The Science of Stick-Slip
IADC Stick-Slip Mitigation Workshop July 15, 2010
John Macpherson Baker Hughes Inc.
Three Modes of Vibration
Lateral Vibration
Bending Bending Whirl Whirl
Torsional Vibration
Stick -Slip Stick-Slip
Bit Bit Bounce Bounce Axial Vibration Jarring Jarring (impact) (impact)
Torsional Vibrations
Drillstring is a Spring-Mass System (Torsional Pendulum)
Torsional Oscillation frequency
is the first natural torsional frequency for the drillstring System
Frequency is very low, usually
less than 1/2 Hz, for a drillstring of any length.
Torsional Oscillation Period
14
Torsional Oscillation Period, seconds
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
6-3/4 x 200 ft BHA 8-1/4 x 200 ft BHA
Drillstring Length, feet Trans. ASME, May 1960, pp 122-128 Empirical: period of oscillation increases by 2 seconds per 1,000m of 5 pipe (Dufeyte and Henneuse, 1991, IADC/SPE 21945)
Analytic Calculation: Bailey J.J., and Finnie I., "An Analytical Study of Drill-String Vibration",
Torsional Vibrations
Smooth rotation Torsional Oscillations Stick-Slip
Field Example, downhole rotation measurements
Bit Rotation Rate
Time (secs)
A Increase RPM, B Torsional Oscillations, C Stick-Slip (period = 4.5s)
Stick -Slip: bit Stick-Slip: bit rotation rotation periodically periodically stalls stalls during during continuous continuous surface surface rotation. rotation.
Severe Stick Slip
Maximum DRPM 645; Surface 70 600 400 200 0 kN.m 30 20 10 0 kN 150 100 50 200 250 300 350 Time (seconds) 400 -165 RPM for 1.4s Stick periods 24 s rotation periods 2.5s Increase RPM
Vertical Well (2.5 deg), about 10,300 feet, measurements 8 feet above bit.
Stick-Slip Example Roller Cone Bit
15
Torque, kN.m Weight, kN RPM
10 5 0 -5 400 300 200 100 0
-100 100 50 0 320 330 340 350 360 370
Elapsed Time, seconds
Downhole Rotation Rate Stick-slip period = 3.3 seconds
Modeling: Stick-Slip Visualization
Drillstring Simulation
Finite Element Model Arbitrary curved and straight boreholes String can move freely in wellbore Wall contact penalty formulation Friction during drillstringwall contact Torque on bit from a coupled bit model
Downhole -slip behavior Downhole torsional torsional oscillations oscillations and and stick stick-slip behavior are are visible visible as as periodic periodic torque torque fluctuations fluctuations on on surface surface
Bit and Drillstring Coupled Modeling
Torque on Bit [Nm]
Bit interaction with rock (rock
Torque on Bit [Nm]
properties) important Validated with high frequency downhole measurements Falling friction characteristic Stribeck type bit-friction model
9000 6000 3000 0 0 9000 6000 3000 0 0 200 100 5 10 T ime [s]
Measurement Simulation
50 100 150 Rotational Speed [RPM]
200
B TB 5231.608 100.658 n B 49.91 n
Rotational Speed [RPM]
Comparison Comparison of of measurements measurements and and simulation simulation for for the the Stribeck Stribeck type type bit bit model model
15
20
0 0 5 10 T ime [s] 15 20
Reckmann, Jogi, Herbig, 2007, USING DYNAMICS MEASUREMENTS WHILE DRILLING TO DETECT LITHOLOGY CHANGES CHANGES th AND TO MODEL DRILLING DYNAMICS DYNAMICS, paper 29710, OMAE, 26 International Conference
Bit and Drillstring Coupled Modeling
Stick-Slip Likely Stick-Slip Unlikely
Stick-slip likely when operating in region of falling friction Increase RPM to reduce likelihood of stick-slip
Reckmann, Jogi, Herbig, 2007, USING DYNAMICS MEASUREMENTS WHILE DRILLING TO DETECT LITHOLOGY CHANGES CHANGES AND TO MODEL DRILLING DYNAMICS DYNAMICS, paper 29710, OMAE, 26th International Conference
Measuring Stick-Slip Downhole: Stick-Slip Index
maxRPM min RPM SSI 2 avgRPM
SSI
RPM
0 0.1 0.1 inc to 1.0 > 1.0
A Increase RPM, B Torsional Oscillations, C Stick-Slip (period = 4.5s)
SSI SSI is is encoded encoded in in a a few few bits bits and and transmitted transmitted to to surface surface
CoPilot Memory Depth Log
Surf WOB klbf DH WOB klbf Surf TRQ ftlb DH TRQ ftlb Surf RPM Max RPM RPM Avg RPM RPM Min RPM RPM S Slip Severity Tangential Vib gravity Bit Bounce Axial Vib gravity Whirl Severity Lateral Vib gravity
Min, Max, Average RPM
Stick-Slip Severity
DH and SURF Torque
Axial Vibration Severity
DH and SURF WOB
Lateral Vib Severity
Example Example MWD MWD Memory Memory Log Log showing showing wellbore -slip wellbore friction friction and and stick stick-slip
Stick-Slip: Relationship to Failure
MWD Components
2010 study, IADC/SPE 127413 Significant relationship to MWD tool failures: 1. Lateral Acceleration Peak Energy 2. Lateral Acceleration 1s RMS Energy 3. Cumulative RPM Variation (revolutions) 4. Cumulative Backward Whirl 5. Cumulative Stick-Slip Index
PDC Bits
May be damaged during stick-slip Center of rotation off the center of the bit Cutters on some part of the bit move backwards for some portion of a revolution Chipped and damaged cutters
Stick-Slip: Recognition and Control
Measurement Downhole
Measure rotation rate of drillstring Magnetometers and/or centripetal acceleration Bit periodically stalls (MWD diagnostic transmission)
Measurement on Surface
Rotary torque & rotary speed Large periodic fluctuations in torque
Stick-Slip Control Manual (follow flow charts)
1. Reduce WOB, increase RPM 2. Stop drilling, restart with decreased WOB, increased RPM
Automatic
Soft-torque stick-slip control systems Modifies drive speed control to reduce torsional fluctuations Torque control Subs
Downhole / Autonomous
Stick-Slip and Lateral Vibrations
Downhole Data Distribution for 219 MWD runs
60
Lateral Vibration (g)
40
20
0 0
1
2 Stick-Slip Index
Sliding
1 Fully Developed StickStick-Slip
Reckmann etal 2010, MWD Failure Rates Due to Drilling Dynamics Dynamics, IADC/SPE 127413
Stick-Slip, Lateral Vibrations and ROP
Downhole Data Distribution for 219 MWD runs
60
lateral Vibration (g)
40
High ROP Mod Laterals Low SSI
20
High ROP Low Laterals Moderate SSI
0 0 Stick-Slip Index
Sliding Fully Developed StickStick-Slip
Contours showing data sets with average ROP in excess of 45 ft/hr, overlaid on colored surface defined by Stick-Slip Index and Maximum Lateral Acceleration. Reckmann etal 2010, MWD Failure Rates Due to Drilling Dynamics Dynamics, IADC/SPE 127413
The Science of Stick-Slip Conclusions
Torsional drillstring behavior includes both torsional oscillations and stickslip. In stick-slip the bit periodically stalls in rotation Stick-slip is detrimental to drill bits, and sustained stick-slip can be damaging to MWD components Stick-slip behavior is relatively well understood, can be modeled, and can be recognized both downhole and on surface while drilling Stick-slip behavior can be mitigated manually, automatically, and using downhole subs Removing torsional oscillations from the system will result in the BHA being susceptible to high lateral vibrations, which could result in rapid MWD failure
