Rotating Machinery, Driven Units: Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft
Rotating Machinery, Driven Units: Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft
NEWBUILDINGS
MACHINERY AND SYSTEMS MAIN CLASS
Rotating Machinery,
Driven Units
JULY 2013
The electronic pdf version of this document found through http://www.dnv.com is the officially binding version
The content of this service document is the subject of intellectual property rights reserved by Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV). The user
accepts that it is prohibited by anyone else but DNV and/or its licensees to offer and/or perform classification, certification and/or
verification services, including the issuance of certificates and/or declarations of conformity, wholly or partly, on the basis of and/or
pursuant to this document whether free of charge or chargeable, without DNV's prior written consent. DNV is not responsible for the
consequences arising from any use of this document by others.
FOREWORD
DNV is a global provider of knowledge for managing risk. Today, safe and responsible business conduct is both a license
to operate and a competitive advantage. Our core competence is to identify, assess, and advise on risk management. From
our leading position in certification, classification, verification, and training, we develop and apply standards and best
practices. This helps our customers safely and responsibly improve their business performance. DNV is an independent
organisation with dedicated risk professionals in more than 100 countries, with the purpose of safeguarding life, property
and the environment.
The Rules lay down technical and procedural requirements related to obtaining and retaining a Class Certificate. It is used
as a contractual document and includes both requirements and acceptance criteria.
If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to
such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that
the maximum compensation shall never exceed USD 2 million.
In this provision Det Norske Veritas shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf
of Det Norske Veritas.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Changes Page 3
CHANGES CURRENT
General
This document supersedes the January 2013 edition.
Text affected by the main changes in this edition is highlighted in red colour. However, if the changes involve
a whole chapter, section or sub-section, normally only the title will be in red colour.
Main changes coming into force 1 January 2014
Sec.3 Podded and Geared Thrusters
A105 has been amended with a new definition.
F203 has been amended to comply with IACS Unified Interpretation SC 242.
Editorial Corrections
In addition to the above stated main changes, editorial corrections may have been made.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Contents Page 4
CONTENTS
CHANGES CURRENT ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Sec. 1
Propellers ............................................................................................................................................ 7
A. General ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
A 100 Application............................................................................................................................................................ 7
A 200 Documentation...................................................................................................................................................... 7
B.
B
B
B
B
Design ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8
100 General.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
200 Criteria for propeller blade dimensions ................................................................................................................ 9
300 Pitch control mechanism and propeller hub........................................................................................................ 10
400 Fitting of propeller blades to the hub.................................................................................................................. 11
C.
C
C
C
Arrangement................................................................................................................................................................ 14
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 14
200 Arrangement of propeller.................................................................................................................................... 14
300 Hydraulic system for pitch control ..................................................................................................................... 14
G. Vibration ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14
G 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 14
H. Installation Inspection ................................................................................................................................................ 14
H 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 14
H 200 Fitting of propeller and propeller blades............................................................................................................. 14
H 300 Pitch marking ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
H 400 Hydraulic piping ................................................................................................................................................. 14
I. Shipboard Testing ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
I 100 Sea trial ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
Sec. 2
A.
A
A
A
General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
100 Application.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
200 Documentation.................................................................................................................................................... 16
300 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
B. Design ........................................................................................................................................................................... 17
B 100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 17
B 200 Design of components ........................................................................................................................................ 18
C.
C
C
C
C
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Contents Page 5
Sec. 3
A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
A 100 Application.......................................................................................................................................................... 22
A 200 Documentation.................................................................................................................................................... 22
B.
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Design ........................................................................................................................................................................... 24
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 24
200 Shafting ............................................................................................................................................................... 24
300 Gear transmissions .............................................................................................................................................. 25
400 Azimuth steering gear ......................................................................................................................................... 25
500 Steering column and pod stay and underwater housing...................................................................................... 26
600 Propeller.............................................................................................................................................................. 26
700 Bearings .............................................................................................................................................................. 27
800 Lubrication system.............................................................................................................................................. 27
C.
C
C
C
C
Sec. 4
Compressors ..................................................................................................................................... 33
A. General ......................................................................................................................................................................... 33
A 100 Application.......................................................................................................................................................... 33
A 200 Documentation.................................................................................................................................................... 33
B.
B
B
B
B
Design ........................................................................................................................................................................... 33
100 General................................................................................................................................................................ 33
200 Crankshafts ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
300 Rotors.................................................................................................................................................................. 36
400 Rotor casing ........................................................................................................................................................ 36
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Contents Page 6
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 7
SECTION 1 PROPELLERS
A. General
A 100 Application
101 The rules in this section apply to propellers intended for propulsion, steering and manoeuvring, subject
to certification. See Ch.2 Sec.1 A200 (for auxiliary thrusters, see Sec.3 A101).
102 Ch.2 describes all general requirements for rotating machinery and forms the basis for all sections in Ch.3,
Ch.4 and Ch.5.
103
The following items are recognised as parts of the propeller and are subject to approval:
propeller blades
blade fitting mechanism (e.g. blade bolts - if any)
propeller hub
pitch control mechanism (if any).
See Pt.5 Ch.14 concerning additional requirements for propellers for naval vessels.
106 See Pt.6 Ch.2 (ship rules) concerning additional requirements related to Redundant Propellers class
notations.
107 See Pt.6 Ch.7 (ship rules) concerning additional requirements related to Dynamic Propulsion Systems
class notations.
108
A 200 Documentation
201 Plans and particulars shall be submitted as applicable according to Table A1.
The plans shall show clearly all scantling details and arrangements, as well as material specifications. For load
transmitting propeller parts made of steel, type of heat treatment shall be specified.
Relevant design parameters shall be given. As a minimum, the following shall be specified:
The manufacturing tolerance class (ISO 484) shall be specified on the propeller drawings.
202
The following additional information shall also be submitted for the propeller:
For instrumentation and automation, including computer based control and monitoring, see Ch.9 Sec.1.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 8
Table A1 Documentation
Application
Mono-block fixed pitch
propellers
Built-up fixed pitch propellers
and controllable pitch
propellers
Documentation requirement
Blade drawing
Drawing of blade fitting mechanism
A
A
Hub drawing
Hydraulic diagram 1)
All propellers
Operation manual 2)
Drawing of propeller fitting to shaft
Installation manual 3)
Documentation for the control and
monitoring system, including set-points and
delays. 3)
Arrangement drawing of free wheeling
propeller
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Reference to design
requirements
Propeller drawing
Status 5)
A
A
I
A
UR
See E100
See F200
Including permissible operating servo pressures, specification of oil filter, and specification of minimum degree of oil cleanliness
according to a recognised standard (for instance ISO 4406:1999 and ISO 16889:1999).
Only in case pitch adjustment is used as load control of prime mover.
Installation manual shall follow each delivery.
For requirements to documentation types, see Ch.9.
Status: For approval (A), For information (I), Upon request (UR).
B. Design
B 100 General
101 Materials for propellers shall comply with the requirements in Pt.2 Ch.1 and Pt.2 Ch.2.
For other materials, particulars of mechanical properties and chemical compositions shall be submitted to the
Society. Fatigue properties different from the ones given in Table B1 may be accepted, provided sufficient
documentation is presented.
Table B1 Material properties
Material
Material constant Material constant Minimum yield strength Minimum tensile strength
U1 (N/mm2)
U2 (-)
y (N/mm2)
B (N/mm2)
Mn-Bronze, CU1
55
0.15
175
440
(High tensile brass)
Mn-Ni-Bronze, CU2
55
0.15
175
520
(High tensile brass)
Ni-Al-Bronze, CU3
80
0.18
245
590
Mn-Al-Bronze, CU4
75
0.18
275
630
Martensitic stainless steel
60
0.20
440
590
(12Cr 1Ni)
Martensitic stainless steel
65
0.20
550
750
(13Cr 4Ni/13Cr 6Ni)
Martensitic stainless steel
70
0.20
540
760
(16Cr 5Ni)
Austenitic stainless steel
55
0.23
180
440
(19Cr 10Ni)
Forged steel and other materials will be especially considered.
Guidance note:
Fatigue properties in sea water U1 (fatigue strength amplitude) and U2 (relative reduction of fatigue strength with
increasing mean stress) may be documented in accordance with the following recommended testing procedure:
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 9
- Material specimen without notches should be tested in "sea water". The specimen should be welded, according to
an approved repair method, including post heat treatment as applicable. Surface roughness should be as for finished
propellers. Material properties and chemical composition should be representative for the minimum material
requirements.
- Bending of flat bars is preferred, but testing with rotating bending is also acceptable.
- Thickness of specimen should be at least 25 mm.
- Number of cycles to be at least 107 at a bending frequency not higher than 5 Hz.
- Number of tests should be minimum 25. Specimen shall be taken from at least two separate material charges.
- Testing should be performed according to the Staircase method.
U1 (N/mm2) to be taken as:
U1 =
U E7
2.0 E 7
1.3
Where:
UE7 = average fatigue amplitude (N/mm2), corresponding to 107 cycles at zero mean stress (stress ratio, R = -1)
E7 = corresponding standard deviation (N/mm2).
The factor of 1.3 reflects a correction related to tested number of cycles vs. the expected number of cycles experienced
during a ships life time.
The factor of 2.0 is chosen to account for the scatter of fatigue strength.
In case U2 should be documented, additional testing should be carried out as above, with a stress ratio, R = 0.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
102 The requirements given in 200, 300, and 400 apply to all propellers of conventional design and
arrangement, unless otherwise explicitly stated. For propellers not recognised as conventional by the Society
(e.g. surface piercing propellers, cycloidal propellers etc.), the approval will be based on special consideration.
103
104
The surface of the hub, conical bores, fillets and blades shall be smoothly finished.
a) High cycle dynamic stresses (> 108 cycles) due to rotational propeller load variation in normal, ahead
operation.
b) Low cycle dynamic stresses (< 106 cycles) due to propeller load variations in a seaway, manoeuvres,
starting and stopping, reversing, repetitive ice shock loads etc. are also to be considered when dynamic
stresses are not dominated by high cycle load variations, e.g. for propellers for which turning direction may
be reversed and propellers running in undisturbed axial inflow.
Guidance note:
Classification Note 41.5 offers detailed methods on how to assess the minimum safety factors in Table B2 for these
load conditions.
Alternative methods may also be considered on the basis of equivalence.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
202 The propeller blades shall be designed with the minimum safety factors as given in Table B2, see also
Guidance Note in 201. The safety factors reflect the expected inaccuracies in the methods used for predictions
of loads and stress calculations, as well as the influence of allowable material defects.
It is provided that manufacturing tolerance class I or S is specified according to ISO484 for propulsion
propellers. (Tolerance class II or better for other propellers.)
Otherwise higher safety factors may be required, based upon special consideration.
Somewhat lower safety factors than given in table B2 may be accepted after special consideration if dynamic
stresses are documented by means of reliable measurements and/or calculations.
Table B2 Minimum safety factors for propeller blades
Application
All propellers, exclusive tunnel thrusters
Reversible direction of rotation,
exclusive tunnel thrusters
Tunnel thrusters
Considered Section
Load condition
Low cycle fatigue High cycle fatigue
1.8
1.6
At root section
At 0.6R
Static
-
At 0.8R
1.5
At root section
2.2
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 10
302 Safety factors for static load conditions reflect the risk and criticality related to the specified load
conditions, as well as the expected prediction quality of the acting loads. The minimum safety factors shall be
against yielding, and are to be applied on acting load. Local geometrical stress concentrations may be
neglected. Stresses referred to are equivalent stresses. It is provided that stresses are predicted according to
good engineering practice.
303 Maximum servo force (servo pressure corresponding to set point to safety valve) shall be applied in the
calculations. Guide pin is assumed to be located in the most critical position.
304 Unless the propeller is intended for auxiliary purposes only, fatigue strength of pitch mechanism and
propeller hub shall be considered taking the load conditions specified in Table B4 into account:
Table B4 Minimum safety factors for fatigue strength of propeller hub and pitch mechanism
Required safety
Load condition
factor
Start and stop of propeller
1.5
Change of pitch setting in normal operating condition
1.5
Rotational load variation of propeller in normal, ahead operation (for propellers
1.5
intended for propulsion only).
305
306 Number of cycles shall correspond to a realistic number of load variations, corresponding to the
described condition.
307 Safety factors for dynamic load conditions reflect the risk and criticality related to the specified load
conditions, as well as the expected prediction quality of the acting loads and fatigue strength of material. Safety
factor shall be applied on acting dynamic load vs. fatigue strength of material. Influence of stress
concentrations shall be taken into account in fatigue calculation. Stresses referred to shall be principal stresses.
It is presumed that stresses and fatigue strength are predicted according to good engineering practice.
Guidance note:
Classification Note 41.5 offers more information on how to assess the minimum safety factors in Table B4 for these
load conditions.
Alternative methods may also be considered on the basis of equivalence.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
308
The design shall be such that reasonably low stress concentrations are ensured.
309 For shrink fitted propellers, hub thickness must be sufficient to avoid stresses from the dynamic loading
of propeller blades influencing significantly on the shrink fit and vice versa.
Guidance note:
A hub thickness in way of propeller blade corresponding to 70% of the required thickness of the propeller blade root
section is normally considered as a minimum.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 11
310 The degree of filtration of hydraulic oil shall correspond to maximum allowable particle size in the
system or better.
Guidance note:
Specification of a pressure filter for maintaining suitable fluid cleanliness may be 16/14/11 according to ISO
4406:1999 and 6-7 (c) = 200 according to ISO 16889:1999.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
311 For general design requirements for piping and ancillary equipment such as pipes, pumps, filters and
coolers, see Ch.6 of the Rules for Classification of Ships and Ch.7, as found applicable.
B 400 Fitting of propeller blades to the hub
401 The pre-tensioning of the blade bolts shall ensure friction forces sufficient to prevent sliding of the
propeller flange with a safety factor of at least 1.0 when the propeller is exposed to forces as described in Table
B3. If shear pins are fitted, the sum of friction and shear forces shall be considered. Pretension stress in the
minimum section of the blade bolts is not to exceed 70% of the bolt-material yield strength or 56% of the tensile
strength, whichever is the least.
402 The blade bolt pre-stress shall be high enough to ensure that a certain minimum surface pressure between
mating surfaces is obtained in all permissible operating conditions. However, the blade bolt stress shall not
exceed yield strength of the bolt material.
403 High cycle dynamic stress amplitudes in the minimum thread section of the blade bolts for propellers
intended for propulsion shall fulfil the following criterion:
U
S = -------
A
U
404
102
All tests and inspections in 104 to 107 shall be carried out in the presence of a surveyor.
103
104 For controllable pitch propellers intended for propulsion, the following pitch settings shall, as a
minimum, be properly marked on the hub and blade flange:
pitch at 70% radius is zero
maximum pitch ahead (pitch limited by mechanical pitch stopper)
maximum pitch astern (pitch limited by mechanical pitch stopper).
The correctness of pitch marks and the mechanical feedback of pitch setting shall be verified.
105 The function of the pitch stoppers shall be demonstrated. If pitch stoppers are located outside of the hub,
it shall be verified that maximum travel in each direction is less than inside the propeller hub.
106
107
The complete controllable pitch propeller system shall be function tested and pressure tested as follows:
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 12
203
204 With respect to non-destructive testing for detection of surface defects, the following acceptance criteria
apply:
for propeller blades and hubs, the criteria given in Pt.2 Ch.2 Sec.7 and Sec.10 apply
no indications of defects are accepted in highly stressed areas of components in the pitching mechanism.
C 300 Certification of ancillaries
301 Pumps, electric motors, coolers, piping, filters, valves, etc. that are delivered as integral parts of the
hydraulic operation and cooling systems, shall be checked as found relevant by the propeller manufacturers
quality system.
302
propellers
shall be certified according to Ch.9.
Table C1 Category C certificates
Component
Visual and
dimensional
inspection
NV 1)
NV 1)
NV or W 2)
W
W
D. Workshop Testing
D 100 General
101 The complete propeller shall be statically balanced in accordance with specified ISO 484 tolerance class
(or equivalent) in presence of a surveyor. Dynamic balancing may be required for propulsion propellers with
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 13
tip speed exceeding 60 m/s. For built-up propellers, the required static balancing may be replaced by an
individual control of blade weight and gravity centre position. The manufacturer shall demonstrate that the
assembled propeller will be within the specified limits.
104
Instrumentation and alarms shall be provided according to Table E1, if not otherwise approved.
Comments
IL, IR
IL, IR, LA
AS1)
Level
IL, LA
Differential pressure over filter
HA 2)
Gr 1 Sensor(s) for indication, alarm, load reduction (common sensor permitted but with different set points and alarm
shall be activated before any load reduction)
Gr 2 Sensor for automatic start of standby pump
Gr 3 Sensor for shutdown
IL
IR
=
=
=
=
=
For definitions of Load reduction (LR) and Shut down (SH), see Pt.4 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
1)
2)
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 14
F. Arrangement
F 100 General
101
G. Vibration
G 100 General
101
Not applicable.
H. Installation Inspection
H 100 General
101
Installation of external components shall be carried out according to the makers specifications.
202
203 The surveyor shall verify that bolts and nuts are properly secured. In case bolts are fixed by welding, it
shall be verified that only regions with low stress levels are affected.
H 300 Pitch marking
301
Pipes shall have a suitable location and be properly clamped. Inspection and testing shall be possible.
402
The hydraulic system shall be flushed after assembly to a degree of cleanliness as specified by the maker.
403
I. Shipboard Testing
I 100
Sea trial
101 For controllable pitch propellers, the pitch function and the servo pressure shall be demonstrated to the
satisfaction of the surveyor. Also the function of the local pitch control shall be demonstrated, and the
correctness of local pitch indicator shall be verified.
102 Unless the propeller is intended for auxiliary purposes only, the pitch behaviour with inactive servo (zero
servo pressure) shall be demonstrated to the surveyor during sea trial.
103 The performance of the propeller shall be tested at both full ahead operation and full astern operation.
For fixed pitch propellers reversing shall be tested at maximum permissible astern r.p.m. For controllable pitch
propellers reversing shall be tested at maximum astern pitch of maximum permissible r.p.m.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.1 Page 15
104 For controllable pitch propellers, the function and setting of the safety valve shall be demonstrated to the
satisfaction of the surveyor.
105
The filter for the servo oil shall be inspected after the sea trial.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 16
104
Water jet units with main steering function are also regarded as steering gear for the vessel.
105 Water jet units for auxiliary steering purposes (i.e. not for propulsion) are only subject to classification
after special consideration.
A 200 Documentation
201
I
I
I
I
A
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
A
A
I
I
I
A
UR (I)
UR (A)
UR (A)
UR (I)
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 17
A 300 Definitions
301 The rules in Sec.2 use the nomenclature as defined below.
Ducting
Water streaming along the vessel bottom flows into a duct, leading the water to the water jet. The duct forms
an integral part of the vessel hull. It is normally manufactured at the yard.
Impeller
The rotating hub with blades. The impeller is connected to the shaft. The impeller is usually cast in one piece.
Alternatively, the blades are welded onto the hub.
Stator housing
By leading the water flow through a row of stationary vanes downstream of the impeller, the swirl added to the
water by the impeller is reduced, and the longitudinal speed of the water flow is increased. The vanes are
usually formed as an integral part of the water jet housing.
Impeller housing
The water jet casing surrounding the impeller.
Steering nozzle
The water flow is lead through a passageway that can be tilted horizontally in relation to the vessel's
longitudinal axis, thereby changing the direction of the water jet flow. This creates a turning moment used for
steering the vessel.
Reversing bucket
For reversing purposes, the water jet incorporates components that can force its entry into the water flow
thereby turning the water jet discharge to be thrown somewhat forwards. This creates a reversing force that acts
on the vessel. The flow is either thrown forwards in an angle directed below the vessel, or to both of the sides
of the water jet. The components used for this purpose is denoted a bucket.
Hydraulic actuators
Used for either steering or reversing as the driving force that impose the reversing bucket or acts on the steering
nozzle to create a change in the water flow direction.
B. Design
B 100 General
101
102 The water jet unit shall be capable of withstanding the loads imposed by all permissible operating modes,
including the condition when the inlet of the suction is blocked.
103 The stresses in water jet components shall be considered based on loads due to the worst permissible
operating conditions, taking into account:
a) Hydrodynamic loads, including varying hydrodynamic loads due to water flow disturbances introduced
e.g. by the ducting or hull.
b) Vessel accelerations versus water jet r.p.m.
Guidance note:
At full design speed on a straight course and with the vessel designated trim, giving the designed water head above
the water intake, harmful impeller cavitation will normally not occur. Harmful cavitation in this context is that
cavitation which will reduce shafting system and waterjet component lifetime by introducing vibration or impeller
erosion.
However, the waterjet may be exposed to operating conditions outside the intended design. Such situations may occur
for instance due to increased vessel weight, increased hull resistance, vessel operating at deeper waters etc. In
situations where operation exceeds the design premises, harmful impeller cavitation may occur as a consequence of
abnormal waterjet flow conditions. This phenomenon has showed to be of increasing importance with increasing
waterjet size.
To combat this, the waterjet should be designed with reasonable margin for cavitation, and care should be taken to
avoid vessel overweight due to e.g. reasons mentioned in the above. The bigger the waterjets are the more important
this advice become.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 18
104
The water jet units shall be provided with inspection facilities for inspection of the shaft and impeller.
The materials used in the hydraulic actuators shall be suitable for the expected environmental conditions.
205 Hydraulic actuators for steering shall comply with the requirements given in the Rules for Classification
of Ships, HS, LC and NSC Ch.14.
206 Hydraulic actuators for reversing shall comply with the requirements given in the Rules for
Classification of Ships Ch.6 Sec.5 H. However, if the hydraulic system for the reversing actuators is the same
as for the steering system, the design and test pressure for the reversing actuators shall be the same as for the
steering actuators. Higher nominal stresses may be accepted for the reversing actuator.
207 The critical details of the duct and connections to the hull structure shall be designed against extreme
loads occurring during crash stop and fatigue considerations related to reversing, steering and impeller pulses.
water jets
shall be certified according to Ch.9.
Table C1 Requirements for certification of parts
Product
certificate,
Material
only when
certificate
sub-contracted
Documentation by certificates
Surface
Pressure Dimensiona
Visual
Other
crack
testing l inspection inspection
detection 3)
W
W
W
NV
W 1)
W
W 4)
W
W
NV
W
W4
W
W
NV
According to Ch.4 Sec.1 C
NV or W U-S or surface crack detection NV or
2)
(W)4)
W 2)
4)
W
(W)
W
Ultra-sonic or
X-ray testing
Impeller
NV
Stator housing
Impeller housing
Shafting
Hydraulic actuators for
NV
reversing and steering 5)
Other steering and
reversing components
Bolts
TR
Ducting when delivered
W
W
integral with the water jet
1) See 306.
2) NV for steering hydraulic actuators, W for reversing hydraulic actuators.
3) Crack detection in final condition.
4) NDT of welds upon request.
5) Hydraulic actuator include cylinder, rod, cylinder end eye and rod end eye.
NV
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 19
The inspection and testing described in the following are complementary to 200.
302 The visual inspections by the Society shall include random dimensional check of vital areas such as flange
transition radius, bolt holes etc., in addition to the main overall dimensions.
303
304
C 400 Assembling
401
For fitting of the impeller to the shaft, see Ch.4 Sec.1 B300 to B700.
D. Workshop Testing
D 100 General
101
Not applicable.
Gr 1
Indication
alarm
load reduction
Gr 2
Automatic start
of stand-by
pump with
alarm
A, LR
IR, LA, LR
IL, LA
IR, HA
IR, LA, LR
IL, LA
Gr 3
Shut down
with alarm
Comment
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 20
=
=
=
=
=
For definitions of Load reduction (LR) and Shut down (SH), see Pt.4 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
1)
202
These requirements are only valid for waterjets with inlet diameter in excess of 1 000 mm.
Monitoring and bridge control shall also be in compliance with Ch.9 and Ch.14 Sec.1 E500 to E700.
203 Frequent corrections in the steering control system, when the vessel is on straight course, shall be
avoided if practicable.
Guidance note:
The actual corrections should be read preferably by monitoring the control signal. Alternatively, direct measurements
on mechanical feedback device from the water jet can be used.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
F. Arrangement
F 100 General
101 The installation and arrangement of the water jet unit with auxiliaries shall comply with the
manufacturers specification.
102 Ship external parts of the water jet shall be protected by guard rails or other suitable means, see Rules
for Classification of HS, LC and NSC Pt.3 Ch.5 Sec.1 C200.
G. Vibration
G 100 General
101
For requirements concerning whirling calculations and shaft alignment specification, see Ch.4 Sec.1.
102 For requirements concerning torsional vibration calculations for diesel driven water jets, see Ch.3 Sec.1
G. For turbine driven water jets, see Ch.3 Sec.2 G.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.2 Page 21
H. Installation Survey
H 100 Surveys
101 The fastening of the water jet to the hull and the structural strengthening around the water jet unit with
ducting shall be carried out in agreement with the approved drawings.
102 Impeller clearances shall be checked after installation and shaft alignment and shall be in accordance
with the manufacturers specification.
Normal procedures for shafting apply, see Ch.4 Sec.1 H.
103
104 Thrust bearing axial clearances after installation shall be verified to be in accordance with the
manufacturer specification, unless verified during assembly of the water jet.
105 The ducting shall be manufactured in accordance with drawings and specifications from the water jet
designer. The surfaces shall be smooth and free from sharp edges or buckling that could give raise to turbulence
in the water flow and thereby adversely affect water jet operating conditions.
Guidance note:
Great care should be taken in assuring that the ducting dimensions agree with the water jet designers drawings. The
ducting designer should be consulted for use of possible dimensional checking equipment, such as templates
especially made for that purpose.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
106 All piping systems shall be properly flushed, in accordance with the manufacturers specification. This
shall be documented by a work certificate.
107
Pressure testing of piping shall be done according to Ch.6 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
I. Shipboard Testing
I 100
General
101 For general requirements related to the testing of control and monitoring, see Ch.9.
For testing of steering gear, Ch.14 Sec.1 I applies.
102 Final acceptance of the control system is dependent upon satisfactory results of the harbour testing and
the final sea trial, as specified in items 103, 104 and 105.
103 Attention shall be paid to combinations of operational functions. Testing of all combinations of functions
shall be carried out.
104 Indication and alarm (if applicable) of operation outside the specified operation limits shall be checked.
This applies to acceleration as well as impeller r.p.m. versus vessel speed.
105 The water jet r.p.m. versus vessel speed shall be noted and plotted against the manufacturers operational
curves when inlet diameter exceeds 1 000 mm. The surveyor shall verify the correct reading of values, and the
results shall be submitted to the approval centre after completion of test.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 22
machinery in general: HSC Code 9.1.1 to 9.1.14, HSC Code 9.7 and 9.8 (passenger craft), and HSC code
9.9 (cargo craft)
propulsion and lift devices: HSC Code 9.6.1 to 9.6.5.
107 The complete thruster shall be delivered with NV certificate that is based on the design approval in B,
the component certification in C, the workshop testing in D and relevant monitoring equipment in E.
A 200 Documentation
201 Basic operation and load information to be submitted
For all thrusters except tunnel thrusters:
information about any operational (design) limitations which may apply to the thruster (such as limitations
in rotation of azimuth thrusters at high vessel speed, maximum vessel speed for lowering and hoisting of
retractable units)
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 23
description of crash stop operation including the functionality of the load control system during the most
extreme allowable manoeuvre
maximum forces acting on the thruster unit under the most extreme allowable manoeuvre, including crash stop
procedure
Guidance note:
Crash stop operation is a set of defined actions for stopping the vessel from maximum ahead speed in the shortest
stopping distance without damaging the equipment.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
description of steering gear function and load limiting devices including maximum values, delays and ramp
functions
steering gear operation instructions, including emergency operation
data sheet for electrical motor for steering gear, including motor rating according to IEC and torque versus
speed characteristics of electrical motor
steering gear frequency converter set value of parameters, list of alarms, shutdowns and ramp functions. (if
applicable)
steering gear brake capacity, and slip value (if applicable)
specification of torque capacity of reduction gear certified according to C202.
For all thrusters:
starting procedure for electrical motors for propeller drive including documentation of maximum start-up
torque (KAP factor see. Classification Note 41.2). This documentation requirement does not apply to
thrusters which obtain the required scuffing safety factor (see Table B2) with a peak torque factor KAP of
1.5 or higher and have equivalent mass moment of inertia of motor higher than equivalent mass moment of
inertia of the propeller
functional description of the load control system including description of the method used to control the
load (CP-mechanism, frequency converter etc).
Description of which parameters are used to measure/monitor the load (torque meter, current, etc.).
Maximum values, delays and ramp functions to be described, as well as monitoring system including the
power supply for each system.
For requirements to documentation types, see Ch.9.
202 Plans and particulars as listed in Table A1 shall be submitted for approval. The plans shall give full
details of scantlings and arrangements as well as material specification and data necessary for verifying
scantling calculations together with specified ratings.
Material specifications shall include mechanical properties and particulars about heat treatment.
Table A1 - Plans and particulars to be submitted for approval
Required documentation
Status
Rule
reference
Thrusters arrangement
Assembly (sectional drawings)
Structural drawings (gear housing) and connections to the tunnel or
nozzle including material specification and NDT specification
Bearing arrangement
A
A
B
B
B503
A
A
B700
B202, B203,
B504, B602
F104
F102
Propeller nozzle
A
I
A
A
A
A
B505
B500
B301, B400
B201
B600
Pt.3 Ch.3
Sec.2 (ship
rules)
F103, F201,
F202
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 24
Status
I
A
A
I
Rule
reference
B400, F201
B400
B413
B413
B409, B800
G100
B702
I
UR
UR
UR
UR
UR
Electrical equipment
Control systems
B106, B417,
E100
B106, B416,
E100
A = for approval
I = for information
UR = upon request.
B. Design
B 100 General
101 The thruster shall be capable of withstanding the loads imposed by all allowable operating conditions
including effects of thermal expansion elastic deformations.
102 In-dock inspection of thruster gears shall be made possible either through proper inspection openings, or
by other means (e.g. fibre optical instruments) without extensive dismantling.
103 Podded thruster internals shall be shielded in order to provide safe entrance/accessibility to perform
necessary maintenance and inspection without risk of damage neither to equipment nor personnel.
104 For general design requirements for piping and ancillary equipment such as pipes, pumps, filters and
coolers, see Ch.6 of the Rules for Classification of Ships and Ch.7, as found applicable.
Hydraulic components shall be chosen in consideration of the expected level of contamination the system will
be exposed to during its lifetime.
Flange connections for piping systems shall be located as far as practicable outside the podded thruster.
Flanges and valves inside podded thrusters shall be arranged to minimise the consequence of leakage, i.e. by
drip trays and leakage drain to safe location.
105
106 For design and arrangement requirements for electro systems and control systems reference is made to
Ch.14 Sec.1 E (for propulsion thrusters only) and Ch.8 and Ch.9.
B 200 Shafting
201
The dimensions of the shafts and the shafting components shall be in accordance with Ch.4 Sec.1.
202 A shaft sealing box shall be installed to prevent water from gaining access to internal parts of the thruster
or into the ship. The sealing arrangement shall protect steel shafts from seawater, unless corrosion-resistant
steel especially approved by the Society is used.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 25
For single thruster arrangements the shaft seal shall be duplicated and means for leakage detection shall be
provided.
B 300 Gear transmissions
301 Gear transmissions shall be in accordance with the requirements in Ch.4 Sec.2 as far as applicable. In
general the lifetime criteria given in Table B1 may be used for dimensioning the gears in the propeller drive
line.
Table B1 Thruster type and load cycles
Type of thruster
Propulsion 1)
Dynamic positioning
Auxiliary
1)
For thusters subject to frequent overload (intermittent load), relevant load and corresponding accumulated number of load cycles
shall be applied, see also Ch.2 Sec.3 A101.
The safety factors SF against tooth fracture, SH against pitting, SHSS against subsurface fatigue (surface
hardened gears only) and SS against scuffing shall be at least as specified in Table B1 in Ch.4 Sec.2. The safety
factors for gears in thrusters for dynamic positioning shall be as for propulsion gears.
B 400 Azimuth steering gear
401 The requirements in 400 apply to steering gear for thrusters.
Steering gear for auxiliary and dynamic positioning thrusters need not comply with 402, 403, 404, 405, 407,
requirement for safety valve set value in 408, 410 and 417.
402
Steering arrangement for the vessel shall comply with the following requirements:
a) The vessel shall be provided with two steering gears, each with strength and capacity as specified below.
b) A single failure shall neither lead to loss of steering of the vessel, nor consequential damage to the thrusters.
403
a) be capable of operating the thruster for the purpose of steering the vessel at maximum ahead service speed,
which shall be demonstrated at sea trial
b) have capacity to turn the thruster from side to side according to steering gear test. See Ch.14 Sec.1 B401 b.
c) be capable of bringing the thrusters back to neutral position from any allowable angle at maximum service
speed.
404 The thrusters shall be prevented from sudden turning in the case of power failure, failure in the steering
control system or any other single failure, except failure in steering column and support bearings.
405 It shall be possible to lock the thruster in a neutral position to allow it to produce thrust in the case that
its steering gear is inoperative.
406
Steering gear shall be designed considering all relevant loads from internal and external forces.
407 Steering gear drivers shall be designed with capacity not less than 125% of maximum torque occurring
during steering gear test as described in Ch.14 Sec.1 B401 b). See also 417 for electro motor rating.
408 The steering gear arrangement shall be provided with a load limiting device (limiting torque/ pressure as
applicable), such as relief valve or frequency converter limiter.
The load limiting device shall have a set value not less than 125% of torque occurring during steering gear test
as described in Ch.14 Sec.1 B401 b), however not exceeding design torque in the system.
409 Hydraulic system for steering gear shall normally not be used for other purposes than steering.
For propulsion thrusters the requirements in Ch.14 Sec.1 B1000 apply.
Guidance note:
Steering hydraulic may share the oil sump with systems for propeller pitch control and/or internal lubrication. This is
provided that impurity from one system is not transmitted to the other systems.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
410 Azimuth thrusters designed for reversing the thrust by turning the unit shall be able to do so at a turning
rate minimum 2 r.p.m.
411 Azimuth steering gears shall have a margin against self-locking in order to avoid stick slip effects. The
total drive train efficiency (excluding the driving motor) shall not be less than 0.65.
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 26
412 Azimuth steering gears for dynamically positioning thrusters shall be designed for continuous running.
See Pt.6 Ch.26 Sec.1 E600 (rules for ships).
413 Steering gear transmissions shall as far as applicable be in accordance with the requirements in Ch.4 The
steering gear transmission shall be designed considering the relevant loads (see A201).
Guidance note:
Typically the following load cases shall be considered:
- Maximum torque corresponding to relief valve setting pressure (steering gear design pressure pD) for hydraulic
operation, respectively max torque for electric motor operation. This can normally be considered as a static or low
cycle fatigue case (1 000 cycles).
- Loads occurring at larger manoeuvre (course changing). This load normally corresponds to the maximum working
pressure pW and will typically occur in the range from 5 000 to 100 000 times during the vessels lifetime.
- Loads occurring due to course keeping corrections (auto pilot load). This is normally a high cycle load case and
more than 5107 course corrections (load cycles) may be expected during the vessels lifetime.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
414 For reduction gears, the safety factors SF against tooth fracture, SH against pitting, SHSS against
subsurface fatigue (surface hardened gears only) and SS against scuffing shall be at least as specified in Table
B2.
Table B2 Safety factors
Azimuth steering gear
- for surface hardened
- for not surface hardened
SF
SH and SH_ss
SS
1.5
1.5
1.15
1.0
1.4*
1.2*
* Not applicable to slow speed gears (pitch line speed < 2 m/s)
415 Inspection of azimuth gear and pinion shall be possible either through proper inspection openings or by
other means (e.g. fibre optical instruments) without extensive dismantling.
416 The control system for electro motors driving steering pinion directly shall be designed to avoid abrupt
acceleration and shock loads in mechanical parts.
417
The electro motor driving the steering gear shall at least have a rating according to IEC60034-1:
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 27
602 Special attention shall be paid to the sealing for propeller blades, in order to prevent ingress of water into
the oil system. The sealing shall be designed to ensure that expected lifetime is safely beyond the specified
service intervals.
603 Controllable pitch mechanism on thrusters that are used in a dynamic positioning system, shall be
designed for continuos operation.
B 700 Bearings
701
Fluid film bearings shall be designed in accordance with the requirements in Ch.4 Sec.2 B701.
702
Ball and roller bearings shall have a minimum L10a (ISO 281) as specified in Ch.4 Sec.2 B702.
an arrangement to take representative oil samples with respect to detecting water and particle
contamination
a filter of suitable fineness for gearing, hydraulics and bearings (see 702)
Guidance note:
Specification of a pressure filter for maintaining suitable fluid cleanliness may be 16/14/11 according to ISO
4406:1999 and
6-7 = 200 according to ISO 16889:1999.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
if necessary, a cooler to keep the oil temperature within the specified maximum temperature, when
operating under the worst relevant environmental conditions (see 801)
for propulsion and dynamic positioning thrusters it shall be possible to change or clean filters without
interrupting the oil supply
if forced lubrication is required for operation of the thruster, single propulsion thruster installation shall
have a standby pump with immediate action. On vessels with two or more independent and equal sized
propulsion thrusters one pump per thruster will normally be accepted.
804 For propulsion thrusters where wind milling may be detrimental and considered as a normal working
condition, there shall be either:
a shaft brake designed to hold (statically) twice the highest expected wind milling torque, or
one pump available in windmilling condition. This pump shall be additional to any standby pump required
by other parts of rules.
The chosen version shall be automatically activated within 30 s after shutdown.
805 For thrusters designed to operate at such low rotational shaft speeds that an attached pump (if needed)
cannot supply sufficient oil pressure, the following will be accepted:
either an extra electric oil pump that is activated at a given pressure, or
2 electric main pumps of the same capacity, one of which is arranged as a standby pump with immediate
action. These 2 electric pumps shall be supplied from different sides of main distribution.
Regarding certification schemes, short terms, MSA and important conditions, see Ch.2 Sec.2.
102 The parts in a thruster may be tested and documented as described in 200, or the entire testing and
documentation is handled by the manufacturers quality system, or combinations of both. Such certification
schemes shall be settled in a MSA.
C 200 Certification of parts
201
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 28
For propulsion thrusters which have high speed hydraulic motor or electric motor (equivalent to rudder
actuator) which is combined with off the shelf, mass produced gear boxes, the certification of the
gearboxes may be based on function testing only, provided that:
vessel has two or more independent propulsion thrusters
vessel is fully manoeuvrable with one thruster locked in worst possible condition (other thruster(s) in
operation)
each thruster is provided with two or more steering gear actuators
the gearboxes shall be conservatively chosen with regard to required safety factors and able to handle
all relevant loads for the steering gear
easily replaceable.
202
propulsion thrusters
dynamic positioning thrusters
are to be certified according to Ch.9.
203
302
Material certificates containing chemical composition and mechanical properties are required for:
underwater housing (W)
inboard housing (W)
outer housing (non rotating forming barrier to sea) (NV)
steering column or rotating support (NV)
propeller nozzle (NV).
Ultrasonic test certificate (W) is required for:
steering column
welds in any part mentioned in 301, if specified in
approval.
The ultrasonic test shall be carried out at an appropriate stage of the manufacturing process. The test certificate
shall refer to a recognised standard and approved acceptance levels.
303 Surface crack detection (MPI or dye penetrant) is required in way of zones with stress raisers and in
welded connections for:
steering column (W)
housings (W). (If specified in approval.)
The extent and acceptance criteria shall be specified in the documentation submitted for approval.
304 Visual inspection shall be carried out of all parts mentioned in 200 and 300 unless otherwise defined in
a MSA.
305 Ancillaries, which are not part of the steering gear, such as pumps, electric motors, coolers, piping, filters
and valves. that are delivered as integral parts of the lubrication, hydraulic operation and cooling systems of
the thruster, shall be checked by the thruster manufacturers quality system as found relevant.
C 400 Assembling
401 Assembling of the drive gears regarding tooth contact shall be in accordance with the approved
procedure and in the presence of the surveyor. The surveyor shall check access through inspection openings.
402 For assembling of other elements, see Ch.4 Sec.2 C500 and Sec.1 C100. However, for auxiliary thrusters
Sec.1 C101 and 102 need not be adhered to.
403
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 29
D. Workshop Testing
D 100 Testing of assembled unit
101
For gear mesh checking, see Ch.4 Sec.2 D100 unless other procedure is approved.
102
103 All hydraulic systems for steering, lubrication and pitch control shall be function and pressure tested.
For the steering system the test pressure shall be 1.5 times the design pressure pD as required in Ch.14 Sec.1.
For other hydraulic systems the test pressure shall be as required in Ch.6 Sec.6 of the Rules for Classification
of Ships. Regarding function testing of controllable pitch propellers, see Sec.1 C100.
104
The thruster unit shall be subjected to leak testing (internal pressure, soap water test or similar).
Essential and important sensors and components which are not easily replaceable shall be duplicated
System/Item
Gr 1
Indication
alarm
load
reduction
Gr 2
Automatic
start of
stand-by
pump with
alarm
IL2), LA
IL, HA2)
IL, LA
AS1)
Gr 3
Shut down
with alarm
Comment
IL
IL, LA
IL, LA
Applicable to power units on propulsion
thrusters
If applicable. Manual release shall be
possible. Additional indication on bridge.
See Ch.14 Sec.1 E704. Identification of
failed system
IR
Interlocking of actuators 4)
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 30
IR
IR
Comment
IL, IR
=
=
=
=
=
For definitions of Load reduction (LR) and Shut down (SH), see Pt.4 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 31
F. Arrangement
F 100 General
101 The installation of a thruster, including alignment shall be such as to give satisfactory performance under
all operating conditions.
102 The arrangement of flexibly mounted side thrusters shall provide effective protection against flooding.
Such thrusters shall be placed in a separate watertight compartment, unless the flexible sealing arrangement
contains two separate effective sealing elements. An arrangement for indication of leakage into the space
between the inner and outer sealing shall be provided. The arrangement shall allow inspection of such sealings
during bottom survey without extensive dismantling.
103 Azimuth thrusters shall be mounted in a watertight compartment unless the penetration through the hull
is situated above the deepest loaded waterline.
104 Thrusters mounted to the hull by bolt connections which provide boundary to sea should be protected by
means of seal or gasket. Resin epoxy is not considered as sealing.
F 200 Propulsion thrusters
201 When propulsion is provided by thrusters with underwater gear or when access to the internal parts of
the thruster is not possible from inside the vessel, there shall be at least 2 separate, equal sized thrusters.
202 Propulsion thruster compartment shall be arranged according to Ch.14 Sec.1 F200.
Local control of steering gear, propeller pitch or speed shall normally be in the thruster compartment.
203 For propulsion thrusters with rated power exceeding 2500 kW the steering gear shall be connected to an
alternative source of power, according to the requirements in Ch.14 Sec.1 E301.
When operating on emergency power, the steering gear's capacity shall be as described in Ch.14 Sec.1 B501.
The requirement of 15 rudder angle on either side shall be replaced by the manufacturer's declared steering
angle limits (see A105), and the average rate of turn shall be not less than 0.5/s.
Guidance note:
This requirement is based on IACS Unified Interpretation SC 242 which is considered equivalent to the SOLAS
requirement of an alternative source of power for steering gears where the required rudderstock diameter is above 230 mm.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
G. Vibration
G 100 Torsional vibration
101 For electric or hydraulic motor driven tunnel thrusters calculation of the first and second natural
frequency shall be submitted.
Natural frequencies are not permitted in the range of 0.8-1.2 blade order frequency at MCR unless the vibratory
torque is documented to be within approved limits (accepted KA factor).
102 For all thrusters other than those covered by 101 calculations of natural frequencies including Holzer
tables and forced vibrations shall be submitted.
Forced torsional vibration calculation shall be made for normal operation as well as for extreme steering
manoeuvres. The excitation used for extreme steering manoeuvres shall be substantiated. For propeller
excitation, see Ch.3 Sec.1 G302 h.
Guidance note:
Propeller excitation for extreme steering manoeuvres can be taken as 3 times the excitation for normal operation
(straight ahead), unless otherwise substantiated.
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
Application factors below KA = 1.10 for normal operation will not be accepted for propulsion plants.
Verification of application factors through measurements may be required (normally if vessel speed > 10 knots
and KA < 1.2).
H. Installation Inspection
H 100 Installation onboard
101
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.3 Page 32
102 For shaft alignment, propeller fitting and assembly of shafting components, the requirements in Ch.4
Sec.1 H apply.
103 Sub assemblies and parts mounted at yards or workshops other than the thruster manufacturers shall be
carried out according to the thruster manufacturers instructions and verified to the surveyors satisfaction.
H 200 Install fastening to foundation
201 The mounting and installation of the thrusters shall be in accordance to approved drawings and according
to manufacturers specification.
I. Shipboard testing
I 100
Sea trial
101
102
Steering and reversing functions shall be tested under the most severe permissible conditions.
103 Steering torque (derived from electric current or hydraulic pressure) shall be measured and recorded
continuously during the steering gear test. In addition steering torque in auto pilot mode shall be recorded.
104 The steering gears capability to bring the thruster back to neutral position from any allowable angle
(B402) shall be verified by testing on sea trial.
105
For multiple thruster plants, the manoeuvrability properties shall be tested with one thruster inactive.
106
107
108 The control, alarm and safety functions shall be tested, see Table E1 for compliance with the approved
alarm list, ref. Table A1.
109 Podded thrusters shall be inspected internally after sea trial and full load test for leakage or any other
abnormalities.
110
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 33
SECTION 4 COMPRESSORS
A. General
A 100 Application
101
The rules apply to all types of compressors intended for the following systems:
Design approval is required for all compressors listed in 101 with a shaft power exceeding 200 kW.
103
Compressors shall be delivered with NV certificate unless waived, see Ch.2 Sec.2 A102.
A 200 Documentation
201 Plans and particulars shall be submitted according to Table A1.
For compressors of special type and design, the extent of the documentation shall be considered in each case.
Documentation of strength through tests will be accepted as an alternative to calculations.
Table A1 Documentation
Component
Compressor cross section
Crankshaft
Connecting rod
Cylinder and -head with bolts
Rotors (w/ blades)
Rotor casing
Internal piping
Particulars:
Drawing
I
A
I
I
Material
Calculations
specification
A 1)/I
A
I
I
A1)/I
A1)/I
A1)/I
Miscellaneous
Shaft strength: UR
NDT: I
NDT: I
medium
design pressure for all stages
I
working temperature
working capacity
maximum shaft power and speed
Alarm set points and delay times
A
A
= For approval
I
= For information
UR
= Upon request
NDT = Non-destructive testing
1)
= If > 1 000 kW and rotor with blades.
202
B. Design
B 100 General
101 All compressors shall be protected by suitable safety valves. The safety valves shall be set to open at the
design pressure. For starting air compressors, see also Ch.7 Sec.6 B200.
Guidance note:
The design pressure should be sufficiently higher than the working pressure in order to have suitable margins for
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 34
102 The piping to and from the compressor shall be arranged in order to prevent condensation from entering
the cylinders.
103 Starting air compressors shall satisfy the requirements of Ch.6 Sec.5 I300 of the Rules for Classification
of Ships.
104 Refrigerating compressors shall satisfy the requirements of Pt.5 Ch.10 Sec.3 B600 of the Rules for
Classification of Ships.
105 Compressors intended for breathing gas systems shall comply with the requirements in DNV-OS-E402
and, if applicable, to national regulations. Means shall be provided to avoid oil or poisonous gases from
entering the breathing air system.
106 Gas compressors will be especially considered and shall normally comply with a recognised national or
international standard.
107 Compressors intended for inert gas production shall satisfy the requirements of Pt.5 Ch.4 Sec.16 of the
Rules for Classification of Ships.
108 Compressors for instrument- and control air receivers shall deliver sufficient air for the intended
instruments. The compressors shall be provided with proper filtering equipment in order to deliver air free from
oil, moisture and other contamination according to Pt.4 Ch.6 Sec.5 I204 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
B 200 Crankshafts
201 Crankshafts shall include a satisfactory safety factor against fatigue failures. Various calculation
methods may be used. The Guidance note gives one method for evaluation of safety against fatigue in the web
fillets. The method applies for crankshafts made of forged and cast steel and nodular cast iron intended for one
or multistage compressors with the cylinders arranged in line, V or W. More detailed methods may be
especially considered.
Guidance note:
The stresses in the crankpin fillet may fulfil the following criterion:
b -----f
S
For the fatigue criteria mentioned below, the following minimum safety factor applies:
S = 1.4
This safety factor includes the influence of torsional stresses in the fillets, which for the sake of simplicity are
neglected in this method.
The fatigue strength shall be calculated as follows:
f = (0.33 B + 40) km
km
1.0
0.8
0.9
b = 0.7 nom
0.7
= factor to correlate the pulsating bending stress range into an equivalent single amplitude reversed stress
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 35
MB
= bending moment in the middle of the web nearest the centre of the bearing span
2
kd D p a b
M B = ----------------------------40L
D 1)
p 1)
L
a
b
kd
=
=
=
=
1) For multicylinder arrangements on one bearing span, use the maximum of the individual pD2.
WB = BW2/6
kd
1.00
1.15
1.50
1.75
f(A/d)
f(W/d)
f(B/d)
= 1 0.8 A/d
= 1 + 2.2 (W/d 0.35)
= 1 + 0.4 (B/d 1.45)
f(R/d)
0.22
= ----------------
A
d
Rd
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 36
Fig. 1
Crank throw for compressor
---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
202
B 300 Rotors
301
Calculation of the rotor strength shall be carried out in accordance with recognised standards.
The strength of the casing may be documented by calculations in accordance with recognised standards.
402 Proof tests may be used to establish the allowable design pressure of the rotor casing. The proof test shall
be carried out in accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division I, or other
recognised standards.
403
Containment shall be fulfilled for blade and or disc failure respectively, at 110% of rated speed.
102
202 All parts subject to pressure of the compressors shall be hydraulically pressure tested (W) to 1.5 times
the design pressure for the respective parts. The test pressure need not exceed the design pressure by more than
70 bars.
Table C1 Requirement for testing, inspection and certification
Material
Ultrasonic
Crack
Component
certificate
testing
detection
Crankshaft
W
W
W
Connecting rod
TR
Cylinder with head
TR
Rotors
W
W
W
Rotor casing
W
Hydraulic
testing
Dimension
inspection
W
W
W
W
Other
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 37
D. Workshop Testing
D 100 General
101 Function testing and setting of the safety valves shall be carried out on each compressor in the presence
of a surveyor.
102 A capacity test shall be carried out with the compressor running at design condition (rated speed,
pressure, temperature, type of gas, etc.). The capacity test may be waived for compressors produced in series
and when previous tests have been carried out on similar compressors with satisfactory result. The capacity test
shall be witnessed by a DNV surveyor.
Gr 1
Indication
alarm load
reduction
Gr 2
Gr 3
Automatic start
Shut down
of stand-by
with alarm
pump with
alarm
HA
Comment
IL
IR
IL, LA
=
=
=
=
=
For definitions of Load reduction (LR) and Shut down (SH), see Pt.4 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships.
1)
For compressors with shaft power less than 500 kW dipstick is considered adequate indicator.
F. Arrangement Onboard
F 100 General
101
air.
Air compressors shall be arranged and located so as to minimise the intake of oil or water contaminated
G. Vibration
G 100 Torsional vibration
101 For reciprocating compressors with shaft power exceeding 500 kW, torsional vibration analysis shall be
determined according to the requirements given in Ch.3 Sec.1 G300 and G400, as applicable.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Sec.4 Page 38
The permissible limits of any component in the system shall not be exceeded.
H. Installation Inspection
H 100 General
101 After installation onboard, the compressor and the system to which it is connected, shall be function
tested under working conditions. See also Ch.6 Sec.5.
102
The function test shall include testing of any control and safety functions.
H 200 Vibration
201 For resilient mounted reciprocating compressors, the vibration shall be observed by the surveyor and
considered with regards to hooked-up connections. See also Ch.3 Sec.1.
Rules for Ships / High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft, July 2013
Pt.4 Ch.5 Changes historic Page 39
CHANGES HISTORIC
Note that historic changes older than the editions shown below have not been included. Older historic changes
may be obtained through http://www.dnv.com.
Sec.4 Compressors