P

2
1



where r is the distance of the point ( ) , x y from the point ( )
1 1
, . x y
Note : The coordinates of any point on the line at a distance r from the point ( )
1 1
, A x y can be taken as
( )
1 1
cos , sin x r y r + + or ( )
1 1
cos , sin x r y r and 0
REDUCTION OF THE GENERAL EQUATION TO DIFFERENT STANDARD FORMS
1. Slope-intercept form : To reduce the equation 0 Ax By C + + = to the form . y mx c = +
Given equation is 0 Ax By C + + = or
A C
y x
B B
=
which is of the form , y mx c = +
where
A
m
B
= and .
C
c
B
=
Note : Slope of the line 0 Ax By C + + = is
coefficient of
.
coefficient of
x A
m
y B
= =
2. Intercept form : To reduce the equation 0 Ax By C + + = to the form 1.
x y
a b
+ =
This reduction is possible only when 0. C
Given equation is 0 Ax By C + + =
1,
A B
x y
C C
= where 0 C or 1,
/ /
x y
C A C B
+ =

which is of the form 1,
x y
a b
+ =
where
C
a
A
= and .
C
b
B
=
3. Normal form : To reduce the equation 0 Ax By C + + = to the form cos sin . x y p + =
Given equation is 0 Ax By C + + = or Ax By C + = (1)
CASE 1. When 0, C < i.e. 0, C > dividing both sides of equation (1) by
2 2
, A B + we get
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
x y
A B A B A B
+ =
+ + +
which is of the form cos sin , x y p + =
where
2 2 2 2
cos , sin
A B
A B A B
= =
+ +
and
2 2
C
p
A B
=
+
CASE 2. When 0 C > i.e. 0; C < from (1) Ax By C =
or
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
x y
A B A B A B

=
+ + +
which is of the form cos sin , x y p + =
where
2 2 2 2
cos , sin
A B
A B A B
= =
+ +
and
2 2
.
C
p
A B
=
+
ANGLE BETWEEN TWO INTERSECTING LINES
The angle between the lines
1 1
y m x c = + and
2 2
y m x c = + is given by
1 2
1 2
tan ,
1
m m
m m

=
+


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provided no line is to x-axis and the acute angle is given by
1 2
1 2
tan .
1
m m
m m

=
+

Note :
(a) If both the lines are to x-axis then the angle between them is 0 .
(b) If any of the two lines is perpendicular to x-axis, then the slope of that line is infinite.
Let
1
. m = Then
2
1 2 1
1 2 2
2
1
1
1
tan
1
1
m
m m m
m m m
m
m

= = =
+
+

or 90 = where
2
tan m =
(c) Thetwo lines are parallel if and only if
1 2
. m m =
(d) The two lines are if and only if
1 2
1. m m =
CONDITION FOR TWO LINES TO BE COINCIDENT, PARALLEL, PERPENDICULAR OR
INTERSECTING
Two lines
1 1 1
0 a x b y c + + = and
2 2 2
0 a x b y c + + = are
(i) Coincident, if
1 1 1
2 2 2
;
a b c
a b c
= = (ii) Parallel, if
1 1 1
2 2 2
;
a b c
a b c
=
(iii) Perpendicular, if
1 2 1 2
0; a a b b + =
(iv) Intersecting, if
1 1
2 2
a b
a b
i.e. if they are neither co-incident nor parallel.
EQUATION OF A LINE PARALLEL TO A GIVEN LINE
The equation of a line parallel to a given line 0 ax by c + + = is 0, ax by k + + = where k is a constant.
Thus to write the equation of any line parallel to a given line, do not change the coefficient of x and y
and change the constant term only.
EQUATION OF A LINE PERPENDICULAR TO A GIVEN LINE
The equation of a line perpendicular to a given line 0 ax by c + + = is 0, bx ay k + = where k is a constant.
Thus to write the equation of any line perpendicular to a given line interchange the coefficients of x and y
then change the sign of any one of them and finally change the constant term.
POINT OF INTERSECTION OF TWO GIVEN LINES
Let the two given lines be
1 1 1
0 a x b y c + + = and
2 2 2
0. a x b y c + + =
Solving these two equations, the point of intersection of the given two lines is given by

1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
, .
b c b c c a c a
a b a b a b a b
| |
|

\ .

INTERIOR ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE : To find the interior angles of a triangle arrange the slopes of the
sides in decreasing order i.e.,
1 2 3
. m m m > > Then apply

2 3 3 1 1 2
1 2 2 3 3 1
tan , tan , tan
1 1 1
m m m m m m
m m m m m m


= = =
+ + +

LINES THROUGH THE INTERSECTION OF TWO GIVEN LINES
The equation of any line passing through the point of intersection of the lines
1 1 1
0 a x b y c + + =
and
2 2 2
0 a x b y c + + = is ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
0, a x b y c k a x b y c + + + + + =
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D
A
L B
C
M

1
p
2
p
l
1 l
2
l
3
0 ax by c + + =
( ) ,

p

d
where k is a parameter. The value of k can be obtained by using one more conditions which the required line
satisfies.
CONDITIONS OF CONCURRENCE
The family of given lines are said to be concurrent if they meet in a point.
WORKING RULE TO PROVE THAT THREE GIVEN LINES ARE CONCURRENT
1. The three lines
1 1 1 2 2 2
0, 0, a x b y c a x b y c + + = + + =
3 3 3
0 a x b y c + + =
are concurrent if
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
0
a b c
a b c
a b c
=
2. The three lines 0, 0 P Q = = and 0 R = are concurrent if there exist constants , l m and , n not all zero at
the same time, such that 0. lP mQ nR + + =
This method is particularly useful in theoretical results.
POSITION OF TWO POINTS RELATIVE TO A LINE
Two points ( )
1 1
, x y and ( )
2 2
, x y are on the same side or on opposite sides of the line 0 ax by c + + = according
as the expressions
1 1
ax by c + + and
2 2
ax by c + + have same sign or opposite signs.
LENGTH OF PERPENDICULAR FROM A POINT ON A LINE
The length of the perpendicular from the point ( ) , to the line 0 ax by c + + = is given by
2 2
.
a b c
p
a b
+ +
=
+

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES
The distance between two parallel lines
1
0 ax by c + + = and
2
0 ax by c + + = is given by
1 2
2 2
.
c c
d
a b

=
+

Note : (a) The distance between two parallel lines can also be obtained by taking a suitable point (take 0 y =
and find x or take 0 x = and find y ) on one straight line and then finding the length of the
perpendicular from this point to the second line.
(b) Area of a parallelogram or a rhombus, equations of whose sides are given, can be obtained by
using the following formula
1 2
1 2
cosec
sin
p p
Area p p

= =
where
1
p DL = =distance between lines AB and , CD
2
p BM = =distance between lines AD and , BC
= angle between adjacent sides AB and . AD
In the case of a rhombus,
1 2
p p =
Area of rhombus
2
1
.
sin
p

=
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D
C
B A
2
0 L =

4
0 L =

1
0 L =

3
0 L =

1 1 1
0 a x b y d + + =

1 1 1
0 a x b y c + + =

2 2 2
0 a x b y d + + =

2 2 2
0 a x b y c + + =

Also, area of rhombus
1 2
1
2
d d =
where
1
d and
2
d are the lengths of two diagonals of a rhombus.



(c) If the equation of sides of a parallelogram are as shown
then its area is given by

( )( )
1 1 2 2
1 2 2 1
c d c d
a b a b

(d) If equation of sides of a parallelogram are

1 2 3 4
0, 0, 0, 0 L L L L = = = = then
2 3 1 4
0 L L L L = represents the
diagonal . BD Again
1 2 3 4
0 L L L L = represents the diagonal AC .


EQUATIONS OF STAIGHT LINES PASSING THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND MAKING A
GIVEN ANGLE WITH A GIVEN LINE
The equations of the straight lines which pass through a given point ( )
1 1
, x y and make a given angle with
the given straight line y mx c = + are ( )
1 1
tan
1 tan
m
y y x x
m

EQUATIONS OF THE BISECTORS OF THE ANGLES BETWEEN THE LINES
The equations of the bisectors of the angles between the lines
1 1 1
0 a x b y c + + = and
2 2 2
0 a x b y c + + = are given
by

1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
.
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
=
+ +

TO FIND THE EQUATION OF THE BISECTOR OF THE ACUTE AND OBTUSE ANGLE
BETWEEN TWO LINES
Let the equations of the two lines be
1 1 1
0 a x b y c + + = (1)
and
2 2 2
0 a x b y c + + = (2)
where
1
0 c > and
2
0. c >
Then the equation
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
= +
+ +

is the equation of bisector containing origin.
Similarly, the equation
1 1 1 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
a x b y c a x b y c
a b a b
+ + + +
=
+ +

is the equation of bisector not containing origin.
Note : If
1 2 1 2
0, a a b b + > then the origin lies in obtuse angle i.e., the bisector containing origin is obtuse angle
bisector and if
1 2 1 2
0, a a b b + < then the origin lies in acute angle i.e., the bisector containing origin is acute
angle bisector.


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A
B C
I
2

I
3
I
1

( )
1 1
, x y
( )
2 2
, x y
( )
1 1
, x y
( )
2 2
, x y
0 ax by c + + =
A
F
E
G
D
C
B ( )
2 2
, x y
( )
3 3
, x y
( )
1 1
, x y
1. IMAGE OF A POINT : The co-ordinate of image ( )
2 2
, x y
of a given point ( )
1 1
, x y in the line 0 ax by c + + = are given
by
( )
1 1 2 1 2 1
2 2
2 ax by c x x y y
a b a b
+ +
= =
+
2. FOOT OF THE PERPENDICULAR : The co-ordinate of foot of perpendicular
( )
2 2
, x y of a given point ( )
1 1
, x y on the line 0 ax by c + + = are given by
( )
1 1 2 1 2 1
2 2
ax by c x x y y
a b a b
+ +
= =
+
STANDARD POINTS OF A TRIANGLE
Centroid of a Triangle
The point of intersection of the medians of the triangle is called the centroid of
the triangle. The centroid divides the medians in the ratio 2:1.
The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle with vertices ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , x y x y and
( )
3 3
, x y are
1 2 3 1 2 3
, .
3 3
x x x y y y + + + + | |
|
\ .

(i) If P is any point in the plane of the triangle ABC and G is the centroid then

2 2 2 2 2 2
PA PB PC GA GB GC + + = + +
2
3PG +
(ii) If G is the centroid of the triangle , ABC then
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 AB BC CA GA GB GC ( + + = + +

Incentre of a Triangle
The point of intersection of the internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle is
called the incentre of the triangle.
The coordinates of the incetre of a triangle with vertices ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , x y x y and
( )
3 3
, x y are
1 2 3 1 2 3
, .
ax bx cx ay by cy
a b c a b c
+ + + + | |
|
+ + + +
\ .
Ex-centres of a Triangle
A circle touches one side outside the triangle and the other two extended sides then circle
is known as excircle.
Let ABC be a triangle then there are three excircles, with three excentres
1 2 3
, , I I I
opposite to vertices , A B and C respectively. If the vertices of triangle are
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , A x y B x y and ( )
3 3
, C x y then
c
A
B
C
a
b
I
( )
1 1
, x y
( )
2 2
, x y
( )
3 3
, x y
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F E
D B C
A
H
B A
C
D
orthocentre
(circumcentre)
A
F E
O
D
B C ( )
3 3
, x y
( )
2 2
, x y
( )
1 1
, x y

1 2 3 1 2 3
1
,
ax bx cx ay by cy
I
a b c a b c
+ + + + | |
=
|
+ + + +
\ .


1 2 3 1 2 3
2
,
ax bx cx ay by cy
I
a b c a b c
+ + | |
=
|
+ +
\ .


1 2 3 1 2 3
3
, .
ax bx cx ay by cy
I
a b c a b c
+ + | |
=
|
+ +
\ .


CIRCUMCENTRE
The circumcentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of the perpendicular
bisectors of the sides of a triangle. It is the centre of the circle which passes
through the vertices of the triangle and so its distance from the vertices of the
triangle is same and this distance is known as the circum-radius of the triangle.
If angles of triangle ABC i.e. , , A B C and vertices of triangle
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , A x y B x y and ( )
3 3
, C x y are given, then circumcentre of the triangle
ABC is

1 2 3 1 2 3
sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2
,
sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2 sin2
x A x B x C y A y B y C
A B C A B C
+ + + + | |
|
+ + + +
\ .

ORTHOCENTRE
The orthocentre of a triangle is the point of intersection of altitudes.
If angles of a , ABC i.e. , A B and C and vertices of triangle
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
, , , A x y B x y and ( )
3 3
, C x y are given, then orthocentre of ABC is


1 2 3 1 2 3
tan tan tan tan tan tan
,
tan tan tan tan tan tan
x A x B x C y A y B y C
A B C A B C
+ + + + | |
|
+ + + +
\ .

Note :
(i) If H is the orthocentre of ABC then
orthocentre of AHB is C
orthocentre of BHC is A
orthocentre of AHC is B
(ii) If any two lines out of three lines i.e. , AB BC and CA are perpendicular, then
orthocentre is the point of intersection of two perpendicular lines i.e., in right
angled the right angled vertex is the orthocentre of and mid-point of
hypotneuse is circumcentre











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Pair of Straight line
Pair of Straight Line
1. SECOND DEGREE HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION
A second degree homogenous equation is ( )
2 2
2 0.... 1 ax hxy by + + = will represent pair of straight lines
passing through origin if
2
. h ab In case of equality, lines will be identical.
If
2
, h ab < then (1) will represent the point origin only. Slopes of the lines given by (1) are given
by
2
1 2
, ;
h h ab
m m
b

=
1 2 1 2
2
and
h a
m m m m
b b
+ = =
lines given by (1) are
1 2
and . y m x y m x = = Angle between the lines given by (1) is given by
2
2
tan .
h ab
a b

=
+
If a + b =0, then lines given by (1) are perpendicular to each other.
Equations of the angle bisectors of the angles formed by (1) are given by
2 2
.
x y xy
a b h

2. IDENTIFICATION OF CURVES
General equation of second degree is ( )
2 2
2 2 2 0 .... 1 ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + =
and
2 2 2
2 .
a h g
h b f abc fgh af bg ch
g f c
= = +
Case I : (i) If
2
0 and , h ab = > then (1) represent intersecting lines.
(ii) If
2
0 and , h ab = = then (1) represents pair of parallel straight lines or coincident lines.
(iii) If
2
0 and , h ab = < then (1) represent a point only which is given by
2 2
, .
hf bg hg af
ab h ab h
| |
|

\ .
Case II : If 0, then
(i) a = b and h =0, then (1) is circle
(ii) h
2
=ab, then (1) is parabola
(iii)
2
, h ab < then (1) is ellipse
(iv)
2
, h ab > then (1) is hyperbola.
3. INFORMATION ABOUT PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES
General equation of second degree is
2 2
2 2 2 0 ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + =
2 2 2
if 2 0 abc fgh af bg ch + =
and
2
, h ab > then (1) represents pair of intersecting lines. Formula for the slopes of the lines, sum and
product of the slopes, angles between the lines and condition for the perpendicularity of lines will
remain same as it was in case of second degree homogeneous equation.
Let point of intersection of lines given by (1) be ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2
, , then and .
hf bg hg af
x y x y
ab h ab h

= =

4. Equation of the angle bisectors of the angles formed by (1) are given by
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
.
x x y y x x y y
a b h

=

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O
( ) , 0 f x y =

0 lx my n + + =

5. DISTANCE BETWEEN PAIR OF PARALLEL LINES
If
2 2 2 2
2 0 , abc fgh af bg ch and h ab + = = then (1) represents pair of parallel lines.
Distance between these pair of parallel lines is
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
g ac f bc
a a b b a b

= =
+ +

6. Join equation of pair of straight lines passing through origin and point of intersection of
( )
2 2
, 2 2 2 0 f x y ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + = (1)
and 0 lx my n + + = (2)
are given by
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2 0.
lx my lx my
ax hxy by gx fy c
n n
+ + | | | |
+ + + + + =
| |
\ . \ .





































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C
A B
( )
2 2
, x y ( )
1 1
, x y

( ) , a a

( ) , a a

( ) , a a ( ) , a a

X
Y
O
X
h

( ) , h k
Y
O
X
k

( ) , h k
C

Circle
CIRCLE
A circle is the locus of point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point is constant. The
fixed point is called the centre and the constant distance is called the radius of the circle.
STANDARD EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
1. The equation of a circle with the centre at ( ) , and radius , a is ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x y a + =
2. If the centre of the circle is at the origin and the radius is , a then the equation of circle is
2 2 2
. x y a + =
GENERAL EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
The general equation of a circle is of the form
2 2
2 2 0, x y gx fy c + + + + = (1)
Where , g f and c are constants.
The coordinates of the centre are ( ) , g f and radius
2 2
. g f c = +
CONDITIONS FOR GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE TO REPRESENT A CIRCLE
A general equation of second degree
2 2
2 2 2 0 ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + = in , x y represents a circle if
1. Coefficient of
2
x = coefficient of
2
y i.e. , a b =
2. Coefficient of xy is zero i.e. 0. h =
DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE EQUATION OF A CIRCLE
1. Circle with centre at the point (h, k) and which touches the axis of x
Since the circle touches the x-axis, the radius of the circle . k =
Equation of the circle is ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x h y k k + =
or
2 2 2
2 2 0 x y hx ky h + + =
2. Circle with centre at the point (h, k) and which touches the axis of y
Since the circle touches the y-axis, the radius of the circle h =
Equation of the circle is ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x h y k h + =
or
2 2 2
2 2 0. x y hx ky k + + =
3. Circle with radius a and which touches both the coordinate axes
Since the centre of the circle may be in any of the four quadrants,
therefore it will be any one of the four points ( ) , . a a Thus, there are
four circles of radius a touching both the coordinate axes, and their
equations are ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y a a + = or
2 2 2
2 2 0. x y ax ay a + + =
CIRCLE ON A GIVEN DIAMETER
The equation of the circle drawn on the line segment joining two given points
( )
1 1
, x y and ( )
2 2
, x y as diameter is ( )( ) ( )( )
1 2 1 2
0. x x x x y y y y + =
Its centre is
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y + + | |
|
\ .
and radius is ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
1
2
x x y y +
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S
C
a d =
l
A
S
B
C
a
d
l
S
C
a
l
d
A
S
B
C
a
d
l
INTERSECTION OF A LINE AND A CIRCLE
Let S be a circle with centre C and radius a . Let l be any line in the plane of the circle and d be the
perpendicular distance from C to the line , l then
(a) l intersects S in two distinct points iff . d a <
(b) l intersects S in one and only one point iff d a = i.e. the line touches
the circle iff perpendicular distance from the centre to the line is equal
to the radius of the circle.
(c) l does not intersect S iff . d a >
LENGTH OF THE INTERCEPT MADE BY A CIRCLE ON A LINE
If the line l meets the circle S with centre C and radius a in two distinct points A
and B and if d is the perpendicular distance of C from the line , l the length of the
intercept made by the circle on the line
2 2
2 . AB a d = =
To find the point of intersection of a line y mx c = + with a circle
2 2 2
x y a + = we need
to solve both the curves i.e. roots of equation ( )
2
2 2
x mx c a + + = gives x coordinates
of the point of intersection. Now following cases arise :
(i) Discriminant 0 > two distinct and real points of intersection.
(ii) Discriminant 0 = coincident roots i.e. line is tangent to the circle.
(iii) Discriminant 0 < no real point of intersection.
TANGENT TO A CIRCLE AT A GIVEN POINT
1. Equation of the tangent to the circle
2 2 2
x y a + = at the point ( )
1 1
, x y on it is
2
1 1
. xx yy a + =
2. Equation of the tangent to the circle
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + + = at the point ( )
1 1
, x y on it is
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
0. xx yy g x x f y y c + + + + + + =
3. Equation of the tangent to the circle
2 2 2
x y a + = at the point ( ) cos , sin a a on it is
cos sin x y a + = [Parametric form of equation of tangent]
Note : The equation of the tangent at the point ( )
1 1
, x y on the circle 0 S = is 0. T =
EQUATION OF THE TANGENT IN SLOPE FORM
The equation of a tangent of slope m to the circle
2 2 2
x y a + = is
2
1 . y mx a m = +
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Q
R
1
S

( )
1 1
, x y
P
T
P
C
D
B
A
S =0
The coordinates of the point of contact are
2 2
, .
1 1
am a
m m
| |

|
+ +
\ .

CONDITION OF TANGENCY
The straight line y mx c = + will be a tangent to the circle
2 2 2
x y a + = if
2
1 . c a m = +
Note : A line will touch a circle if and only if the length of the from the centre of the circle to the line
is equal to the radius of the circle.
NORMAL TO A CIRCLE AT A GIVEN POINT
The normal to a circle, at any point on the circle, is a straight line which is to the tangent to the circle at that
point and always passes through the centre of the circle.
1. Equation of the normal to the circle
2 2 2
x y a + = at the point ( )
1 1
, x y on it is

1 1
.
x y
x y
=
2. Equation of the normal to the circle
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + + = at the point ( )
1 1
, x y on it is

1 1
1 1
.
x x y y
x g y f

=
+ +

LENGTH OF TANGENTS
Let PQ and PR be two tangents drawn from ( )
1 1
, P x y to the circle
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + + = . Then PQ =PR and the length of tangent drawn from
point P is given by
PQ =PR =
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 . x y gx fy c S + + + + =
PAIR OF TANGENTS
Form a given point ( )
1 1
, P x y two tangents PQ and PR can be drawn to the circle
2 2
2 2 0 S x y gx fy c = + + + + = Their combined equation is
2
1
SS T = where S=0 is
the equation of circle, T=0 is the equation of tangents at ( )
1 1 1
, and x y S is
obtained by replacing x by x
1
and y by y
1
in S.
DIRECTOR CIRCLE
The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to a circle is called the
Director circle.
Let the circle be
2 2 2
. x y a + = then equation of director circle is
2 2 2
2 x y a + = .Obviously
director circle is a concentric circle whose radius is 2 times the radius of the given
circle.
Director circle of circle
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + + = is

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 0 x y gx fy c g f + + + + =
POWER OF A POINT WITH RESPECT TO A CIRCLE
Let ( )
1 1
, P x y be point and secant , PAB drawn.
The power of ( )
1 1
, P x y w.r.t.

2 2
2 2 0 S x y gx fy c = + + + + =
is equal to . , PA PB which is
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 x y gx fy c + + + +
Power remains constant for the circle i.e. independent of A and B

2
. . PA PB PC PD PT = = = square of the length of a tangent.
Q
R
( )
1 1
, x y
P
( )
1 1
, P x y
90
o

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P
2
0 S =
2
C
1
C
0 S =

M
Q

O
B
A
Diameter
0 x my + =

( ) , P h k
y mx c = +

[Power of a point P is positive, negative or zero according to position of P outside, inside or on the
circle respectively]
CHORD OF CONTACT OF TANGENTS
1. Chord of contact: The chord joining the points of contact of the two tangents
to a conic drawn from a given point, outside it, is called the chord of contact
of tangents
2. Equation of chord of contact:
The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point ( )
1 1
, x y
to the circle
2 2 2 2
1 1
is x y a xx yy a + = + =
Equation of chord of contact at ( )
1 1
, x y to the circle
2 2
2 2 0 x y gx fy c + + + + = is
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
0 xx yy g x x f y y c + + + + + + = . It is clear from above that the equation to the chord of contact
coincides with the equation of the tangent, if point ( )
1 1
, x y lies on the circle.
The length of chord of contact =
2 2
2 ; r p (p being length of perpendicular from centre of the chord)
Area of
( )
3
2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
a x y a
PQ is given by
x y
+

+
3. Equation of the chord bisected at a given point:
The equation of the chord of the circle
2 2
2 2 0 S x y gx fy c + + + + = bisected at the point
( )
1 1
, x y is given by T = S
1
. ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
. ., 2 2 . i e xx yy g x x f y y c x y gx fy c + + + + + + = + + + +
COMMON CHORD OF TWO CIRCLES
1. Definition : The chord joining the points of intersection of two given circles is called their common
chord.
2. Equation of common chord : The equation of the common chord of two circles
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 0 S x y g x f y c + + + + = (i)
and
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 0 S x y g x f y c + + + + = (ii)
is ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 0 x g g y f f c c + + = i.e.,
1 2
0. S S =
3. Length of the common chord : ( )
2 2
1 1
2 2 PQ PM C P C M = =
Where
1
C P = radius of the circle
1
0 S = and
1
C M = length of the perpendicular from the centre
1
C to the
common chord . PQ
DIAMETER OF A CIRCLE
The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of a circle is called a
diameter of the circle.
The equation of the diameter bisecting parallel chords y mx c = + (c is a parameter) of
the circle
2 2 2
x y a + = is 0. x my + =
POLE AND POLAR
If from a point P any straight line is drawn to meet the circle in Q and R and if tangents to the circle at Q and
R meet in
1
, T then the locus of
1
T is called the polar of P with respect to the circle.
A
Q
P
Chord of
contact
( )
1 1
, x y
( ) ", " x y
( ) ', ' x y
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C
2

C
1

r
1

r
2

T
Direct common
tangents

Transverse common
tangents
P
C
R
Q
P
T
1

C
R
Q
P
T
1








The point P is called the pole of its polar.
The polar of the point ( )
1 1
, P x y w.r.t. the circle 0 S = is given by 0. T =
i.e.
2
1 1
xx yy a + + = for the circle
2 2 2
x y a + = and
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
0 xx yy g x x f y y c + + + + + + = for the circle
2 2
2 2 0. x y gx fy c + + + + =
Note :
(a) If the point P lies outside the circle, then the polar and the chord of contact of this point P are same
straight line.
(b) If the point P lies on the circle, then the polar and the tangent to the circle at P are same straight
line.
(c) The coordinates of the pole of the line 0 lx my n + + = with respect to the circle
2 2 2
x y a + = are

2 2
, .
a l a m
n n
| |

|
\ .

CONJUGATE POINTS
Two points are said to be conjugate points with respect to a circle if the polar of either passes through the other
CONJUGATE LINES
Two straight lines are said to be conjugate lines if the pole of either lies on the other.
Common tangents to two circles
Different cases of intersection of two circle :
Let the two circles be ( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 1 1
x x y y r + = (i)
and ( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2
x x y y r + = (ii)
With centres ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
, , C x y and C x y and radii r
1
and r
2
respectively. Then following cases may arise :
Case I : When
1 2 1 2
. ., C C r r i e > + the distance between the centres is greater than the sum of radii.











In this case four common tangents can be drawn to the two circles, in which two are direct
common tangents and the other two are transverse common tangents.
The points P, T of intersection of direct common tangents and transverse common tangents
respectively, always lie on the line joining the centres of the two circles and divide it externally and
internally respectively in the ratio of their radii.
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C
1

C
2

r
1

r
2

Transverse common
Tangent
Direct common
tangents
C
1

C
2

T
P
Direct common
Tangents
C
1
C
2

P
C
1
C
2

r
1

r
2

P
Tangent at the
Point of
contact
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
externally and internally
C P r CT r
C P r C T r
= = Hence, the ordinates of P and T are
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
, and , .
r x r x r y r y r x r x r y r y
P T
r r r r r r r r
| | | | + +

| |
+ +
\ . \ .
Case II : When
1 2 1 2
. ., C C r r i e = + the distance between the centres is
equal to the sum of radii.
In this case two direct common tangents are real and distinct
while transverse tangents are coincident.
Case III : When
1 2 1 2
. ., C C r r i e < + the distance between the centres is less than
sum of radii.
In this case two direct common tangents are real and distinct while
the transverse tangents are imaginary.
Case IV : When
1 2 1 2
, . ., C C r r i e = the distance between the centres is
equal to the difference of the radii.
In this case two tangents are real and coincident while the
other two tangents are imaginary.
Case V : When
1 2 1 2
, . ., C C r r i e < the distance between the centres is less than the
difference of the radii.
In this case, all the four common tangents are imaginary.
WORKING RULE TO FIND DIRECT COMMON TANGENTS
Step 1 : Find the coordinates of centres
1 2
, C C and radii
1 2
, r r of the two given circles.
Step 2 : Find the coordinates of the point, say P dividing
1 2
C C externally in the ratio
1 2
: . r r
Let ( ) , . P h k
Step 3 : Write the equation of any line through ( ) , P h k i.e. ( ) y k m x h = (1)
Step 4 : Find the two values of , m using the fact that the length of the perpendicular on (1) from the centre
1
C of one circle is equal to its radius
1
. r
Step 5 : Substituting these values of m in (1), the equation of the two direct common tangents can be
obtained.
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2
C

P
1
C

1
r

2
r

B A
Q

A B
0 S =

0 S =


r
Given circle
( )
2
, C g f

r
0 lx my n + + =
( )
1 1 1
, C x y

Image circle
1
C
2
C
2
r
1
r
R
P
Note :
(a) The direct common tangents to two circles meet on the line joining centres
1
C and
2
C , and divide it
externally in the ratio of the radii.
(b) The transverse common tangents also meet on the line of centres
1
C and
2
C , and divide it internally
in the ratio of the radii.
WORKING RULE TO FIND TRANSVERSE COMMON TANGENTS
All the steps except the 2
nd
step are the same as above. Here in the second step the point ( ) , R h k will divide
1 2
C C internally in the ratio
1 2
: . r r









Note :
(a) When two circles are real and non-intersecting, 4 common tangents can be drawn.
(b) When two circles touch each other externally, 3 common tangents can be drawn to the circles.
(c) When two circles intersect each other at two real and distinct points, two common tangents can
be drawn to the circles.
(d) When two circle touch each other internally one common tangent can be drawn to the circles.
IMAGE OF THE CIRCLE BY THE LINE MIRROR
Let the circle be
2 2
2 2 0 S x y gx fy c + + + + = and the line be 0. L lx my n = + + =
The radius of the image circle will be the same as that of the given circle.
Let the centre of the image circle be ( )
1 1
, . x y
Slope of
1 2
C C slope of line 1 L = (1)
and midpoint of
1 2
C C lies on 0 lx my n + + =

1 1
0
2 2
x g y f
l m n
| | | |
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .
(2)
Solving (1) and (2), we get ( )
1 1
, . x y
Required image circle will be
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2
1 1
. x x y y g f c + = +

ANGLE OF INTERSECTION OF TWO CIRCLES
The angle of intersection between two circles 0 S = and 0 S = is defined as the angle
between their tangents at their point of intersection.
If
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 0 S x y g x f y c + + + + =

2 2
2 2 2
2 2 0 S x y g x f y c + + + + =
are two circles with radii
1 2
, r r and d be the distance between their centres then the angle of intersection
between them is given by
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( )
1 1
, x y

( )
2 2
, x y

N
M
L
A
S
3
=0
S
2
=0
S
1
=0
C
1

C
2

S
2
=0
S
1
=0
A
B
( )
1 1
, P x y

( )
1 1
, P x y

C
2
C
1

A
B

6. Equation of the circles given in diagram is
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) {
1 2 1 2 1 2
cot x x x x y y y y x x y y + ( )( )}
2 1
0 x x y y =


RADICAL AXIS
The radical axis of two circles is the locus of a point which moves such that the lengths of the tangents drawn
from it to the two circles are equal.












The equation of the radical axis of the two circle is S
1
S
2
=0 i.e.,
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 0, x g g y f f c c + + = which is a straight line.
PROPERTIES OF RADICAL AXIS
1. The radical axis and common chord are identical for two intersecting circles.
2. The radical axis of two circles is perpendicular to the line joining their centres.
3. Radical centre : The radical axis of three circles taken in pairs meet at a point, called the radical centre of
the circles. Coordinates of radical centre can be found by solving the equations

1 2 3
0. S S S = = =
4. The radical centre of three circle described on the sides of a triangle as diameters is the orthocentre of the
triangle.
5. If two circles cut a third circle orthogonally, then the radical axis of the two circles pass through the centre
of the third circle.
6. The radical axis of the two circles will bisect their common tangents.
RADICAL CENTRE
The radical axes of three circles, taken in pairs, meet in a point, which is called their
radical centre. Let the three circles be

1
0 S = (i),
2
0 S = (ii) and
3
0 S = (iii)
Let the straight lines i.e., AL and AM meet in A.
The equation of any straight line passing through A is
( ) ( )
1 2 3 1
0, S S S S + = where is any constant.
For =1, this equation becomes
2 3
0, S S = which is, equation of AN.
Thus the third radical axis also passes through the point where the straight lines AL and AM meet.
In the above figure A is the radical centre.



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0 S P + = 0 S P + =
0 S P + =
P=0
S=0
( )
2 1 2
0 S S S + =

S1 =0
S1S2 =0
S2 =0
( )
1 1 2
0 S S S + + =

( )
1 1 2
0 S S S + =

1 2
0 S S + =

S1 =0
S2 =0
PROPERTIES OF RADICAL CENTRE
Co-axial system of circles
A system (or a family) of circles, every pair of which have the same radical axis, are called co-axial circles.
1. The equation of a system of co-axial circles, when the equation of the
radical axis and of one circle of the system are
2 2
0, 2 2 0 P lx my n S x y gx fy c + + = + + + + =
respectively, is 0 S P + = ( is an arbitrary constant).
2. The equation of a co-axial system of circles, where the equation of any two circles of the system are
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 0 S x y g x f y c + + + + = and
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 0 S x y g x f y c + + + + =
respectively, is ( )
1 1 2
0 S S S + = or ( )
2 1 1 2
0 S S S + =
Other form ( )
1 2
0, 1 S S + =
3. The equation of a system of co-axial circles in the simplest form is
2 2
2 0, x y gx c + + + = where g is a
variable and c is a constant.
LIMITING POINTS
Limiting points of a system of co-axial circles are the centres of the point circles belonging to the family
(Circles whose radii are zero are called point circles).
Let the circle is
2 2
2 0 x y gx c + + + = (i)
where g is a variable and c is a constant.
Centre and the radius of (i) are ( ) , 0 g and
( )
2
g c respectively. Let
2
0 g c g c = =
Thus we get the two limiting points of the given co-axial system as
( )
, 0 c and
( )
, 0 c
Clearly the above limiting points are real and distinct, real and coincident or imaginary according as
, , 0. c > = <
TIPS & TRICKS
Length of an external common tangent and internal common tangent to two circles is given by length of
external common tangent
( )
2
2
1 2 ex
L d r r =
and length of internal common tangent ( )
2
2
1 2 in
L d r r = + [Applicable only when ( )
1 2
d r r > + ]
where d is the distance between the centres of two circles i.e.,
1 2
C C d = and r
1
and r
2
are the radii of two
circles.
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in
L
in
L
ex
L
1 2
r r +
1
r
2
r
( )
1 2
r r
r
2
r
2
r
C
d
B
A
A
B
A
A
C
B
D A
C
E
P
B
H
E
R
Q

A
C
B
D A
C
F
P
B
H
E
R Q

H
E
A
P
B
D
C
A
N
B C
N
X
M
L












Nine-point circle : The circle through the midpoints of the sides of a triangle passes through the feet of the
altitudes and the midpoints of the lines joining the orthocentre to the vertices. This circle is called the nine-point
circle of the triangle.
Note :
(a) The radius of the nine point circle is half the radius of the circumcircle of the triangle ABC
(b) Centre is midpoint of the line segment joining orthocenter and circumcentre.










Simsons line : The feet , , L M N of the perpendicular on the sides , , BC CA AB of any
ABC from any point X on the circumcircle of the triangle are collinear. The line
LMN is called the Simsons line or the pedal line of the point X with respect to . ABC





If H is the orthocentre of ABC and AH produced meets BC at D and the
circumcircle of ABC at , P then . HD DP =

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Z
Z
M
S
PS
e
PM
=
( ) , P x y
Conic Section
CONIC SECTION
A conic section or the conic is the locus of a point which
moves in a plane is such a way that its distance from a fixed
point bears a constant ratio to its distance from a fixed straight
line.
The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is called
the directrix of the conic. The constant ratio is called the
eccentricity of the conic and is denoted by e.
If 1 e = , the conic is called Parabola.
If 1 e < , the conic is called Ellipse.
If 1 e > , the conic is called Hyperbola.
If 0 e = , the conic is called Circle.
If e , the conic is called pair of straight lines.
IMPORTANT TERMS
AXIS
The straight line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix of the conic is known as its axis.
VERTEX
A point of intersection of a conic with its axis is known as a vertex of the conic.
CENTRE
The point which bisects every chord of the conic passing through it, is called the centre of the conic.
FOCAL CHORD
A chord passing through the focus is known as focal chord of the conic.
LATUS RECTUM
The focal chord which is perpendicular to the axis is known as latus rectum of the conic.
DOUBLE ORDINATE
A chord of the conic which is perpendicular to the axis is called the double ordinate of the conic.
GENERAL EQUATION
The general equation of second degree
2 2
2 2 2 0 ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + = represents
1. a pair of straight lines if 0 = where
2 2 2
2 abc fgh af bg ch = +
or
a h g
h b f
g f c
= ,
2. a circle if 0 , a b = and 0 h = ,
3. a parabola if 0 and
2
h ab = ,
4. an ellipse if 0 and
2
h ab < and
5. a hyperbola if 0 and
2
h ab > .
Equation of tangent to the conic at ( )
1 1
, P x y
(i)
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1
2 0
2
xy x y
ax x h byy g x x f y y c
+
+ + + + + + + =
or ( ) ( ) ( )( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 x x ax hy g y y hx by f + + + + + =
(ii) The equation of normal at the point ( )
1 1
, x y to the conic
2 2
2 2 2 0 ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + = is
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1 1
1 1 1 1
x x y y
ax hy g hx by f

=
+ + + +

Note :
To find the equation of tangent at ( )
1 1
, P x y to the conic
2 2
2 2 2 0 ax hxy by gx fy c + + + + + = (*)
We use the following steps :
We replace the terms containing
(i)
2
x and
2
y by
1
x x and
1
y y respectively
(ii) xy by
1 1
2
x y x y +



(iii) x and y by
1
2
x x +


and
1
2
y y +


respectively in equation (*)



































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P
( )
1 1
, x y

( )
2 2
, x y

Q
( )
2
1 1
, 2 P at at

( )
2
2 2
, 2 Q at at

S
Focal chord
Y
X
Y
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, at t a t t +

O
Q
R
( )
2
1 1
, 2 at at

P
( )
2
2 2
, 2 at at

Distance of a point ( )
1 1
, P x y from focus of the parabola
2
4 y ax = is
1
a x = +
EQUATION OF A CHORD
1. The equation of chord joining the points ( )
1 1
, P x y and ( )
2 2
, Q x y on the
parabola
2
4 y ax = is
( )
1 2 1 2
4 y y y ax y y + = +
2. The equation of chord joining
( )
2
1 1
, 2 P at at and
( )
2
2 2
, 2 Q at at is
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
2 y t t x at t + = +


CONDITION FOR THE CHORD TO BE A FOCAL CHORD
The chord joining
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
, 2 and , 2 at at at at passes through focus
if
1 2
1 t t = .

LENGTH OF FOCAL CHORD
The length of focal chord joining
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
, 2 and , 2 P at at Q at at is
( )
2
2 1
. PQ a t t =
CONDITION OF TANGENCY AND POINT OF CONTACT
The line y mx c = + touches the parabola
2
4 y ax = if
a
c
m
= and the coordinates of the point of contact are

2
2
,
a a
m m



.
EQUATION OF TANGENT IN DIFFERENT FORMS
1. POINT FORM
The equation of the tangent to the parabola
2
4 y ax = at the point ( )
1 1
, x y is
( )
1 1
2 yy a x x = + .
2. PARAMETRIC FORM
The equation of the tangent to the parabola
2
4 y ax = at the point
( )
2
, 2 at at is

2
ty x at = + .
3. SLOPE FORM
The equation of tangent to parabola
2
4 y ax = in terms of slope m is

a
y mx
m
= + .
The coordinates of the point of contact are
2
2
,
a a
m m



.

POINT OF INTESECTION OF TANGENTS
The point of intersection of tangents drawn at two different points
( )
2
1 1
, 2 P at at and
( )
2
2 2
, 2 Q at at on the parabola
2
4 y ax = is
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
, R at t a t t + .
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A
B
P ( )
1 1
, x y

Y
X X
Q
M C
P(x, y)
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =


Y
EQUATION OF TANGENT IN DIFFERENT FORMS
1. Point form: The equation of the tangent to the ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = at the point ( )
1 1
, is x y
1 1
2 2
1
xx yy
a b
+ =
2. Slope form: If the line y mx c = + touches the ellipse
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 then
x y
c a m b
a b
+ = = + .
Hence, the straight line
2 2 2
y mx a m b = + always represents the tangent to the ellipse.
3. Parametric form : The equation of tangent at any point ( ) cos , sin a b is
cos sin 1
x y
a b
+ = .
Equation of normal in different forms
1. Point form: The equation of the normal at ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
x
, totheellipse 1
y
x y
a b
+ = is
2 2
2 2
1 1
.
a x b y
a b
x y
=
2. Parametric form : The equation of the normal to the ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = at ( ) cos , sin a b is
2 2
sec cosec ax by a b = .
3. Slope form : If m is the slope of the normal to the ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = , then the equation of normal is
( )
2 2
2 2 2
m a b
y mx
a b m

=
+
.
AUXILIARY CIRCLE
The circle described on the major axis of an ellipse as diameter is called an
auxiliary circle of the ellipse. If
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = is an ellipse then its auxiliary
circle is
2 2 2
x y a + = .
ECCENTRIC ANGLE OF A POINT
Let P be any point on the ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = . Draw PM perpendicular from P on the major axis of the ellipse
and produce MP to meet the auxiliary circle in Q. J oin CQ. The angle XCQ = is called the eccentric angle
of the point P on the ellipse.
Note that the angle XCP is not the eccentric angle of point P.
EQUATION OF PAIR OF TANGENTS
The combined equation of pair of tangents PA and PB is given by SS
1
=T
2

where
2 2
2 2
1,
x y
S
a b
+
2 2
1 1
1 2 2
1,
x y
S
a b
+
1 1
2 2
1
xx yy
T
a b
+
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D
( ) cos , sin P a b
P
D
S
S C
Y
Y '
X ' X
y mx c = +
2
2
b
y x
a m

=
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ =
X
X
Y
Y
C
90

Q
B
A
P
Q
B
P
A
D
D'
A' A
P'
( ) cos , sin P a b ( ) cos ', sin ' a b
Equation of polar : Equation of polar of the point ( )
1 1
, x y with respect to ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ = is given by
1 1
2 2
1
xx yy
a b
+ = , i.e., 0 T = .
PROPERTIES OF POLE AND POLAR
1. If the polar of ( )
1 1
, P x y passes through ( )
2 2
, Q x y , then the polar of ( )
2 2
, Q x y passes through ( )
1 1
, P x y
and such points are said to be conjugate points.
2. If the pole of a line
1 1 1
0 l x m y n + + = lies on the another line
2 2 2
0 l x m y n + + = , then the pole of the
second line will be on the first and such lines are said to be conjugate lines.
3. Pole of a given line is same as point of intersection of tangents at its extremities.
DIAMETER OF THE ELLIPSE
Definition : A line through the center of an ellipse is called a diameter of
the ellipse.
The equation of the diameter bisecting the chords y mx c = + of slope m of
the ellipse
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 is ,
x y b
y x
a b a m
+ = = which is passing through (0, 0)
Conjugate diameter : Two diameter of an ellipse are said to be
conjugate diameter if each bisects all chords parallel to the other. The
coordinates of the four extremities of two conjugate diameters are
( ) ( ) cos , sin ; ' cos , sin , P a b P a b
( ) ( ) sin , cos ; ' sin , cos Q a b Q a b
If
1 2
and y m x y m x = = be two conjugate diameters of an ellipse, then
2
1 2 2
.
b
m m
a

=
1. Properties of diameters :
(i) The tangents at the extremity of any diameter is parallel to the chords it bisects or parallel to the
conjugate diameter ,
(ii) The tangents at the ends of any chord meet on the diameter which bisects the chord.
2. Properties of conjugate diameters :
(i) The eccentric angles of the ends of a pair of conjugate
diameters of an ellipse differ by a right angle,
i.e., .
2

=
(ii) The sum of the squares of any two conjugate semidiameters of an
ellipse is constant and equal to the sum of the squares of the semi
axes of the ellipse i.e., CP
2
+CD
2
=a
2
+b
2
.
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6. If the normal at any point P meets the major and minor axes in G and g and CD is the perpendicular
upon the normal, then
2
PD PG b = and
2
. PD Pg a =
7. Tangents at the ends of any chord meet on the diameter which bisects the chord.
8. The sum of distances of any point P on the ellipse from the focus S and S is 2a i.e. 2 PS PS a + =
9. The ratio of y-coordinates of corresponding points on ellipse and Auxiliary circle : b a =
10. The Harmonic mean of focal radii of any focal chord is equal to semi-latus rectum
2
.
b
a
=
11. If , , , be the eccentric angles of the four concyclic points on an ellipse then
2 , . n n I + + + =
12. If eccentric angles of feet , , , P Q R S of these normals be , , , then
( ) 2 1 , n n I + + + = +
13. The necessary and sufficient condition for the normals at three , , points on the ellipse to be
concurrent if ( ) ( ) ( ) sin sin sin 0. + + + + + =
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5. Equation of the tangents in different forms
(i) Point form: The equation of tangent at ( )
1 1
, x y to the hyperbola
2 2
1 1
1 1
is 2 or 2.
x y
xy c xy yx c
x y
= + = + =
(ii) Parametric form: The equation of the tangents at ,
c
ct
t



to the hyperbola
2 2
is 2 2
x
xy c yt c x t y ct
t
= + = + =
On replacing x
1
by ct and y
1
by
c
t
in the equation of the tangents at ( )
1 1
, x y
i.e.
2
1 1
2 weget 2
x
xy yx c yt c
t
+ = + = .
Point of intersection of tangents at t
1
and t
2
is
1 2
1 2 1 2
2 2
, .
ct t c
t t t t


+ +

6. Equation of the normal in different forms:
(i) Point form: The equation of the normal at ( )
1 1
, x y to the hyperbola
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
is . xy c xx yy x y = =
(ii) Parametric form: The equation of the normal at ,
c
ct
t



to the hyperbola
2 3 4
is 0 xy c xt yt ct c = + =
This equation is a fourth degree in t. So, in general four normals can be drawn from a point to the
hyperbola
2
xy c = , and point of intersection of normals at
1 2
and t t is
( ) { }
( )
( ) { }
( )
2 2 3 3 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1
, .
c t t t t t t c t t t t t t
t t t t t t t t

+ + + + + +

+ +


(iii) If the normal at ,
c
P ct
t



cuts the rectangular hyperbola
2
xy c = at ,
c
Q ct
t

then
3
1
. t
t
=
7. Equation of diameter of rectangular hyperbola
2
xy c = is 0 y mx + = (m is the slope of the chord joining
two points lies on the rectangular hyperbola)
Two diameters
1
0 y m x + = and
2
0 y m x + = are conjugate diameter if
1 2
0 m m + = .
PROPERTIES OF HYPERBOLA x
2
/ a
2
y
2
/ b
2
= 1
1. If PN be the ordinate of a point P on the hyperbola and the tangent at P meets the transverse axis in T,
then
2
. , ON OT a O = being the origin.
2. If PM be drawn perpendiculars to the conjugate axis from a point p on the hyperbola and the tangent at P
meets the conjugate axis in T, then
2
. ; OM OT b O = , being the origin.
3. If the normal at P on the hyperbola meets the transverse axis in G, then ; SG eSP S = being a foci and e
the eccentricity of the hyperbola.
4. The tangent and normal at any point of a hyperbola bisect the angle between the focal radii to that point.
5. The locus of the feet of the perpendiculars from the foci on a tangent to a hyperbola is the auxiliary circle.
6. The product of the length of the perpendicular drawn from foci on any tangent to hyperbola is
2
b .
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7. From any point on the hyperbola
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= perpendicular are drawn to the asymptotes then product is
2 2
2 2
a b
a b +
and for rectangular hyperbola
2
2
a
=
8. If a circle cuts the rectangular hyperbola 1 xy = in ( ) ,
r r
x y (four points) 1, 2, 3, 4 r = then
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1
1 y y y y
x x x x
= = .
9. A rectangular hyperbola with centre at C is cut by any circle of radius R in four points L, M, N, P then the
value of
2 2 2 2 2
4 CL CM CN CP R + + + = .
10. If a triangle is inscribed in a rectangular hyperbola then the orthocenter of triangle lies on the rectangular
hyperbola.
11. The portion of tangent intercepted between the asymptotes at any point of the hyperbola is bisected by the
point of contact.
12. Whenever any circle and any hyperbola cut each other at four points the mean position of these four
points is the mid point of the line segment joining centre of hyperbola and centre of circle.
13. The harmonic mean of focal radi for any focal chord
2
b
a
=
14. Tangent drawn at the ends of any focal chord meet on the directrix.
15. Local of point of intersection two perpendicular tangents to the hyperbola
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= is a circle called
director circle whose equation is
2 2 2 2
x y a b + =
and if a b < then there is no real point from where we can draw two perpendicular tangents to the
hyperbola.
16. The portion of tangent between point of contact and the point where it cuts the directrix subtend 90
angle at the focus.
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