5ESS EXCHANGE SYSTEM

Basic characteristics/Functions of the 5ESS-2000 Switch

Overview :-

The 5ESS-2000 Switch is a digital exchange that can serve as a local(lines),

toll(trunks), tandem(lines and trunks), OSPS(operator Service Position
System) or international gateway exchange, depending on the type of
switch. It can serve a small community with fewer than 100 subscribers or a
large metropolitan area serving more than 100,000 subscribers.

Modular Distributed Design :-

The 5ESS- 2000 switch is a digital switching with distributed processing.

Distributed processing means that multiple processors handle all call
processing functions. Many processors are distributed throughout the system
supported by a central processor. These distributed processors handle
second-to-second decisions that must be made to process a call. Call
processing, self maintenance, and testing are performed independently in
each module. Processors communicate with each other via an internal
digital network that links the module together.

The 5 ESS 2000 Switch hardware has three major types of equipment
modules.

1. SM (Switching Module)
2. CM (Communications Module)
3. AM (Administrative Module)

Each module performs its assigned functions to contribute to the operation of

the entire switch.

The SM connects all lines and trunks to the 5 ESS-2000 Switch. It performs
most of the call processing functions. There can be many SMs per 5ESS-
2000 Switch.

The CM provides communication between the SMs and the AM. There is
one CM per 5ESS-2000 Switch.
The AM provides administration and maintenance capabilities. There is one
AM per 5ESS-2000 Switch.

Growth and Degrowth :-

Modular architecture makes it easy to increase or decrease the capacity of

the exchange. Increase in the capacity of the switch is called GROWTH.
Decrease in the capacity of the switch is called DEGROWTH.
The SM is the primary module for growth or Degrowth of the 5ESS-2000
switching system. Growth or Degrowth is accomplished by changing the no.
of SMs in a switch or the no. of units within the SMs.

1. SWITCHING MODULE FUNCTIONS

Overview :-

All external lines, trunks and special services ckts. are terminated at the
switching module. The analog & digital are converted to the digital format
used inside the 5ESS-2000 Switch. The SM performs almost 95% of the call
processing & maintenance functions including :

• Line & Trunk scanning

• Routine maintenance & self-maintenance
• Tone & Cadence generation
• Digit analysis
• Call routing
• Ckt. Switching
• Packet switching
• Announcements
• Call progress supervision

The SM provides many subscriber calling features including :-

• Call Waiting
• Abbreviated Dialing
• Call Diversion
• Conference Calls
One 5 ESS-2000 Switch can support as many as 192 SMs. Each SM can
handle as dependent upon engg. considerations.

TYPES OF SWITCHING MODULES

It can be equipped with the following types of SMs :-

A) LSM (LOCAL SWITCHING MODULE) :-

This type of SM serves local lines, trunks, & ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network) users. The LSM is usually referred to as the SM.

B) HSM (HOST SWITCHING MODULE) :-

This provides the normal LSM subscriber interfaces & also interfaces one or
more RSMs (Remote Switching Modules).

C ) RSM (REMOTE SWITCHING MODULE) :-

This type of SM is designed to meet the needs of those communities that are
too small to be served by their own 5ESS-Switch in a remote area. This is
done by having the RSM connected to an HSM. The RSM can be as far
away as 242kms. From the host upto 4 RSMs (called a MMRSM (Multi-
Mod RSM)) can be interconnected to serve 16,000 lines, 2000 trunks, or a
combination of line & trunks. The RSM provides full - stand -alone
capabilities, including direct trunks to other exchanges, &can be used
singularly or grouped in clusters.

D) PSM (POSITION SWITCHING MODULE) :-

This type of SMs supports OSPS(Operator Services Position System)

features.

Originally, the SMs were called IMs(Interface Modules).

SWITCHING MODULE COMPONENTS

SMs consists of two types :

1. The single SMC(SWITCHING MODULE CONTROLLER) is

numbered 1 and contains the control units that are assigned specific
locations within the SMC.

• CONTROL UNITS :- It controls all activities within the SMs, such as

Call Processing and maintenance functions.

2. An SM can have from one to four LTP ( LINE/TRUNK

PERIPHERAL) cabinets that are numbered
0,1,2,3, and 4.

• PERIPHERAL UNITS :- It perform testing function and provide

customers and other exchanges access to the 5 ESS- 2000 Switch digital
network. There are two types of peripheral units.

# Interface Units :- that interface packet data, analog and digital lines,
and trunks to the 5 ESS-
2000 Switch.

# Service Units :- that provide support as test equipment and multiport

conferencing circuits.

1) SM CONTROL UNITS :-

Located in the SMC cabinets are the two SM control units :-

a) The SMP(SWITCHING MODULE PROCESSOR) &

b) The TSI(TIME SLOT INTERCHANGER)

These two units are combined into the MCTSI(MODULE

CONTROLLER & TIME SLOT INTERCHANGE), which is also
referred to as the MCTU.
a) SWITCHING MODULE PROCESSOR :-

The SMP contains the microprocessor and memory used to perform the
call processing and maintenance
functions within the SM. The SMP performs five major functions :

• Control Peripheral Units.

• Performs Calls Processing.
• Performs SM maintenance.
• Initializes SM memory.
• Communicates with the AM and others SMs.

b) TIME SLOT INTERCHANGER :-

The second control unit in the SM is the TSI(Time Slot Interchanger).

The TSI performs the time portion of the time-space-time division
switching. This type of switching allows multiple inputs access to a set
no. of outputs when processing phone calls.

This TSI transmits and receives peripheral time slots to & from
peripheral units. Peripheral time slots contain digital call data from lines
and trunks or other user data, such as from computers.

The TSI also switches data from the network side to the CM where it is
routed to other SMs.

The TSI interchanges the peripheral time slots to the network time slots
on two NCT(Network Control & Timing) links connecting the SM to the
CM. In the reverse direction, the TSI also interchanges network time
slots to peripheral time slots. The TSI also interchanges peripheral time
slots between different peripheral units.

2) SM PERIPHERAL UNITS :- It consists of the following :

A) INTERFACE UNITS
B) PACKET SWITCH UNIT
C) SERVICE UNITS

A) INTERFACE UNITS:-
 There are two analog interface units :-

a) LU(LINE UNIT):- It connects analog lines from the subscribers

telephones to the 5ESS- 2000

b) ATU(ANALOG TRUNK UNIT):- It terminates a variety of analog

trunks to the digital switching network. These voice freq. trunks can be
interexchange trunks ,trunks to PBXs (Private Branch Exchange) , trunks
to announcement machine units , or local test ckts.

There are 2 digital interface units :-

a) ISLU2 (INTEGERATED SERVICES LINE UNIT MODULE 2) :-

It terminates both analog & digital subscriber lines. The ISLU2 is

equipped in SMs that have ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network) & its primary purpose is to
provide service to the ISDN subscribers.

b) DLTU (DIGITAL LINE TRUNK UNIT) :-

It terminates digital trunks from other exchanges or from RSM

facilities in a switch and converts
T1 or PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ) 2Mb/s (Megabit Per- Second)
format to network time slot format.

B) PSU(PACKET SWITCH UNIT) :-

It is a special interface unit that does not directly terminate lines or

trunks. The PSU performs several
miscellaneous ISDN functions :-

a) . Processes ITU-T( INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION

UNION TELECOMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR)
No. 6 & 7 signaling.
b) . Processes packet switched data.

C) SERVICE UNITS / SERVICE CKTS. :-

There are 5 types of service units , 3 of which are referred to as DSUs

(DIGITAL SERVICE UNITS). The different types are as follows :-

a) LDSU (LOCAL DIGITAL SERVICE UNIT ) :-

It has two functions :-

# To generate digital tones

# To decode digital tones

The tones generated or decoded by the LDSU can be routed to any line
or trunk on a particular SM. The LDSU functionality can be provided
in a variety of equipment configurations ranging from a full
unit to a single ckt. pack.

b) GDSU (GLOBAL DIGITAL SERVICE UNIT ) :-

Every 5ESS-2000 Switch has atleast one GDSU which can provide
services to any SM in the
exchange. The GDSU can also be configured in a variety of ways. The
GDSU has the following two
functions :-

# Conference facilities
# Transmission testing

c) DSU2 -RAF/ SAS ( DIGITAL SERVICE UNIT 2 - RECORDED

ANNOUNCEMENT FUNCTION /SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT
SYSTEM ) :-

It provides an announcement when a call is routed to a vacant code ,

equipment is busy, or blocking conditions exist. Other uses include
OSPS features & when customised announcements are needed.
SAS has more announcement capacity than its predecessors, RAF.
d) MMSU (MODULAR METALLIC SERVICE UNIT) also called as
MSU :-

It has 3 functions :

# Metallic test access

# Subscriber line testing
# A scan & distribute function

e) PPMU (PERIODIC PULSE METERING UNIT ) :-

Subscriber lines used in coinboxes , hostels & restaurants very

often have a home meter installed .These subscribers are connected to
the PPMU ( or PPMU auxiliary), which injects the correct signalling
to increment the home meter & provides the subscriber with an
accurate measure of phone usage .

2. COMMUNICATION MODULE FUNCTIONS

Overview :-

Because of the distributed processing architecture of the 5ESS-2000 Switch

, information must constantly be exchanged between processors . The CM
(Communications Module) serves as the hub (focal point) for all
intermodule comm. in a 5ESS-2000 Switch .

COMMUNICATION MODULE FUNCTIONS :-

In the switch, the AM& SMs are not directly connected to each other. The
CM routes messages between each module so they all work together. The
CM has four main functions :-

• Call Switching : The CM interconnects the paths between switching

modules to complete telephone calls and to relay data.
• Message Switching : The CM provides paths to send information
between processors to process calls, maintain records, and perform
system tasks.
• Network Timing : The CM provides accurate timing and
synchronisation for the 5 ESS-2000 Switch.
 • Fast Pump : The CM provides resources to quickly download(pump)
software, from AM to ANSM if needed.

COMMUNICATION MODULE LINKAGES : -

The AM is connected to the CM by the DSCH(Dual Serial Channel) bus.

This metallic bus has two serial bit streams that receive and relay control
messages.

NCT(Network Control & Timing) links are fibre optic cables that connect
each SM to the CM. The NCT links carry information in a max. of 512 time
slots divided between two physical links. One of the 256 time slots on each
link is a dedicated control message time slot.

Each of the control time slots is used to carry intermodule control messages.
The other 255 time slots per link are used to carry call data(voice samples or
customer data transmissions).

Not shown on the graphic , the CLNK(Comms. link) is the hardware path
between the SMP & the MSPU(Message Switch Peripheral Unit) of the CM.
This is the path that carries the control time slot. Because of the redundant
nature of the CM hardware, each SM has alternate CLNK paths across the
switching network.

CM CABINET CONFIGURATIONS :- The CM line-up can vary in size

from a minimum of two to a max. of twelve cabinets that are grown from the
centre out in a mirror image. Basic cabinets 5 & 6 are always equipped and
depending on the number of SMs supported, additional cabinets can be
added, two at a time, starting with growth cabinets 4 and 7.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE CM :-

All versions of the CM are divided into two functional units :-

1) The MSGS (MESSAGE SWITCH )

2) The ONTC(OFFICE NETWORK AND TIMING COMPLEX)

The following description is based on the most common type of CM

currently in the field , the CM2.
The MSGS and ONTC are each made up of sub-units . The four major
functions of the CM are performed by these hardware sub-units :

1) MSGS :-

a ) MSCU (Message Switch Control Unit )

b ) MSPU (Message Switch Peripheral Unit )

2 ) ONTC :-

a) CMCU (Communications Module Control Unit )

b) TMSU (Time Multiplexed Switch Unit )

The ONTC also includes some functional areas of the SM/ SM-2000

1 ) MSGS
a) MSCU :-

It provides control over the MSPU. It passes control information to

& from the AM & the other CM
units; it also interprets the destination code of the control messages
coming from the SMs . The
MSCU directs the information flow between processors in the AM &
the SMs .

b) MSPU :-

It processes control messages & switches them to the AM or SMs .

The MSPU can be regarded as a
series of mail boxes in which messages are deposited before they are
routed. Each SM has assigned
capacity in the MSPU , & control messages are transferred under
direction of the MSCU .

2 ) ONTC

a) CMCU :-
 It provides timing for the system & provides control for the TMS
( Time Multiplexed Switch ). It
also provides the connection path between the TMS & AM , MSCU ,
& MSPU.

b) TMSU :-

It terminates the NCT links & switches both data & control time slots
between the links . The
hardware units of the TMS perform the actual switching of the calls
between trunks .

No single unit of the CM is more important than the others . Because

of the interconnecting paths ,
all the parts are necessary . Because of this ,virtually all parts of the
CM are duplicated .

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION MODULES :-

There are four types of CMs in the field :-

1 ) CM1:-
This was the earliest type of CM . It operates much the same as the
CM2 ,but is of an older vintage .
It is made up of a max. of 4 cabinets of equipment . It is capacity
limited (32 SMs ) & has been
replaced nearly everywhere with CM2 .

2 ) CM2 :-
Most common today , the CM2 can support up to 192 SMs , or a mix
of SMs & SM-2000 . It is made
up of a min. of 2 cabinets, but can grow to as many as 12 when needed
.

3) CM2 WITH QLPS (QUAD LINK PACKET SWITCH ) :-

This is a modification of the CM2 which adds additional control

message capacity . It is available for
offices with high capacity SM-2000s. It is nearly identical to the
CM2, with additional hardware units
 added .

4 ) CM2C :-

This unit is intended for small office applications & supports only a
limited no. of SMS . It is made
up of a 2 shelves , which can reside in an SM cabinet .

3 . ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE FUNCTIONS

OVERVIEW :-

In the 5ESS-2000 Switch , the AM (Administrative module ) is a

switch equipment module which has
the overall control of the entire 5ESS- 2000 Switch . The AM controls
the CM & communicates with
all the SMs (through the CM ) . The AM monitors itself and the CM
for malfunctions .

ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE FUNCTIONS : -

It has a min. of 1 cabinet & can have a max. of 3 cabinets . The AM

performs resources allocation &
processing functions that are done more efficiently on a centralised
basis such as :-

• Call routing for intermodule & intramodule calls

• Administrative data processing/ billing data
• Traffic measurement reports ( system performance reports )
• Memory management
• System maintenance
• Maintenance file records o f changes to the system software release
• Personnel interface / system monitoring
• Allocating trunks for call processing

ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE COMPONENTS :-

 There are three main units located within the AM :-

* CU (Control Unit )
* IOP (Input / Output Processor )
* DFC (Disk File Controller )
The CU monitors overall system operation .

The IOP interfaces with the MCC (Master Control Center ) ,ROP
(Receive Only Printer ) & other
peripheral devices .

The DFC controls the TD (Tape Drive ) & DD (Disk Drive ).

* CONTROL UNIT :-

The control unit consists of two subunits :-

A) The CC(CENTRAL CONTROL )

B) MM(MAIN MEMORY)

A) CC(CENTRAL CONTROL) :-

It has six major functions :-

@ - Executes Programs - The CC contains logic circuits that execute step-

by-step instructions to control
the operation of the AM processor.

@ - Executes Program requests - responds to requests from the SM and

from maintenance personnel.

@ - Process administrative data - compiles report information and prints

reports periodically.

@ - Monitors system operation - maintains a log of equipment status and

a list of OOS(out-of-service)
equipment.
@ - Updates Duplicates CU - communicates with duplicate standby CU to
keep its m/m up-to-date.

@ - Manages data transfer - Controls m/m transfer between its own m/m,
its hard disk, & the
microprocessor that serve the peripheral units in the IOP.

B) MM(MAIN MEMORY) :-

The MM stores program instructions and data. The MM stores the

instructions and other data needed
by the processor to process calls, collect administrative information,
and perform system maintenance.

AM PERIPHERAL COMPONENT FUNCTIONS :-

DISK FILE CONTROLLER :-

The DFC is responsible for interfacing with the SCSI(Small Computer

System Interface) peripheral
devices, such as the disk and tape drives.

SCSI DISK DRIVE :-

The functions of the SCSI(SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM

INTERFACE) disk drive are as follows :-

• Stores copies of software used in the 5 ESS-2000 Switch --if data in the
MM is lost, it is restored from the disk copy.
• Stores hardware configuration data – information on the disk defines the
configuration of hardware, and line and trunk termination.
• Stores billing data – disk has a temporary area for billing data. The data
is stored until it is requested by the host collector or dumped to tape.

TAPE DRIVE :-

The tape drive is a backup for information stored on disk. The tape drive
may be either a conventional
 computer nine track tape drive or a DAT( DIGITAL AUDIO TAPE).
Data can be transferred from tape
to disk or from disk to tape. Billing data for the Revenue Accounting
office is also stored on tape.

INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESSOR :-

The IOP is the interface for other peripheral devices used by the switch,
such as maintenance Interfaces
(MCC and ROP), datalinks and alarm signaling.

MASTER CONTROL CENTER) :-

The AM maintains up-to-date records on system operations and knows

the status of all hardware units
throughout the exchange. This information is available to maintenance
interface called the MCC is the
main local work station for maintenance personnel. It uses a full- color
video display terminal as a
window to the system. By entering poke commands selected from
menus on the terminal screen or man
machine language commands selected from the 5 ESS-2000 Switch
Commands And Reports Manual,
maintenance personnel can diagnose equipment, remove equipment
from service, restores equipment
to service, test lines and trunks, and modify the database and service
features for customers. The ROP
(Receive-Only-Printer) provides a printed copy or reports from the
MCC.

The primary functions of the MCC are to provide the following :-

1) Visual displays of system status and alarm information.

2) The means to control, test, and reconfigure the system.
3) The means to manually recover the system.
4) Access to exchange data .

CALL PROCESSING :-
 OVERVIEW :-

It provides a fundamental description of line-to-line and trunk-to-trunk

calls in a 5 ESS-2000 Switch .

CALL PROCESSING STAGES :-

There are five functional steps of call processing, including the location
of the originating and
terminating equipment. These steps are :

@ - Origination :- It begins when the subscribers line goes off-hook or

when an incoming trunk is
seized.

Origination receives the incoming digits, selects the digit analysis

tables, and determines the screening
information for this call.

@ - Digit Analysis :- It interprets the digits that it receives form origination,

selects a destination for
each call, and passes the dialed digits to routing.

@ - Routing/Screening :- Routing uses the destination information from

digit analysis and screening
information from origination to select the terminating trunk group or
line. The type of charges
associated with this call is determined and sent to charging.

@ - Charging :- It uses the charging information from routing to expand

the charging data into a
format useable by the Call Accounting process. There are various
types of call accounting features;
from basic AMA records to Fee Calculation.

@ - Termination :- The last step in call processing is termination.

Termination process are different
for calls destined for lines and calls destined for trunks.
 # Trunk Termination - an idle trunk member of the trunk group is
selected based on a pre-determined
pattern. After selection , digits are outpulsed to the distant office.

# Line Termination - the line identified in routing is checked to

determine if the line has any special
features. Ringing is applied to the line if applicable or the special
feature is activated.

CALL PROCESSING :-

The most important function of a 5ESS-2000 Switch is to process

subscriber calls . Subscriber’s
calls can be classified as line-to-line, line-to-trunk, trunk-to-line or
trunk-to-trunk . A line-to-line
call is a call that starts on a line served by a 5ESS-2000Switch &
terminates to another line served
by the same switch . The SMs involved in the call will perform almost
95 % of the call processing
functions .

During a line-to-line call, the originating SM detects when a

subscriber’ s telephone receiver has
been picked up . The SM provides dial tone & then removes dial tone
when the first digit is dialed .
It then collects & analyses the dialled digits . Next , the SM sends a
request to the AM for a call path . The
terminating SM locates the subscriber line for the line-to-line call &
provides ringing .
BASIC CALL TYPES

Origination Terminatio
n
Line Line
Line Trunk
Trunk Line
Trunk Trunk
 When the AM has been selected an available path , it alters the CM
to set up a link between the
SMs.

The CM provided call paths between SMs & carries all internal
system communications.
The functions of the SM,AM,& CM in a trunk-to-trunk call are
basically the same as the line-to
-line described above excepts that the originating SM detects a trunk
seizure rather than a
subscriber picking up the receiver . Also , the terminating locates an
available trunk instead of a
line.

If a call involves both a line & a trunk (line-to-trunk , trunk-to-line )

, the scenarios above may
differ slightly . Also the scenarios may differ depending on the
applications supported by your
exchange .

Line-To-Line calls can be of two types :-

1) INTRA-SM - where both subscriber lines (originated &

terminated ) are connected to same SM .
This doesn’t require use of CM .

2) INTER-SM - where both subscriber lines are connected to

different SMs . This requires use of
CM .

5ESS-2000 SWITCH APPLICATIONS :-

OVERVIEW :-

The 5 ESS-2000 Switch was designed with a flexible modular

approach with regard to both software
and hardware, allowing for digital services, capabilities that support
many applications. Current
applications supported by the system are follows :
 1) Local Exchange
2) Toll Exchange
3) Gateway Exchange
4) OSPS(Operator Service Position System)
5) ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)
6) STP(Signalling Transfer Point)
7) SSP(Services Switching Point or Action Control Point)
8) MSC(Mobile Switching Center or Wireless)

1) LOCAL EXCHANGE :-

Local subscriber’s gain access to the local exchange through lines .

The exchanges switches a call
from an internal subscriber to another subscriber directly or through a
trunk ckt. to a subscriber in
another exchange . A trunk ckt. ( or trunk ) connects a local exchange
to another local exchange or
toll exchange . A local exchange has a high % of lines & a small
percentage of trunks .

2) TOLL EXCHANGE :-

A toll exchange ( or trunk tandem exchange ) connects a local

exchange to another local exchange or
to a gateway exchange . A toll exchange has a high percentage of
trunks & a low percentage of lines,
if any.

3) GATEWAY EXCHANGE :-

There is one international network consisting of interconnected

gateway exchanges . Each country (A
& B ) in this network has its own gateway exchange , an international
toll exchange .
International calls enter & leave the country from this gateway
exchange .

4) OPERATOR SERVICE POSITION SYSTEM :-

 The 5 ESS-2000 Switch offers automatic operator services via the
OSPS(Operator Service Position
System). OSPS applications are directory inquiry and Traffic
Assistance. Directory Inquiry allows
operators to supply directory numbers to calling subscribers. Traffic
Assistance allows operators to
complete calls and respond to inquires for subscribers. The OSPS uses
a special SM called a
PSM(Position switching Module).

5) INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK :-

Another type of 5 ESS-2000 Switch applications is the ISDN (Integrated

Services Digital Network ).
ISDN offers new voice & data services , & allows features such as
OSPS. ISDN also allows voice, data,
& signalling information to travel over the same digital subscriber line .
It lets all three components use
the same transmission path simultaneously .

Two people with ISDN can make phone calls & use their computer
terminals to access one or more
computers at the same time. ISDN service is fully compatible with POTS
service. ISDN service requires
specific ISDN hardware & software in the SM .

6) SIGNALING TRANSFER POINT :-

The STP ( Signalling Transfer Point ) is an exchange application that

sends signalling messages on their
way to the proper destination over a different path than the associated
voice ckt. STPs are associated
with the CCS7 (Common Channel Signalling 7 ) . This application
allows for more efficient use of
trunk circuits.

7) SERVICE SWITCHING POINT :-

The SSP (Service Switching Point ), also called ACP ( Action Control
Point ) , is a 5ESS-2000 Switch
 application that is part of an IN (Intelligent Network ) configuration .
IN technology allows the
introduction of advanced services , primarily through software updates,
with minimal network
rearrangements & minimal service disruption . The SSP is able to
recognise an incoming IN call ,
process it, or request call handling instructions by use of a remote
database that is accessed by many
switches in the IN .

8) MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER :-

The MSC ( Mobile Switching Center ) performs the switching functions

for wireless systems . This
5ESS-2000 Switch application monitors subscriber mobility , manages
resources , communicates with
other networks , performs call routing & control functions . The MSC
configuration includes an AM,
CM, SMs, WGSM (Wireless Global Switching Module ) ,at least one
WSM ( Wireless Switching
Module ), & possibly a WRSM ( Wireless Remote Switching Module )
or multimodule .

MAINTENANCE TOOLS :-

OVERVIEW :-

The MCC ( MASTER CONTROL CENTER ) , CUSTOMER

DOCUMENTATION , TLWS (TRUNK AND LINE WORKSTATION)
function, & RC/V ( RECENT CHANGE AND VERIFY ) function are all
essential tools for 5ESS- 2000 Switch maintenance.

MCC (MASTER CONTROL CENTER ) :-

The MCC is the primary communication link between maintenance

personnel & the 5ESS-2000
Switch for performing the maintenance functions . In smaller exchanges , it
is possible to have only the MCC terminal . Larger exchanges will need
more terminals & printers .

• TLWS (TRUNK AND LINE WORKSTATION ) :-

The function of the TLWS is to test the lines & trunks in an exchange.
This function may be invoked from terminals located within the exchange
(MCC ) or from remote maintenance facilities .

The term TLWS can be used to reference the TLWS function (software )
or the terminal used to access the TLWS function (hardware ) . A terminal
is defined for use as a TLWS in the switch’s ECD database.

TLWS Function :-

The TLWS function is used to :-

@ Remove & restore service to subscriber lines & trunks for testing .

@ Test subscriber lines .

@ Initiate operational & transmission tests on trunks .

-- Operational tests check the ability of a trunk to complete a call.

-- Transmission tests measure the quality of signals being reserved by a

trunk .

BELTLINE CIRCUIT :-

Sometimes tests are performed from locations other than the MCC. For
instance, during installation, difficult fault conditions might occur in the
SM(Switching Module), that can be located a distance from the MCC. This
may cause some inconvenience for maintenance personnel, since they must
walk back and forth between the SM and the MCC. To avoid that, the ESS-
2000 Switch frames(cabinets) are equipped with connectors to allow the
maintenance personnel to connect portable I/O devices, such as a TTY or a
terminal with keyboard near the SM. This feature is called the beltline
circuit.
Beltline jacks (connectors) are multiplied at optional frame locations around
the exchange making the circuit accessible from several points. They are
mounted on a jack strip located between the fuse panels at the top of the
equipment frames. Although the beltline jacks can be multiplied to each SM,
a maximum of two beltline circuits may be used at the same time. They are
referred to as Beltline A & Beltline B. The beltline jacks are wired to the
peripheral controllers in the IOP(Input/Output Processor )Unit.

RECENT CHANGE AND VERIFY :-

The RC/V(Recent Change and Verify) function enables you to view and
alter the 5 ESS-2000 Switch databases, and is accessed from the
MCC(Master Control Centre), OMC(Operation & Maintenance Center),
STLWS(Supplementary Trunk and Line Workstations), or from optionally
equipped RC/V terminals. The MCC and the OMC have access to all RC/V
functions. Individual terminals, however, may be restricted to specific
functions.

RC/V provides the capability to view and alter the databases in the 5 ESS-
2000 Switch.

RC/V function has the following two modes :-

• RC(Recent Change) mode provides a way of accessing and changing the

system databases to reflect changes in customer services or system
capabilities.
• V(Verify) mode provides the ability to view, but not change, database
contents. This allows one to verify that the correct changes were made.

OCB-283 EXCHANGE SYSTEMS

1) Salient Features :

• OCB stands for ORGAN CONTROL BHERSION

• Digital switching system developed by M/s CIT ALCATEL of France.
• Digital switching system with single “T” stage.
• OMC & S/N are duplicated.
• Variety of services provided are
i) Basic Telephony
ii) ISDN
iii) Mobile
iv) Video text &
v) others

• It supports different types of signalling systems :

i) Decadic
ii) MF
iii) CAS
iv) CCITT No.- 7

• Max no. of junctions may be 60,000

• Only 35 types of Cards ( excluding CSN )
• Space requirement is very small
• Environmental requirement is not very stringent
• Traffic handing capacity is 8,00,000 BHCA
• Automatic fault recovery feature & remote monitoring
• Operating system used is RTOS (Real Time Operating System )
• Language used is CHILL

2 ) MAJOR UNITS OF OCB SYSTEM :

2.1 ) CSN (SUBSCRIBER CONNECTION UNIT ) :
It is CSNL for local subscriber’s & it is CSND for remote subscriber’s . A
CSN basically consists of 1 Basic Rack & 3 Extensions Racks. Capacity of
CSN is 5000 max. Subscriber’s may be Analogue & Digital.
A ) TABAS - For Ordinary sub. -16 sub. per card .
B ) TABAE - For home metering - 16 sub. per card .
C ) TABAN- For ISDN subscriber’s - consumes 16 ports

2.2 ) TRUNK AND JUNCTION CONNECTION UNIT (SMT ) :

It is the interface between the switching network & junctions from other
exchanges ( or remote n sub-connection unit )

2.3) SWITCHING MATRIX (SMX ) :

It is a single stage “ T ” . It is made up of Host Switching Matrix & branch
selection & Amplification Function , SMX is duplicated.

) AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS CONTROL STATION ( SMA ) :

It contains ETA & PUPEETA consists of freq. Receiver/Generator ,
conference calls CCTS . Tone Generators - PUPE Some DOES functions of
CCITT No. 7.

2.5 ) Control Units(SMC) : There are six control units as under :

a) Multiregister(MR) - for establishing and releasing of calls.

b) Transistor(TR) - for storing Exchange database.
c) Charging Unit(Tx) -for carrying out charging jobs.
d) Marker(MQ) - performs connection & disconnection of subscriber.
e) CCS-7 Controller(PC)- for carrying out routing & traffic management
functions.
f) Matrix System Handler(GX) - for monitoring connection in S/N

2.6 ) Operation & Maintenance Unit(SMM) :

It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for taking suitable
actions at the event of faults. It uses two identical microprocessors
Motorola-68030. There are two magnetic disks each of capacity 1.2GB for
various storage. One streamer drive of 525MB is provided for initialisation
and backup etc. There are two magnetic tape drives for transferring charging
data for billing etc subsequently. SMM is duplicated .

OMC (OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTER ) :

It is a general purpose computer called MITRA-225 supplied by M/S-CIT

Alcatel, France through M/s.ITI Ltd. One complete system consists of 1
CPU unit , 4 Magnetic Tape Unit (MTUs ) & 1 Hard-disk drive. 1 spare
system consisting of 1 CPU unit, 1 Magnetic Tape Unit & 1 Hard-disk drive
used as a stand by system .

REQUIREMENT OF OMC :
The normal call connection in E-10B exchange is independent of OMC .The
subscribers will not be affected if the OMC fails. This OMC system is
required by the mtce, staff for feeding/ retrieving information to / from E-
10B exchange. The following tasks will not be possible to carry out ,if the
OMC fails :-

i) Interrogation of sub. data like meter reading, status of phone-plus facility

etc.
ii) Modification of sub. data like creation/ addition /suppression of new sub.
line , barring/ restoring of STD service, providing/ deleting phone - plus
facilities etc
iii) Interrogation of Exchange data like status of all the units of exchange ,
status of PCM links, ckt. group status, traffic data etc
iv) Monitoring of exchange data, sub-data, like periodic traffic report,
junction report, observation data, print out of fault messages generated by
various units, repair of various diagnostics, testing of sub. lines, testing of
junction etc.
v) Retrieval Of Valuable Data :- Preparation of bimonthly meter- reading
tape (TAXIL Tape ), saving of memory data of control units (MMSU
Tape ) & preparation of system tape.

BASIC CONSTITU ENTS OF THE OMC SYSTEM :

The pictorial view of Mitra-225 OMC computer is shown in the fig. The
complete computer system is covered in 4 cabinets as shown below :-
1 ) CPU UNIT :- It consists of the following PCBs (Printed Ckt. Board )
CPU Power Supply AL01
Real Time Clock RTC
AMC Coupler EP-59
Magnetic Tape Coupler OP-50
Magnetic Tape Coupler MP-50
Disk Coupler NESSIE- Adaptor
Disk Coupler NESSIE- Operator
Watch -dog Timer EP-63
Asynchrous Coupler LP-55

The No. of LP-55 PCBs may vary from 1 to 4 depending upon no. of
terminals connected with this system. 1 LP-55 can cater 8 peripherals , for
more than 32 peripherals , extension shelf is to be used.
Eight - External Interrupt EP -54
MAE Coupler CP-51
CPU TN-51
256 kb Main Memory ME-03

2 ) MAGNETIC TAPE UNIT (MTU ) OR BM (BAND MAGNEIC ):-

The MTUs are used as auxiliary storage device .There are total 5 Magnetic
tape units, out of which 2 MTUs are provided with Formatter PCB &
designated as BM-0 (Mtce) & rest of the 4 i.e. BM-0 , BM-1 , BM-2 ,
BM-3 are used for normal system working . The Magnetic Tape Unit BM-0
is of more importance because it controls rest of the 3 drives will not work .
In such event we have use BM-0 ( Mtce ) in place of BM-0 ( service ).
The magnetic Tape Units are used for the following functions :-

• Storing Detail - Billing Messages ( GTDT Tape )

• Storing fault & anomaly messages ( OFFA Tape )
• Preparing subscriber’s -meter - reading Tape ( TAXIL Tape )
• Preparing control units m/m data Tape (MMSV Tape )
• Preparing system Tape ( System Tape )

VARIOUS TYPES OF MTUs USED IN THE SYSTEM :-

With the fast technology upgradation , everytime we find new type/ model
of magnetic tape unit . Presently ,3 types of MTUs are available at different
OMC sites in India :-
1) PERTEC type - Made in USA
2) DDF type - Made in France
3) DDF- PERTEC type -Made in France

To save the detail Billing Messages , when the OMC fails , 1 mag. Tape
unit (BM-0) is provided in DSF rack of each E-10B exchange . The DDF
tupe & DDF- PERTEC type microprocessor based mag. tape units used in
OMC as BM-0 are fully compatible with the DDF or DDF-PERTEC Type
BM-0 used in DSF rack .

DISK UNIT UD-80 :-

This is also used as auxiliary m/m for MITRA-225 Co0mputer . It plays a

vitial role in man -m/c dialogue . The system & application data of different
E-10B exdchanges connected, with the OMC are stored in the
disk drive . The data storage capacity is 80 mega byte. Out of the 2 disk
driver ,1 is connected to service CPU & the other is kept as standby disk.

In earlier supplies of MITRA-225, the disk packs inside the OD-80 disk
drive; removable disk pack and fixed disk pack and fixed disk pack. All the
useful data are stored an fixed disk pack.

Two Filters :

One prefilter and one absolute filters are used in UD-80 disk drive to
provide a dust -free enviroment in disk area. Periodic clearing of pre-filter
and change of absolute filter is a must for fault free operation of the UD-80
disk drive.

Possibilty of Head crash due to Dust :

The diagram below depicts how the head crash can occur in disk due to
presence of various types of dust particles on disk surface.

By way of indication, we are showing below the comparitive sizes of some

pollutants and the height of the head.

SERVICE TERMINAL MAE :

The service terminal MAE is used as computer console keyboard for direct
dialogue with computer. OMC system is initialised through this terminal.
There are two MAE provided, one for service unit & other for standby
system.

Other Peripherals :

• Tele Type Writer(TTY)

• Video Display Unit(VDU)
• Printer

These peripherals are the media through which man-machine dialogue takes
place. The no. of TTY/VDU/IR depends on No. of exchanges connected,
size of each exchange, no. of fault controlposition in test rooms. As
mentioned earlier, 8 terminals can be connected to one LP-55 PCB in CPU
unit. For more than 4LP-55 PCBs(i.e for connecting more than 32 terminals)
extension shelf has to be installed to accommodate more LP-55 PCBs. These
TTY/VDU/IR are located in exploitation room or test room . For shorter
distances(about 100ft), these peripherals can be directly connected to OMC.
Use of peripherals at distant places require MODEM. These MODEMS are
installed in BMO rack in the OMC room. The TTYs work at 300 Bauds
speed while VDU & IR work at 1200 Baud speed.

WHETHER REGULAR MAINTENANCE OF MITRA- 225 OMC

SYSTEM REQUIRED :

As most of the peripheral devices are of electromechanical type, hence

periodic checking for their wear and tear and cleaning is also required. The
Mtce schedule for the OMC & peripherals to be carried out by exchange
Mtce staff. These Mtce tasks should be performed timely to ensure fault-
free operation and long life of peripherals. The details of tasks carrried out
by RMC team during & monthly periodic Mtce .

Each OMC site has been supplied with one DELSEY TOOLKIT, Test Tapes
called SEMS tape, SKEW tape, MTCIT tape and spares and consumerable.
These items are used for testing the CPU PCBs, MTUS, Disks and other
peripherals.

POINTS TO BE CHECKED DURING INSPECTION OF MITRA-225

OMC SYSTEM :

POINTS COMMENTS
1 ) Whether OMC System is working 1 ) There should not be frequent link
normal without any link failure failure problem.
problem ?
2 ) Are there frequent TRAP 2 ) For a reliable system no such
messages or DISC Access Error messages should come .
messages on MAE ?
3 ) How many units of OMC are 3 ) Whenever any MTU-01 & /or
down ? UP-80 disk is faulty , immediate
action should be taken to get it
repaired .
4 ) How many OMC PCBs of CPU 4 ) It should be reported to RMC .
rack are pending faulty ?
5 ) Whether exchange mtce, staff are 5 ) These should be carried out as
properly carrying out mtce activities prescribed by DOT .
as per DOT guidelines ?
6 ) Whether 6 monthly periodic mtce 6 ) Normally , after every 6 months ,
is being carried out by RMC team ? the absolute filters of both UD -80
Absolute filter of UD-80 disk driven disk drives has to be replaced by new
has been changed or not . one to avoid head-crash & disk
failure .
7 ) Whether all OMC activities are 7 ) All activities should be recorded
being properly recorded in “OMC in proper format as suggested by
mtce log book”. DOT .

8 ) Whether sufficient no. of spare 8 ) A min. 36 mag. tapes of good

mag. tapes are available ? quality should always be available
(for 1 OMC + 1 Exchange ).
9 ) Are the mag. tapes properly 9 )Mag. tapes should be stacked one
stored in a cup board & records of over others, instead they should be
their use mainted in register ? properly arranged in well protected
cup board . A record should be
maintained to identify much useed
tapes for replacement .
10 ) Whether all the staff on duty are 10 ) All mtce staff of JTO level &
able to “Initialise the OMC” & above should at least know OMC
opening of mag. tape for GTDT / initialization & mag. tape operation .
OPFA ?
11) How many peripherals TTY/ IR/ 11 ) Fault should be localized by
VDU are faulty? exch.-staff & reported to RMC.
12 ) Whether all the tools available 12 ) If any tools are missing/ lost, the
in DELSEY TOOL KIT ? same should be arranged
immediately.
13 ) Whether MMSU tape is being 13 ) The MMSU tape should be
prepared every week ? prepared atleast once in a week for
each exch. Connected to OMC &
should be tested for loading of data
in control unit from DSF once in a
month.
14 ) Whether proper environmental 14 ) Relative humidity ; temp. & dust
conditions are maintained in OMC free environment should be
room ? maintained for proper & fault free
operation of OMC & peripherals.

ARRANGEMENT OF PASSWORD AND GROUPING OF COMMANDS :

1) There are nearly 320 commands available in E-10B system for

performing various functions . These commands are grouped & put into
16 different classes. Any class of command can be put in password for
protection . There is a complete flexibility regarding arrangement of
commands in different classes in E-10B exchanges. Whatever has been
arranged by the installer either the some is being followed or some DEs
are arranging commands as per their convenience . It is also noticed that
in some exchanges , some important commands are not guarded by
password.
It has further been noticed that it is possible to prevent incrementing of
subs. meter reading during STD call by entering certain commands are
possible misuse of this deficiency in this system cannot be avoided with the
intention of mal-practice. This deficiency in the system has already been
brought to the notice of TEC for working out suitable preventive solution.

2 ) Till the time TEC is able to bring out suitable solutions to streamline the
arrangement of password in E-10B exchange a committee was constituted by
MTNL , Bombay & RMC , Bombay.

EWSD EXCHANGE SYSTEM

Introduction :-
After years of being treated as a luxury, telecommunications has come into
its own in the eighth Plan. The Department of Telecommunications has
announced ambitious plans for the addition of 7.5 million lines to the
existing 5.8 million by the end of the 8th plan(1992-97) as compared to only
3.2 million in 1982-92.

To bridge the gap between the supply and demand DoT invited a tender for
200,000 lines of switching equipment on Rupee payment. In the industrial
policy of July 1991, Telecom. equipment was delicenesed and through open
to foreign investments. Consequently six new technologies were planned to
be validated. These foreign suppliers set up their validation exchanges, each
of 10,000 lines capacity(including two RSUs of 2K each), at different
places, e.g. EWSD of Siemens(Germany) at Calcutta, AXE-10 of
Ericsson(Sweden) at madras, Fetex-150 of fujitsu(Japan) at Bombay, OCB-
283 of ALCATEL(France) at Delhi etc.

Three new Digital Switching Systems, i.e., EWSD,AXE-10, Fetex-150,

which got validated first, were inducted in the Indian Telecom. Network &
three lakh lines were imported from these three suppliers. In addition 3.5
lakhs lines were also imported on lease basis from these suppliers.
Subsequently four more switches, i.e., OCB-283 of ALCATEL(France) ,
5ESS of AT&T(USA), System-X of GPT(UK) and NEAR-61E of
NEC(Japan) also got validated.

EWSD is one of the two technologies selected for TAX and is also the
technology for Intelligent Network and Mobile Communication.

SYSTEM FEATURES :-

EWSD Digital Switching System has been designed and manufactured and
designed and manufactured by M/s Siemens , Germany. The name is
abbreviated form of German equivalent of Electronic Switching System
Digital EWSD switch can support maximum 2,50,000 subscribers of 60,000
incoming, outgoing or both way trunks, when working as a pure tandem
exchange. It can carry 25,200 Erlang traffic and can withstand 1.4 million
BHCA. It can work as local cum transit exchange and has CCS No..7, ISDN
and IN capabilities .

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE :-
The main hardware units of an EWSD Switch are as under :-

(1) Digital Line Unit (DLU) :- functional unit on which subscriber lines
are terminated.

(2 ) Line/Trunk Group (LTG) :- Digital Trunks are connected to LTGs.

The access function determined by the network environment are handled by

DLUs and LTGs.

(3) Switching Network (SN) :- All the LTGs are connected to the SN
which inter connects the line and trunks connected to the exchange in
accordance with the call requirement of the subscribers. CCNC and CP are
also connected to SN.

(4) Co-ordination Processor (CP) :- It is used for system-wide

coordination functions, such as, routing, zoning, etc. However each
subsystem in EWSD carryout practically all the tasks arising in their area
independently.

(5) Common Channel Signalling Network Control (CCNC) Unit :- This

unit functions as the Message Transfer Part(MTP) of CCS-7. The User
Part(UP) is incorporated in the respective LTGs.

Block diagram of EWSD is given in fig.1. It also shows that the most
important controls are distributed throughout the system. This distributed
control reduces the coordination overheads and the necessity of
communication between the processors. It results in high dynamic
performance standard.

For inter-processor communications, 64 kbps semipermanent connections

are set through SN. This avoids the necessity for a separate interprocessor
network.

SUBSCRIBER / ADMINISTRATION FACILITIES IN EWSD :-

1. Rapid call set up :-

- Abbreviated Dialing
- Hotline Immediate
- Hotline with Time Out
2. Call Restriction Services :-
 - O/G Restrictions
- Administration Controlled
- Subs controlled
- I/C Barring
3. Absent Subscriber Services
- Immediate diversion
- Diversion on no reply
- to operator
- to a number
- to announcement
4. Call Completion services
- Diversion on busy
- Call Waiting
- Call priority(originating & terminating)
5. Multiparty services
- Conference call
- Tele-meeting
6. Alarm call booking :-
- Casual
- Regular (number of consecutive days)
7. Services to PBX
- Direct dialing in (for different PBX capacities)
- Line hunting
8. Miscellaneous Services
- Malicious call identification
- All calls
- Special subscriber signal
9. Call charge services :-
- Separate counters for Local Call charges, STD/ISD calls charges,
Number of calls, Service
activation charges and Service usage charges
- Transmission of meter pulses
- Preventive meter observation (adjustable threshold)

SYSTEM DATA

Call -handling capacity No. of Subscriber lines - max. 250

000
No. of Trunks - max. 60
000
 Switchable traffic - max. 25
200 E

Supply Voltage -48 V nominal direct voltage

Clock accuracy Maximum relative frequency

deviation :
plesiochoronous 10 exp -9 ;
synchronous 10 exp. -11

Signaling systems All conventional signaling systems,

e.g CCITT R2, No.5, No. 7

Analog subscriber line & trunk Various loop and shunt resistance
accesses possible.
Push-button dialing, Multifrequency.
Signaling to CCITT
Recommendation q.23
Rotary dialing : 5 to 22 pulse/s

ISDN accesses Basic access : 160

kbps(2B+D+sync.)
B=64 kbps, D=16
kbps

Primary rate access : 2048

kbps(30B+D+sync.)

Digital trunk accesses 2048 kbps

Traffic routing Per destination max. 7 high-usage

routes and one final route Sequential
or random selection of idle trunk of a
trunk group
Number of trunk groups per
exchange :
Max. 1000 incoming and
Max. 1000 outgoing and
Max. 1000 bothway

Call charge registration Periodic pulse metering,

 AMA : Automatic Message
Accounting or
Detailed Billing(CAMA,
LAMA)
IARSTAT (Inter Administration
Revenue accounting
and Statistics)

Max.127 zones
Max.6 tariffs per zone
Tariff switchover possible in15-
minute timing intervals
Transmission of communication data
to computer center (output on tape
also possible)
Space requirements Examlpe : Exchange for 24000 lines
units appro.100
meter square.

Environmental conditions Ambient temperature : 5 degree

centigrade to 40
degree
centigrade
Relative humidity : 10% to 80%