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Rotating Machinery, Driven Units: Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft

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Rotating Machinery, Driven Units: Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft

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RULES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF

Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and

Naval Surface Craft
PART 4 CHAPTER 5

NEWBUILDINGS
MACHINERY AND SYSTEMS MAIN CLASS

Rotating Machinery,
Driven Units
JULY 2013

The electronic pdf version of this document found through http://www.dnv.com is the officially binding version
The content of this service document is the subject of intellectual property rights reserved by Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV). The user
accepts that it is prohibited by anyone else but DNV and/or its licensees to offer and/or perform classification, certification and/or
verification services, including the issuance of certificates and/or declarations of conformity, wholly or partly, on the basis of and/or
pursuant to this document whether free of charge or chargeable, without DNV's prior written consent. DNV is not responsible for the
consequences arising from any use of this document by others.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

FOREWORD
DNV is a global provider of knowledge for managing risk. Today, safe and responsible business conduct is both a license
to operate and a competitive advantage. Our core competence is to identify, assess, and advise on risk management. From
our leading position in certification, classification, verification, and training, we develop and apply standards and best
practices. This helps our customers safely and responsibly improve their business performance. DNV is an independent
organisation with dedicated risk professionals in more than 100 countries, with the purpose of safeguarding life, property
and the environment.
The Rules lay down technical and procedural requirements related to obtaining and retaining a Class Certificate. It is used
as a contractual document and includes both requirements and acceptance criteria.

Det Norske Veritas AS July 2013

Any comments may be sent by e-mail to [email protected]

If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to
such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that
the maximum compensation shall never exceed USD 2 million.
In this provision Det Norske Veritas shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf
of Det Norske Veritas.

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Changes Page 3

CHANGES CURRENT
General
This document supersedes the January 2013 edition.
Text affected by the main changes in this edition is highlighted in red colour. However, if the changes involve
a whole chapter, section or sub-section, normally only the title will be in red colour.
Main changes coming into force 1 January 2014
Sec.3 Podded and Geared Thrusters
A105 has been amended with a new definition.
F203 has been amended to comply with IACS Unified Interpretation SC 242.
Editorial Corrections
In addition to the above stated main changes, editorial corrections may have been made.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Contents Page 4

CONTENTS
CHANGES CURRENT ................................................................................................................................................... 3

Sec. 1

Propellers ............................................................................................................................................ 7

A. General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
A 100 Application............................................................................................................................................................ 7
A 200 Documentation...................................................................................................................................................... 7
B.
B
B
B
B

C.
C
C
C

Inspection and Testing................................................................................................................................................ 11

100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 11
200 Inspection and testing of parts ............................................................................................................................ 12
300 Certification of ancillaries................................................................................................................................... 12

D. Workshop Testing ....................................................................................................................................................... 12

Arrangement................................................................................................................................................................ 14
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 14
200 Arrangement of propeller.................................................................................................................................... 14
300 Hydraulic system for pitch control ..................................................................................................................... 14

G. Vibration ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
G 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 14
H. Installation Inspection ................................................................................................................................................ 14
H 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 14
H 200 Fitting of propeller and propeller blades............................................................................................................. 14
H 300 Pitch marking ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
H 400 Hydraulic piping ................................................................................................................................................. 14
I. Shipboard Testing ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
I 100 Sea trial ............................................................................................................................................................... 14

Sec. 2
A.
A
A
A

Water Jets ......................................................................................................................................... 16

General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
100 Application.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
200 Documentation.................................................................................................................................................... 16
300 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

B. Design ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
B 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 17
B 200 Design of components ........................................................................................................................................ 18
C.
C
C
C
C

Inspection and Testing................................................................................................................................................ 18

100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 18
200 Certification of parts ........................................................................................................................................... 18
300 Testing and inspection of parts ........................................................................................................................... 19
400 Assembling ......................................................................................................................................................... 19

D. Workshop Testing ....................................................................................................................................................... 19

D 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 19
E. Control, Alarm, Safety Functions and Indications .................................................................................................. 19
E 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 19
E 200 Monitoring and bridge control ............................................................................................................................ 19
F. Arrangement................................................................................................................................................................ 20
F 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 20
G. Vibration ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20
G 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 20

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Contents Page 5

H. Installation Survey ...................................................................................................................................................... 21

H 100 Surveys................................................................................................................................................................ 21
I. Shipboard Testing ....................................................................................................................................................... 21
I 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 21

Sec. 3

Podded and Geared Thrusters ........................................................................................................ 22

A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
A 100 Application.......................................................................................................................................................... 22
A 200 Documentation.................................................................................................................................................... 22
B.
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

Design ........................................................................................................................................................................... 24
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 24
200 Shafting ............................................................................................................................................................... 24
300 Gear transmissions .............................................................................................................................................. 25
400 Azimuth steering gear ......................................................................................................................................... 25
500 Steering column and pod stay and underwater housing...................................................................................... 26
600 Propeller.............................................................................................................................................................. 26
700 Bearings .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
800 Lubrication system.............................................................................................................................................. 27

C.
C
C
C
C

Inspection and Testing................................................................................................................................................ 27

100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 27
200 Certification of parts ........................................................................................................................................... 27
300 Material and NDT testing ................................................................................................................................... 28
400 Assembling ......................................................................................................................................................... 28

D. Workshop Testing ....................................................................................................................................................... 29

D 100 Testing of assembled unit ................................................................................................................................... 29
E. Control, Alarm, Safety Functions and Indication.................................................................................................... 29
E 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 29
E 200 Bridge control ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
F. Arrangement................................................................................................................................................................ 31
F 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 31
F 200 Propulsion thrusters ............................................................................................................................................ 31
G. Vibration ...................................................................................................................................................................... 31
G 100 Torsional vibration.............................................................................................................................................. 31
H. Installation Inspection ................................................................................................................................................ 31
H 100 Installation onboard ............................................................................................................................................ 31
H 200 Install fastening to foundation ............................................................................................................................ 32
I. Shipboard testing ........................................................................................................................................................ 32
I 100 Sea trial ............................................................................................................................................................... 32

Sec. 4

Compressors ..................................................................................................................................... 33

A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
A 100 Application.......................................................................................................................................................... 33
A 200 Documentation.................................................................................................................................................... 33
B.
B
B
B
B

C. Inspection and Testing................................................................................................................................................ 36

C 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 36
C 200 Certification, testing and inspection of parts ...................................................................................................... 36
D. Workshop Testing ....................................................................................................................................................... 37
D 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 37
E. Control and Monitoring ............................................................................................................................................. 37
E 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 37
F. Arrangement Onboard ............................................................................................................................................... 37
F 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 37
G. Vibration ...................................................................................................................................................................... 37
G 100 Torsional vibration.............................................................................................................................................. 37

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Contents Page 6

H. Installation Inspection ................................................................................................................................................ 38

H 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 38
H 200 Vibration ............................................................................................................................................................. 38
CHANGES HISTORIC ................................................................................................................................................. 39

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 7

SECTION 1 PROPELLERS
A. General
A 100 Application
101 The rules in this section apply to propellers intended for propulsion, steering and manoeuvring, subject
to certification. See Ch.2 Sec.1 A200 (for auxiliary thrusters, see Sec.3 A101).
102 Ch.2 describes all general requirements for rotating machinery and forms the basis for all sections in Ch.3,
Ch.4 and Ch.5.
103

The following items are recognised as parts of the propeller and are subject to approval:
propeller blades
blade fitting mechanism (e.g. blade bolts - if any)
propeller hub
pitch control mechanism (if any).

For fitting of the propeller to the shaft, see Ch.4 Sec.1.

104 See Pt.5 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships concerning propellers for ships with ice
strengthening.
105

See Pt.5 Ch.14 concerning additional requirements for propellers for naval vessels.

106 See Pt.6 Ch.2 (ship rules) concerning additional requirements related to Redundant Propellers class
notations.
107 See Pt.6 Ch.7 (ship rules) concerning additional requirements related to Dynamic Propulsion Systems
class notations.
108

The propeller shall be delivered with a NV certificate.

A 200 Documentation
201 Plans and particulars shall be submitted as applicable according to Table A1.
The plans shall show clearly all scantling details and arrangements, as well as material specifications. For load
transmitting propeller parts made of steel, type of heat treatment shall be specified.
Relevant design parameters shall be given. As a minimum, the following shall be specified:

engine power at maximum continuous rating (MCR)

corresponding propeller rotational speed
maximum ship speed
design pressure of hydraulic pitch system (if any)
relevant additional class notations (see A104-107).

The manufacturing tolerance class (ISO 484) shall be specified on the propeller drawings.
202

The following additional information shall also be submitted for the propeller:

weight and buoyancy

polar and diametrical mass moment of inertia
predicted operational hydraulic pressure for controllable pitch propellers, when available.
203

For instrumentation and automation, including computer based control and monitoring, see Ch.9 Sec.1.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 8

Table A1 Documentation
Application
Mono-block fixed pitch
propellers
Built-up fixed pitch propellers
and controllable pitch
propellers

Documentation requirement

See Classification Note 41.5

Blade drawing
Drawing of blade fitting mechanism

A
A

Hub drawing

See Classification Note 41.5

See B400
See B300 and Classification
Note 41.5

Propeller assembly drawing

Drawing of components in pitch control
mechanism

Hydraulic diagram 1)

All propellers

Operation manual 2)
Drawing of propeller fitting to shaft
Installation manual 3)
Documentation for the control and
monitoring system, including set-points and
delays. 3)
Arrangement drawing of free wheeling
propeller

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Reference to design
requirements

Propeller drawing

Controllable pitch propellers

Free wheeling propeller

Status 5)

A
A
I
A
UR

See B300 and Classification

Note 41.5
See F300 and Ch.6 Sec.5
H100 of the Rules for
Classification of Ships
See E102
See Ch.4 Sec.1

See E100

See F200

Including permissible operating servo pressures, specification of oil filter, and specification of minimum degree of oil cleanliness
according to a recognised standard (for instance ISO 4406:1999 and ISO 16889:1999).
Only in case pitch adjustment is used as load control of prime mover.
Installation manual shall follow each delivery.
For requirements to documentation types, see Ch.9.
Status: For approval (A), For information (I), Upon request (UR).

B. Design
B 100 General
101 Materials for propellers shall comply with the requirements in Pt.2 Ch.1 and Pt.2 Ch.2.
For other materials, particulars of mechanical properties and chemical compositions shall be submitted to the
Society. Fatigue properties different from the ones given in Table B1 may be accepted, provided sufficient
documentation is presented.
Table B1 Material properties
Material
Material constant Material constant Minimum yield strength Minimum tensile strength
U1 (N/mm2)
U2 (-)
y (N/mm2)
B (N/mm2)
Mn-Bronze, CU1
55
0.15
175
440
(High tensile brass)
Mn-Ni-Bronze, CU2
55
0.15
175
520
(High tensile brass)
Ni-Al-Bronze, CU3
80
0.18
245
590
Mn-Al-Bronze, CU4
75
0.18
275
630
Martensitic stainless steel
60
0.20
440
590
(12Cr 1Ni)
Martensitic stainless steel
65
0.20
550
750
(13Cr 4Ni/13Cr 6Ni)
Martensitic stainless steel
70
0.20
540
760
(16Cr 5Ni)
Austenitic stainless steel
55
0.23
180
440
(19Cr 10Ni)
Forged steel and other materials will be especially considered.

Guidance note:
Fatigue properties in sea water U1 (fatigue strength amplitude) and U2 (relative reduction of fatigue strength with
increasing mean stress) may be documented in accordance with the following recommended testing procedure:

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 9

- Material specimen without notches should be tested in "sea water". The specimen should be welded, according to
an approved repair method, including post heat treatment as applicable. Surface roughness should be as for finished
propellers. Material properties and chemical composition should be representative for the minimum material
requirements.
- Bending of flat bars is preferred, but testing with rotating bending is also acceptable.
- Thickness of specimen should be at least 25 mm.
- Number of cycles to be at least 107 at a bending frequency not higher than 5 Hz.
- Number of tests should be minimum 25. Specimen shall be taken from at least two separate material charges.
- Testing should be performed according to the Staircase method.
U1 (N/mm2) to be taken as:
U1 =

U E7
2.0 E 7
1.3

Where:

UE7 = average fatigue amplitude (N/mm2), corresponding to 107 cycles at zero mean stress (stress ratio, R = -1)
E7 = corresponding standard deviation (N/mm2).
The factor of 1.3 reflects a correction related to tested number of cycles vs. the expected number of cycles experienced
during a ships life time.
The factor of 2.0 is chosen to account for the scatter of fatigue strength.
In case U2 should be documented, additional testing should be carried out as above, with a stress ratio, R = 0.
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102 The requirements given in 200, 300, and 400 apply to all propellers of conventional design and
arrangement, unless otherwise explicitly stated. For propellers not recognised as conventional by the Society
(e.g. surface piercing propellers, cycloidal propellers etc.), the approval will be based on special consideration.
103

The combination of materials shall be such as to minimise galvanic corrosion.

104

The surface of the hub, conical bores, fillets and blades shall be smoothly finished.

B 200 Criteria for propeller blade dimensions

201

The load conditions to be considered are:

a) High cycle dynamic stresses (> 108 cycles) due to rotational propeller load variation in normal, ahead
operation.
b) Low cycle dynamic stresses (< 106 cycles) due to propeller load variations in a seaway, manoeuvres,
starting and stopping, reversing, repetitive ice shock loads etc. are also to be considered when dynamic
stresses are not dominated by high cycle load variations, e.g. for propellers for which turning direction may
be reversed and propellers running in undisturbed axial inflow.
Guidance note:
Classification Note 41.5 offers detailed methods on how to assess the minimum safety factors in Table B2 for these
load conditions.
Alternative methods may also be considered on the basis of equivalence.
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202 The propeller blades shall be designed with the minimum safety factors as given in Table B2, see also
Guidance Note in 201. The safety factors reflect the expected inaccuracies in the methods used for predictions
of loads and stress calculations, as well as the influence of allowable material defects.
It is provided that manufacturing tolerance class I or S is specified according to ISO484 for propulsion
propellers. (Tolerance class II or better for other propellers.)
Otherwise higher safety factors may be required, based upon special consideration.
Somewhat lower safety factors than given in table B2 may be accepted after special consideration if dynamic
stresses are documented by means of reliable measurements and/or calculations.
Table B2 Minimum safety factors for propeller blades
Application
All propellers, exclusive tunnel thrusters
Reversible direction of rotation,
exclusive tunnel thrusters
Tunnel thrusters

Considered Section

Load condition
Low cycle fatigue High cycle fatigue
1.8
1.6

At root section
At 0.6R

Static
-

At 0.8R

1.5

At root section

2.2

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 10

B 300 Pitch control mechanism and propeller hub

301 Hydraulic servo cylinders shall be designed according to Standard for Certification - Hydraulic
Cylinders No. 2.9, paragraph 3.2.6, taking allowable stress as half of the minimum specified yield strength for
materials specified in Table B1.
Other parts of the pitch control mechanism and propeller hub shall be able to withstand the static loads specified
in Table B3.
Table B3 Minimum safety factors for static strength of propeller hub, pitch mechanism and blade fitting
mechanism
Load condition
Required safety
factor
Load transmitted when two of the blades are prevented from pitching (servo force acting
1.0
on two blades)
Load transmitted when a propeller blade is exposed to maximum hydrodynamic load
2.0
Load corresponding to maximum servo pressure, with the load evenly distributed on all
1.3
blades
Guidance note:
The latter load case is normally dimensioning for push-pull rods.
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302 Safety factors for static load conditions reflect the risk and criticality related to the specified load
conditions, as well as the expected prediction quality of the acting loads. The minimum safety factors shall be
against yielding, and are to be applied on acting load. Local geometrical stress concentrations may be
neglected. Stresses referred to are equivalent stresses. It is provided that stresses are predicted according to
good engineering practice.
303 Maximum servo force (servo pressure corresponding to set point to safety valve) shall be applied in the
calculations. Guide pin is assumed to be located in the most critical position.
304 Unless the propeller is intended for auxiliary purposes only, fatigue strength of pitch mechanism and
propeller hub shall be considered taking the load conditions specified in Table B4 into account:
Table B4 Minimum safety factors for fatigue strength of propeller hub and pitch mechanism
Required safety
Load condition
factor
Start and stop of propeller
1.5
Change of pitch setting in normal operating condition
1.5
Rotational load variation of propeller in normal, ahead operation (for propellers
1.5
intended for propulsion only).

305

Fatigue strength related to each load condition can be calculated separately.

306 Number of cycles shall correspond to a realistic number of load variations, corresponding to the
described condition.
307 Safety factors for dynamic load conditions reflect the risk and criticality related to the specified load
conditions, as well as the expected prediction quality of the acting loads and fatigue strength of material. Safety
factor shall be applied on acting dynamic load vs. fatigue strength of material. Influence of stress
concentrations shall be taken into account in fatigue calculation. Stresses referred to shall be principal stresses.
It is presumed that stresses and fatigue strength are predicted according to good engineering practice.
Guidance note:
Classification Note 41.5 offers more information on how to assess the minimum safety factors in Table B4 for these
load conditions.
Alternative methods may also be considered on the basis of equivalence.
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308

The design shall be such that reasonably low stress concentrations are ensured.

309 For shrink fitted propellers, hub thickness must be sufficient to avoid stresses from the dynamic loading
of propeller blades influencing significantly on the shrink fit and vice versa.
Guidance note:
A hub thickness in way of propeller blade corresponding to 70% of the required thickness of the propeller blade root
section is normally considered as a minimum.
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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 11

310 The degree of filtration of hydraulic oil shall correspond to maximum allowable particle size in the
system or better.
Guidance note:
Specification of a pressure filter for maintaining suitable fluid cleanliness may be 16/14/11 according to ISO
4406:1999 and 6-7 (c) = 200 according to ISO 16889:1999.
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311 For general design requirements for piping and ancillary equipment such as pipes, pumps, filters and
coolers, see Ch.6 of the Rules for Classification of Ships and Ch.7, as found applicable.
B 400 Fitting of propeller blades to the hub
401 The pre-tensioning of the blade bolts shall ensure friction forces sufficient to prevent sliding of the
propeller flange with a safety factor of at least 1.0 when the propeller is exposed to forces as described in Table
B3. If shear pins are fitted, the sum of friction and shear forces shall be considered. Pretension stress in the
minimum section of the blade bolts is not to exceed 70% of the bolt-material yield strength or 56% of the tensile
strength, whichever is the least.
402 The blade bolt pre-stress shall be high enough to ensure that a certain minimum surface pressure between
mating surfaces is obtained in all permissible operating conditions. However, the blade bolt stress shall not
exceed yield strength of the bolt material.
403 High cycle dynamic stress amplitudes in the minimum thread section of the blade bolts for propellers
intended for propulsion shall fulfil the following criterion:
U
S = -------

A
U

404

= safety factor, not to be less than 1.5

= dynamic stress amplitude
= allowable nominal stress amplitude in the threaded area, normally 35 N/mm2 for machined threads and
60 N/mm2 for rolled threads.
Other means of propeller blade fitting mechanisms will be especially considered.

C. Inspection and Testing

C 100 General
101

Blade bolt pre-tensioning shall be carried out in the presence of a surveyor.

102

All tests and inspections in 104 to 107 shall be carried out in the presence of a surveyor.

103

For controllable pitch propellers, all connections shall be properly sealed.

104 For controllable pitch propellers intended for propulsion, the following pitch settings shall, as a
minimum, be properly marked on the hub and blade flange:
pitch at 70% radius is zero
maximum pitch ahead (pitch limited by mechanical pitch stopper)
maximum pitch astern (pitch limited by mechanical pitch stopper).
The correctness of pitch marks and the mechanical feedback of pitch setting shall be verified.
105 The function of the pitch stoppers shall be demonstrated. If pitch stoppers are located outside of the hub,
it shall be verified that maximum travel in each direction is less than inside the propeller hub.
106

After assembly, the complete servo system shall be properly flushed.

107

The complete controllable pitch propeller system shall be function tested and pressure tested as follows:

hydraulic pitch control to 1.5 times design pressure

tightness of propeller subject to 1 bar.
108 The propeller blades shall be manufactured according to the specified tolerance class (ISO 484).
As a minimum, verification of the following is required:
surface finish
pitch (local and mean pitch)
thickness and length of blade sections

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 12

form of blade sections

location of blades, reference line and blade contour
balancing (see also D100)
for propellers running in nozzle or tunnel:
extreme radius of blades (for controllable pitch propellers with outer section at zero pitch).

C 200 Inspection and testing of parts

201 Regarding certification schemes, short terms, manufacturing survey arrangement, and important
conditions, see Ch.2 Sec.2.
202

NV certificate is required for separate blades.

203

Further certificates are required in accordance with Table C1.

204 With respect to non-destructive testing for detection of surface defects, the following acceptance criteria
apply:
for propeller blades and hubs, the criteria given in Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.7 and Sec.10 apply
no indications of defects are accepted in highly stressed areas of components in the pitching mechanism.
C 300 Certification of ancillaries
301 Pumps, electric motors, coolers, piping, filters, valves, etc. that are delivered as integral parts of the
hydraulic operation and cooling systems, shall be checked as found relevant by the propeller manufacturers
quality system.
302

The control and monitoring systems for:

propellers
shall be certified according to Ch.9.
Table C1 Category C certificates
Component

Material certificate (chemical Magnetic particle

composition and mechanical inspection or dye
properties)
penetrant
NV
NV
NV
NV
NV or W 2)
W 3)
NV or W 2)
W

Propellers cast in one piece

Separate blades
Separate hubs
Blade bolts
Crank disc, push pull rod, actuator cylinder and
cross head. Other parts of pitching mechanism when
W
W 4)
found necessary
The propeller shall be delivered with a NV certificate, see A108. Reference is also given to A103.
1)
2)
3)
4)

Visual and
dimensional
inspection
NV 1)
NV 1)
NV or W 2)
W
W

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 13

tip speed exceeding 60 m/s. For built-up propellers, the required static balancing may be replaced by an
individual control of blade weight and gravity centre position. The manufacturer shall demonstrate that the
assembled propeller will be within the specified limits.

E. Control and Monitoring

E 100 General
101 For controllable pitch propellers, governing and monitoring systems shall comply with the requirements
of Ch.9.
102 Pitch adjustment shall not be used as load control system of prime mover, unless the propeller system is
especially designed for this purpose.
103

A local control for pitch shall be installed.

104

Instrumentation and alarms shall be provided according to Table E1, if not otherwise approved.

Table E1 Control and monitoring of propeller

Gr 2
Gr 3
Gr 1
Automatic
Shutdown with
Indication
System/Item
start of
alarm
alarm
standby pump
load reduction
with alarm
1.0 Pitch, speed and direction of rotation
Propeller r.p.m.
IR
Direction of rotation for
IR
reversible propellers

Propeller pitch for CPpropellers

Comments

For propulsion, the following pitch

settings shall be marked on the local
pitch indicator:
Mechanical pitch limits ahead and
astern, pitch at full ahead running,
maximum astern pitch and pitch at
zero thrust.

IL, IR

2.0 Servo oil for CP-propeller

Pressure

IL, IR, LA

AS1)

The indicators shall be able to show

sudden peaks in servo pressure.

Level
IL, LA
Differential pressure over filter
HA 2)
Gr 1 Sensor(s) for indication, alarm, load reduction (common sensor permitted but with different set points and alarm
shall be activated before any load reduction)
Gr 2 Sensor for automatic start of standby pump
Gr 3 Sensor for shutdown
IL
IR

= Local indication (presentation of values), in vicinity of the monitored component

= Remote indication (presentation of values), in engine control room or another centralized control station such as

the local platform/manoeuvring console

Alarm activated for logical value
Alarm for low value
Alarm for high value
Automatic start of standby pump with corresponding alarm
Load reduction, either manual or automatic, with corresponding alarm, either slow down (r.p.m. reduction) or
alternative means of load reduction (e. g. pitch reduction), whichever is relevant.
SH = Shut down with corresponding alarm. May be manually (request for shut down) or automatically executed if not
explicitly stated above.
A
LA
HA
AS
LR

=
=
=
=
=

For definitions of Load reduction (LR) and Shut down (SH), see Pt.4 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
1)
2)

To be provided when standby pump is required, see F301.

Applies only to propulsion propellers.

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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 14

F. Arrangement
F 100 General
101

Bolts and nuts shall be properly secured, see H203.

F 200 Arrangement of propeller

201 The arrangement and design of the propeller shall be such that satisfactory performance is maintained
under all operating conditions.
202

The arrangement of attached free-wheeling propellers will be especially considered.

F 300 Hydraulic system for pitch control

301 Unless the propeller is intended for auxiliary purposes only, at least two independent hydraulic pumps
shall be fitted. If the power is less than 400 kW and each pump is driven directly by the unit it serves, an easily
removable pump of each type may be approved as a standby pump.
302 For general requirements with respect to hydraulic systems, see the Rules for Classification of Ships
Ch.6. Sec.5 H100.

G. Vibration
G 100 General
101

Not applicable.

H. Installation Inspection
H 100 General
101

Installation of external components shall be carried out according to the makers specifications.

H 200 Fitting of propeller and propeller blades

201

For fitting of propeller, see Ch.4 Sec.1.

202

For blade bolt pre-tensioning, see C101.

203 The surveyor shall verify that bolts and nuts are properly secured. In case bolts are fixed by welding, it
shall be verified that only regions with low stress levels are affected.
H 300 Pitch marking
301

For pitch marking, see C104.

H 400 Hydraulic piping

401

Pipes shall have a suitable location and be properly clamped. Inspection and testing shall be possible.

402

The hydraulic system shall be flushed after assembly to a degree of cleanliness as specified by the maker.

403

System hydraulic oil to be in accordance with maker's specification.

I. Shipboard Testing
I 100

Sea trial

101 For controllable pitch propellers, the pitch function and the servo pressure shall be demonstrated to the
satisfaction of the surveyor. Also the function of the local pitch control shall be demonstrated, and the
correctness of local pitch indicator shall be verified.
102 Unless the propeller is intended for auxiliary purposes only, the pitch behaviour with inactive servo (zero
servo pressure) shall be demonstrated to the surveyor during sea trial.
103 The performance of the propeller shall be tested at both full ahead operation and full astern operation.
For fixed pitch propellers reversing shall be tested at maximum permissible astern r.p.m. For controllable pitch
propellers reversing shall be tested at maximum astern pitch of maximum permissible r.p.m.

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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 15

104 For controllable pitch propellers, the function and setting of the safety valve shall be demonstrated to the
satisfaction of the surveyor.
105

The filter for the servo oil shall be inspected after the sea trial.

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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 16

SECTION 2 WATER JETS

A. General
A 100 Application
101 The rules in Sec.2 apply to axial water jets intended for main propulsion and steering for all types of
vessel.
102 Ch.2 describes all general requirements for rotating machinery and forms the basis for all sections in
Ch.3, Ch.4 and Ch.5.
103

The waterjet unit shall be delivered with a NV certificate.

104

Water jet units with main steering function are also regarded as steering gear for the vessel.

105 Water jet units for auxiliary steering purposes (i.e. not for propulsion) are only subject to classification
after special consideration.
A 200 Documentation
201

Plans, particulars and calculations shall be submitted according to Table A1.

Table A1 Documentation requirements

Water jet arrangement
Cross section drawing of unit
Structural drawings (housing, mounting flanges etc.) and connections to the water inlet including NDT
specification
Impeller including NDT specification
Shafting parts to be documented according to Ch.4 Sec.1
Stator housing (with guide vanes)
Steering arrangement
Reversing arrangement
Hydraulic actuators for steering and reversing, see B205 and B206
Bearing arrangement with particulars
Seal box *
Stern flange with bolting
Water inlet ducting with respect to hydrodynamic design (see also Rules for Classification of HS, LC and
NSC Pt.3 Ch.5 Sec.1 concerning strength)
All bolt connections carrying thrust or torque, specification of bolt material and tightening procedure (bolt
pre-stress)
Control and monitoring system including set points and time delays, see Table E1**
Water jet pump characteristic, with operation limits including cavitation limits, see limit as for Table E1
Impeller thrust, vessel thrust and maximum reversing forces at crash stop
Normal operating parameters that define the permissible operating conditions, such as thrust, impeller r.p.m.,
vessel speed, impeller r.p.m. versus vessel speed, see limit as for Table E1
Calculated lifetime of roller bearings
Impeller blade strength calculations
Strength calculation of the stern flange connection, B207
Strength calculation of the steering and reversing mechanism
Housing strength calculation, see B200
*) Type approval is required for oil lubricated standard design.
**) For requirements for documentation types, see Ch.9
A
= For approval
I
= For information
UR(A) = Upon request; for approval
UR(I) = Upon request; for information

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

I
I
I
I
A
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
A
A
I
I
I
A
UR (I)
UR (A)
UR (A)
UR (I)

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 17

A 300 Definitions
301 The rules in Sec.2 use the nomenclature as defined below.
Ducting
Water streaming along the vessel bottom flows into a duct, leading the water to the water jet. The duct forms
an integral part of the vessel hull. It is normally manufactured at the yard.
Impeller
The rotating hub with blades. The impeller is connected to the shaft. The impeller is usually cast in one piece.
Alternatively, the blades are welded onto the hub.
Stator housing
By leading the water flow through a row of stationary vanes downstream of the impeller, the swirl added to the
water by the impeller is reduced, and the longitudinal speed of the water flow is increased. The vanes are
usually formed as an integral part of the water jet housing.
Impeller housing
The water jet casing surrounding the impeller.
Steering nozzle
The water flow is lead through a passageway that can be tilted horizontally in relation to the vessel's
longitudinal axis, thereby changing the direction of the water jet flow. This creates a turning moment used for
steering the vessel.
Reversing bucket
For reversing purposes, the water jet incorporates components that can force its entry into the water flow
thereby turning the water jet discharge to be thrown somewhat forwards. This creates a reversing force that acts
on the vessel. The flow is either thrown forwards in an angle directed below the vessel, or to both of the sides
of the water jet. The components used for this purpose is denoted a bucket.
Hydraulic actuators
Used for either steering or reversing as the driving force that impose the reversing bucket or acts on the steering
nozzle to create a change in the water flow direction.

B. Design
B 100 General
101

For general design principles for machinery, see Ch.2 Sec.3.

102 The water jet unit shall be capable of withstanding the loads imposed by all permissible operating modes,
including the condition when the inlet of the suction is blocked.
103 The stresses in water jet components shall be considered based on loads due to the worst permissible
operating conditions, taking into account:
a) Hydrodynamic loads, including varying hydrodynamic loads due to water flow disturbances introduced
e.g. by the ducting or hull.
b) Vessel accelerations versus water jet r.p.m.
Guidance note:
At full design speed on a straight course and with the vessel designated trim, giving the designed water head above
the water intake, harmful impeller cavitation will normally not occur. Harmful cavitation in this context is that
cavitation which will reduce shafting system and waterjet component lifetime by introducing vibration or impeller
erosion.
However, the waterjet may be exposed to operating conditions outside the intended design. Such situations may occur
for instance due to increased vessel weight, increased hull resistance, vessel operating at deeper waters etc. In
situations where operation exceeds the design premises, harmful impeller cavitation may occur as a consequence of
abnormal waterjet flow conditions. This phenomenon has showed to be of increasing importance with increasing
waterjet size.
To combat this, the waterjet should be designed with reasonable margin for cavitation, and care should be taken to
avoid vessel overweight due to e.g. reasons mentioned in the above. The bigger the waterjets are the more important
this advice become.
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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 18

104

The water jet units shall be provided with inspection facilities for inspection of the shaft and impeller.

B 200 Design of components

201 The dimensions of the shafts and the shafting components, including bearings, shall comply with the
requirements in Ch.4 Sec.1.
202 The impeller housing and stator housing shall be designed against fatigue considering impeller pulses
and other flow pulses.
203 Steering and reversing mechanisms shall be designed in consideration of the worst permissible
operational conditions.
204

The materials used in the hydraulic actuators shall be suitable for the expected environmental conditions.

205 Hydraulic actuators for steering shall comply with the requirements given in the Rules for Classification
of Ships, HS, LC and NSC Ch.14.
206 Hydraulic actuators for reversing shall comply with the requirements given in the Rules for
Classification of Ships Ch.6 Sec.5 H. However, if the hydraulic system for the reversing actuators is the same
as for the steering system, the design and test pressure for the reversing actuators shall be the same as for the
steering actuators. Higher nominal stresses may be accepted for the reversing actuator.
207 The critical details of the duct and connections to the hull structure shall be designed against extreme
loads occurring during crash stop and fatigue considerations related to reversing, steering and impeller pulses.

C. Inspection and Testing

C 100 General
101 The certification principles and the principles of manufacturing survey arrangements (MSA) are
described in Ch.2 Sec.2.
Regarding material and testing specifications, see Ch.2 Sec.3.
102

Welding procedures shall be qualified according to a recognised standard or Pt.2.

C 200 Certification of parts

201 Water jet parts, semi-products or materials shall be tested and certified according to Table C1 and 300 if
not otherwise agreed in a MSA, see Ch.2 Sec.2 C100.
202

The control and monitoring systems for:

water jets
shall be certified according to Ch.9.
Table C1 Requirements for certification of parts
Product
certificate,
Material
only when
certificate
sub-contracted

Documentation by certificates
Surface
Pressure Dimensiona
Visual
Other
crack
testing l inspection inspection
detection 3)
W
W
W
NV
W 1)
W
W 4)
W
W
NV
W
W4
W
W
NV
According to Ch.4 Sec.1 C
NV or W U-S or surface crack detection NV or
2)
(W)4)
W 2)
4)
W
(W)
W
Ultra-sonic or
X-ray testing

Impeller
NV
Stator housing
Impeller housing
Shafting
Hydraulic actuators for
NV
reversing and steering 5)
Other steering and
reversing components
Bolts
TR
Ducting when delivered
W
W
integral with the water jet
1) See 306.
2) NV for steering hydraulic actuators, W for reversing hydraulic actuators.
3) Crack detection in final condition.
4) NDT of welds upon request.
5) Hydraulic actuator include cylinder, rod, cylinder end eye and rod end eye.

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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 19

C 300 Testing and inspection of parts

301

The inspection and testing described in the following are complementary to 200.

302 The visual inspections by the Society shall include random dimensional check of vital areas such as flange
transition radius, bolt holes etc., in addition to the main overall dimensions.
303

Particulars concerning ducting inspections are stated in H105.

304

The impeller shall be statically balanced.

Guidance note:
VDI standard no. 2060 Quality class 6.3 or ISO 1940/1 Balance Guide G6.3 may be used as reference.
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C 400 Assembling
401

For fitting of the impeller to the shaft, see Ch.4 Sec.1 B300 to B700.

D. Workshop Testing
D 100 General
101

Not applicable.

E. Control, Alarm, Safety Functions and Indications

E 100 General
101

The systems shall comply with the requirements in Ch.9.

E 200 Monitoring and bridge control

201 The monitoring of water jets (for propulsion) shall be in accordance with Table E1 in regard to:
indications, alarms and requests for slowdown.
Table E1 Control and monitoring of water jets
System/Item
1.0 Steering
Loss of steering and reversing
signal
2.0 Hydraulic oil
Pressure
Level in supply tank
3.0 Lubricating oil
Temperature
Pressure (if forced lubrication)
Level in oil tank (if provided)

Gr 1
Indication
alarm
load reduction

Gr 2
Automatic start
of stand-by
pump with
alarm

A, LR
IR, LA, LR
IL, LA
IR, HA
IR, LA, LR
IL, LA

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Gr 3
Shut down
with alarm

Comment

Request for slow down

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 20

Table E1 Control and monitoring of water jets (Continued)

Gr 2
Gr 1
Automatic
start
Gr 3
Indication
Shut down
Comment
System/Item
of stand-by
alarm
with alarm
pump
with
load reduction
alarm
1)
4.0 Operational limitations
Request for slow down
The ratio impeller r.p.m versus
IR, HA, LR
vessel speed
Maximum permissible vessel
Indication on bridge
acceleration exceeded
Gr 1 Sensor(s) for indication, alarm, load reduction (common sensor permitted but with different set points and alarm
shall be activated before any load reduction)
Gr 2 Sensor for automatic start of standby pump
Gr 3 Sensor for shutdown
IL
IR

= Local indication (presentation of values), in vicinity of the monitored component

= Remote indication (presentation of values), in engine control room or another centralized control station such as

the local platform/manoeuvring console

Alarm activated for logical value
Alarm for low value
Alarm for high value
Automatic start of standby pump with corresponding alarm
Load reduction, either manual or automatic, with corresponding alarm, either slow down (r.p.m. reduction) or
alternative means of load reduction (e. g. pitch reduction), whichever is relevant
SH = Shut down with corresponding alarm. May be manually (request for shut down) or automatically executed if not
explicitly stated above.
A
LA
HA
AS
LR

=
=
=
=
=

For definitions of Load reduction (LR) and Shut down (SH), see Pt.4 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
1)

202

These requirements are only valid for waterjets with inlet diameter in excess of 1 000 mm.

Monitoring and bridge control shall also be in compliance with Ch.9 and Ch.14 Sec.1 E500 to E700.

203 Frequent corrections in the steering control system, when the vessel is on straight course, shall be
avoided if practicable.
Guidance note:
The actual corrections should be read preferably by monitoring the control signal. Alternatively, direct measurements
on mechanical feedback device from the water jet can be used.
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F. Arrangement
F 100 General
101 The installation and arrangement of the water jet unit with auxiliaries shall comply with the
manufacturers specification.
102 Ship external parts of the water jet shall be protected by guard rails or other suitable means, see Rules
for Classification of HS, LC and NSC Pt.3 Ch.5 Sec.1 C200.

G. Vibration
G 100 General
101

For requirements concerning whirling calculations and shaft alignment specification, see Ch.4 Sec.1.

102 For requirements concerning torsional vibration calculations for diesel driven water jets, see Ch.3 Sec.1
G. For turbine driven water jets, see Ch.3 Sec.2 G.

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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 21

H. Installation Survey
H 100 Surveys
101 The fastening of the water jet to the hull and the structural strengthening around the water jet unit with
ducting shall be carried out in agreement with the approved drawings.
102 Impeller clearances shall be checked after installation and shaft alignment and shall be in accordance
with the manufacturers specification.
Normal procedures for shafting apply, see Ch.4 Sec.1 H.

103

104 Thrust bearing axial clearances after installation shall be verified to be in accordance with the
manufacturer specification, unless verified during assembly of the water jet.
105 The ducting shall be manufactured in accordance with drawings and specifications from the water jet
designer. The surfaces shall be smooth and free from sharp edges or buckling that could give raise to turbulence
in the water flow and thereby adversely affect water jet operating conditions.
Guidance note:
Great care should be taken in assuring that the ducting dimensions agree with the water jet designers drawings. The
ducting designer should be consulted for use of possible dimensional checking equipment, such as templates
especially made for that purpose.
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106 All piping systems shall be properly flushed, in accordance with the manufacturers specification. This
shall be documented by a work certificate.
107

Pressure testing of piping shall be done according to Ch.6 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.

I. Shipboard Testing
I 100

General

101 For general requirements related to the testing of control and monitoring, see Ch.9.
For testing of steering gear, Ch.14 Sec.1 I applies.
102 Final acceptance of the control system is dependent upon satisfactory results of the harbour testing and
the final sea trial, as specified in items 103, 104 and 105.
103 Attention shall be paid to combinations of operational functions. Testing of all combinations of functions
shall be carried out.
104 Indication and alarm (if applicable) of operation outside the specified operation limits shall be checked.
This applies to acceleration as well as impeller r.p.m. versus vessel speed.
105 The water jet r.p.m. versus vessel speed shall be noted and plotted against the manufacturers operational
curves when inlet diameter exceeds 1 000 mm. The surveyor shall verify the correct reading of values, and the
results shall be submitted to the approval centre after completion of test.

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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 22

SECTION 3 PODDED AND GEARED THRUSTERS

A. General
A 100 Application
101 The rules apply to thruster plants intended for propulsion, propulsion and steering, dynamic positioning
and, if above 300 kW, for auxiliary duty. However, the requirements in C202, C203, E, and I apply to all
thrusters.
The tunnel and other parts that are welded to the hull and form the barrier against the ingress of sea water, shall
always be subject to approval, also for auxiliary units of 300 kW or less.
Thrusters of unconventional design are evaluated based on equivalence and may be accepted provided that
safety and reliability can be documented to be equivalent or better than the requirements of this section.
102 For thrusters that are part of a Dynamic Positioning System, additional requirements are given in Pt.6
Ch.7 (rules for ships).
For thrusters that are installed in a vessel with additional notation RP or RPS additional requirements are given
in Pt.6 Ch.2 (rules for ships).
For thrusters intended for navigation in ice, additional requirements are given in Pt.5 Ch.1 (rules for ships).
103 Ch.2 describes all general requirements for rotating machinery and forms the basis for all sections in Ch.3,
Ch.4 and Ch.5.
104 The requirements in B400 are specific for steering gear for azimuth thrusters and replace the equivalent
requirements in Ch.14 Sec.1, which apply to conventional rudders.
However, Ch.14 also gives requirements, depending on vessel type and size, which shall be complied with in
addition to the requirements in B400.
105 Definitions
A thruster is a unit equipped with a propeller or impeller in order to produce thrust.
Geared thruster: Thruster with a lower gear or lower and upper gear.
Podded thruster: Thruster with the prime mover directly attached to the propeller shaft (often called "pod or
podded propulsor").
A thruster is considered to be the complete assembly; from the propeller with nozzle (if applicable) to the input
shaft at the upper gear or slip ring unit (if applicable).
Azimuth thruster: An azimuth thruster is capable of providing omni-directional thrust by being rotated around
the vertical axis.
A propulsion thruster is a thruster that is assigned to propulsion of the vessel. A propulsion thruster may also
provide steering function.
A dynamic positioning thruster is a thruster that is a part of a dynamic positioning system on board a vessel
with the class notations: DYNPOS-AUTS, DYNPOS-AUT, DYNPOS-AUTR and DYNPOS-AUTRO.
An auxiliary thruster is a thruster for all other purposes than propulsion and dynamic positioning.
Declared steering angle limits are the operational limits in terms of maximum steering angle, or equivalent,
according to manufacturer's guidelines for safe operation, also taking into account the vessel's speed or
propeller torque/speed or other limitation.
106

For HS, LC and NSC the following rules also apply:

machinery in general: HSC Code 9.1.1 to 9.1.14, HSC Code 9.7 and 9.8 (passenger craft), and HSC code
9.9 (cargo craft)
propulsion and lift devices: HSC Code 9.6.1 to 9.6.5.
107 The complete thruster shall be delivered with NV certificate that is based on the design approval in B,
the component certification in C, the workshop testing in D and relevant monitoring equipment in E.
A 200 Documentation
201 Basic operation and load information to be submitted
For all thrusters except tunnel thrusters:
information about any operational (design) limitations which may apply to the thruster (such as limitations
in rotation of azimuth thrusters at high vessel speed, maximum vessel speed for lowering and hoisting of
retractable units)

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Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 23

description of crash stop operation including the functionality of the load control system during the most
extreme allowable manoeuvre
maximum forces acting on the thruster unit under the most extreme allowable manoeuvre, including crash stop
procedure
Guidance note:
Crash stop operation is a set of defined actions for stopping the vessel from maximum ahead speed in the shortest
stopping distance without damaging the equipment.
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description of steering gear function and load limiting devices including maximum values, delays and ramp
functions
steering gear operation instructions, including emergency operation
data sheet for electrical motor for steering gear, including motor rating according to IEC and torque versus
speed characteristics of electrical motor
steering gear frequency converter set value of parameters, list of alarms, shutdowns and ramp functions. (if
applicable)
steering gear brake capacity, and slip value (if applicable)
specification of torque capacity of reduction gear certified according to C202.
For all thrusters:
starting procedure for electrical motors for propeller drive including documentation of maximum start-up
torque (KAP factor see. Classification Note 41.2). This documentation requirement does not apply to
thrusters which obtain the required scuffing safety factor (see Table B2) with a peak torque factor KAP of
1.5 or higher and have equivalent mass moment of inertia of motor higher than equivalent mass moment of
inertia of the propeller
functional description of the load control system including description of the method used to control the
load (CP-mechanism, frequency converter etc).
Description of which parameters are used to measure/monitor the load (torque meter, current, etc.).
Maximum values, delays and ramp functions to be described, as well as monitoring system including the
power supply for each system.
For requirements to documentation types, see Ch.9.
202 Plans and particulars as listed in Table A1 shall be submitted for approval. The plans shall give full
details of scantlings and arrangements as well as material specification and data necessary for verifying
scantling calculations together with specified ratings.
Material specifications shall include mechanical properties and particulars about heat treatment.
Table A1 - Plans and particulars to be submitted for approval
Required documentation

Status

Rule
reference

Thrusters arrangement
Assembly (sectional drawings)
Structural drawings (gear housing) and connections to the tunnel or
nozzle including material specification and NDT specification
Bearing arrangement

A
A

B
B

B503

Sealing boxes exposed to sea

Mounting to the hull

Sealing arrangement for flexibly mounted thrusters
For podded thrusters: sectional
drawing of electric motor including particulars of stator-to-housing and rotor-to-shaft
connections and
defined air gap with tolerances
Bilge system for podded thrusters
Steering column including material specification and NDT specification
Gears inclusive azimuth gear
Shafts, couplings
Propeller

A
A

B700
B202, B203,
B504, B602
F104
F102

Propeller nozzle

General arrangement drawings of steering gear compartment for

propulsion thrusters

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

A
I
A
A
A
A

B505
B500
B301, B400
B201
B600
Pt.3 Ch.3
Sec.2 (ship
rules)
F103, F201,
F202

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 24

Table A1 - Plans and particulars to be submitted for approval (Continued)

Required documentation
Arrangement of steering gear
Sectional drawing of steering gear and thruster support bearing
Detail drawings of steering gear load transmitting parts (shafts, pinions or equal).
Load data for azimuth gear
Piping diagrams for cooling,
lubrication and hydraulic systems (pitch and azimuth) including
functional description, description of main operation modes, list of main components, set
values for safety valve, alarm set points and delay times, indicator positions and pump capacity
Torsional vibration calculation, see G. Not required for auxiliary thrusters below 500 kW
Calculated life times of rolling
bearings
Calculation of capacity for thruster support bearings
Torsional impact vibration
calculation
Pendulum vibration calculation
Component strength (i.e. for steering column) calculation
Assembling and adjustment
procedures regarding gear mesh
contact for drive gears and steering gears if applicable
Functional failure analysis of steering gear and control system

Status
I
A
A
I

Rule
reference
B400, F201
B400
B413
B413

B409, B800

G100

B702

I
UR
UR
UR
UR
UR

Electrical equipment

Control systems

B106, B417,
E100
B106, B416,
E100

A = for approval
I = for information
UR = upon request.

B. Design
B 100 General
101 The thruster shall be capable of withstanding the loads imposed by all allowable operating conditions
including effects of thermal expansion elastic deformations.
102 In-dock inspection of thruster gears shall be made possible either through proper inspection openings, or
by other means (e.g. fibre optical instruments) without extensive dismantling.
103 Podded thruster internals shall be shielded in order to provide safe entrance/accessibility to perform
necessary maintenance and inspection without risk of damage neither to equipment nor personnel.
104 For general design requirements for piping and ancillary equipment such as pipes, pumps, filters and
coolers, see Ch.6 of the Rules for Classification of Ships and Ch.7, as found applicable.
Hydraulic components shall be chosen in consideration of the expected level of contamination the system will
be exposed to during its lifetime.
Flange connections for piping systems shall be located as far as practicable outside the podded thruster.
Flanges and valves inside podded thrusters shall be arranged to minimise the consequence of leakage, i.e. by
drip trays and leakage drain to safe location.
105

The cooling system shall be in accordance with Ch.8 Sec.3 D200.

106 For design and arrangement requirements for electro systems and control systems reference is made to
Ch.14 Sec.1 E (for propulsion thrusters only) and Ch.8 and Ch.9.
B 200 Shafting
201

The dimensions of the shafts and the shafting components shall be in accordance with Ch.4 Sec.1.

202 A shaft sealing box shall be installed to prevent water from gaining access to internal parts of the thruster
or into the ship. The sealing arrangement shall protect steel shafts from seawater, unless corrosion-resistant
steel especially approved by the Society is used.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 25

For single thruster arrangements the shaft seal shall be duplicated and means for leakage detection shall be
provided.
B 300 Gear transmissions
301 Gear transmissions shall be in accordance with the requirements in Ch.4 Sec.2 as far as applicable. In
general the lifetime criteria given in Table B1 may be used for dimensioning the gears in the propeller drive
line.
Table B1 Thruster type and load cycles
Type of thruster

Minimum number of input shaft revolutions at full power

(NL load cycles)
11010
5108
5107

Propulsion 1)
Dynamic positioning
Auxiliary
1)

For thusters subject to frequent overload (intermittent load), relevant load and corresponding accumulated number of load cycles
shall be applied, see also Ch.2 Sec.3 A101.

The safety factors SF against tooth fracture, SH against pitting, SHSS against subsurface fatigue (surface
hardened gears only) and SS against scuffing shall be at least as specified in Table B1 in Ch.4 Sec.2. The safety
factors for gears in thrusters for dynamic positioning shall be as for propulsion gears.
B 400 Azimuth steering gear
401 The requirements in 400 apply to steering gear for thrusters.
Steering gear for auxiliary and dynamic positioning thrusters need not comply with 402, 403, 404, 405, 407,
requirement for safety valve set value in 408, 410 and 417.
402

Steering arrangement for the vessel shall comply with the following requirements:

a) The vessel shall be provided with two steering gears, each with strength and capacity as specified below.
b) A single failure shall neither lead to loss of steering of the vessel, nor consequential damage to the thrusters.
403

The steering gear for the thruster shall:

a) be capable of operating the thruster for the purpose of steering the vessel at maximum ahead service speed,
which shall be demonstrated at sea trial
b) have capacity to turn the thruster from side to side according to steering gear test. See Ch.14 Sec.1 B401 b.
c) be capable of bringing the thrusters back to neutral position from any allowable angle at maximum service
speed.
404 The thrusters shall be prevented from sudden turning in the case of power failure, failure in the steering
control system or any other single failure, except failure in steering column and support bearings.
405 It shall be possible to lock the thruster in a neutral position to allow it to produce thrust in the case that
its steering gear is inoperative.
406

Steering gear shall be designed considering all relevant loads from internal and external forces.

407 Steering gear drivers shall be designed with capacity not less than 125% of maximum torque occurring
during steering gear test as described in Ch.14 Sec.1 B401 b). See also 417 for electro motor rating.
408 The steering gear arrangement shall be provided with a load limiting device (limiting torque/ pressure as
applicable), such as relief valve or frequency converter limiter.
The load limiting device shall have a set value not less than 125% of torque occurring during steering gear test
as described in Ch.14 Sec.1 B401 b), however not exceeding design torque in the system.
409 Hydraulic system for steering gear shall normally not be used for other purposes than steering.
For propulsion thrusters the requirements in Ch.14 Sec.1 B1000 apply.
Guidance note:
Steering hydraulic may share the oil sump with systems for propeller pitch control and/or internal lubrication. This is
provided that impurity from one system is not transmitted to the other systems.
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410 Azimuth thrusters designed for reversing the thrust by turning the unit shall be able to do so at a turning
rate minimum 2 r.p.m.
411 Azimuth steering gears shall have a margin against self-locking in order to avoid stick slip effects. The
total drive train efficiency (excluding the driving motor) shall not be less than 0.65.
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412 Azimuth steering gears for dynamically positioning thrusters shall be designed for continuous running.
See Pt.6 Ch.26 Sec.1 E600 (rules for ships).
413 Steering gear transmissions shall as far as applicable be in accordance with the requirements in Ch.4 The
steering gear transmission shall be designed considering the relevant loads (see A201).
Guidance note:
Typically the following load cases shall be considered:
- Maximum torque corresponding to relief valve setting pressure (steering gear design pressure pD) for hydraulic
operation, respectively max torque for electric motor operation. This can normally be considered as a static or low
cycle fatigue case (1 000 cycles).
- Loads occurring at larger manoeuvre (course changing). This load normally corresponds to the maximum working
pressure pW and will typically occur in the range from 5 000 to 100 000 times during the vessels lifetime.
- Loads occurring due to course keeping corrections (auto pilot load). This is normally a high cycle load case and
more than 5107 course corrections (load cycles) may be expected during the vessels lifetime.
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414 For reduction gears, the safety factors SF against tooth fracture, SH against pitting, SHSS against
subsurface fatigue (surface hardened gears only) and SS against scuffing shall be at least as specified in Table
B2.
Table B2 Safety factors
Azimuth steering gear
- for surface hardened
- for not surface hardened

SH and SH_ss

1.5
1.5

1.15
1.0

1.4*
1.2*

* Not applicable to slow speed gears (pitch line speed < 2 m/s)

415 Inspection of azimuth gear and pinion shall be possible either through proper inspection openings or by
other means (e.g. fibre optical instruments) without extensive dismantling.
416 The control system for electro motors driving steering pinion directly shall be designed to avoid abrupt
acceleration and shock loads in mechanical parts.
417

The electro motor driving the steering gear shall at least have a rating according to IEC60034-1:

a) For electro hydraulic arrangement: S6-25.

b) For electro motor directly driving pinion:
S1 - for torque corresponding to maximum torque occurring during steering gear test, and for the entire
speed range including zero rpm.
B 500 Steering column and pod stay and underwater housing
501 The maximum local stress in the steering column and pod stay shall not exceed 0.8 times the yield
strength of the material under the most extreme allowable (possible) manoeuvre (see A201). FEM calculation
may be required when analytical methods cannot give satisfactory accuracy (relevant stress concentration
factors are sometimes difficult to find in literature). The maximum nominal stress shall not exceed 50% of the
yield strength.
502 The steering column and pod stay shall be designed to withstand the fatigue loads arising from thrust
variations and other hydrodynamic loads and accelerations. This applies to parent material as well as to any
welds.
503 The thruster structure as underwater housings, steering column and pod stay etc. shall have a stiffness
sufficient to avoid harmful deformations which may cause damage to internal shafting, sealing, bearings and
gear mesh when subjected to the loads defined in A201.
504 The sealing around the steering column and pod stay, at the hull penetration, shall be arranged so that
any leakage can be detected and drained before water can gain access to water sensitive parts, such as slewing
bearing and gears. Existing designs with a proven service record may be accepted with other sealing
arrangements.
505 The podded thruster shall be provided with a bilge system.
The bilge system shall be provided with full redundancy for single podded thruster arrangements.
B 600 Propeller
601 The propeller and propeller components shall meet the relevant dimensional requirements in Sec.1. See
also Classification Note 41.5.

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602 Special attention shall be paid to the sealing for propeller blades, in order to prevent ingress of water into
the oil system. The sealing shall be designed to ensure that expected lifetime is safely beyond the specified
service intervals.
603 Controllable pitch mechanism on thrusters that are used in a dynamic positioning system, shall be
designed for continuos operation.
B 700 Bearings
701

Fluid film bearings shall be designed in accordance with the requirements in Ch.4 Sec.2 B701.

702

Ball and roller bearings shall have a minimum L10a (ISO 281) as specified in Ch.4 Sec.2 B702.

B 800 Lubrication system

801 The lubrication system shall be designed to provide all bearings, gear meshes and other parts requiring oil
with adequate amount of oil for both lubrication and cooling purposes. This shall be maintained under all
environmental conditions as stated in Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
802 Thrusters where the total circulated lube oil quantity Voil (in litres) is less than 0.1 P (P = propeller
power in kW) shall have separate lube oil system for each bearing assembly.
803

The lubrication system shall include:

an arrangement to take representative oil samples with respect to detecting water and particle
contamination
a filter of suitable fineness for gearing, hydraulics and bearings (see 702)
Guidance note:
Specification of a pressure filter for maintaining suitable fluid cleanliness may be 16/14/11 according to ISO
4406:1999 and
6-7 = 200 according to ISO 16889:1999.
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if necessary, a cooler to keep the oil temperature within the specified maximum temperature, when
operating under the worst relevant environmental conditions (see 801)
for propulsion and dynamic positioning thrusters it shall be possible to change or clean filters without
interrupting the oil supply
if forced lubrication is required for operation of the thruster, single propulsion thruster installation shall
have a standby pump with immediate action. On vessels with two or more independent and equal sized
propulsion thrusters one pump per thruster will normally be accepted.
804 For propulsion thrusters where wind milling may be detrimental and considered as a normal working
condition, there shall be either:
a shaft brake designed to hold (statically) twice the highest expected wind milling torque, or
one pump available in windmilling condition. This pump shall be additional to any standby pump required
by other parts of rules.
The chosen version shall be automatically activated within 30 s after shutdown.
805 For thrusters designed to operate at such low rotational shaft speeds that an attached pump (if needed)
cannot supply sufficient oil pressure, the following will be accepted:
either an extra electric oil pump that is activated at a given pressure, or
2 electric main pumps of the same capacity, one of which is arranged as a standby pump with immediate
action. These 2 electric pumps shall be supplied from different sides of main distribution.

C. Inspection and Testing

C 100 General
101

Regarding certification schemes, short terms, MSA and important conditions, see Ch.2 Sec.2.

102 The parts in a thruster may be tested and documented as described in 200, or the entire testing and
documentation is handled by the manufacturers quality system, or combinations of both. Such certification
schemes shall be settled in a MSA.
C 200 Certification of parts
201

Certification requirements are given in the respective references or in this section:

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Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 28

pinions and wheels for propeller drive, see Ch.4 Sec.2

pinions and wheels for azimuth steering, see Ch.4 Sec.2*
shafts, see Ch.4 Sec.1
clutches, see Ch.4 Sec.3
couplings, see Ch.4 Sec.4
propeller, see Sec.1
hydraulic motor for steering (to be handled as a pump), see Ch.6 Sec.6 of the Rules for Classification of
Ships.

For propulsion thrusters which have high speed hydraulic motor or electric motor (equivalent to rudder
actuator) which is combined with off the shelf, mass produced gear boxes, the certification of the
gearboxes may be based on function testing only, provided that:
vessel has two or more independent propulsion thrusters
vessel is fully manoeuvrable with one thruster locked in worst possible condition (other thruster(s) in
operation)
each thruster is provided with two or more steering gear actuators
the gearboxes shall be conservatively chosen with regard to required safety factors and able to handle
all relevant loads for the steering gear
easily replaceable.

202

The control and monitoring systems for:

propulsion thrusters
dynamic positioning thrusters
are to be certified according to Ch.9.
203

Electrical equipment to be certified as required in Ch.8.

C 300 Material and NDT testing

301

302

Material certificates containing chemical composition and mechanical properties are required for:
underwater housing (W)
inboard housing (W)
outer housing (non rotating forming barrier to sea) (NV)
steering column or rotating support (NV)
propeller nozzle (NV).
Ultrasonic test certificate (W) is required for:

steering column
welds in any part mentioned in 301, if specified in
approval.
The ultrasonic test shall be carried out at an appropriate stage of the manufacturing process. The test certificate
shall refer to a recognised standard and approved acceptance levels.
303 Surface crack detection (MPI or dye penetrant) is required in way of zones with stress raisers and in
welded connections for:
steering column (W)
housings (W). (If specified in approval.)
The extent and acceptance criteria shall be specified in the documentation submitted for approval.
304 Visual inspection shall be carried out of all parts mentioned in 200 and 300 unless otherwise defined in
a MSA.
305 Ancillaries, which are not part of the steering gear, such as pumps, electric motors, coolers, piping, filters
and valves. that are delivered as integral parts of the lubrication, hydraulic operation and cooling systems of
the thruster, shall be checked by the thruster manufacturers quality system as found relevant.
C 400 Assembling
401 Assembling of the drive gears regarding tooth contact shall be in accordance with the approved
procedure and in the presence of the surveyor. The surveyor shall check access through inspection openings.
402 For assembling of other elements, see Ch.4 Sec.2 C500 and Sec.1 C100. However, for auxiliary thrusters
Sec.1 C101 and 102 need not be adhered to.
403

For propeller fitting, see Ch.4 Sec.1 H208.

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D. Workshop Testing
D 100 Testing of assembled unit
101

For gear mesh checking, see Ch.4 Sec.2 D100 unless other procedure is approved.

102

For clutch operation, see Ch.4 Sec.2 D200.

103 All hydraulic systems for steering, lubrication and pitch control shall be function and pressure tested.
For the steering system the test pressure shall be 1.5 times the design pressure pD as required in Ch.14 Sec.1.
For other hydraulic systems the test pressure shall be as required in Ch.6 Sec.6 of the Rules for Classification
of Ships. Regarding function testing of controllable pitch propellers, see Sec.1 C100.
104

The thruster unit shall be subjected to leak testing (internal pressure, soap water test or similar).

E. Control, Alarm, Safety Functions and Indication

E 100 General
101 For instrumentation and automation, including computer based control and monitoring, the requirements
in this item are additional to those given in Ch.9.
102 Additional requirements for vessels with class notations DYNPOS-AUTS, DYNPOS-AUT,
DYNPOS-AUTR and DYNPOS-AUTRO see the Rules for Classification of Ships, Pt.6 Ch.7 Sec.3 H100.
103 Alarms and indications shall be initiated, as applicable, for the faults given in Table E1. For electrodriven propulsion thrusters see also Ch.8 Sec.12 A604.
For steering gear see also Ch.14 Sec.1 Table E1.
Additionally, an alarm shall be initiated on the bridge in case of power failure of alarm, control and safety
system as required in Ch.9 Sec.2 C100.
104 Any alarm condition in the thruster plant shall initiate an alarm on the bridge with individual or groupwise indication. For HS, LC and NSC, all alarms shall have individual indication on the bridge.
The alarm indicators on the bridge shall be readily observed at the position from which the vessel is normally
controlled and navigated.
105

Essential and important sensors and components which are not easily replaceable shall be duplicated

E 200 Bridge control

201 It shall be possible to stop the propeller from the bridge by means of a system independent of the remote
control system.
If the independent stop facility is arranged as an emergency stop push button, this must be arranged in
accordance with Ch.8 Sec.2 H400.
Table E1 Control and monitoring of thrusters

System/Item

1.0 Lubricating oil

Pressure
Temperature
Level
2.0 Steering system
Azimuth angle
Hydraulic oil pressure
Hydraulic oil supply tank level
Hydraulic pump motor overload,
power and phase failure

Gr 1
Indication
alarm
load
reduction

Gr 2
Automatic
start of
stand-by
pump with
alarm

IL2), LA
IL, HA2)
IL, LA

AS1)

Gr 3
Shut down
with alarm

Comment

If forced lubrication oil system

IL
IL, LA
IL, LA
Applicable to power units on propulsion
thrusters
If applicable. Manual release shall be
possible. Additional indication on bridge.
See Ch.14 Sec.1 E704. Identification of
failed system

Azimuth brake engaged 5)

Interlocking of actuators 4)

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Table E1 Control and monitoring of thrusters (Continued)

Gr 2
Gr 1
Automatic
Indication
Gr 3
start of
System/Item
alarm
Shut down
stand-by
load
with alarm
pump with
reduction
alarm
3.0 Pitch, speed and direction of rotation
Propeller r.p.m.

Direction of rotation for reversible

Propellers

Propeller pitch for CP-propellers

Comment

Running indication for constant speed

propellers

For main propulsion, the following pitch

settings shall be marked on the local pitch
indicator:
Mechanical pitch limits ahead and astern,
pitch at full ahead running, maximum
astern
pitch and pitch at zero thrust.
For auxiliary and dynpos thrusters; max.,
min. and zero pitch is sufficient

IL, IR

4.0 Servo oil for CP-propeller

Pressure
IL, LA
AS7)
2)
Level
IL, LA
Differential pressure over filter
HA
Applicable for propulsion thrusters
5.0 Electrical prime mover 6)
Load (torque)2)
IR, HA3)
Additional indication on bridge.
6.0 Bilge system
Level
HA
For dry pods
Gr 1 Sensor(s) for indication, alarm, load reduction (common sensor permitted but with different set points and alarm
shall be activated before any load reduction)
Gr 2 Sensor for automatic start of standby pump
Gr 3 Sensor for shutdown
IL
IR

= Local indication (presentation of values), in vicinity of the monitored component

= Remote indication (presentation of values), in engine control room or another centralized control station such as

the local platform/manoeuvring console

Alarm activated for logical value
Alarm for low value
Alarm for high value
Automatic start of standby pump with corresponding alarm
Load reduction, either manual or automatic, with corresponding alarm, either slow down (r.p.m. reduction) or
alternative means of load reduction (e. go. pitch reduction), whichever is relevant
SH = Shut down with corresponding alarm. May be manually (request for shut down) or automatically executed if not
explicitly stated above.
A
LA
HA
AS
LR

=
=
=
=
=

For definitions of Load reduction (LR) and Shut down (SH), see Pt.4 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

To be provided when stand-by pump is required, see B800

Not required for auxiliary thrusters
Set point to be according to approved rating
For single pod installations
For electro-mechanical steering systems
Regarding electric motors, see Ch.8 Sec.12 A604
To be provided when stand-by pump is required, see Sec.1 F300.

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F. Arrangement
F 100 General
101 The installation of a thruster, including alignment shall be such as to give satisfactory performance under
all operating conditions.
102 The arrangement of flexibly mounted side thrusters shall provide effective protection against flooding.
Such thrusters shall be placed in a separate watertight compartment, unless the flexible sealing arrangement
contains two separate effective sealing elements. An arrangement for indication of leakage into the space
between the inner and outer sealing shall be provided. The arrangement shall allow inspection of such sealings
during bottom survey without extensive dismantling.
103 Azimuth thrusters shall be mounted in a watertight compartment unless the penetration through the hull
is situated above the deepest loaded waterline.
104 Thrusters mounted to the hull by bolt connections which provide boundary to sea should be protected by
means of seal or gasket. Resin epoxy is not considered as sealing.
F 200 Propulsion thrusters
201 When propulsion is provided by thrusters with underwater gear or when access to the internal parts of
the thruster is not possible from inside the vessel, there shall be at least 2 separate, equal sized thrusters.
202 Propulsion thruster compartment shall be arranged according to Ch.14 Sec.1 F200.
Local control of steering gear, propeller pitch or speed shall normally be in the thruster compartment.
203 For propulsion thrusters with rated power exceeding 2500 kW the steering gear shall be connected to an
alternative source of power, according to the requirements in Ch.14 Sec.1 E301.
When operating on emergency power, the steering gear's capacity shall be as described in Ch.14 Sec.1 B501.
The requirement of 15 rudder angle on either side shall be replaced by the manufacturer's declared steering
angle limits (see A105), and the average rate of turn shall be not less than 0.5/s.
Guidance note:
This requirement is based on IACS Unified Interpretation SC 242 which is considered equivalent to the SOLAS
requirement of an alternative source of power for steering gears where the required rudderstock diameter is above 230 mm.
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G. Vibration
G 100 Torsional vibration
101 For electric or hydraulic motor driven tunnel thrusters calculation of the first and second natural
frequency shall be submitted.
Natural frequencies are not permitted in the range of 0.8-1.2 blade order frequency at MCR unless the vibratory
torque is documented to be within approved limits (accepted KA factor).
102 For all thrusters other than those covered by 101 calculations of natural frequencies including Holzer
tables and forced vibrations shall be submitted.
Forced torsional vibration calculation shall be made for normal operation as well as for extreme steering
manoeuvres. The excitation used for extreme steering manoeuvres shall be substantiated. For propeller
excitation, see Ch.3 Sec.1 G302 h.
Guidance note:
Propeller excitation for extreme steering manoeuvres can be taken as 3 times the excitation for normal operation
(straight ahead), unless otherwise substantiated.
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Application factors below KA = 1.10 for normal operation will not be accepted for propulsion plants.
Verification of application factors through measurements may be required (normally if vessel speed > 10 knots
and KA < 1.2).

H. Installation Inspection
H 100 Installation onboard
101

For accessible thruster gears, the requirements in Ch.4 Sec.2 H apply.

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102 For shaft alignment, propeller fitting and assembly of shafting components, the requirements in Ch.4
Sec.1 H apply.
103 Sub assemblies and parts mounted at yards or workshops other than the thruster manufacturers shall be
carried out according to the thruster manufacturers instructions and verified to the surveyors satisfaction.
H 200 Install fastening to foundation
201 The mounting and installation of the thrusters shall be in accordance to approved drawings and according
to manufacturers specification.

I. Shipboard testing
I 100

Sea trial

101

The requirements in Ch.14 Sec.1 I apply for propulsion thrusters.

102

Steering and reversing functions shall be tested under the most severe permissible conditions.

103 Steering torque (derived from electric current or hydraulic pressure) shall be measured and recorded
continuously during the steering gear test. In addition steering torque in auto pilot mode shall be recorded.
104 The steering gears capability to bring the thruster back to neutral position from any allowable angle
(B402) shall be verified by testing on sea trial.
105

For multiple thruster plants, the manoeuvrability properties shall be tested with one thruster inactive.

106

Crash stop test shall be performed according to manufacturers procedure.

107

Verification of design criteria in B410 may be done at the dockside.

108 The control, alarm and safety functions shall be tested, see Table E1 for compliance with the approved
alarm list, ref. Table A1.
109 Podded thrusters shall be inspected internally after sea trial and full load test for leakage or any other
abnormalities.
110

Accessible thruster gears shall be inspected as in Ch.4 Sec.2 I.

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SECTION 4 COMPRESSORS
A. General
A 100 Application
101

The rules apply to all types of compressors intended for the following systems:

those with pressure above 40 bars

starting air
instrument air including working compressors applied as back-up
breathing gas (monobaric and hyperbaric systems)
refrigerating (for ships having additional class notations Reefer, RM or RM CONTAINER) see Pt.5
Ch.10 Sec.3 B600 of the Rules for Classification of Ships
evaporated cargo compression (for ships having class notation Tanker for Liquefied Gas).
inert gas production (when such a system is required by SOLAS).
102

Design approval is required for all compressors listed in 101 with a shaft power exceeding 200 kW.

103

Compressors shall be delivered with NV certificate unless waived, see Ch.2 Sec.2 A102.

A 200 Documentation
201 Plans and particulars shall be submitted according to Table A1.
For compressors of special type and design, the extent of the documentation shall be considered in each case.
Documentation of strength through tests will be accepted as an alternative to calculations.
Table A1 Documentation
Component
Compressor cross section
Crankshaft
Connecting rod
Cylinder and -head with bolts
Rotors (w/ blades)
Rotor casing
Internal piping
Particulars:

Drawing
I
A
I
I

Material
Calculations
specification

A 1)/I

A
I
I
A1)/I

A1)/I

Miscellaneous

Shaft strength: UR

NDT: I

Burst speed: UR1)

Strength: UR
Containment: UR1)

NDT: I

medium
design pressure for all stages
I
working temperature
working capacity
maximum shaft power and speed
Alarm set points and delay times
A
A
= For approval
I
= For information
UR
= Upon request
NDT = Non-destructive testing
1)
= If > 1 000 kW and rotor with blades.

202

For documentation of torsional vibration in reciprocating compressors, see G101.

B. Design
B 100 General
101 All compressors shall be protected by suitable safety valves. The safety valves shall be set to open at the
design pressure. For starting air compressors, see also Ch.7 Sec.6 B200.
Guidance note:
The design pressure should be sufficiently higher than the working pressure in order to have suitable margins for

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setting of the safety valve.

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102 The piping to and from the compressor shall be arranged in order to prevent condensation from entering
the cylinders.
103 Starting air compressors shall satisfy the requirements of Ch.6 Sec.5 I300 of the Rules for Classification
of Ships.
104 Refrigerating compressors shall satisfy the requirements of Pt.5 Ch.10 Sec.3 B600 of the Rules for
Classification of Ships.
105 Compressors intended for breathing gas systems shall comply with the requirements in DNV-OS-E402
and, if applicable, to national regulations. Means shall be provided to avoid oil or poisonous gases from
entering the breathing air system.
106 Gas compressors will be especially considered and shall normally comply with a recognised national or
international standard.
107 Compressors intended for inert gas production shall satisfy the requirements of Pt.5 Ch.4 Sec.16 of the
Rules for Classification of Ships.
108 Compressors for instrument- and control air receivers shall deliver sufficient air for the intended
instruments. The compressors shall be provided with proper filtering equipment in order to deliver air free from
oil, moisture and other contamination according to Pt.4 Ch.6 Sec.5 I204 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
B 200 Crankshafts
201 Crankshafts shall include a satisfactory safety factor against fatigue failures. Various calculation
methods may be used. The Guidance note gives one method for evaluation of safety against fatigue in the web
fillets. The method applies for crankshafts made of forged and cast steel and nodular cast iron intended for one
or multistage compressors with the cylinders arranged in line, V or W. More detailed methods may be
especially considered.
Guidance note:
The stresses in the crankpin fillet may fulfil the following criterion:

b -----f
S

b = the bending stress amplitude in the fillet (N/mm2)

f = the fatigue strength (N/mm2)
S

= the minimum safety factor

For the fatigue criteria mentioned below, the following minimum safety factor applies:
S = 1.4
This safety factor includes the influence of torsional stresses in the fillets, which for the sake of simplicity are
neglected in this method.
The fatigue strength shall be calculated as follows:

f = (0.33 B + 40) km

B = ultimate tensile strength of the material (N/mm2)

km = material factor, see Table B1
Table B1 Material factor
Material
Forged steel
Cast steel
Nodular cast iron

km
1.0
0.8
0.9

The bending stress amplitude shall be evaluated as follows:

b = 0.7 nom

0.7

= factor to correlate the pulsating bending stress range into an equivalent single amplitude reversed stress

= fatigue notch factor for bending

nom = MB / WB (N/mm2)

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= bending moment in the middle of the web nearest the centre of the bearing span
2

kd D p a b
M B = ----------------------------40L

D 1)
p 1)
L
a
b
kd

=
=
=
=

cylinder bore (mm)

design pressure (bar)
distance between the centres of two adjacent bearings (mm), see Fig. 1
distance from the centre of a bearing to the center of the web nearest the center of the bearing span (mm),
see Fig. 1
= L a, (b a) (mm)
= design factor, see Table B2

1) For multicylinder arrangements on one bearing span, use the maximum of the individual pD2.
WB = BW2/6

WB = sectional modulus of the web

B = width of the web (mm), see Fig. 1
W = thickness of the web (mm).
Table B2 Design factor
Design
In line
V-90, W-90
V-60, W-60
V-45, W-45

kd
1.00
1.15
1.50
1.75

The fatigue notch factor for bending may be calculated as follows:

= 1 + (th 1)

= notch sensitivity factor

th = theoretical stress concentration factor (referred to web bending stress)
= 0.62 + 0.2 log R + y 10-4 log (400 / R)
(if calculated > 1, = 1 applies)

y = the yield strength of the material (N/mm2)

R = the actual fillet radius (mm)
th = 3.0 f(A/d) f(W/d) f(B/d) f(R/d)

f(A/d)
f(W/d)
f(B/d)

= 1 0.8 A/d
= 1 + 2.2 (W/d 0.35)
= 1 + 0.4 (B/d 1.45)

f(R/d)

0.22
= ----------------

A
d

= pin overlap (mm), see Fig. 1

= diameter of the crankpin (mm).

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 36

Fig. 1
Crank throw for compressor

---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---

202

For keyway connection, see Ch.4 Sec.1 B500.

B 300 Rotors
301

Calculation of the rotor strength shall be carried out in accordance with recognised standards.

B 400 Rotor casing

401

The strength of the casing may be documented by calculations in accordance with recognised standards.

402 Proof tests may be used to establish the allowable design pressure of the rotor casing. The proof test shall
be carried out in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division I, or other
recognised standards.
403

Containment shall be fulfilled for blade and or disc failure respectively, at 110% of rated speed.

C. Inspection and Testing

C 100 General
101 The certification principles are described in Ch.2 Sec.2. The principles of manufacturing survey
arrangement (MSA) are described in Ch.2 Sec.2 C100.
Guidance note:
It is advised to establish an MSA with sub-suppliers delivering materials or parts mentioned in 300. This applies also
to those documented by work certificate (W) and test report (TR), and should at least verify that the premises for using
W and TR are fulfilled.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---

102

Material documentation is described in Ch.2 Sec.3.

C 200 Certification, testing and inspection of parts

201

Certificates for product and material according to Table C1.

202 All parts subject to pressure of the compressors shall be hydraulically pressure tested (W) to 1.5 times
the design pressure for the respective parts. The test pressure need not exceed the design pressure by more than
70 bars.
Table C1 Requirement for testing, inspection and certification
Material
Ultrasonic
Crack
Component
certificate
testing
detection
Crankshaft
W
W
W
Connecting rod
TR
Cylinder with head
TR
Rotors
W
W
W
Rotor casing
W

Hydraulic
testing

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Dimension
inspection
W

W
W
W

Other

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 37

D. Workshop Testing
D 100 General
101 Function testing and setting of the safety valves shall be carried out on each compressor in the presence
of a surveyor.
102 A capacity test shall be carried out with the compressor running at design condition (rated speed,
pressure, temperature, type of gas, etc.). The capacity test may be waived for compressors produced in series
and when previous tests have been carried out on similar compressors with satisfactory result. The capacity test
shall be witnessed by a DNV surveyor.

E. Control and Monitoring

E 100 General
101

Control and monitoring shall be in accordance with Table E1.

Table E1 Control and monitoring of compressors

System/Item
1.0 Bearings
Temperature
2.0 Lubricating oil

Gr 1
Indication
alarm load
reduction

Gr 2
Gr 3
Automatic start
Shut down
of stand-by
with alarm
pump with
alarm

Comment

For shaft power > 1 500 kW

Applicable for forced

lubrication
Applicable for splash
Sump Level 1)
IL or IR
lubrication
Gr 1 Sensor(s) for indication, alarm, load reduction (common sensor permitted but with different set points and alarm
shall be activated before any load reduction)
Gr 2 Sensor for automatic start of standby pump
Gr 3 Sensor for shutdown
Pressure

IL
IR

IL, LA

= Local indication (presentation of values), in vicinity of the monitored component

= Remote indication (presentation of values), in engine control room or another centralized control station such as

the local platform/manoeuvring console

Alarm activated for logical value
Alarm for low value
Alarm for high value
Automatic start of standby pump with corresponding alarm
Load reduction, either manual or automatic, with corresponding alarm, either slow down (r.p.m. reduction) or
alternative means of load reduction (e. g. pitch reduction), whichever is relevant
SH = Shut down with corresponding alarm. May be manually (request for shut down) or automatically executed if not
explicitly stated above.
A
LA
HA
AS
LR

=
=
=
=
=

For definitions of Load reduction (LR) and Shut down (SH), see Pt.4 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
1)

For compressors with shaft power less than 500 kW dipstick is considered adequate indicator.

F. Arrangement Onboard
F 100 General
101
air.

Air compressors shall be arranged and located so as to minimise the intake of oil or water contaminated

G. Vibration
G 100 Torsional vibration
101 For reciprocating compressors with shaft power exceeding 500 kW, torsional vibration analysis shall be
determined according to the requirements given in Ch.3 Sec.1 G300 and G400, as applicable.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 38

The permissible limits of any component in the system shall not be exceeded.

H. Installation Inspection
H 100 General
101 After installation onboard, the compressor and the system to which it is connected, shall be function
tested under working conditions. See also Ch.6 Sec.5.
102

The function test shall include testing of any control and safety functions.

H 200 Vibration
201 For resilient mounted reciprocating compressors, the vibration shall be observed by the surveyor and
considered with regards to hooked-up connections. See also Ch.3 Sec.1.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Changes historic Page 39

CHANGES HISTORIC
Note that historic changes older than the editions shown below have not been included. Older historic changes
may be obtained through http://www.dnv.com.

January 2013 edition

Main changes coming into force 1 July 2013

Sec.4 Compressors

In E100, Table E1:

System/Item 2.0, alternative to pressure alarm has been introduced.
System/Item 3.0, requirement for Alarm for high value, has been removed.

DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

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