; and 729 -. AD=0 -. Q)=0and Ry=0 ‘The OR is 429 NB. (8) R=105, 828, 817 The proof is there as usual. 1105; 8 8 8 817 48: 141 82 90 50 19 2 Pas 78 000 (complete cube) =418. And, divided by 48, this gives us 7 and 82 xs Q, and Ry () GD=822 ; and Sab?=588 .”. AD=234 ; and, divided by 48, this gives us 3 and 90 ax Qy and Ry @ @. And, divided by 48, this gives us zero and 6628 Q, & Ry (¢) GD—s68; and 3ac*4+-3b 549. AD =10, And divided by 48, Unis gives us zero and 10 as Gy & Ry(336) 91; and gbo%=188 -. AD—2; and, divided gas Q,and Ry (9) GD=27; and C%—27 , AD=O , Up=0 and Ryo n 73 .B.:—The proof is there as usual. (9) E=143, 055, 687 M3: 0 5 5 O67 18 30.20.17 52 2% 00 _0 (exact cube) (a) Q,=5: Ry=18; and D (i) GD—AD—180 ; and, divided by 75, this gives us & and 30 as Qs and Ry (e) GD=305; and Sab*=60 -, AD—245; and, divided hy 75, this gives us 3 and 20 as Q, and Ry (a) GD=205 ; and Gabo | b&=190 | $—1¥s . AD~17 And, divided by 75, this gives us 0 and 17 a8 Q, and Ry =176 ; and Sact-+Sb%—135 | 96171, AD—S. Dand Sas Q, end Ry AD—2; and, divided by 15, this gives @ Uy and Be. (g) GD=27 ; and c8=27 -. AD=O ©. Qy—V and Ry The OR is 528 N.B.:—The proof is there as usual. (10) H=248, 858, 189. 248: 108 : yy 112 81162 1585 72 Fa. 0.0 Operloot cabo t and D=T08 a () GD—AD—328, And, divided by 108, this gives us 2 and 112 as Q, and Ry (e) GD—1126 ; and 2ab*—72 ~. AD—1058 ; wn, divided by 108, this gives us 9 and 81 as Q, and Ry. (@ @D=818; and Gabe | b*=618 | 8—656 AD: And, divided by 108, this gives 0 and 102 as Qy & Ry fe) @D==1621 ; and Bact | Bbte— 1498-4 108=1506 . And, given wx O nnd 55 as Qs and Ky. (31) (f) GD—558 ; and 3ho!=486.. AD=72 ; and, divided by 108, this gives us 0 and 72 and Qy and Ry (9) GD—179 ; and C#=729 -. AD; Q=6 and By +. he OR is 029 N.B.:—The proof ix there ax usual. (11) 11, 345, 123, 223 Note :—The cube root in this case being of four digits, the method obtained from the expansion of (a-+b-+e)® ‘will naturally not suffice for this purpose ; and we shall have to expand (43 cevdure in accordance therewith. ‘hie ity of course, yer The Schedule of Di "The Analytical digit-schedule for (a-+b-+e-+d)® now stands as follows: (a) Firot digit (9 zeros) (c) Whird digit (7 zeros)—Bab*+Aa" ) Babe the +Ba%d {e) Hifth digit (6 zeros) —eabd-+Sact+3b%e (f) Sixth digit (4 zeros)—baed-+-she?-+3%e— (g) Seventh digit (3 zeros)—ubeil+3ul?+c% (A) Eighth digit (2 zeros)—abd*+30%d— (i) Ninth digit (1 zero)—3ed*+— (j) Tenth digit: (no ex0)=d* a digit (@ zoroe}—3ath— Clonsequent Subenrtioms (1) Q and Ry by mere inspection (2) Qy and Ry by simple division (without any subtraction whatsoever). (8) From all the other Gross Dividends, subtract : (3) aah? (4) Gabe-Hb (5) Gahd-+8n024+3b% (6) Gaed-+8be?+3b%d( 338) (7) Obod-+Bad* +o% (9) Bod (10) a reopootively, in order to obtain the actual working dividend and thones deduco the required Q and R. Note -—It will be noted that, just as the equating of d to zero in (a-b-+e-+d)? will automatically give ws (a-| bl o)® exactly so will the substitution of zero for d in the above schedule give us the necessary schedule for the throo-digit cube root. As wo go higher and higher up (with the number of digits in the cube root), the same process will be found at work, In thor words, there is a general formula for n terms (n being any positive integer); and all these are only special applications of that formula (with n equal to 28,4 and so on). ‘This general form of the formula, wo shall take up and explain at a later stage in the student's progress. Tu tha maantima, just now, we explain the application of Une (u-Hhpe-Fd)* wehedule to the present case, Apptiration to the Present Case ieee elsr a aes 8 12: 99 22 37 50 76 69 o2 34 122247 0 0 0 0 (oxact cube) (@) Qi=25 Ry=3; and Divisor is 12 () GD=A Dividing this by 12, we get Qy=2 and Ry=9 (e) @D—94; and 3ah?=24. -. AD=70 , Qy=4 and Ry=22 and Gabo | b9=9648—=104; -*. AD=121 08-+90-+48: 12, ( GD—owz; and sacd-+ she? +-3h4d—356 406-4 sa—o18 6°. Qy=0 and Ry=76. () CD=763; and 6 +2944 64604 eA 3 (a) GD=692; and Sbd*+3c% 2044336630». AD—2. + Qy=0 and Ry=62 () GD—6225 and Bed! AD=s4 and Ri (7) GD=848 ; and d®=243 - AD—0 +. Qiy=0 and Ryy—0 The cube rool ix 2247 ‘The ocular proof is there, ax usnal. ‘This is the usual Procedure, ‘there are certain devices, however, which can help us to over-come all such difficulties » and. if and when a simple device is available and can serve ‘our purpose, it is desirable for us to adopt it and minimise the mero mechanical labour involved and not resort to tho other ultra-laborions method. The deviees axe th The First Device The first device 1s one which we have already made use of, namely, the reckoning up of the first 4, 5 or 6 digits as a group by itself. Thus, in this particular case : :M, M5: 1 28 3 223 1452: 10 648: 697 1163 412 363 Ge 24 FB: £7, 0 0 0 (complete cube) B 22; R,=607; and () GD=AD=0971 ; and, divided by 1452, this gives us 4 and 1163 a8 Q, and Ry (©) Gb=11622; and Bab%=1056 ». AD=10976; and, divided by 1458, this gives us 7 and 412 98 Q, and Ry (@) CD—4128 ; aud. 6uho-b' 262; and, divided by i4oz, this gives us 0 and 369, as Q and Ry(40) Suc? 8b%e—B234+396=9570 4, divided hy the same divisor 1452, wero aud 62 as Qy and Ty 88°. AD—34. So Qy 0 NB: there us, as usual, y we avoid the complication caused by shifting from (a+b+e)® lo (atb+e+d)® It, hhowover, auffers from the draw-back that we have first Lo fiud Une double-digit. Q, cube it and subtract it from the firat five-digit portion of the dividend and that all the four operations are of big numbers. Second Device ‘This is one in which we do not magnify the first group vf digits but substitute (o |d) for ¢ all through and thus have the same (a |-b {-0)® procedure available to us. But, after al it 1s only a slight alteration of the first device, whereby, instend of a two-digit quotient-item at the commencement, we will be having exactly the same thing at the end. "he real desideratum is a formula which is applicable not only to two-digit, three digit, or four-digit cube roots Wut ‘one which will be automatically and universally applicable, But ‘this wo shall go into at a later stage of the student’s programs. In the meantime, a fow more iHlusisaiive instances @ given hereunder (for further elucidation of—or at least, the student's practice in, the methods hereinabove explained : (1) E=12, 278, 428, 443. Tlere too we may follow the full procedure or first ane digit portion of the cube root of 12, 278, treat the it group as one packet and extract the exe rv the usual way Th procedure will then be as follows Cony (i) Single-digit method 12 (a) Q—-2; Ry=4; and D=12 (&) GD—AD=a3 (¢) GD—07; and Sab@=54; , AD=13 + Qg=0 ond Ry=22 5 and 6acd + She? + 3b — 0+ 0+ 189 2 AD=33 +. Qy=0 and R, (g) GD=338; and Gbed | Bad? +e 204-44 o 0. and R,—44 441-0441“ AD—3 () Gb=s4; and sede. R34 (j) GD=s43 ; and Ryp=0 “Whe CR: 4 QyOand fo AD=A0, Qyy= 307 N.B.:—The proof ia before us, as usual. od Preliminary Work 2». Qy (of two digits) is 23; 12078: 4 ag) Aps7: 12167: 11 1114 33 998 saan aera11; and D=1587 and Ry=1ie (@ GD—338 ; and Gabo+b8=0 -. AD=A38 -. Qy=0 & R—338 (6) GD-=338¢ ; and 3act4 3b%e—39814+0=3981 , AD=3 2 Q,-0 and R-3 (f) GD=6 : and sbo?= (g) GD=843 ; and d?9~343 -, AD=0, Q)=0 and NR. :—The proof is before us, as usual. (2) E=76, 928, 302, 27. (i) Single-digit method TO: 9 2 8 80 2 2a 7 48 + 4: 2 6 3. 0 0 0 O(Rxnct cube) () Q—4; Ry=12; and Daas () GD=AN=129 ». QB and Ry—33 (0) GD—332; ond 3ab?—48 , AD—204 (d) G48; & abe+b?—210 | 8=248 -, AD-—200 + Qy=8 and Ry—56 508; & Gabd-+Suect--ab + AD=59 +. Q5=0 ond Ry=59 (f) GD—590; & Gaed | Bbc? | Bb%l'_360-+150-+36—546 * AD=44;-. Qy=0 and Ryd (9) GD=442;; nnd Obed +9002 pot 1804 108-4-125—419 AD=99; +. Q,=0 and R,—29 (i) @D=202 ; and 3bd*+30%—54-4295=279 » AD=13 Q4=0 and Ry 44-+-300-4-60—504 ( 343) () GD=137; aud Sed*=135 . AD=2 y= 0 and @) GD=27; and d®2=27 -, AD=O .. Qyy = Ry The CR=4253 NB. :—Proof as usual. (Gi) Double digit method or, scoondly, : < ~ Aw between (1) the firat two triangles -—————~ _ and (2) the first and third ones, (91) ABY ADB, 4 BC!_BCD ace aR SCAT AR ABt4-BC*_ADB+BCD_AEC + By addition, ABS a - ABY-BCI=AC? QED. Fifth Proof (This proof is from Co-ordinate Geometry. And, as moder Conics and Co-ordinate Geometry (and even Trigono- metry) take their genesis from Pythagoras’ Therein, this process would be objectionable to the modern mathen But, as the Vedio Sitras establish their Conics and Co-ordinate Ucometay (and even their Calculus), at a very early stage, on the basis of first principles and not from Pythagoras’ Theorem (Gie), no such objection can hold good in thie case. ‘The proposition is the one which gives ms the distance between two pwinix whose co-ordinates have been given, Tet the points be A and B let their co-ordinates be (a, 0) aud (0, b) respectively Then, BA (a0 Tb) ViFPOE -. BAM a+b! QED. Nole:—The Apollonius? Theorem, Ptolemy's Theorem and a vast lot of other Theorems are similarly easy to solve with the aid of the Vedic Sitrax, We shall not, however. go into an elaborate descr (except of the Apollonius Theorem) just now but shall reserve them for a higher stage in the student’s xtudiesa warren XXXVLLL APOLLONIUS’ THEOREM Apollonius? Theorem (sic) is practically a direct and elementary corollary or offshoot from Pythagoras’ Theorem. But, unfortunately, its proof tod has been beset with the usnal flaw of irksome and needless length and laborivusuess. ‘The usual proof is well-known and need not be reiterated here, We need only point out the Vedic method and leave it to the discerning reader to do all the contrasting for himsolf. ‘And, after all, that is the best way, Isn’t it. 7 Well, in any Uiangle ABC, if D be L the mid-point of BC, then ABE}ACE= J AADAERD). This is the proposition NX chich goes by the name of Apollonius’ : goes hy j the une employed by him. | / ly Tot, AO be the perpendicular from A on BO; let XOX’ and YOY’ be the axes of co-ordinates ; wad ietR, ett and GA bem, om and p respectively ABEL AC* (ptm?) +(in? Farman p?)— 2p8-2m4+4mn pint . and 2 (AD®°+BD4)=2 [ (pt-+n8)-+(m? |-2mn-tnt) J= = 2974224 drnbant v- ABREAGI=2 (AD?LDRA) a, Note s We faintly remembor t a Went wember to have read a pronf of Apollonia! Beaman, tw lines in some publication of Prof Yi bul we are not sure, However that may. be, 7 proot (by means of Co-ordinate ‘loom cy) was well-known lo the ancient Indian athemsticign, and specifically finds its plae in the Velie seen slic: Siitras, And all Uie Geometrical 1 our (he Geometrical heorems about the coneurre- ¥ of certain wiraight fines and about, the orthocentre (3) the circum-centre, the in-centre, the ox-centres, the tho Nine Point-circle ete, oan all be similarly proved (very simply and very easily) by means of Co-ordinate Geometry. We shall go into details of theve theoreins and. their Vedio proofs later on ; hut just now we would just merely point cout that ike the “Arabic numerals” and “Py Uhoyoras’ Theorem”, the “Cartesian” co-ordinates are a historieal Miswonzn, no more, and no Tens.Cuarren XXX1X ANALYTICAT, CONTCS Analytical Conics is a very important branch of mathema- tical study and has a direct bearing om practical work in various bbranches of mathematics. It is in the fitness of things, there- fore, that, Analytical Conies should find an important and py dominating yuoition fa in the Vedic ayatem uf ig iw voriain very necessary and very important points connected with Amalytical Conics) are therefore given hore under (merely by way, let it be remem- Lered, of illustration). 1. Equation to the Straight Tine. For finding the Rquation of the straight Uae pasding through two points (whose co-ordinates are given. Sey, (9, 17) ad (72), ‘The current method tells us to work as follows : Take the general equation yomx-+e. Substituting the above values therein, We have: Om}o-17; il Im-Lo——s Solving this simultaneous equation in m and c, we have ; om-he—17 ing this value of m (in cither of the above two equations) wehnve, 66f+e——2 +. c= —68}. Substituting these values of m aude in the Original General Kquation (y=mx+c), we got y=9}%x—AR}.. Removing fractions, we have 2y=19x— 197. And then, hy transposition, we say, 192—2y=137. But iuneili ix deciediy too jong and cumbrous (aud expel for euch a petty matter) ! a (365) And the Second Current Method (which uses the formuls —! in equaiily cumbrous and confusing. Hoa! G—") 4 ‘ltimately amounta: to the night thing ; but it does nob make it dear and requires several more steps of avorking ! But the Vedio whsight, one-line, menlal method (by the Parévartya Sidra) enables us to write the answer mechanically down by a mere casual look at the given co-ordinates. And it is as follows: The General Equation to the straight line (in ite final i the eo-eficients of x and yy (on the left hand side) and the independent (on the Right hand-side) have to be filled in]. The Sitra tells us to do this very simply by : () putting the difference of the y—eo-ordinates as the ‘x-coefficient and vice versa ; and youn (ii) evaluating the independent term on that basis, (i) 80 our x-voeflicient in 17—(—2)=19 (ii) and our y—coefficient: is 9— ‘Thus we have 19 x—2y as our LLH.S. straightaway. (iii) As for the absolute termi on the R.ELS., as the straight line in question passes through the two given points, the substitution of the original co-ordinates of each of the points must give us the independent term. So, the substitution of the values 9 and 17 in the LHS. of the equation gives us 19x9—2x17=171—34=137 1 Or Substituting the values 7 and —2 therein, we got 1957 ~2x—2=1334=197! And that ix additional confirmation and verification ! Bs not all, There is alu @ thint method by which we can obtain the independent term (on the RIS).(a8) And thin is with the help of the rile about Adyam Antyam and Madhyam i.e. bo—ad (i.e. the product of the means minus the product of the extremes)! So, we have 17x7—9x— 2=110418—137 | And this is till further additional confirmation and verification ! So, the equation is :—19x—2y—137 which is exactly the one obtained by the elaborate current method (with its simoltaneons equations transpositions and substitu tions ete; galore)! And all the work involved in the Vedie mseUhod has boon pus A fow more instances are given below: (1) Points (y, 7) and (—7, 2) <. The Equation to the straight line joining them is: ox—l6y——67 (2) (10, 5) and (18, 9) +. x=2y (by Vilokan too) (3) (10, 8) and (9,7), x—y=2 (by Pilokan too) (4) (4, 7) and (3, 6) Oxyd (5) (9, 7) and (8, 2) , Sx—4y—17 (6) (9, 7) and (4, 6). 18x—-by—82 (1) (17, 9) and (13, —8) 4, 1x —4y—2: (8) (15, 16) and (9, —3) +, 19x—6y=189 () (@, b) and (e, d) s+ x(b—A)—¥ (a—0)—=bo—ad IL. Lhe General Equation and Two Straight Lincs, The question frequently arises :—When does the Grneral Kquation to a straight line represent two straight lines t Say, 12x2-Ltxy—1oyp 13x-4-45y—35—0, Expounding the current conventional method, Prof. 8. L. Toney (the world-teputed present-day authority on the subject) devotes about 15 lines (not of argument or of explanation Dut of hard solid working) in section 119, example 1 on page 97 of his “Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry”, to his model solution of this problem as follows : same as Une iy mental, short, simple and enay f ( 887) 0075-4 1000 4 17 + 7 + The equation represents two straight lines. Solving it for x, we have: ws EC) cop WE 9 BEB on +8 ae oya7 and ae Note -—The only comment possible for us to make hereon is that tiv very muynitude of the muiibers invutved in the fractions, their multiplications. subtractions etc., ad infinitum is appalling and panic-striking and that it is such asinine burden-bearing labour that is responsible for, not a3 a justification for, but, at any rate, an ox tenuation for the inveterate hatred which many youngsters and youngstressex develop for mathematies nas such and for their mathemalies-teachers as such ! We make no relicction on Prof. Loney. He ie perhaps cone of the best, the finest and the most painstaking of mathe- maticiane and is very highly esteemed by us as such and for his Deautiful publications (which are standard authorities on the varions subjects which hey deal with). Tt ix Ue aystem that ‘we are blaming, (or, at any rate, comparing and contrasting with the Vedic system). Now, the Vedie method herein is one by which we can slintely apply the “Crdhua™ Stra the Adyam Adyena( 98 ) ‘Sitra and the Lopana Sthipana Siitra anil by merely looking at the frightful looking (but really harmless) Quadratic hofore us, readily by mere mental arithmetic, write down the auswer to this question and say:—“Yes; and the straight lines are Sx—2y+7=0 und 4x+5y—5—0. How exactly we do this (by mental arithmetic), we proceed to explain presently. The Vedio Method (1) By the “Ordine Tiryak”, the 3x—2y-+7 “Lopana Sthipana” and theAdyam Adyena” _ 4x-++5y—5 Sitras (as explained in some of the 12x*}7xy—loy? ‘earliest chapters), we have (mentally): 123*+#5y- 12x*—Txy-+10y*=(8x—2y) (4x+5y) and we find 7 and—8 to bo the absolute terms of the two factors. We thin get (8x—27-+7)=0 and (6x+5y—5)—0 as the two straight linex represented by the given equation. And that is all there in Un it. ‘The Hyperbolas and the Asymptotes. Dealing with the same principle and adopting the sme Procedure in connection with the Hyperbola, the Conjugate ‘Hyperbola and the Axymptotes, in articles 324 and 395 on pages 203 & 204 of his “Elements of Co-ordinate Geometry”, Prof. 8. L. Lonoy devotes 27-+14 (=41) lines in all to the problem and concludes by saying : “Ao 3x*—5xy—2y*-+5x-411y—s—0 is the equation of the Asymptotes, #82040, Bg (yt (_ oy (5)* (3) AZ . “ The Equi Bs+1ly—12—0 to the Asymptotes is 3x*—Sxy—2y24 And consequontly the Equation to the Conjugate Hyper- bola is 3x4—oxy—2y?} 6x 411y—16, Well; all this ix not so tertifi-looking, because of the very simple fact that all the working (according to Art, 116 on pages 95 otc.,) has been taken for granted and done “out of Court” (380) ‘or in private, so to speak. But evon then the substitution of the values of a. b. c.f. g. and li in the Discriminant to the General Equation and so on is, from the Vedic standpoint, wholly supererogatory toil and therefore to be avoided. By the Vedic method, however, we use the sume Zopan Sthipana the Ordhon Tiryak and the Adyam Adyena Sitras ; ‘we first: getementally x+y and x—2y and then—4 und 3 as the only possibilities in the case; and 33 opposite direction from the Asymptotes, we put down the sume exquation (with only —16 insted of 8) as the required Rquation to the Conjugate Hyperbola (and have not got to bother about the complexities of the Discriminants, the inevitable substi- tutions and all the rest of it)! And that is all. A few more illustrative instances will not be out of place: ay 7 . @xsy(ax—y)—2x4y—2=0 F vax YH axhay— BE Flogy—3y ayo ‘Tho Liquation to the Asymptotes is ¥x2-+1uxy—ay*—2x H4y=1; and the Equation to the Conjugate Hyperbola is sx*+}1oxy—3y*—2x4-47—-0 2) stay Bet Sy fx 6O0 yt x2 (2) ytxy—tx4 8y qed y?—xy—2x"| x Sy 160 «. The Asymptotes are (y+x—2) (y—2x—-3)—0 And the Conjugate Hyperbola is yxy 2x? jx—by +180 2 v2 04x 48y—0°, Mx— vy ta (8) 65x*—120xy+205"| G4x Ay He ay te _ Box? 120xy | 20y*}64x—aay HHoe) -*. This is the Equation to the Asymptotes; and the Hquation to the Conjugate Hyperbola is 55x*—120xy-+20y?4-6tx—48y-+ s2—0 (4) 19x*—29xy+10y"—252+26y—14 +10 And the Conjugate Hypetbolais})12x*—saxy-+10y*_ 251-4287 . Independent term—a +. Two straight tines Cuapren XL. MISCELLANEOUS MATTERS ‘There are also vatious subjects of a miscellaneous character which are of great practical interest not only to mathematicians and statisticians as such but also to ordinary people in the ordinary course of their various businesses ete., which the modern system of uceounting ete, does scant justice to and in which the Vedic Siitras can be very helpful to them, We do not propose c how, except to name a few of thom : (1) Subtractions ; (2) Mixed additions and subtractions ; (8) Compound additions and subtractions (#) Additions of Vulgar Fractions ete ; (5) Comparison of Fractions ; (6) Simple and compound practice (without taking Aliquot parts ete.) (7) Decimal operations in all Decimal Work; (8) Ratios, Proportions, Percentages, Averages cto. ; (8) Interest ; Annuitics, Discount ete ; (20) ‘The Centre of Gravity of Hemispheres eto ; (11) Transformation of Equations ; and (12) Dynamics, Statics, Hydrostatics, Pueumatios ete., Applied Mochanics ete., ete. N.R. ;—There are some other subjects, however, of an important character which need detailed attention but which (owing to their being more appropriate at a later stage) we da not now propose to deal with but which, at the same time, in view of their practical importance and their ubsorbingly interesting character, do require a buief dewription. We deai with them, therefore, briefly hereunder.(363) Solids, Trigonometry, Astronomy Ete. Gn Solid. Geo try, Spherical Tri- gonometry and Astronomy too, there are similarly Tye masses ‘of Velie material calculatod to lighten the mathematics students burden, We hall not, however, go here anid now into a detailed disquitition on such matters hut. shall merely name a few of the important and most interesting hewdings under which these subjects may he usefully sorted : . (1) The Trigonometsical Functions and their inter- relationships ; ete. (2) Arcs and chords of circles, angles and sines of ungles (3) The converse i. sines of angles, the angles themselves, chords and ares of circles ete 5 (4) Determinants and their use in the heory of Equa- tions, Trigonometry, Conics, Calculus ete 5 (5) Solids and why there can be only five regular Poly: hedrons ; ete., etc. (6) The Barth’s daily Rotation on its own wxis and her annual relation around the Sun ; (1) Eolipses + : (8) The Theorem (in Spherical Triangles) relatis product of the sines of the Alternate Segn about : Sin BD Sin CE Sin AF_y ang Sin DC‘ Sin RA Sin j.e. the ratio of the circumference of @ er). N.B, :—Tho last item, however, is one which we would like to explain in slightly greater detail ‘Actually, the value of 5 is given in the well-known Anuglub metre and is couched in the Alphabetical Code-Tanguage (described in an earlier chapter) : iver acfuaan RR ATTRTETA ero —— This so worded that it can bear Uree different mesnings— ‘Thao fen in whys ia tive Dordt 8ri Krsna; the second is similarly a hymn in praise of the Tor Shei Shankara ; and the third is a valuation of Hhto a2 places of Decimals! (with a “Self-contained master-key” for ‘extending the evaluation to any number of decimal placee ! Aw the xuudent (and especially the non-Sanskrit: knowing student) is not likely to he intorestad in and will find great difficulty in understanding the pons and other literary beauties of the verse in respect of the firs Lwo mexnings Dut will naturally feel interested in and can easily fullow Uhe third meaning, we give only that third one here : HL .31416926535809703 10 abee2oaggegz7o2...f on which, on understanding it, Dr. V. P. Dalal (of the Heidelburg University, Germany) felt impelled—as & mathematician and physicist and also as a Sanskrit scholar—to put on record his comment as follows : “Tt shows how deeply the ancient Indian mathe- maticians penetrated, in the subtlety of their calculations, even when the Greeks had no numerals above 1000 and their multiplication were a0 very. complex, which they performed with the help of the counting frame by adding so many times the multiplier ! 7X6 could be done by adding 7 on the counting frame 5 times !”" ete., ete. !RECAPITULATION AND CONCLUSION In these pages, we have covered a large number of branches of mathematics and sought,by comparison and contrast, tomake the exact position clear to all seckers after knowledge. Arith- metic and Algebra being the basis on which all mathematical operations have to depend, it was and is both appropriate and inevitable that, in an introductory and preliminary volume of this particular character, Arithmetic and Algebra should have received the greatest attention in this treatise. But this is oniy a kind of preliminary EGOMENA” ond SAMPLE type of publication and has been intended golely for the purpose of giving our readers a foretaste of the delicious delicacies in store for them in the volumes ahead.? Tf this volume achieves this purpose and stimulates the reader's interest and prompts him to go in for a further detailed study of Vedic Mathematics we shall feel more than amply rewarded and gratified thereby 4 No subsequent volume has besu left ly the author. A REPRESENTATIVE PRESS OPINION Reproduced from the Statesman, India, dated 10th January, 1956. EVERY MAN A MATHEMATICIAN (Me, Drswoxp Dore) Now in Calcutta and peddling a miraculous commodity is lis Toliness Jagad Guru Sri Shankaracharya of the Govardhan Peeth, Puri. Yot Sri Shankaracharya denies any spiritual or miraculous powers, giving the credit for his revolutionary knowledge to anonymous ancients who in 16 Sutras and 120 words laid down simple formulae for all tho world’s mathematical problems. The staggering gist of Sri Shankaracharya’s peculiar enowiociga is that he possesses the know-how to meke a mative- matical vacuum like mysel? receptive to the high voltage of higher mathematies, A thai within the short period of one year, To a person who struggled helplessly with simple equa- tious aud simpler problems, yeur after sehool-going year and Without the bolstering comfort of a single credit in the subject, the claim that T can face M.A. Mathematics fearlessly after only six months of arithmetical acrobatics, makes me an im- mediate devotee of Ilis Tloliness Jagad Guria Sri Shankaracharya of the Goverdhan Peeth, Puri. T was inteoduced to him in emall room in Tastings, « frail but young 75 year-old, wrapped in pale coral robes and ‘wearing light spectacles. Behind him a bronze Buddha caught the rays of a trespassing sun, splintering them into a form of aura; and had ‘Hio Holiness’ claimed divine inspiration, T would have belived him. He is that type of peison, dedicated as, much as T hate using the word ; a wort of saint in saint's ig so mundane a6 a mathe(366) Astounding Wonders My host, Mr. Sitaram, with whom His Holiness Sri Shankaracharya is staying, had briefly: prepared me for the interview. 1 could pose any question T wished, T could take photographs, I could read a short descriptive note he had Prepared on “he Astounding Wondera of Ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics”. His Holinese, it appears, had apent: yeara in contemplation, and while going through the Vedas had suddenly happened -upon the key to what many historians. devotees and translators had dismissed as meaningless jargon. ‘There, contained in certain Sitras, were the processes of mathe- matics, psychology, ethics, and metaphysics. “During the reign of King Karpsa” read a Sutra, “rebellions, arson, famines aud insanitary conditions prevailed”. Decoded, this Little piece of libellous history yave decimal answer to the fraction 1/17; sixteen processes of simple mathematics reduced ‘The discovery of one key led to another, ani] Hix Holiness found himself turning more aud more to the astounding know- ledge contained in words whose real meaning had been lost to humanity for generations, ‘hie loss is obviously one of the greatest mankind Has suffered ; and, I suspect, resulted from thn secret: being entrusted to people like myself, to whom a square root is one of life's perpetual mysteries. Had it survived, every-educuled-‘soul” ; would, he; 0, mathematical-““wisard” ; and, maths-“masters” would “‘starve”. For my note reads “Little children merely look at. the sums written on the black- board and immediately shout out the answers......they. have merely to go on reeling off the digits, one ufter another forwards or backwards, by mere mental arithmetic (with needing pon, pencil, paper or slate).” This is the sort of thing fone usually refuses to believe. I did. Until I actually met His Holiness On a al rd, attended ith devotion by. my host's wife; His Holiness began demonstrating his peculiar | (967) skill ; multiplication, division, fractions, algebra, and intricate excursions into higher math for which T cannot: find « name, all were reduced to a disarming simpli Yes, I oven shouted out an answer. (‘Algebra for High Schools’, Page 863, exercise 70, example ten). More, T was soon tossing off answers to problems, which ; nftcial-Baths-books ; “deseribed”, 99; “advanced”, difficult, and very diffientt, Cross my heart ! His Holiness's ambition is lo restore this lost art to the Thi India should today be eredited with having given the world, via Arabia, the present numerals + especially ng “zero”, ik not enough. India apparently once had the knowledge which we are today rediscovering. Somewhere along the forgotten road of history, calamity, or deliberate destruction, lost to man the secrets he had emassed. It might happen again. Jn the meantime, people like His Holiness Jagad Guru Sri Shankaracharya of the Govardhan Peeth, Puri, are by a devotion to true knowledge, endeavonting to restore. to humani nterest in great wisdom by making that wisdom acceptable. Opposition there is, and will be. But eminent mathematicians both here and abroad are taking more than a passing interest in this gentle ascetic’s discoveries. I for one, as a representative of all the mathematically despairing, hope, sincerely hope, that his gentle persuasion will prevail. the equim