10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

Unit 1 Session - 1 Digital Principles

Objectives
Understand the difference between analog and digital signals Based on input conditions, determine the output of a buffer, a tri tri-state state buffer, an inverter, a tri-state state inverter, an AND gate, and an OR gate Recognize digital logic symbols

Introduction
Today, life is with electronics. Electronics has penetrated every aspect of everyones life. Electronic circuits and systems are divided into two broad categories (based on the type of signals they process): Analog Electronic Circuits Digital Electronic Circuits

Logic design is the design of logic circuits which are basicall basically y digital electronic circuits. Electrical, electronics and computer engineers need to have a thorough understanding of logic circuits. These circuits are used to build digital computers, digital calculators, mobile phones, communication systems, and modern household appliances like Television Television, music systems, DVD players, etc. Analog Electronic Circuits Analog electronic circuits are designed esigned for use with small signals signals. It exhibits linear inear operation. operation Example: Voltage amplifier

The output voltage is the faithful amplified version of the input voltage signal. Digital Electronic Circuits Digital electronic circuits are used with large signals signals. It exhibits non-linear operation. Example: Remote control circuit ircuit for automatic switching of a light B. S. Umashankar, BNMIT Page 1

10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

The signal is the current from a light light-sensing sensing circuit. The output signal is just ON or OFF and it is not an amplified version of the e input signal. Analog Signal It is continuous and all possible values are represented (Continuous (Continuous-time signal). Virtually all naturally occurring physical phenomena are analog signals signals. Temperature, emperature, Pressure, Velocity, and Speech (Sound) are signals that take on all possible values between given limits Example: Consider the temperature emperature of water that is heated, which is continuously recorded recorded. It changes smoothly from 23oC (room temp.) to 80oC as shown below:

Discrete-Time Signal Discrete-time signal is defined efined at discrete times times. It may ay arise by sampling a continuous-time continuous signal, or can be generated directly by some discrete discrete-time process. Example: Consider that water temperature is measured and recorded only once every minute.

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

Digital Signal

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

In a digital signal both oth time and amplitude are discrete discrete. It represents only a finite number of discrete values as shown in figure below:

A simple digital signal has only two discrete levels as shown in figure below:

The two discrete levels are represente represented d as low level (L) and high level (H). It is called a logic (binary) signal.

Digital Circuits and Systems

In digital circuits and systems, both oth the input and the output are digital signals signals. . The digital circuits are widely used since they have the followi following advantages: The digital circuit elements usually operate in one of the two states ON / OFF states, resulting in simple circuit operation. Digital circuits are realized as integrated circuits which are highly reliable, extremely small in size, and cost very less. Design of digital circuits needs knowledge of Boolean algebra and basic concepts of electrical network analysis that is simple and easy to learn.

But the signals around us are analog, for example, temperature, pressure, velocity, and speech signal. si Processing analog signals is difficult. So we convert the analog signal into digital signal using an analog to digital converter (ADC) circuit. The digital signal is processed in a digital circuit. The resulting digital output signal is next converted erted back to analog signal using the digital digital-to-analog analog converter (DAC) circuit.

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

The complete process is as shown in the figure below:

Binary System
Digital electronics today involve circuits that have exactly two possible states states. A system having only two states is said to be binary ( bi means two) two). The binary number system has exactly two values 0 and 1 and is widely used in digital electronics electronics. The operation of a digital electronics circuit can be described in terms of its voltage levels. There e are only two voltage levels levels. Clearly, one voltage is more positive than the other. The more positive voltage is the Hi High (H) level, and other is the Low ow (L) level . Ideal Digital Signal The voltage levels in an ideal digital circuit will ha have values of either +5 V or 0 V. The voltages change (switch) between values, instantaneously. The ideal digital signal is as shown in figure below:

Digital Waveforms The output voltage level of any digital circuit depends somewhat on its load load. The circuit must act ac as a current source to deliver the current Io to the load. Loading of Digital Circuit (Vo= H) Consider the digital circuit connected to a load and the output voltage level is High (H) as shown in figure below:

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

The circuit may not be capable of delive delivering the necessary Io while maintaining +5 V. VOH,min is the minimum value of the output voltage when high high. Loading of Digital Circuit (Vo= L) Consider the digital circuit connected to a load and the output voltage level is Low (L) as shown in figure below:

The digital circuit must act as a current sink sink. It must be capable of accepting a current Io from the load and delivering to ground. VOL,max is the maximum value of the output voltage when low. low

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

Switching Time

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

A finite amount of time is required for Vo to make the transition (switch) between levels. Consider the switching in a digital circuit as shown below:

Fall Time The time required for Vo to make the transition from its high level to its low level is defined as fall time tf. For ease of measurement we use 0.9 H and 1.1 L. Example: If H = 4 V and L = 0.2 V 0.9 H = 3.6 V and 1.1 L = 0.22 V Rise Time The time required for Vo to make the transition from its low level to its high level is defined as rise time tr It is measured between 1.1 L and 0.9 H. Period and Frequency There are many occasions where a symmetrical digital signal will be used. The electronic circuit used to generate this square wave is referred to as the system clock. Consider a symmetrical digital signal as shown:

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

The period of waveform: T The frequency f = 1/T Duty Cycle Duty cycle is a convenient measure of how symmetrical or how unsymmetrical a waveform is. is Consider the waveform:

Duty cycle H = tH / T Duty cycle L = tL/ T Duty Cycle for Symmetrical Wave

Duty cycle H = Duty cycle L = (T/2) / T = 0.5

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

Digital Logic: Generating Logic Levels

The digital logic levels can be produced using switches as shown: Switch is DOWN, Vo = L

Switch is UP, Vo = H

Switch is easy to use and easy to understand, but it must be operated manually.

Generating Logic Levels using Relay

A relay is a switch that is actuated by applying a voltage Vi to a coil as shown:

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

The coil current develops a magnetic field that moves the switch arm from one contact to the other. other Switches and relays were useful in the construction of early machines used for calculation and/or logic operations. Disadvantages: Bulkier Cannot switch rapidly

They are replaced by digital ICs.

The Buffer
A buffer is an electronic switch. It is actuated by the input voltage Vi. Its operation is similar to the relay. The buffer is capable of delivering additional current to a load, hence the name buffer amplifier. amplifier The Buffer Operation Truth Table: Vi 0 1 Model: Vo 0 1

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

Symbol:

The Tri-state Buffer

Consider a digital system with the possibilities: There may be more than one input signal and it is necessary to connect only one signal at a time time. The output may need to be directed to more than one destination, one at a time. It is a simple buffer wit with h an additional switch controlled by an input G. G Model:

When G is low (0), this switch is open and the output is disconnected from the buffer buffer. Symbol:

When G is high, the switch is closed and the output follows the input input.

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

Truth Table:

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

Vi 0 1 0 1

G 0 0 1 1

Vo open open 0 1

In effect, the control signal G connects the buffer to the load or disconnects the buffer from the load. load Since it generates three types of signals, it is called three-state buffer or tri-state state buffer. buffer

The Inverter
One of the most basic operations in n a digital system is inversion, or negation. This requires a circuit that will invert a digital signal. This his logic circuit is called an inverter, or a NOT circuit circuit. Model:

Truth table: Vi 0 1 Vo 1 0

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

Symbols:

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

The Tri-State Inverter

When G is low, the inverter is connected to the output output. Truth Table: Vi 0 1 0 1 G 0 0 1 1 Vo 1 0 open open

The AND Gate

An AND gate is a digital circuit having two or more inputs and a single output output. The AND gate has a high output only when all inputs are high high.

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

Two- input AND Gate Truth table:

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

V1 0 0 1 1

V2 0 1 0 1

Vo 0 0 0 1

Model:

Symbol:

The OR Gate
An OR gate is also a digital circuit having two or more inputs and a single output output. The OR gate output is high if any or all of the input voltages are high high.

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

Two-input OR gate Truth table:

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

V1 0 0 1 1 Model:

V2 0 1 0 1

Vo 0 1 1 1

Symbol:

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10CS 33 LOGIC DESIGN

Questions

UNIT 1 Digital Principles, Digital Logic

1. Give the characteristics of an analog signal and a digital signal. 2. The waveform given below has a duty cycle D = 0.2, and the positive pulses occur every 500 s. What is the width of each positive pulse?

3. Construct a truth table for a 3-input input AND gate. 4. What is a tri-state circuit?

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