English Pronunciation Part One The Sound System of English

Chapter 0 The Symbols

01 Familiar Consonant Symbols Voiced [b] [d] [g] [v] [M] [z] [I] [h] boat deed god verb those zoo usual home verb lead dog brave smooth ooze pleasure heir ginger tame ten singer clear door file year weird [p] [t] [k] [f] [L] [s] [N] [tN] Voiceless post tease kiss case fish thief sick cease shake check stop seat sick doc leaf teeth kiss nice cash catch

[dI] judge [m] [n] [H] [l] [r] [] [j] [w] mate net sing life road bell yes war

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Vowel Symbols [i] [0] [e] [G] [$] [A] [C] [o] [?] [u] [K] [D] [Q] ["] [a0] [a?] [C0] eat it ate Ed at odd all owe could ooze us ago doctor first eye out oy see bid lay bed bad god taw low good do buzz salad father early lie allow boy seed bit laid bet bat got taught load put food but fantasy alert lied loud void seat late

loaf took boot

light about voice

Chapter 1 The vowel of English and its movement

1 The basic notion of English vowels

front central back i u high I U e o mid E Q A low

Chapter 2 The vowel

1 The vowels [i] & [0] 03 The vowel [i] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. e bee D tea fee ease bead deed tease feed eat beat deep teeth feet

Sentences: 1. He sees the key point. 2. Please leave me in peace. 04 The vowel [-i] in -y or -ly 1. easy 2. busy 3. study Sentences 1. Im happy to see youve learned how to take it easy. 2. Finally I can get away from my busy life. 05 The vowel [0] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. is bid did middle minute it bit dip little visit

Sentences: 1. This kid is sick; he is shivering. 2. Give him six minutes to finish the quiz. 06 Contrast [0] and [i] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. is it did dip ship ease eat deed deep sheep

Sentences: 1. At least you can give me a list. 2. The sheep are on the ship now.

2 The vowels [e] and [G] 07 The vowel [G] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Egg bed dead tell fed X bet debt tech fetch

Sentences: 1. The weather there is great. 2. The red pepper does not sell well in the west. 08 The vowel [e] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a bay day stay Kay aid bade days tail cave eight bate date take cake

Sentences: 1. They played all day. 2. Whats your name? Are you James? 09 Contrast [e] and [G] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. age bade mate wait waste edge bed met wet west

Sentences: 1. I met my roommate yesterday. 2. Put the pepper on the paper. 3 The vowels [$] 10 The vowel [$] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. add bad dad tab cab at bat dash tap cap

Sentences: 1. Im not mad, but Im sad. 2. Im glad that Jack is back.

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Contrast [G] and [$] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. X bed dead left guess ax bad dad laughed gas

Sentences: 1. I guess the fire was caused by gas. 2. The dragon had two heads. 3. He said he was sad. 4 The vowels [A] and [K] 12 The vowel [A] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. odd Bob job fog god op (operation) pop jot fox got

Sentences: 1. There are a lot of odd jobs in this area. 2. Bob stopped the clock after he talked to the cop. 13 The vowel [K] 1. ugly up 2. bud but 3. dug duck 4. love luck 5. cub cup Sentences: 1. The funny duck is running around the jug. 2. My other brother doesnt seem to have trouble with my mother. 14 The words with the vowel [K] that are easily mispronounced for ESL or EFL students 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. study won/one flood come trouble 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. brother country mother couple double

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Contrast the vowels [K] and [A] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. up duck bucks luck gut op (operation) dock box lock got

Sentences: 1. The government seems to be bothered by some kind of trouble. 2. Shut the door, or youll be shot. 5 The vowel [C] & [o] 16 The vowel [C] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. audit pause daub taw cause ought bought daughter taught caught

Sentences: 1. You ought to sit in and audit the course. 2. He bought some chalk for his daughter. 17 The vowel [o] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. oh bow (n.) foe toe go ode bode vogue toad goad oat boat vote toke goat

Sentences: 1. This is an old show about a goat. 2. He told me that it was cold outside and gave me the coat. 18 Contrast [C] and [o] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. oat boat pose law coat ought bought pause low caught

Sentences: 1. He bought a new boat last week. 2. He showed me the original copy of Shaws work.

6 The vowels [u] and [?] 19 The vowel [u] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ooo! do flu too moo ooze boob food tube mood oops boot flute tooth moot

Sentences: 1. Sue bought a new suit. 2. Which will you choose: food or juice? 20 The vowel [?] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. pull pud(ding) bull full could push put book foot cook

Sentences: 1. He looks like a good cook. 2. A good-looking woman wants to buy the book. 21 Contrast the vowels [?] and [u] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. book pull foot took good boot pool food tool goose

Sentences: 1. You need to choose a good cookbook. 2. The food looks good. Can you put it in my room? 7 The vowel [D] 22 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. about occur illustrate select support sofa pilot beautiful bullet campus

Sentences: 1. It occurred about ten days ago on this campus. 2. We supported him and selected him as our new pilot.

The vowels [a0], [a?] and [C0] The vowel [a0] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. eye pry buy sigh guy eyes prize bide side guide ice price bite sight kite

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Sentences: 1. The sky was so wide that it surprised us all. 2. We tried to lie side by side and kept silent for a while. 24 The vowel [a?] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. our bow (v.) now noun down out bowed doubt sound around ouch about trout count account

Sentences: 1. Just imagine two cows sitting on a couchits crowded. 2. I doubt what he found in this town can count. 25 The vowel [C0] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. oy boy void toy annoy oyster Boyd voice toys noise

Sentences: 1. The boys toy made a lot of noise. 2. We cannot avoid being annoyed by the voice. 9 The vowels followed by r: ["], [Ar], [0r], [Gr], [Cr]/[or], [A0r], [A?r], [(j)?r] 26 vowels [i] followed by [r] e ye bee fee tea ear year beer fear tear (n.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sentences: 1. 2.

Give me a beer, please. She cant hear anything with her ears covered.
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vowels [e] followed by [r] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A bay pay fade Kay air bear pair fair care

Sentences: 1. There are still bears in the bay area. 2. If you dont care, Id rather you share the room with Clare. 28 vowels [A] followed by [r] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. odd Bob pop fog cod are bar par far card

Sentences: 1. Bob doesnt play the guitar; he plays the harp. 2. The guard is not smart, but he has a good heart. 29 vowels [C] or [o] followed by [r] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. oh bow (n.) Poe foe coat or bore pour four court

Sentences: 1. The court house was torn down during the war. 2. Therere four doors for you to explore in this game. 30 vowels [D] followed by [r] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [D] probable moveable potential familiar domestic Unstressed [Q] stressed ["] labor bird waiver verb proper perch offer first wonder dirty

Sentences: 1. The worm is busy working. 2. If you get hurt, youd better see a doctor.

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vowels [a0], [A?] and [(j)u] followed by [r] [a0r] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ire byre empire fire liar [A?r] our bower power devour flour [(j)?r] your boor poor pure lure

Sentences: 1. The power of your empire is no longer secure. 2. I hired a tour guide to lead me to the ancient tower.

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Chapter 3 The consonant

1 The consonants [p] and [b] 32 The consonant [b] [b]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. bee bid bay bell book 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[b]Frisbee forbid obey rebel (v.) combat 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[b] lib babe Bob mob lab

Sentences: 1. Wed better stop his barbaric behavior. 2. The book you bought from Bob is a fable. 33 The consonant [p] [p]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. pea pick pay pause put 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[p]repeat carpet participate depend impact 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[p] leap lip grape map stop

Sentences 1. People in this town paid a lot to keep the public park. 2. Perhaps you should put this point into your paper. 2 The consonants [f] and [v] 34 The consonant [v] [v]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. veal victory vacant vote van 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[v]ivy vivid invade seven evacuate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[v] eve live (v.) save love starve

Sentences: 1. 2. There is a Seven Eleven on Vista Drive. I can prove that it was Steve who saved my life.

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The consonant [f] [f]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. fee fit fade fetch foot 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

-[f]defeat unfit deface affect sofa 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

-[f] beef stiff safe chef laugh

Sentences: 1. Philip refused to take food from these families. 2. Dont laugh at the fat boy; he has suffered enough. 36 Contrast [b], [p], [v], and [f] [b] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. bee big bade robe cub [p] pea pig paid rope cup [f] fee fig fade loaf cough [v] V vigor veil loaves love

Sentences: 1. The vigorous pig is trying to eat the figs. 2. The five survivors wanted to buy a pie. 3 37 The consonants [t] and [d] The consonants [d] [d]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. deer did day duke door 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[d]indeed candid candidate indebt radar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[d] feed rid fade bed sad

Sentences: 1. The mad dog is still standing near the window. 2. I dont think your dad is a candidate for the presidency.

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38 The consonants [t] [t]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. tear (n.) tip take test token 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

-[t]volunteer artist intake protect contact 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

-[t] eat sit bait bet bat

Sentences: 1. My top duty is to protect my property. 2. I need to take an important test tomorrow. 4 39 The consonants [s] and [z] The consonant [s] [s]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sea sit say set Sue 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[s]foresee insist essay reset assassin 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[s] peace miss base less pass

Sentences: 1. Excuse me, can you pass the salt? 2. I really miss my singing lessons. 40 The consonant [z] [z]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. zebra zip zen zap zoo 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[z]easy closet mosaic frozen zigzag 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[z] ease is amaze says has

Sentences: 1. Zoe wants to see the zebra in the zoo. 2. I feel exhausted because I zipped up here on foot.

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Contrast [s] and [z] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. sea sip seal Sue bus racer z zip zeal zoo buzz razor

Sentences: 1. Sue didnt see any zebra at the zoo. 2. Cell phones buzz here and there on the bus. 5 42 The consonants [N] and [I] The consonant [N] [N]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. she ship shake shed shoe 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[N]machine kinship reshape seashore issue 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[N] leash fish flesh cash harsh

Sentences: 1. We put the fish on the shore and went back to the ship. 2. She went shopping yesterday and bought me some shirts. 43 The consonant [I] -[I]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. vision occasion television usual pleasure 1. 2. 3. 4. -[I] beige garage mirage massage

Sentences: 1. I usually dress casually on this kind of occasion. 2. Its a great pleasure to share the treasure with you.

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Contrast [N] and [I] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. pressure solution conversation position notion pleasure conclusion occasion division explosion

Sentences: 1. Its my pleasure to be able to get rid of the pressure. 2. This conclusion is not a solution. 6 45 The consonants [tN] and [dI] The consonant [tN] [tN]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. cheese chip chain chess choose 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[tN]achieve Churchill armchair Manchester enchant 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[tN] each itch H stretch catch

Sentences: 1. The children were chanting in the church. 2. Can I change my clam chowder for lamb chops? 46 The consonant [dI] [dI]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. jeep Gypsy jay Jeff juice 1. 2. 3. 4. -[dI]Angie rigid suggest hijack 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[dI] siege message age edge badge

Sentences: 1. I suggest you finish your college education first. 2. Jeff has managed to send a message to the judge.

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Contrast [tN] and [N] [tN] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. cheap chip chair check chose choose [N] sheep ship share shed shows shoes

Sentences: 1. Sheep are cheap in this country. 2. Dont wash your watch in hot water. 48 Contrast [dI] and [I] [dI] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. enlarge page a huge wall convergent pledger [I] garage beige unusual conversion pleasure

Sentences: 1. Its time to enlarge the garage. 2. This page is not beige; its brown. 7 49 The consonants [L] and [M] Practice the following words with [L] sound in different positions [L]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. thief think theft thatch thought 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[L]nothing something healthy method author 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[L] teeth myth faith death math

Sentences: 1. I thought about nothing but math today. 2. The author has something to say about his third book.

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Contrast [s] and [L] [s]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. seek sick Sir set sat -[s] 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. tease miss face tense mass [L]thief thick third theft thatch -[L] teeth myth faith tenth math

Sentences: 1. He forced me to put the mouse into my mouth. 2. Dont tease him about his teeth again, please. 51 Practice the following words with [M] sound in different positions [M]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. these they there that though 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[M]within although weather father mother 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[M] teethe breathe bathe smooth soothe

Sentences: 1. The father was there with them. 2. Though they are mothers, they know nothing about their babys teething problems.

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Contrast [d] and [M] [d]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. dare day dot dad deeds [M]there they thought that these

Sentences: 1. How are they doing today? 2. That is my Dad. 3. They dare not to go there. 8 53 The consonants [k] and [g] The consonant [k] [k]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. key keep kid caught code 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[k]picky orchid circuit locate encourage 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[k] seek sick ache book coke

Sentences: 1. Let me make you a cup of coffee. 2. I locked myself out and Im looking for the key. 54 The consonant [g] [g]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. geese giggle gay god goat 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[g]piggy nugget engage negotiate organic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[g] league big vague egg hog

Sentences: 1. The big guy was engaged in the gangsters fight. 2. Dont forget to get your bag when you go home.

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The Consonants [m], [n], and [H] The consonant [m] [m]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. me meat miss made mood 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[m]immediate permit (v.) amaze cement imagine 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[m] seem Tim name same room

Sentences: 1. I only make a small amount of money every month. 2. They have the same name and thats the problem. 56 The consonant [n] [n]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. knee need name nod note 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[n]beneath planet innate internet unnatural 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[n] mean in pain lane done

Sentences: 1. No. I cant see you now. Can you come back at noon? 2. I was so nervous on the canoe that I didnt notice what happened to Nick. 57 Contrast [m] and [n] -[m] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. seem team Tim them same -[n] seen teen tin then sane

Sentences: 1. My son had some cake and left for school. 2. He seemed to have seen a ghost.

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The consonant [H] -[H] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sing sink thing song doing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[H]singer singing hanger hanging bringing

Sentences: 1. The young singer sang a song. 2. English is not my mother tongue but I think I am doing fine. 59 Contrast [H] and [n] -[H] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. sing king fang ton sung -[n] sin kin fan tongue sun

Sentences: 1. The thing you brought home is really thin. 2. He rang the doorbell and ran away. 60 Contrast [H] , [g] and [dI] -[H]1. singer 2. hanger 3. banging -[g]finger anger -[dI]ginger ranger arranging

4. long, longer, longest 5. young, younger, youngest Sentences: 1. Dont hang around here. Its dangerous. 2. Youre too young to manage your anger.

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10 The consonants [r] and [l] 61 The consonant [r] [r]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. read rude red rope rag 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[r]career spirit parade arrest correct 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[r] hear share car tour fire

Sentences: 1. We have to rearrange our tour because of the rain. 2. Right or wrong, youd better run before you get arrested. 62 The consonant [l] [l]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. lead (v.) lose law lap late 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[l]believe delete Philip delay elect 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[] feel sell ill old mail 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[9] trouble label beautiful principal pencil

Sentences: 1. Millions of people travel around the world every day. 2. Learning a new language is delightful, but it is also difficult. 3. The little man arrived with letters in his mailbag. 11 The consonant [h] 63 The consonant [h] [h]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. heed hate have hot who 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[h]cohesive behave perhaps behead behold 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. (-)[h/h]human huge heir hour honor honest exhaust exhibition

Sentences: 1. He hopes that he can buy a house with a huge yard. 2. Sometimes its hard to understand human behavior.
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12 The consonants [j], [w] and [hw] 64 The consonant [j] [j]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. year use yard yet yoke 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[j]saying lawyer beyond papaya coyote 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[j]abuse bureau cute peculiar security

Sentences: 1. Tell your lawyer that Im not going to yield yet. 2. Yuck! How can you eat yam, papaya, and yogurt together? 65 The [w] sound [w]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. we wood wove word work wit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. -[wh]wheel wheat whisper whip whale where 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. -[w]kiwi bewilder away awake nowhere award 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. -[w]language distinguish anguish squeeze quick quality

Sentences: 1. We acquired our first language when we were children. 2. Wow! What is this? Is it a whale? 3. We will have to work hard this week to clear this wood. 13 The /t/, /d/ or /n/ sounds pronounced as a flip [R] 66 Consonants /t/, /d/ or /n/ pronounced as [R] -[t]-[d]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Peter pretty traitor getting better 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. feeder middle lady teddy daddy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

-[n]meaning thinner raining many planet

Sentences: 1. The pretty lady is waiting in the meeting room. 2. I noticed that the teddy bear is very dirty.

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14 The vocalic nasal & glotttal stop 67 The vocalic nasal & glotttal stop [/%] -[t%] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. eaten written Benton fatten cotton 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[d%]hidden laden maiden sadden garden

Sentences: 1. I certainly know that this burden shouldnt be yours. 2. She didnt let me see her secret garden.

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Chapter 4 The clusters of English consonants

68 The clusters with [c], [g], [b], [p] followed by [l] [bl]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. bleed bliss blow bless blue 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [kl]clear clean clip clay cloud 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [gl]glee glow glue Glen glad 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[pl]please plan play plate pleasure

Sentences: 1. Please come to meet me at the glee club. 2. Lets clean the wall and clear the path. 69 Contrast the following pairs CCV1. 2. 3. 4. 5. claps blow please clean bleed CvCVcollapse below police colleen believe

Sentences: 1. Please call the police. 2. I cant believe it. Im bleeding. 2 70 Consonant clusters with [c], [g], [b], [p] followed by [r]: The clusters with [b], [p], [f], [d] followed by [r] [br]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. breeze bring break bread brad 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [pr]priest prick pray press practice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [fr]free phrase Fred fraction frog 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[dr]dream drill drape dress drag

Sentences: 1. My brother drove to Springfield with his friend. 2. Fred was afraid to talk to the priest. 3. Im proud of you and you just proved yourself to be a very brave boy.

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The clusters with [N], [t], [L], [k] and [g] followed by [r] [Nr]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. shrink shrimp shrank shrive shrine 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [tr]tree trip tray trade trap 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [Lr]three thrill thread threat thrash 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [kr]cream creek Chris crave crest 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [gr]green grill gray great regret

Sentences: 1. Therere only three trees left that are still green. 2. I regret to tell you that our trip to the tropical forest has been canceled. 3. The creek near the school is a potential threat to our children. 3 72 Consonant clusters clusters of /sk/, /sp/, and /st/: The clusters of /sk/, /sp/, and /st/ [sk]1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ski skill skip skate sketch 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [sp]speed spit spade speck span 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [st]steel still stick stay steak

Sentences: 1. You can follow the stone steps to get to the square. 2. We have to speed up and go straight to the school. 3. Its strange to see so many people skating on the street. 4 74 The cluster of [rl] The cluster of ["l] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. world girl curl Earl pearl

Sentences: 1. Youre the best girl in the world. 2. They want to send Pearl into a girls school.

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Chapter 5 The pronunciation of inflations

1 The sound of the inflections The most common inflections in English are the conjugations and plural-singular forms or nouns, possessive forms. This section will focus on the sound changes caused by the inflectional suffixes -ed and -s or -es. 2 Below is the rule for predicting the sound changes of -ed: If ed is added to the consonants /d/ or /t/, it should be pronounced as [d]. If ed is added to any other voiced consonant, it should be pronounced as [d]; while if to any other voiceless consonant, it should be pronounced as [t]. (See epenthesis) 75 The pronunciation of the inflections ending with ed -[d] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. treated needed faded hated patted 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[d] dreamed trimmed stayed begged stabbed 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[t] heaped tipped baked fetched laughed

Sentences: 1. I started to get excited when I was asked to sing with her. 2. The man showed his ticket and walked into the gate.

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the rule for predicting the sound changes of -s or -es: There are four situations that s or es will be needed in English. 1. s or es make inflected forms of plural nouns, 2. s or es make inflected forms of singular verbs, 3. s makes possessive forms of nouns or pronouns, and 4. s serves as part of an abbreviations. For the first two situations, if the pronunciation of the root form of the noun or the verb ends with sibilant sounds like /s/, /z/, /N/, /I/, /tN/, /dI/, and there is no silent e to end the spelling, es will be added to the root noun form to make the plural inflection and to the root verb form to make the singular inflection. In other cases, s will be required for both inflections. For example: (See epenthesis)

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The pronunciation of root forms ending with sibilant sounds Nouns Root 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. boss buzz watch fish face nose judge garage shoe boy night dog Plural bosses buzzes watches fishes faces noses judges garages shoes boys nights dogs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Root kiss quiz catch wash choose amaze manage massage love enjoy fight hog Verbs Singular kisses quizzes catches washes chooses amazes manages massages loves enjoys fights hogs

Sentences: 1. My bosss wife is 20 years younger than he is. 2. Its not mine. Its someone elses. 3. Georges brother is an interesting guy. 4 As for the pronunciation, there are also simple rules below: 1. s is pronounced as [s] if it follows a voiceless consonant other than the sibilant, 2. s is pronounced as [z] if it follows a vowel or a voiced consonant other than the sibilant, 3. s or es is pronounced as [z] or [z] if it follows a sibilant sound /s/, /z/, /N/, /I/, /tN/, /dI/. (See epenthesis)

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The ending clusters of [dz] and [ts] 78 The ending clusters of [dz] and [ts] -[dz] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. seeds kids trades beds nodes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -[ts] seats minutes roommates pets hats

Sentences: 1. He hates those kids and hits them every day 2. Lots of my classmates stayed less than ten minutes.

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Part Two: Rhythm and Intonation

1 79

Linking (Liaison) between vowels

Vowels that follow /i/ /i/ /e/ /AI/ /I/ reality [riJQlDt] playoff [pleJDf] triangle [trAIJQNgl`] annoyance [DnIJDns] be active [biJQktIv] pay off [peJDf] my ankle [mAIJQNkl`] The boy and me [DDbIJDnmi]

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Vowels that follow /u/ /u/ /o/ /AU/ /ju/ fluid [fluWId] snowy [snoW] flour [flAUW] newest [nuWIst] do it [duWIt] go out [goWAUt] how is it [hAUWIzIt] a few apples [fjuWQplz]

81 More examples: Vowels that follow /i/ Single word 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. create Seattle piano Leo neon 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Between words Ill be able to do it. I see actors. Hell be angry. He owed me one. Be on time.

82 More examples: Vowels that follow /u/ Single word 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 83 Stuart Dewey chewable lower snowy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Between words two or three Who is it? He knew about it. Tow away the car. You know it.

Vowels that follow // or // 1. 2. // banana oil [bnQn/Il] // saw us [srs]

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84 1. 2.

Try to read the following phrases: gray tissue great issue I scream ice cream

85 -c + v1. Look at me. 2. Pick it up. 3. I couldnt figure it out. 86 More examples: -c + v1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Pick it up and hand it in. What is your name? What are you doing here? Los Angeles is an exciting city. You can keep it or throw it away. I have to pick her up at eight. I hope I can figure it out. She bought a lot of ice cream. What is this? Clean it up, will you? Thats what I said. Tom moved out a couple of weeks ago.

87 -cc + v1. I wont accept it. 2. He looked at me. 88 More examples: -cc + v1. We filled out some forms before we checked out. 2. She works in this room every day. 89 -c1 + c11. a big girl 2. walks slowly 90 More examples: -c1 + c11. 2. 3. 4. 5. He is really a big guy. Its a hard decision. Have you narrowed down the possibilities? Im not a strict teacher. Please look carefully.

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-c1 + c2-

1. Kiss me. 2. Its a great book. 92 More examples: -c1 + c21. Can you stop talking? 2. I work only two days a week. 3. I want them to move out today. 93 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 94 1. 2. 3. 95 1. 2. Progressive assimilation look love lie lie look love looks loves lies lied looked loved

Regressive assimilation input is pronounced like [ImpUt] rather than [InpUt] pancake is pronounced like [pQNkek] rather than [pQnkek] have to is pronounced like [hQft] rather than [hQvt] Full or complete assimilation cupboard horseshoe is pronounced like [kbd] rather than [kpbd] is pronounced like [hrSu] rather than [hrsSu]

96 Coalescent assimilation: Alveolar + palatal palato-alveolar (fricatives and affricates) 1. 2. 3. 4. this year; miss you He loves you. Who set you up? Did you do that?

97 Coalescent assimilation in single words: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. sure leisure statue perpetual nature question righteous
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8. actual 9. graduate 10. expression 98 Loss of /t/ when /nt/ is between a stressed and unstressed syllables 1. Winter is too cold here. 2. Toronto is a large city. 3. He entered the room. 99 Loss of /t/ or /d/ when they occur second in a sequence or cluster of three consonants: 1. castle 2. soundless 3. three months 100 Deletion of word-final /t/ or /d/ in clusters of two at a word boundary when the following word begins with a consonant: 1. This is the best season. 2. a blind man 101 Loss of an unstressed medial vowel (also referred to as syncope), where the unstressed vowel // or /I/ optionally drops out in some multisyllabic words following the strongly stressed syllable; for some speakers, this also happens in some two-syllable words (See No. 5 in the following examples): 1. i 2. e 3. a 4. o 5. privilege temperature comparable potato correct

102 Loss of an unstressed initial syllable in highly informal speech: 1. 2. cause bout cause hes not here. bout ten oclock.

103 Loss of the first noninitial /r/ in a word that has another /r/ in a following syllable: 1. 2. February library

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104 Loss of final /v/ in of before words with initial consonants: 1. 2. lots of trouble waste of time

105 Loss of initial /h/ and /D/ in pronominal forms in connected speech: 1. 2. 3. ask him Did he tell them

106 More examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. does he: did he: has he: is he: should have: What does he do? Where did he go? Has he done anything yet? Who is he? You should have done it.

107 Epenthesis : The insertion of a sound into the middle of a word 1. 2. 3. 4. rose watch judge buzz roses watches judges buzzes [roz] [wAtS] [dZdZ] [bz] [rozz] [wAtSz] [dZdZz] [bzz]

108 More examples: 5. 6. 7. 8. fade add hate heat faded added hated heated [fed] [Qd] [het] [hit] [fedd] [Qdd] [hetd] [hitd]

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Chapter 6 Word Stress and the Stress of Thought Units 1 Stress and syllables
The most consistent feature of a stressed vowel or syllable is that the length of the vowel. It is always true that the longer the vowel or the syllable is lengthened, the more it is stressed. Therefore, a useful symbol to stand for the stressed vowel should be something thick and long and the symbol to stand for the unstressed vowel should be something short and thin. For instance, it would be more vivid to have for the strongly stressed sound, for the lightly stressed sound, and for the unstressed sound than to use for the strongly stressed sound, for the lightly stressed sound, and for the unstressed sound, respectively, because the critical feature of stress is not the magnitude but the length of the sound. 109 The stressed and unstressed vowels or syllables of single words (1) seven famous (2) depend Japan (3) dangerous management (4) arrival decisive

Contrast different types of stress in English: 110 Contrast 1: anchor counted about machine elephant accident encore contact untie mistake celebrate calculate

111 Contrast 2:

112 Contrast 3:

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4 The stress is also affected by different linguistic environments. For instance, Numbers with teen or other compound forms will be pronounced differently if it appears to end an expression. For instance, 126 1. Fourteen people were killed last night. 2. The number of the victims is fourteen. 3. I have sixteen patients waiting for me. 4. The last patient is only sixteen. 5 The stress of a word, a compound, or a chunk also varies when it appears in different syntactical environments for different meanings. For instance, 127 1. I need to record these songs for my new record. 2. The import of foreign cars is our major business. 3. The imported cars are expensive. 5.1 The stressed and unstressed vowels or syllables of single words compared with some possible stresses of different chunks: 128 1. 2. 129 3. 4. 130 5. 6. 131 7. 8. generous orphanage Janes with us. Open it. pronunciation anticipation Please pay attention! He must be patient! economy scientific He covers me. Shes artistic. elective depression Hes active. Hes present.

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6 Stress-timed rhythm Some believe that Mandarin is stress-timed language (Avery & Dhrlich 1992), which implies that Mandarin learners will experience less difficulty with English rhythm. However, I think, even if in some aspect of Mandarin may be considered stress-timed, most of the time Mandarin is more like a syllable-timed language. In English, people use roughly the same amount of time saying the following expressions with different syllables: 132 BOOKs BOOKs are BOOKs are BOOKs are USEful USEful. USEful. USEful.

Some A lot of

Here is another example in English with three stresses but variable syllables: 134
The The The

MAN MAN MAN will MAN s gonna

LEAVEs LEAVEs LEAVE LEAVE

his his his

HOME. HOME. HOME. HOME.

Now lets pick up the rhythm of expressions with two stresses 136 1. great great greatest 2. wide widely widely 3. slow slowly slowly price surprise surprise range range arrange play play replay

Now try the rhythm of expressions with three stresses 137 1. boy eat the boy eat the boy will eat The boy will eat the go go go to We go to cake cake cake cake.

2.

school bus school by bus school by bus school by bus.

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Now try the rhythm of expressions with four stresses 138 1. want letter sent girl I want the letter to be sent to the girl. Ive wanted the letter to be sent to the girl.

The stress in rhymes of Mother Goose Two-stress Rhymes 139 Piping hot, smoking hot. What I've got You have not. Three-stress Rhymes 140 When the pie was opened, The birds began to sing! Wasnt that a dainty dish To set before the king? Four-stress Rhymes 141 Rain, Rain, go away, Come again another day; Little Johnny wants to play. Mixed forms of Rhymes 142 Old MacDonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O. And on his farm he had a cow, E-I-E-I-O. With a moo, moo here and a moo, moo there, Here a moo, there a moo, Everywhere a moo-moo, Old MacDonald had a farm, E-I-E-I-O.

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Intonation

Intonation refers to pattern of pitch changes when one speaks. Intonation may be important in all languages, but it may also play different roles in different languages. For instance, comparing English and Mandarin, the tone of Mandarin directly affects the rising-falling intonation while there is no such factor that will affect English. For example, 143 1. A: Are you leaving? B: Yes. Im leaving. 2. A: B: 3. A: B: 4. A: B: 5. A: B: 6. A: Are you leaving or not? B: (Well.) If hes leaving, Im leaving too. 7. A: B: 8. A: B: 9. A: B: 10. A: B: In sentences 1 and 6, leaving has all different patterns of intonation while in sentences 2 and 7, 3 and 8, 4 and 9, 5 and 10, the intonation of the key words , , , and do not vary as dramatically as leaving in English. In other words, Mandarin speakers may want to learn how to listen for the intonation patterns of the English language.

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Below are three factors that govern the placement of prominence (Celce-Murcia, et al, 1996) 1. New information versus old information (Chafe, 1980): Within an intonation unit, words expressing old or given information (i.e., semantically predictable information) are unstressed and spoken with lower pitch, while words expressing new information are spoken with strong stress and higher pitch. In unmarked utterance, it is the stressed syllable in the last content word that tends to exhibit prominence (p. 176). For example, 144 A: I lost my MONEY. B: WHAT money? A: The money I WON yesterday. B: HOW MUCH is it? 2. Emphatic stress: A speaker may place emphatic stress on a particular element that he wishes to place special emphasis on. For example, 145 He is ALWAYS late on Monday. 3. Contrastive stress: A speaker may place major stress on the contrastive elements. The contrast may take the form of a contradiction, or a form of choice between alternatives. For instance, 146 I mean SATURDAY, not SUNDAY. Do you want THIS one or THAT one? 147 Contrastive can also mean different tones of speech: 1. Thanks. (routine-like or perfunctory) 2. Thanks. (enthusiasm) 3. T h a n ks. (sarcasm)

4. Sure. 5. Sure. 6. S u r e. 148 More examples in dialogues: A: I need to get something from your bag. B: What? (What is it?) A: I need to get something from your bag. B: What? (I cannot hear you.) A: I need to get something from your bag. B: What? (Havent you taken enough things from my bag? Do you want to take everything from me?)

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Here are examples of how the features mentioned above occur in longer dialogues: Dialogue 1: (New vs. old information) 149 A: Have you seen my camera? B: What camera? A: Its a digital camera. B: Is it the one you put on the bookshelf? A: No. That ones not digital; its just regular. B: Well, what color is it? A: Its black, with a gold chain on it. B: Hunnn! I think I saw one like that somewhere. A: Where did you see it? B: It was on the dining room table. Dialogue 2: (Emphatic stress) 150 A: Did you like that movie? B: I thought it was really good. Did you? A: Yeah, it was good. But it was a bit too long. Dialogue 4: (Contrastive stress) 152 A: Excuse me. How much is this? B: Its sixteen dollars. A: Sixteen? I thought its ten. Isnt it 40 percent off today? B: The big sale starts on Tuesday. Thats tomorrow. A: What? Today is Monday, not Tuesday? B: Yeah. Sorry about that. Do you want me to keep this for you? In the following sections the basic patterns of English intonation will be introduced with each pattern illustrated by a chart of intonation contour. Final intonation 1. Rising-falling contour/intonation This is the most common intonation pattern in English and is characteristic of simple declarative sentence, commands, and questions that begin with a wh-word, such as who, what, when, where, why, or how. Compare the intonation of the following expressions: 154 Falling intonation 1. He lied. 2. He lied to me. 3. You have a patient. 4. You have a patient with you. Rising intonation 1. Did he lie? 2. Did he lie to me? 3. Do you have a patient? 4. Do you have a patient with you?

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155 1. Would you like to stay? 2. Would you like to stay with me? Consider the following situations: You want to make a request: 156 Can I talk to you? You come to a new place: 157 You talk to a stranger Excuse me. Can you help me? Where is the student center? I cant open this. Can you give me a hand? You talk to the bus driver: 158 Does this bus go to the airport? Wh-questions with falling intonation: 159 1. Who will help? 2. Who will help us? 3. Who will help us today? Commands: 160 1. Come. 2. Come here. 3. Come with me. Non-final intonation Non-final intonation refers to the intonation pattern that does not include the ending of the sentence. The underlined part of the dialogue illustrate the non-final intonation. 161 A: Whos gonna help us today? B: Mary said shed help, but A: Good. Where is she?

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Common situations for the unfinished sentence in the compound structure: 162 1. Id wanted to go, but I had something else to do. 2. I opened the door and found a box lying on the floor. Unfinished sentences in the complex structure: 163 1. If you were my friend, Id help you. 2. When he left the house, he looked happy. 3. He looked happy when he left the house. Unfinished sentences in the parenthetical structure: 164 1. Peter, can you do me a favor? 2. You know, there is nothing I can do now. 3. The reason I missed the test, Mr. White, is that I was sick last week. Unfinished sentences in the appositive structure: 165 1. Romeo and Juliet, one of Shakespeares plays, is still on the required reading list. 2. Professor White, our new computer instructor, didnt come to class today. Alternative questions (closed-choice) 166 1. Would you like some tea or wine? 2. Would you like some tea, beer, or wine? 3. What would you like, tea or wine? Alternative questions (open-choice) 167 1. Would you like some tea, beer, wine, (or anything else)? 2. What would you like, tea, beer, wine, (or anything else)? 3. Would you like some coffee, soda, water, (or anything else)? Series items 168 1. I need a pen, some ink, and a brush. 2. Mr. Egan has always been energetic, intelligent, and ambitious. Tag questions (eliciting confirmation) 169 1. Wonderful day, isnt it? 2. We should really study hard, shouldnt we?

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Tag questions (asking for information) 170 1. John is a good student, isnt he? 2. He doesnt know Im here, does he? Echo-questions 171 Dialogue 1: A: What are you doing here? B: What am I doing? Im cleaning your office. 172 Dialogue 2: A: What are you doing? B: Im fixing my car. A: Sorry. What are you doing? B: I said I am fixing my car. Speakers attitude can be signaled through the use of pitch variation in intonation patterns. If a person raise his pitch, he may be indicating surprises, disbelief, etc. If a person lower his pitch, he may be indicating anger. If a person narrow his pitch range, he may be showing his indifference or boredom. Strong emotion of disbelief, surprise, anger, etc. 178 Surprise A: Wheres John B: John left yesterday. A: He left?! I thought he would stay longer. 179 Disbelief A: John left yesterday. B: He left?! I cant believe it? 180 Anger A: John left yesterday. B: He left?! How could he do this to me? 181 Indifference A: John left yesterday. B: He left. So what? You can find someone else.

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Conclusion: The correct intonation 182

1. Who wants to come? 2. Does he have to come? 3. What did you say? To the tea party? a. John wants to come to the dinner party tonight. b. No, but he wants to come to the dinner party tonight. c. No. I said he wants to come to the dinner party tonight. d. No. I said he wants to come to the dinner party tonight.

4. Did you say tomorrow night?

The intonation of a monologue

How to read the whole passage with stressed syllables and focus words:

183 OK, today well continue our discussion of pollution. Yesterday we defined pollution. Today well talk about the impact of pollution its far-reaching effects. Many people think pollution is just a problem for scientists but its not just a problem for scientists. Its a problem that affects everyone since it affects human lives, its a health problem since it affects property, its an economic problem and since it affects our appreciation of nature, its an aesthetic problem. 184 Good evening, ladies and gentleman, and welcome. Im sure we have all heard the expression, Think Green. Tonight we are going to talk about ways that we can Act Green in our everyday lives. The best place to start, of course, is in the home. Every day, people all over the world are hurting the environment without even knowing it. For example, busy families buy paper napkins and plastic food wrap at the supermarket. This helps them save time on housework, but after these things have been used, what happens to them? They go in the trash. In many places, especially in North America, big cities are running out of places to throw their trash. What can we do about this? 185

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s1 /iy/ /E/ /ey/ /ju/ /ay/

BCDEGPTVZ FLMNSX AHJK QUW IY

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