The new civics education: An integrated approach for Australian schools

Print, Murray . Social Education 60.7 (Nov/Dec 1996): 443-446. Turn on it i! "i! tin! #or $%ea&in! 'ro($er$ )i*e i! "i! tin! +n t e %a$t t ree year$, t ere a$ 'een a *ra,atic revita"i-ation o# civic$ e*ucation #or u$e in .u$tra"ian $c oo"$. T e ne( civic$ e*ucation in .u$tra"ia !oe$ 'eyon* tra*itiona" 'ro,i*e$ to tac&"e i$$ue$ o# u,an va"ue$ an* ,u"tiet nicity. T e %a$t t ree year$ ave (itne$$e* a *ra,atic revita"i-ation o# civic$ e*ucation #or u$e in .u$tra"ian $c oo"$. +n t i$ 'rie# %erio*, .u$tra"ian e*ucator$ ave %artici%ate* in a ,a/or nationa" in0uiry into civic$ e*ucation, initiate* a nationa" curricu"u, ,ateria"$ %ro/ect, co,,ence* re$earc to create a $u'$tantive teac er &no("e*!e 'a$e, *eve"o%e* center$ o# civic$ e*ucation, an* con$tructe* %ro!ra,$ #or teac er %re%aration. 1 i"e t i$ revita"i-ation i$ not yet (e"" !roun*e* in .u$tra"ian $c oo"$, t e $ituation $ ou"* c an!e *ra,atica""y in t e very near #uture. T e$e *eve"o%,ent$ in .u$tra"ia $ ou"* 'e $een a$ %art o# a rene(e* (or"*(i*e intere$t in civic$ e*ucation. T e *i$inte!ration o# t e #or,er co,,uni$t '"oc in 2a$tern 2uro%e a$ $ti,u"ate* t e nee* #or citi-en$ i% e*ucation (it in ne( *e,ocratic conte3t$. Do,e$tic %ro'"e,$ (it in ,any .$ian an* .#rican nation$ ave a"$o i! "i! te* i$$ue$ o# citi-en$ i% an* $%urre* renev.(a" o# civic$ e*ucation. Mean( i"e, $ucce$$#u" *e,ocracie$ $uc a$ t e 4nite* 5tate$, 6ana*a, 7ritain an* .u$tra"ia are re#"ectin! u%on t e nature o# citi-en$ i% an* t e ro"e o# civic$ e*ucation (it in t e ne( (or"* or*er. .$ %eo%"e in t e$e countrie$ $ee& to an$(er t e 0ue$tion, 1 at *oe$ it ,ean to 'e an .,erican8 a 6ana*ian8 an .u$tra"ian8, #un*a,enta" i$$ue$ o# civic$ e*ucation are co,in! to t e #ore#ront. T e Ne( 6ivic$ 2*ucation De$%ite it$ recency, t e ne( civic$ e*ucation in .u$tra"ia a$ a"rea*y ta&en a c"ear"y *e#ina'"e $ a%e. +t i$ 'roa*er an* ,ore co,%re en$ive t an ear"ier e##ort$. 1 i"e &no("e*!e o# !overn,ent, t e con$titution, citi-en ri! t$, civic re$%on$i'i"ity, an* .u$tra"ian %o"itica" i$tory re,ain %ivota" co,%onent$, t ey are on"y a %art o# t e tota" "earnin! in ( ic $tu*ent$ (i"" %artci%ate. . centra" %"an& o# t e ne( civic$ e*ucation i$ "earnin! a'out environ,enta" i$$ue$ an* t e nee* #or eco"o!ica" $u$taina'i"ity. .u$tra"ia9$, an* t e (or"*9$, #ra!i"e environ,ent %o$e$ ,any %ro'"e,$ an* re0uire$ %rotection 'y an in#or,e* an* active %o%u"ace. ."" .u$tra"ian$, an* %articu"ar"y t e youn!, nee* to a**re$$ t e$e i$$ue$ 'ot "oca""y an* !"o'a""y. To 'eco,e e##ective citi-en$ o# t eir *e,ocracy, .u$tra"ian$ nee* to 'e in#or,e* an* critica""y active %artici%ant$. 6urrent"y, "itt"e o%%ortunity e3i$t$ #or youn!

.u$tra"ian$ to "earn to 'e %artici%atin! citi-en$ t rou! t e $c oo" curricu"u,. :et .u$tra"ian $ociety e3%ect$ a"" a*u"t citi-en$ to #u"#i"" t eir civic *utie$, an* votin! i$ co,%u"$ory. +n "earnin! t e ro"e o# citi-en, .u$tra"ian $tu*ent$ nee* to "oo& 'eyon* t e con#inin! $tricture$ o# nationa"i$,. T e ne( civic$ e*ucation ar!ue$ #or ,u"ti%"e %er$%ective$ o# citi-en$ i%, ,eanin! t at %eo%"e ,ay %"ay civic ro"e$ at "oca", nationa", re!iona", an* internationa" "eve"$. T u$, ( i"e t e "e!a" conce%t o# citi-en$ i% i$ con#ine* to a $in!"e country, .u$tra"ian$ ,ay %erceive citi-en$ i% a$ 'ein! nationa" (#or e"ection$ an* $%ortin! event$), re!iona" (#or *e#ence an* tra*e), an* !"o'a" (#or environ,ent an* econo,ic $ta'i"ity) (it out #ee"in! unco,#orta'"e or un%atriotic a'out t eir vie($. T e ne( civic$ e*ucation ta&e$ an inc"u$ive %o$ition (it in t e $c oo" curricu"u,. +t $ee&$ to invo"ve a"" !rou%$ "ivin! in .u$tra"ia, inc"u*in! in*i!enou$ an* et nica""y *iver$e %eo%"e$, in "ivin! to!et er in a ar,oniou$ ,anner. To con$i*er a"ternative o%tion$ i$ untena'"e. ;or .u$tra"ian$ to continue to co-e3i$t %eace#u""y a,on!$t t e,$e"ve$, et nic an* cu"tura" to"erance i$ %ara,ount.

.n e$$entia" #eature o# t e ne( civic$ e*ucation i$ t e *e"i'erate treat,ent o# va"ue$ e*ucation. T e curricu"u, e,% a$i-e$ t e re$%on$i'i"itie$ a$ (e"" a$ t e ri! t$ o# citi-en$, an* encoura!e$ %o"itica" %artici%ation-in a "i'era" *e,ocratic conte3t-'ot nationa""y an* internationa""y. T e ne( civic$ e3a,ine$ i$$ue$ o# $ocia" /u$tice, to"erance o# ot er$, t e co,,on !oo*, ,a/ority ru"e, an* ot er va"ue %o$ition$ e$$entia" to an e##ective *e,ocracy. +n our ,o*e, $ociety, ,any a$%ect$ o# civic "i#e va"ue* in t e %a$t $ee, to ave #a"tere*. <ne $uc vita" a$%ect i$ t e re"ation$ i% o# in*ivi*ua"$ to t e co,,unity. T e ne( civic$ e*ucation i$ !roun*e* in t e %rinci%"e$ o# a civi" $ociety, t e e$$ence o# ( ic i$ to %rovi*e o%%ortunity #or in*ivi*ua" intere$t$ to #"ouri$ (it in t e con$traint$ o# $ocieta" *e,an*$. T e ne( civic$ $ee&$ to %ro,ote civi"ity 'et(een %eo%"e$, an* to en ance t e e##ectivene$$ o# t e co,,unity a$ a co e$ive $u%%ort ve ic"e #or it$ ,e,'er$. ;ina""y t e ne( civic$ e*ucation (i"" %"ay an inte!rative ro"e (it in t e $c oo" curricu"u,. T e 6ivic$ 23%ert =rou%, ( ic (a$ in$tru,enta" in creatin! t e ne( civic$, ar!ue* a!ain$t ,a&in! citi-en$ i% e*ucation a $%ecia" $c oo" $u'/ect (62=, 1994). >at er, t e !rou% $a( !reater va"ue in inte!ratin! it (it i$tory, $ocia" $tu*ie$, econo,ic$, an* ot er $u'/ect$ (it in t e "earnin! area &no(n a$ 5tu*ie$ o# 5ociety an* t e 2nviron,ent (5<52). T e ne( civic$ e*ucation i$ conce%tua"i-e* a$ #unctionin! acro$$ ,any "earnin! area$, acro$$ ,any $c oo" year$, an* even acro$$ t e entire $c oo". . $c oo"-'a$e* environ,ent %ro/ect, #or e3a,%"e, cou"* enco,%a$$ a"" c"a$$e$ (it in a $c oo". To e"% ac ieve t e !oa" o# inte!ration, t e 6ivic$ an* 6iti-en$ i% 2*ucation 5c oo"$ 6urricu"u, Materia"$ Pro/ect (66256MP) (i"" %rovi*e teac er$ (it o%%ortunitie$ to inte!rate civic$ e*ucation.

+n $u,, t e ne( civic$ e*ucation (on9t 'e t e tra*itiona" civic$, t at i$, a $tu*y o# !overn,ent in$titution$ an* %o"itica" %roce$$e$ "i'era""y "ace* (it a*a!e$ a'out 'ein! a !oo* citi-en. T e o"* a%%roac i$ in$u##icient #or e*ucatin! %eo%"e to 'eco,e e##ective citi-en$ in a ,o*ern *e,ocracy. 5i,i"ar"y t e ne( civic$ e*ucation i$ not *e$i!ne* to 'e tau! t in a rote, %e*antic, an* e3%o$itory ,anner, (it eavy *e%en*ence on a con$ervative te3t'oo& T e ne( civic$ e*ucation %rovi*e$ an o%%ortunity #or a revita"i-ation o# %e*a!o!y a$ (e"" a$ curricu"u, in .u$tra"ian $c oo"$. T i$ (i"" 'e t e c a""en!e #or .u$tra"ian teac er$, i# it i$ to $uccee*. >eac in! 6ritica" Ma$$ To un*er$tan* ( y t e ne( civic$ e*ucation a$ evo"ve* in .u$tra"ia, t(o 0ue$tion$ nee* to 'e %o$e*. 1 y a$ a critica" ,a$$ o# intere$t an* $u%%ort #or civic$ e*ucation 'een ac ieve*8 .n*, $econ*, ( y no(8 ."t ou! $o,e re$earc er$ ave 'een a(are o# a "ac& o# o%%ortunity to $tu*y civic$-an* a re$u"tin! ?civic$ *e#icit? a,on! .u$tra"ian yout -#or $o,e ti,e (P i""i%$, 19@9A 55622T, 19@9), "itt"e (a$ *one to a,en* t i$ $ituation in an a"rea*y overcro(*e* curricu"u,. )o(ever, a critica" ,a$$ o# #actor$ a$ "e* to t e %oint ( ere citi-en$ i% i$ %erceive* a$ a crucia" e*ucationa" i$$ue, one *e,an*in! i,,e*iate re$o"ution an* one a"rea*y receivin! $u%%ort #ro, $i!ni#icant %o"itician$, %re$$ure !rou%$ an* e*ucationa" a*,ini$trator$. 1 at #actor$ contri'ute* to ac ievin! t i$ critica" ,a$$ o# $u%%ort8 6 an!in! internationa" %o"itica" con*ition$ ave %ro*uce* %ro#oun* concern (it i$$ue$ o# *e,ocracy, citi-en$ i% an* civic ro"e$ in .u$tra"ia an* e"$e( ere. T e *e,ocrati-ation %roce$$ in t e #or,er co,,uni$t $tate$ o# 2a$te, 2uro%eA t e e,er!ence o# %o(er#u" tra*in! '"oc$ $uc a$ t e 2uro%ean 6o,,unity an* t e Nort .,erican ;ree Tra*e .$$ociationA t e reuni#ication o# t e =er,an %eo%"e$A t e active ro"e o# t e 4nite* Nation$ a$ an internationa" %eace an* %o"icin! a!encyA t e '"oo*y *i$,e,'erin! o# t e #or,er :u!o$"aviaA t e !"o'a"i-ation o# t e (or"* econo,yA t e %otentia" o# co,,unication$ tec no"o!y to 'rea& *o(n 'arrier$ o# $%ace an* ti,eA an* t e un%rece*ente* ,ove,ent o# %eo%"e$ acro$$ tra*itiona" nationa" 'oun*arie$: a"" ave a##ecte* t e (ay .u$tra"ian$ an* t eir !overn,ent o##icia"$ ave co,e to $ee t e,$e"ve$.

.$ %art o# t i$ %roce$$, .u$tra"ian$ ave 'e!un to re#"ect u%on t eir o(n nationa" i*entity. ;un*a,enta" i$$ue$ ave 'een rai$e* a'out t e re"ation$ i% 'et(een 2uro%ean an* in*i!enou$ .u$tra"ian$, %articu"ar"y over t e i$$ue$ o# reconci"iation an* "an*. T e re"ation$ i%$ 'et(een 2uro%ean-*e$cen*e* an* ,ore recent i,,i!rant$ to .u$tra"ia%articu"ar"y t o$e #ro, .$ia-a"$o *e,an* con$i*eration. .u$tra"ia i$ no "on!er a country ( ere t e !reat ,a/ority o# %eo%"e c"ai, $o,e #or, o# .n!"o-6e"tic erita!e. <##icia" !overn,ent %o"icy, re#"ectin! t e %ro#oun*"y c an!e* *e,o!ra% ic $tructure o# our %eo%"e, no( %roc"ai,$ .u$tra"ia to 'e a i! "y ,u"ticu"tura" $ociety. :et ,any recent i,,i!rant$ ave "itt"e e3%erience (it an

e##ective, (or&in! *e,ocracy, a $ituation ( ic a$ 'een i*enti#ie* a$ in nee* o# attention (Benne*y, et a", 1993A 62=, 1994). T i$ reco!nition a$ %ro*uce* #urt er re#"ective 0ue$tionin! o# ( o (e are, ( ere (e (i$ to !o, an* o( (e (i$ to !et t ere. Tra*itiona" "oya"tie$ an* va"ue$ t at #or!e* t e *eve"o%,ent o# our country an* our $e"#i,a!e are a"$o 'ein! ri!orou$"y 0ue$tione*. .u$tra"ian$ are increa$in!"y "oo&in! a(ay #ro, =reat 7ritain an* 2uro%e, an* to(ar* .$ia an* t e 4nite* 5tate$, #or our econo,ic, %o"itica" an* cu"tura" #uture. No( ere a$ t i$ 'een ,ore %o(er#u""y e3%re$$e* t an in our re"ation$ (it t e 7riti$ ,onarc y. T e ri$e o# re%u'"ican $enti,ent, #ue"e* 'y an a!!re$$ive Pri,e Mini$ter, a$ #ocu$e* nationa" attention on civic ,atter$ an* i$ c a""en!in! tra*itiona" tie$. 5 ou"* .u$tra"ia continue to $u%%ort con$titutiona" ,onarc y or 'eco,e a re%u'"ic8 T i$ *e'ate a$ $o,e *i$tance to trave", *e$%ite ine3ora'"y !ro(in! re%u'"ican $u%%ort t at re#"ect$ our *e,o!ra% ic c an!e$. 1it out *ou't, t e ,o$t in#"uentia" #actor in !a"vani-in! a critica" ,a$$ o# intere$t in civic$ e*ucation a$ 'een t e (or& o#t e 6ivic$ 23%ert =rou%. T eir (i*e"y acce%te* re%ort, 1 erea$ t e %eo%"e ....6ivic$an* 6iti-en$ i% 2*ucation (62=, 1994), a$ 'eco,e t e corner$tone o# t e ne( civic$ e*ucation. +n ana"y-in! t e con*ition$ o# citi-en$ i% an* civic e*ucation in .u$tra"ia, t e re%ort #oun* a ,a/or civic$ *e#icit to e3i$t a,on!$t .u$tra"ia9$ youn! %eo%"e. .$ ,entione* ear"ier, t e re%ort *i* not a*vocate ,a&in! civic$ a $e%arate $c oo" $u'/ect. Nor *i* it reco,,en* in/ectin! ,ore citi-en$ i% e*ucation into t e #ina" year$ o# $c oo"in!, ( ic are *o,inate* 'y %o(er#u" e3terna" e3a,ination$ (62=, 1994A Print, 199CA Benne*y, 1996). )o(ever, t e re%ort *i* reco,,en* $u'$tantia" $u%%ort #or civic$ e*ucation to 'e concentrate* in :ear$ C-10 (it in t e B1D curricu"u,. 5u%%ort #or t e ne( civic$ e*ucation inc"u*e$ t e %re%aration o# $%eci#ica""y-*eve"o%e* an* tec no"o!ica""y-current curricu"u, ,ateria"$, a$ (e"" a$ $u'$tantia" %ro#e$$iona" *eve"o%,ent #or .u$tra"ia9$ civic$ teac er$. T e$e %ro/ect$ are no( un*er(ay (it (i*e$%rea* e*ucationa" $u%%ort to en$ure t eir continuance. .# ter t ree *eca*e$ o# ne!"ect, .u$tra"ia no( $tan*$ %oi$e* to %artici%ate in t e ne( civic$ e*ucation. +$$ue$ #or 6ivic$ 2*ucator$ +,%"e,entin! t e ne( civic$ e*ucation (i"" 'e %ro'"e,atic #or civic$ e*ucator$. >eco!nition o# t e ne( civic$ e*ucation in .u$tra"ian $c oo"$ an* c"a$$roo,$ i$ "i&e"y to 'e $o,e( at contentiou$ *ue to t e recency o# it$ *eve"o%,ent. ;urt er,ore, a$ t e ,a/or t ru$t i$ co,in! #ro, t e !overn,ent an* e*ucationa" $y$te,$, .u$tra"ian $c oo"$ (i"" $oon e3%erience a ty%ica" center-%eri% ery curricu"u, i$$ue. Ma/or curricu"u, innovation$, $uc a$ t e 66256MP, (i"" 'e i,%"e,ente* to a**re$$ t e (i*e"y %erceive* nee* #or ,ore a*e0uate civic un*er$tan*in!. 1 et er or not t ey $uccee*, an* 'eco,e in$titutiona"i-e* (it in t e .u$tra"ian $c oo" curricu"u,, (i"" "ar!e"y re#"ect teac er $u%%ort over t e ne3t #e( year$. ;or teac er$ o# civic$, t e *e"i'erate a**re$$in! o# va"ue$ e*ucation in t e ne( civic$ e*ucation (i"" 'e a ,a/or i$$ue. Tra*itiona""y, teac er$ ave e$c e(e* %ur%o$e#u" va"ue$

e*ucation, an* no( t ey ,u$t #ace teac in! $uc va"ue$ a$ in*ivi*ua" ri! t$, $ocia" /u$tice, to"erance #or ot er$, a%%reciation o# *iver$ity, an* ,a/ority ru"e$ an* %artici%ation (it in a *e,ocracy (62=,1994A 7o$ton, 1996). . $i!ni#icant i$$ue #or teac er$ i$ t eir "eve" o# %re%are*ne$$ #or teac in! t e ne( civic$ e*ucation. =iven t e critica" ro"e teac er$ (i"" %"ay (62=, 1994A Print, 199C', 1996A 7o$ton, 1996), %ro#e$$iona" *eve"o%,ent a$ 'een ac&no("e*!e* a$ a vita" co,%onent in t e ne( civic$ e*ucation an* #un*e* a%%ro%riate"y. 1 et er it (i"" 'e $u##icient i$ %ro'"e,atica", a$ teac er &no("e*!e an* %e*a!o!ica" $&i""$ #or i,%"e,entin! t e ne( civic$ are a ,atter o# ,a/or concern (Print, 199C'A 7o$ton, 1996A Benne*y, 1996). Ei&e e*ucator$ in ot er countrie$, .u$tra"ian civic$ e*ucator$ are conce,e* t at $tu*ent a$$e$$,ent $ ou"* 'e a%%ro%riate. 1e nee* to *evi$e aut entic a$$e$$,ent tec ni0ue$ #or t e ne( civic$ e*ucation, $o t at t e ,ea$ure$ o# %er#or,ance re#"ect t e nature o# t e %ro!ra,$. T rou! an inte!rate* a%%roac to t e ne( civic$ e*ucation, (e can e3%ect !ra*uate$ o# .u$tra"ian $c oo"$ to 'e a'"e to: un*er$tan* t e $y$te, o# !overn,ent an* civic in$titution$ in .u$tra"ia, an* t e %roce$$e$ 'y ( ic *e,ocratic !overn,ent occur$, in or*er to %artici%ate active"y in .u$tra"ian *e,ocracy. a%%reciate t e e$$entia" an* #un*a,enta" conte,%orary *e,ocratic va"ue$ t at $u$tain our $y$te, o# !overn,ent, inc"u*in! in*ivi*ua" ri! t$, t e co,,on !oo*, /u$tice, e0ua"ity o# o%%ortunity, *iver$ity, trut , an* in*ivi*ua" re$%on$i'i"itie$. un*er$tan* ( at it ,ean$ to 'e a citi-en in .u$tra"ian $ociety, an* to e3erci$e a citi-en9$ ri! t$ an* re$%on$i'i"itie$. T i$ i$ e$$entia" to un*er$tan*in! o( %artici%ation, *eci$ion,a&in! an* %o(er o%erate in conte,%orary .u$tra"ian $ociety. un*er$tan* an* a%%reciate t e conce%t o# co,,unity (it it$ i,%"ication$ o# ,e,'er$ i%, $ are* va"ue$, an* concern #or citi-en$ an* t e co,,on !oo*. *e,on$trate t e a'i"ity to t in& critica""y an* ,a&e in#or,e* *eci$ion$ a$ a citi-en in a *e,ocracy, %articu"ar"y a$ re"ate* to t e in#"uence o# t e ,a$$ ,e*ia in ,o*ern $ociety. a un*er$tan* an* critica""y a%%reciate t e i$torica" antece*ent$ 'y ( ic our nation a$ evo"ve*. a%%reciate t e ric cu"tura" an* et nic *iver$ity o# .u$tra"ian $ociety, an* t e (ay *i##erent %eo%"e$ "ive to!et er (it to"erance an* acce%tance. co,%re en* ( at it ,ean$ to 'e a citi-en (it in re!iona" an* internationa" conte3t$, (it ,utua""y $ are* re!iona" an* !"o'a" ri! t$ an* re$%on$i'i"itie$. a%%reciate t e inter*e%en*ence o# citi-en$ an* t e environ,ent an* our $te(ar*$ i% over a !"o'a" environ,ent/eco"o!ica" $u$taina'i"ity. reco!ni-e t e "e!a" %roce$$e$ nece$$ary #or our *e,ocratic $y$te, to (or& e##ective"y (Print, 1996).

.n e3citin! #uture a(ait$ .u$tra"ian e*ucator$ a$ t ey a**re$$ t e *eve"o%,ent an* i,%"e,entation o# t e ne( civic$ e*ucation. T i$ (i"" 'e a civic$ curricu"u, t at none ave tau! t 'e#ore, an* ( ic -!iven current conte3t$-(i"" %rove e3tre,e"y c a""en!in!. Many ur*"e$ ,u$t 'e overco,e 'e#ore t e ne( civic$ e*ucation i$ an acce%te* co,%onent o# t e $c oo" curricu"u,. :et t i$ (i"" 'e a re(ar*in! e3%erience. References >e#erence$ References 7o$ton, B.?6ivic$ an* 6iti-en$ i%: Prioritie$ an* Direction$.?4nicorn DD,1 (1966): @-@@. 6ivic$ 2*ucation =rou% (5.Macintyre, c air). 1 erea$ t e %eo%"e.. 6ivic$ an* 6i"-en$ i%2*ucation. 6an'erra: .u$tra"ian =overn,ent Printin! 5ervice, 1994. Benne*y, B, <. 1att$ an* =. Mac*ona"*. 6iti-en$ i 2*ucat:on #or a Ne( .!e. Too(oo,'a Fueen$"an*: 4niver$ity o# 5out ern Fueen$"an*, 1993. Benne*y, B. (e*). Ne( 6 a""en!e$ #or 6iti-en$ i% 2*ucation. 6an'erra: .u$tra"ian 6urricu"u, 5tu*ie$ .$$ociation, 1996. P i""i%$, ). ?Po"itica" 2*ucation in .u$tra"ia: 1e""'ein! #or :out ? .u$tra"ian Gourna" o# Teac er 2*ucation 14, D (19@9): D1-34. Print, M. Po"ica" 4n*er$tan*in! an* .ttitu*e$ o# 5econ*ary 5tu*ent$. 6an'erra: 6o,,on(ea"t o# .u$tra"ia. 199Ca. Print, M (e*). 6ivic$ 2*ucation: +$$ue$ #ro, >e$earc an* Practice. 6an'erra: .65., 199C'. Print, M. 6once%tua" Den!n #or t e 6ivic$ an* 6it-- i-en$ i% 2*ucation 5c oo"$ 6urricu"u, Materia"$ ProGect. Me"'ourne: 6urricu"u, 6or%oration, 1996. 5enate 5e"ect 6o,,ittee on 2,%"oy,ent, 2*ucation an* Trainin!. .ctive Partic%ation rn 6iti-en$ i% 2*ucation. 6an'erra: .=P5, 19@9. 5enate 5e"ect 6o,,ittee on 2,%"oy,ent, 2*ucation an* Trainin!. .ctive Partici%ationrn 6iti-en$ i% 2*ucation >evi$e* 6an'erra: .=P5, 1991. AuthorAffiliation Murray Print i$ Director o# t e 6urricu"u, >e$earc an* Deve"o%,ent 6enter in t e ;acu"ty o# 2*ucation at t e 4niver$ity o# 5y*ney, Ne( 5out 1a"e$, .u$tra"ia. 6o%yri! t Nationa" 6ounci" #or t e 5ocia" 5tu*ie$ Nov/Dec 1996