Oxford Study Courses

Supporting IB students since 1990

2013 Catalogue
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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
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IBDP
REVISION
GUIDES
OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
w:osc-ib.com
e:[email protected]
INTRODUCTION
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Dear Colleague
Welcome to the 2013 OSC IB Revision Guide catalogue.
Here at OSC we have helped tens of thousands of students prepare for their IBDP exams through our specialised,
highly effective Revision Courses. We know from our 20 years experience the value of an intensive review of a syllabus
and the condence such study can build. Our students are always keen to have a comprehensive and well-written aid
to help them achieve exam success.
OSC has been producing IB Revision Guides since 2002, and we now publish more IBDP specic material than anyone
in the world. Our IB Revision Guides are used by IB schools and students worldwide.
What makes the OSC IB Revision Guides different?
They are not textbooks, but have been designed to emphasise active revision and review, targeting effort where it is most
needed. Offering a complete, concise and easy to use overview of each syllabus, they help you to revise what you need.
The IB Revision Guides are written by experienced IB teachers, all of whom are specialists in their subjects and can
therefore offer invaluable advice on how to tackle IBDP exam questions.
Drawing on the extensive experience of the authors, the IB Revision Guides offer students an excellent, well-illustrated
text, containing sound advice that helps them to enter an exam room with condence.
New titles, new editions
We know the importance of revision and review and we want to be able to support all IBDP students with this. This
is why we are constantly expanding the series to include new titles, updates and new editions. From new Geography,
History and Economics guides to updated editions for the new IBDP syllabus - look for the icons throughout the catalogue.
E-books now available
We are pleased to announce that several of our titles are now available as ebooks, with more due to be released soon. Look
our for the symbol throughout the catalogue and visit our website to download the guides.
To nd out more details about individual titles and authors, please visit our website at osc-ib.com
You can also call or email our team of IB specialists: +44 (0) 1865 512802 or [email protected]
Dr Kim Polgreen, General Manager
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t:+44 (0)1865 512802 f:+44 (0)1865 512335 3
CONTENTS
OSC Supporting IBDP students worldwide
OSC Pre IBDP Summer
Schools (July-August)
OSC University Advice
(June-July)
OSC Mid IBDP Summer
Courses (July-August)
For more information on our courses visit:
osc-ib.com/ib-courses
OSC IBDP Exam
Revision Courses
OSC supports IBDP students, both southern and northern hemisphere
candidates, throughout their IBDP career from start to nish through nal
Revision Courses and vacation courses all taught by experienced IB teachers.
Set in fantastic locations worldwide and online, IBDP students can benet
from face-to-face preparation, and virtual learning, anytime, anywhere.
OSCs commitment to helping the IB student community in achieving their very
best and meeting students needs sees numerous new developments each year.
Oxford, UK; Boston, USA;
Vancouver, Canada
Choose from 3 weeks or 2 weeks
UK University Tour, starts and ends in Oxford
US University Applications Course (UAC), Boston
Cambridge and Oxford, UK; Boston,
USA; Vancouver, Canada
One week per subject
Oxford, UK over 1000 IB
students (March-April)
Sydney and Melbourne, Australia (July)
Sweden - weekend revision, Biology
(February) and Maths (March)
Shanghai (April)
Online Revision Classes
New for 2013!
The most problematic syllabus areas covered
in depth choose up to 6 per subject
One-to-one tuition and University
advice also given
These Revision Guides have been published independently
of the International Baccalaureate Organization
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Design Technology
Environmental Systems and Societies
Economics
Business and Management
Geography
Psychology
Spanish
English
French
Mathematics
Pre-IB Mathematics
History
4
7
9
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
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20
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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
w:osc-ib.com e:[email protected]
BIOLOGY
4
IB Biology HL
IB Biology SL
IB Biology SL IB Biology HL Generic content
Standard Level Contents: Statistical
Analysis, Cells, The Chemistry of Life,
Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Human
Health and Physiology
Higher Level Additional Contents:
Nucleic Acids and Proteins,
Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis,
Plant Science, Genetics, Human Health
and Physiology
Appendices: Action Verbs, Denitions
Table of Critical Values for the Student
t-test, Electron Micrographs, Answers to
Self-test Quizzes, Answers to Genetics
Problems, Carbon Cycle, mRNA Codon
Table, Essays Maximising Your Marks,
How to Read a Nomogram, External
Assessment Specications, Exam Tool
Kit and Mobile Phones
Expert subject
knowledge ensures
the right coverage
at the right depth
Interactive questions
and tests to keep
students on task
Useful revision
tips and advice
Clear illustrations
to ease learning
Logical diagrams
to help memory
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Option F: Microbes & Biotechnology SL/HL
Option A: Human Nutrition & Health SL
Option E: Neurobiology & Behaviour SL/HL
Option C: Cells & Energy SL
Option B: Physiology of Exercise SL
Option D: Evolution SL/HL
Easy to follow diagrams
and illustrations
Self-test questions to reinforce
understanding
Clear and colourful guides
to the Biology options
Contents: Components of the Human Diet,
Energy in Human Diets, Special Issues in
Human Nutrition Self-Test quiz, Answers to
Self-Test Quiz
Contents: Muscles and Movement, Training
and the Pulmonary System, Training and
the Cardiovascular System, Exercise and
Respiration, Fitness and Training,
Injuries Self-Test Quiz, Answers to Self-Test Quiz
Contents: Standard Level Stimulus and
Response, Perception of Stimuli, Innate and
Learned Behaviour, Neurotransmitters and
Synapses
Higher Level The Human Brain, Further
Studies of Behaviour
Contents: Proteins, Enzymes, Cell
Respiration, Photosynthesis Self-Test Quiz,
Answers to Self-Test Quiz
Contents: Standard Level Origin of Life on
Earth, Species and Speciation, Human Evolution
Higher Level The Hardy-Weinberg Principle,
Phylogeny and Systematics Appendix include
Hardy-Weinberg problems, Answers to Hardy-
Weinberg problems, Cladistics problems,
Answers to Cladistics problems
Contents: Standard Level Diversity of
Microbes, Microbes and the Environment,
Microbes and Biotechnology, Microbes and
Food Production
Higher Level Metabolism of Microbes,
Microbes and Disease
Full colour diagrams
explain concepts
clearly
Quick questions
to reinforce
learning
Key points
highlighted
See overleaf
for more...
OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
w:osc-ib.com e:[email protected] 6
BIOLOGY CHEMISTRY
Option G: Ecology & Conservation SL/HL
Genetics Made Easy HL
Option H: Further Human Physiology HL
Genetics Made Easy SL
Student Guide For Internal Assessment SL/HL
Contents: Standard Level Community
Ecology, Ecosystems and Biomes, Impact of
Humans on Ecosystems
Higher Level Conservation of Biodiversity,
Population Ecology, Conservation Organisations
Appendix Answers to Problems
Contents: Denitions and Mendels Second Law,
The Dihydrid Cross, Recombination, Using
Genotype Numbers, The 4 x 4 Grid, Autosomal
Linkage, Autosomal Linkage and Crossing Over
Contents: Hormonal Control, Digestion,
Absorption of Digested Foods, Functions of the
Liver, The Transport System, Gas Exchange,
Self-Test Quiz, Answers to Self-Test Quiz
This Guide is aimed at helping with the skills for
Internal Assessment, covering the core themes.
Standard Level Design, Data Collection and
Processing, Graphical Presentation
Higher Level Conclusion and Evaluation,
Choosing the Right Statistics, Putting Statistics
into Practice, Statistical Formulae and Tables,
Creating Shortcuts When Using Word
Contents: Getting Started Vocabulary,
Denitions and Mendels First Law, Applying
Mendels First Law; Basic Monohybrid Cross
with a Homozygous and Heterozygous
Genotype, Genetics Ratios, Ratio and
Probability, The Punnett Grid, The Sex
Chromosomes and Sex Linkage, Combining Sex
Linkage Codominance, Pedigree Charts
ISBN Title WB:wiro-bound S:stapled SS:section-sewn Price*
9781904534631 IB Biology SL SS 18.50
9781904534624 IB Biology HL SS 23.50
9781904534648 IB Biology Option A: Human Nutrition and Health SL S 6.25
9781904534655 IB Biology Option B: Physiology of Exercise SL S 6.25
9781904534662 IB Biology Option C: Cells and Energy SL S 6.95
9781904534679 IB Biology Option D: Evolution SL/HL S 7.95
9781904534686 IB Biology Option E: Neurobiology and Behaviour HL S 7.50
9781904534693 IB Biology Option F: Microbes and Biotechnology SL/HL S 6.95
9781904534709 IB Biology Option G: Ecology and Conservation SL/HL S 7.50
9781904534716 IB Biology Option H: Further Human Physiology HL S 6.95
9781904534364 IB Biology: Genetics Made Easy SL WB 8.50
9781904534357 IB Biology: Genetics Made Easy HL WB 13.50
9781904534723 IB Biology Student Guide for Internal Assessment SL/HL WB 10.50
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*Plus postage & packaging
E-book available
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t:+44 (0)1865 512802 f:+44 (0)1865 512335 7
CHEMISTRY
IB Chemistry SL
IB type questions to
give students exam
experience
Complete guided
review, focusing on
exam requirements
Expert tips
T : +44 (0) 1865 512802
F : +44 (0) 1865 512335
E : [email protected]
W: osc-ib.com
Aristotle House, Aristotle Lane, Oxford OX2 6TP, UK
OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
OSC has been organising IB Spring Revision Courses and
Summer Schools, since 1990 and has helped thousands
of IB students prepare for their exams.
OSC knows the value of an intensive review of a syllabus
and the con dence such study can build. But our students
are also keen to have written material which provides a
complete overview of a course. OSC commissioned a series
of IB Revision Guides to ful l this need. They have been
written both to complement the courses and to aid those
who are unable to attend.
OSC IB Revision Guides can be used throughout the IB
course, but will be particularly useful before tests, mock
and nal exams. The books are written by experienced
IB teachers who have had the advantage of teaching on
our OSC IB Revision Courses, so they are particularly
experienced in understanding what students imminently
facing their exams need and want.
OSC IB Revision Guides provide:
Active revision and review to target the students effort

where it is needed
Practical advice on how to tackle IB exam questions
A complete, concise overview of the syllabus
Excellent value for money
The resource to help students do their best in the exam
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for the International Baccalaureate Diplom
a Program
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781904
534730
ISBN 978-1-904534-73-0
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Easy learning
checklists
Clear and colourful
diagrams to
ease learning
Common mistakes
highlighted
IB Chemistry HL
IB Option B : Human Biochemistry SL/HL
Plenty of clear
diagrams and
explanations
Revision tips on
what you need to
know for the exam
Contents: Quantitative Chemistry, Atomic Structure,
Periodicity, Bonding, Energetics, Kinetics, Equilibrium,
Acids and Bases, Oxidation and Reduction, Organic
Chemistry, Measurement and Data Processing, Answers
IB Chemistry Standard & Higher Level
See overleaf
for more...
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E-book available
OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
w:osc-ib.com e:[email protected] 8
CHEMISTRY PHYSICS
Option E: Environmental Chemistry SL/HL
Option G: Further Organic Chemistry SL/HL
Option F: Food Chemistry SL/HL
Student Guide For Internal Assessment SL/HL
Contents: Standard Level Primary Air Pollution,
Acid Deposition, Greenhouse Effect and Global
Warming, Ozone Depletion, Dissolved Oxygen in
Water, Waste Water Treatment, Soil, Waste
Higher Level Ozone Depletion, Smog, Acid
Deposition, Water, Soil and Ksp, Test Yourself
Questions
Contents: Standard Level Food Groups,
Fats and Oils, Shelf Life, Colour, Genetically
Modied Foods, Texture
Higher Level Oxidative Rancidity and
Antioxidants, Stereochemistry in Food,
Chemical Structure and Colour, Test Yourself
Questions
Contents: Standard Level Electrophilic Addition
Reactions, Nucleophilic Addition Reactions,
Elimination Reactions, Addition-elimination
Reactions, Arenes, Organometallic Chemistry,
Reaction Pathways, Acid-base Reactions
Higher Level Addition-elimination Reaction,
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions, Reaction
Pathways, Test Yourself Questions
Contents include: Essential Data Processing
Skills, Design, Data Collection and Processing,
Conclusion and Evaluation, Manipulation Skills,
Personal Skills, How Your Final IA Mark is
Calculated, ICT in Chemistry, Glossary of Key
Terms, Answers to Practice Questions
ISBN Title WB:wiro-bound S:stapled SS:section-sewn Price*
9781904534747 IB Chemistry SL SS 18.50
9781904534730 IB Chemistry HL SS 23.50
9781904534754 IB Chemistry Option A: Modern Analytical Chemistry SL/HL S 6.95
9781904534761 IB Chemistry Option B: Human Biochemistry SL/HL S 7.50
9781904534778 IB Chemistry Option C: Chemistry in Industry and Technology SL/HL S 6.95
9781904534785 IB Chemistry Option D: Medicines and Drugs SL/HL S 7.50
9781904534792 IB Chemistry Option E: Environmental Chemistry SL/HL S 7.50
9781904534808 IB Chemistry Option F: Food Chemistry SL/HL S 6.95
9781904534815 IB Chemistry Option G: Further Organic Chemistry SL/HL S 6.95
9781904534976 IB Chemistry Student Guide for Internal Assessment SL/HL S 7.50
*Plus postage & packaging
E-book available
Option A: Modern Analytical Chemistry SL/HL
Option C: Chemistry in Industry & Technology SL/HL
Option B: Human Biochemistry SL/HL
Option D: Medicines & Drugs SL/HL
Contents: Standard Level Principles of
Spectroscopy, Infra Red Spectroscopy,
Mass Spectroscopy, NMR, Atomic Absorption
Spectroscopy, Chromatography,
Visible / Ultra Spectroscopy
Higher Level NMR, Chromatography,
Test Yourself Questions
Contents: Standard Level Iron, Steel and
Aluminium, The Oil Industry, Addition Polymers,
Catalysts, Fuel Cells and Rechargeable Batteries,
Liquid Crystals, Nanotechnology
Higher Level Condensation Polymers,
Mechanisms in Organic Chemicals Industry,
Silicon and Photovoltaic Cells, Liquid Crystals, The
Chlor-alkali Industry, Practice Questions
Contents: Standard Level The Energy Value
of a Food, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Nutrients, Hormones
Higher Level Enzymes, Nucleic Acids,
Respiration, Answers to Revision Questions
Contents: Standard Level Pharmaceutical
Products, Antacids, Analgesics,
Depressants, Stimulants, Antibacterials,
Antivirals
Higher Level Drug Action, Drug Design,
Mind Altering Drugs, Test Yourself
Questions
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PHYSICS
T : +44 (0) 1865 512802 F : +44 (0) 1865 512335 E : [email protected]
W: osc-ib.com
OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
OSC has been organising IB Spring Revision Courses and
Summer Schools, since 1990 and has helped thousands
of IB students prepare for their exams.
OSC knows the value of an intensive review of a syllabus
and the con dence such study can build. But our students
are also keen to have written material which provides a
complete overview of a course. OSC commissioned a series
of IB Revision Guides to ful l this need. They have been
written both to complement the courses and to aid those
who are unable to attend.
OSC IB Revision Guides can be used throughout the IB
course, but will be particularly useful before tests, mock
and nal exams. The books are written by experienced
IB teachers who have had the advantage of teaching on
our OSC IB Revision Courses, so they are particularly
experienced in understanding what students imminently
facing their exams need and want.
OSC IB Revision Guides provide:
Active revision and review to target the students effort
where it is needed Practical advice on how to tackle IB exam questions
A complete, concise overview of the syllabus
Excellent value for money
The resource to help students do their best in the exam
2
nd
Edition
Higher Level
Pat Roby
O
SC IB REVISION
GU
IDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
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9 781904 534822
ISBN 978-1-904534-82-2
Comprehensive
explanations
Complete guided
review to help solve
problems
Interactive questions
and tests to keep
students on task
IB Physics HL
IB Physics SL
IB Physics SL IB Physics HL
Contents: Physics and Physical
Measurement Mechanics, Thermal
Physics, Oscillations and Waves, Electric
Circuits, Forces and Fields, Atomic and
Nuclear Physics, Energy, Power and
Climate Change, Solutions to SL Section
Problems
Contents: Motion in Fields, Thermal
Physics (Thermodynamics), Waves
Phenomena, Electromagnetic Induction,
Quantum Physics and Nuclear Physics,
Digital Technology, Solutions to HL
Section Problems
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See overleaf
for more...
Expert subject
knowledge ensures
the right coverage
at the right depth
Clear illustrations
to ease learning
OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
w:osc-ib.com e:[email protected]
PHYSICS
10
Option C:
Digital Technology
Clear and colourful guides
to the Physics options
Easy to follow diagrams
and illustrations
Key points highlighted
Option A: Sight & Wave Phenomena SL
Option E: Astrophysics SL/HL Option F: Communications SL/HL
Option C: Digital Technology SL
Option B: Quantum Physics & Nuclear Physics SL
Option D: Relativity & Particle Physics SL
Contents: The Eye and Sight, Standing Waves,
Doppler Effect, Diffraction, Resolution,
Polarization, Common Exam Mistakes,
Questions, Answers
Contents: Quantum Physics, Nuclear Physics,
Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers
Contents: Standard Level Introduction to the
Universe, Stellar Radiation and Stellar Types,
Stellar Distances, Cosmology
Higher Level Stellar Processes and Evolution,
Galaxies and Expanding Universe, Common
Exam Mistakes, Core Questions, Higher Level
Questions, Answers
Contents: Radio Communication, Digital
Signals, Optic Fiber Transmission, Channels of
Communication, Electronics, The Mobile Phone,
Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers
Contents: Analogue and Digital Signals, The
Charge-coupled Device, Electronics, Two Source
Interference, The Mobile Phone, Common Exam
Mistakes, Questions, Answers
Contents: Introduction to Relativity, Concepts
and Postulates of Relativity, Relativistic
Dynamics, Particles and Interactions, Quarks,
Common Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers
Interactive questions
and tests to keep
students on task
Comprehensive
explanations
Complete guided
review to help solve
problems
t:+44 (0)1865 512802 f:+44 (0)1865 512335 11
Option C:
Digital Technology
Option F: Communications SL/HL
Option J: Particle Physics HL
Option H: Relativity HL
Option G: Electromagnetic Waves SL/HL
Option I: Medical Physics HL
Student Guide For Internal Assessment SL/HL
Contents: The Nature of Electromagnetic
Waves Light, Optical Instruments, Two Source
Interference, Diffraction Rating, X-rays, Thin
Film Interference, Common Exam Mistakes,
Questions, Answers
Contents: General Guidelines, Criteria
and Aspects, Design, Data Collection and
Processing, Conclusion and Evaluation,
Manipulative Skills, Self Motivation and
Perseverance, Common Exam Mistakes, Lab
Report Checklist, The Group Four Project, The
Extended Essay, CAS Work in the Lab, Problems,
Answers
Contents: The Ear and Hearing, Medical
Imaging, Radiation and Medicine, Common
Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers
Contents: Introduction to Relativity, Concepts and
Postulates of Relativity, Relativistic Dynamics,
Consequences of Special Relativity, Evidence for
Special Relativity, Relativistic Momentum and
Energy, General Relativity, Evidence for General
Relativity, Common Exam Mistakes, Questions,
Answers
Contents: Particles and Interactions, Particle
Accelerators and Detectors, Quarks, Leptons
and the Standard Model, Experimental
Evidence, Cosmology and Strings, Common
Exam Mistakes, Questions, Answers
ISBN Title WB:wiro-bound S:stapled SS:section-sewn Price*
9781904534839 IB Physics SL SS 18.50
9781904534822 IB Physics HL SS 23.50
9781904534846 IB Physics Option A: Sight and Wave Phenomena SL S 7.95
9781904534853 IB Physics Option B: Quantum Physics and Nuclear SL S 6.95
9781904534860 IB Physics Option C: Digital Technology SL S 7.50
9781904534877 IB Physics Option D: Relativity and Particle Physics SL S 7.50
9781904534884 IB Physics Option E: Astrophysics SL/HL S 7.95
9781904534891 IB Physics Option F: Communications SL/HL S 7.95
9781904534907 IB Physics Option G: Electromagnetic Waves SL/HL S 7.95
9781904534914 IB Physics Option H: Relativity HL S 7.50
9781904534921 IB Physics Option I: Medical Physics HL S 7.50
9781904534938 IB Physics Option J: Particle Physics HL S 7.95
9781904534617 IB Physics Student Guide for Internal Assessment SL/HL WB 10.50
*Plus postage & packaging
E-book available
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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
w:osc-ib.com e:[email protected] 12
ldenLlfylng
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cycle represenLs howdeslgners progress Lhrough Lhe deslgn process Lo reflne Lhe deslgn soluLlon ln lncreaslng
deLall.
1he DCMcomprlses of s|x stages, as follows:
ldenLlfylng or clarlfylng a need or
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analyslng, researchlng and speclfylng
requlremenLs
generaLlng ldeas and soluLlons
developlng Lhe chosen soluLlon
reallslng Lhe chosen soluLlon
LesLlng and evaluaLlng Lhe chosen soluLlon.
Deslgn Cycle Model
1he model emphaslzes LhaL ueslgnlng ls not a llnear process.
LvaluaLlon, for example, wlll Lake place aL varlous sLages of Lhe process, noL [usL aL Lhe end.
Slmllarly, ldeas for posslble soluLlons are noL only generaLed aL Lhe generaLlng ldeas" sLage,
some good ldeas may develop even as early as Lhe ldenLlfylng needs" sLage. ln pracLlce, lL ls
lmposslble Lo separaLe Lhe sLages of Lhe deslgn process as clearly as Lhe model suggesLs.
1he conLexL of Lhe problemls lnvesLlgaLed and descrlbed Lhls leads Lo a conclse deslgn brlef
1he deslgn process can begln wlLh:
* a prob|em
* an |dent|f|ed need
* a market opportun|ty
* a demand
* a des|re to add va|ue to an ex|st|ng product
* a response to opportun|t|es presented by techno|og|ca| deve|opments
1he lnlLlal deslgn problemls a |oose co||ect|on of constra|nts, requ|rements and poss|b|||t|es
1he deslgn brlef sLaLes Lhe |ntended outcome and Lhe ma[or constra|nts wlLhln whlch lL musL be achleved.
Identifying or cIurifying u need or opportunity stuge of the I design cycIe modeI
1op|c 1: Des|gn rocess
6
DESIGN TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENTAL
When designers produce freehand sketches they often include writing known as annotation.
Annotations explain the thinking behind the visual image represented by the drawing. They allow the designer to
consider the implications of the ideas for further development.
Designers use a range of freehand draw|ngs in the early stages of developing ideas to explore shape and form
(3D) and constructional details (2D).
Orthographic
Drawing
Freehand
Sketching
Freehand drawing is the spontaneous representation of ideas on
paper without the use of technical aids.
A series of flat views of an object showing it exactly as it is
in shape and size.
An orthographic drawing usually includes
a plan view and front and end elevations
but may include additional or auxiliary
views. Orthographic drawings are
generally drawn in third angle (where
the plan view appears at the top of the
drawing) or first angle (where the plan is
at the bottom).
The importunce of orthogruphic druwing
An orthographic drawing shows details and dimensions and can be used as a production drawing or working
drawing.
It is always drawn to scale; shows true dimensions, clearances and tolerances and often include a cutting list.
Crthograph|c draw|ngs are produced at the final solution stage and are used in the realization stage.
14
1op|c 1: Des|gn rocess
IB Design Technology SL/HL
IB Design Technology SL/HL
Technical terms
are highlighted to
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IB Design Technology SL/HL
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Design, Materials, Product Development, Product
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ENVIRONMENTAL

Soil resources

The soil system
Soils are living ecosystems, and a zone of interaction between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
(rocks) and the biosphere (ecosystem above). Consider in the diagram below how there is a two-way
cause and effect interaction between each of the components.



Figure 3.5 A diagram showing interaction between soils and the major spheres of the earth

This can be considered in terms of material interactions, including both transfer and transformation
processes. The water cycle moves through the soil by infiltration and water may evaporate from the
surface. The atmosphere may contain particulate matter that is deposited on the soil and particles may
blow up into the atmosphere. Rocks in the lithosphere weather to form soils, and soils at depth and
pressure may form rocks. Plants in the biosphere may extract nutrients from the soil and dead plants may
end up forming parts of the soil. Consider this diagram in relation to the profile below.

Soil profiles and processes

Soils can be examined by digging down, normally a metre or so, to reveal the soil profile. This shows
horizons (layers) that indicate changing composition with depth. Soil profiles show the transition from the
living to the non-living components of the ecosystem. The kinds of soil profiles found vary according to
climate, relief and geology.

Figure 3.6 Generalised soil profile
O horizon
A dark layer containing organic material, when fully decomposed it is called humus.
Deepest in waterlogged and cold conditions where decomposition rates are slow,
such as tundra. Shallow or none where little organic matter is e.g. desert, or where
decomposition is fast e.g. tropical rainforests.


A horizon
This layer of soil is the mixed layer, a mixture of organic and mineral particles. The
mixed layers vary in depth depending on the living community in the soil. The
deepest mixed layers are normally found under temperate grassland biomes due to
the abundance of earthworms. In temperate deciduous forests the acid conditions
reduce the number of earthworms and so the mixed layer is shallow.
B horizon
This layer consists of weathered mineral materials. The depth of the mineral layer
varies greatly according to the climate and geology. Tropical soils have deep
weathered layers often due to the chemical weathering of the underlying rocks.
Leaching in soils occurs when rainwater dissolves useful nutrients in the soil and as
the water infiltrates they are moved down into the upper part of these horizons.
C horizon This layer is made up of the underlying rock type, in various states of weathering.



Revision questions

25. Write out the full name and define the following terms:

26. Calculate NPP, R and GPP using the provided data from the light and dark bottle
techniques carried out on a temperate freshwater lake. Use the average NPP for all five
bottles and give your answers in mg/m
3
/hr.
Bottle Type and Depth (m) Oxygen (mg/m
3
/hr)
(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 0.1 612
(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 0.5 350
(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 1.0 1049
(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 1.5 1166
(Light - Photosynthesis + Respiration) 2.0 1633
(Dark bottle Respiration only) 2.0 -2245

Some IB students were provided with seven giant pond snails and a water tank. The snails were
weighed during class times and the faeces filtered off along with uneaten food. They were
provided with pond weed, which was weighed. The water was changed at the same time. Their
results from the laboratory measurements are shown below.
Dates
Total Wet Mass
of Seven Snails
(g 0.05)
Dates
Food Given
(g 0.05)
4
th
May
27th April 30.9
waste food (g
0.05)
Faeces
produced
(g 0.05)
27th April 380.6
28th April 18.8 2.0 8.3
4th May 390.8
29th April 219.2

Total 268.9
A laboratory estimation of secondary productivity of the golden apple snail,
Pomacea canaliculata over eight days

27. Calculate NSP, R and GSP from the data using the following steps:
a. Calculate NSP in g/day of wet mass for all seven snails during the eight days.
b. Estimate food assimilated. Combine the mass of waste and faeces and remove
this from the total food given. Convert this figure to g/day to give GSPP.
Full Name Definition
GP

NP

R

NPP
GPP

GSP

NSP

IB Environmental Systems and Societies SL
IB Environmental Systems and Societies SL
IB Environmental Systems and Societies SL
Contents: Systems and Models, The Ecosystem; Human
Populations, Resource Use and Carrying Capacity;
Biodiversity and Conservation, Pollution Management, The
Issues of Global Warming, Environmental Values Systems,
Answers and References
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ECONOMICS
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9781907374456 IB Economics: Practice Questions with Answers for Papers 1 & 2 HL/SL WB 13.50
9781907374586 IB Economics: Student Guide for Internal Assessment HL/SL WB 9.95
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Markets, Elasticities of Demand and Supply, Government
Intervention, Market Failure and Government Response,
Macroeconomics. Macroeconomic Models, International
Economics, Development Economics, Revision Advice, Assessment
Objectives and Essay Technique
Contents: Introduction to Economics, Microeconomics,
Elasticities of Demand and Supply, Government Intervention,
Market Failure and Government Response, Macroeconomics,
Measuring National Income, Macroeconomics Models,
Underemployment and Ination, Economic Growth, Distribution of
Income, International Economics, Development Economics, Revision
Advice, Assessment Objectives and Essay Technique
IB Economics HL
IB Economics SL
Contents: Part 1 Section 1 Microeconomics, Section 2
Macroeconomics, Section 3 International Trade, Answers to
questions in part 1.
Part 2 Paper 1, Paper 2, Answers to test papers in Part 2
Contents: Paper 1 Part 1: General Points, Part 2: Questions and
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Paper 2 - Paper 1: General Points, Part 2: Questions and Answers,
Section A. International Economics, Section B. Development
Economics
Contents: Part 1, General Introduction, Part 2, Selecting the
Article, Appraising and Evaluating the Article, Part 3, Writing the
Commentary, Commentaries 1-7
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BUSINESS
IB Business HL
Contents: Standard Level
Business Organisation and Environment, Human
Resources, Accounts and Finance, Marketing,
Operations Management
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Business Strategy, Examination Technique,
Guidance on Self Assessment Tests
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The main reason may, however, lie in the type of transport used in international trade,
the container. N..Cs. produce many of the goods used in developed countries, because
T.N.Cs. take advantage of relatively cheap labour. These goods are shipped to the
developed countries in containers.

Unless the N..Cs. import a similar amount of goods from the developed countries, there
may well be empty containers returning to the N..Cs.. nstead of wasting money on
transporting empty containers, they could be used to transport waste. Hence a global
trade cycle is set up.

M.E.D.C. CONTAINERS N.I.C.

Market

Consumer goods

Manufacturing

Waste production

Waste transport

Waste disposal

Fig. 16 Diagram showing the global trade in consumer goods and waste

n the process of waste disposal, components are boiled or burned to collect the
valuable metals. Workers are exposed to toxic fumes and often the groundwater
becomes polluted.

Question 37:

List some of the health consequences for the workers at CT disposal centres.

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

These consequences may cause blocking action by environmental organisations in the
countries producing the waste. The response is often to label the waste as donations.

Similarly, the countries involved in the disposal of such waste may be forced to attempt
to improve the processing so as to minimise pollution. However, the forces of the free
markets will act against this, sending the waste to the lowest common denominator,
people sitting on the streets picking through it by hand.

The negative consequences do not stop there. n Ghana, many computer hard drives
are sold on local markets to organised criminals who open files to obtain information
which may be used to access bank accounts etc.

Of course, there are positive consequences:

container transport is used more efficiently
producing countries do not spend money on expensive waste disposal
many jobs are created in countries receiving the waste

IB Geography Paper 1 SL/HL
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GEOGRAPHY
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Contents: Introduction, Patterns and Change: Populations in
Transition, Disparities in Wealth and Development, Patterns in
Environmental Quality and Sustainability, Patterns of Resource
Consumption, Appendix Using a Sketch Map in your answer,
Answer Key to Questions
Contents: Measuring Global Interactions, Changing Space - The
Shrinking World, Economic Interactions and Flows, Environmental
Change, Sociocultural Exchanges, Political Outcomes, Global
Interactions at the Local Level, Answer Key to Questions
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IB Geography Paper 3: Global Interactions
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PSYCHOLOGY
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IB Psychology
IB Psychology
Research study on amnesia how brain damage affects memory processing (a cognitive
process).
Amnesia is the inability to learn new information or retrieve information that has already been
stored in the memory. Anterograde amnesia is the failure to store memories after brain
damage. Retrograde amnesia is the failure to recall memories that have been stored before
brain damage. The brain damage may be caused by brain injury or infection. In behavioral
decision-making, this will mean being cut off frompast experiences and/or not being able to act
with regard to future consequences of the behavior.
The case of H.M. suffered head injury at age 9 (in 1957), which cause serious epileptic
seizures. Doctors removed the tissue fromthe temporal lobe of the brain (there was no effective
drug treatment at the time), including the hippocampus. Following the operation, HM could recall
information acquired early in life, but could not form new memories; a case of anterograde
amnesia. HMs brain was scanned in 1997, showing that the areas that had been damaged
included the hippocampus and amygdala regions. The fact that HMs memory functioned at all
indicated that memory functions are more widely distributed throughout the brain than
previously thought, and not just in the hippocampus and amygdala regions.
The case of Clive Wearing (current) - in 1985 Clive Wearing, a distinguished middle-aged
English musician and musicologist, suffered a brain infection which interfered with memory. It
reduced the memory span to a few seconds practically living in the very present only. His
amnesia was mainly anterograde. He could still performand conduct the music he knewbefore
the infection. His emotional memory prior to the infection was unaffected: he still loved his wife.
This indicates that different memory functions are distributed widely throughout the brain.
Evaluation of studies: These findings are supported by recent studies of the brain showing
that the hippocampus stores the explicit long termmemory (things like facts and figures), and
the amygdala tends to hold emotional experiences, but the implicit long-termmemory (e.g. how
to play the piano) would be located elsewhere in the brain, as illustrated by the Clive Wearing
case.

Modern brain scanning procedures showed up exactly which areas were affected by HMs
operation (the damage turned out to be widespread), and also made it possible to pinpoint the
precise nature of the biological damage to Clive Wearings brain. These studies have the scope
of demonstrating which parts of the brain relate to which aspects of human behavior. However:

The scanners were not used in the natural environment issue of ecological validity.
The information scanners colored light responses may exaggerate the different activities
in the brain.
The brain areas might light up on the machine for reasons other than those supposed by
the investigator.


CHAPTER SEVEN HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS
Paper 2 option topic

Remember that you are applying the biological, cognitive, and socio-cultural
perspectives to specific issues within the field of human relationships.

Orientation

Psychologists focus on studying human relationships in order to understand and enhance the
ways in which people interact with one another.

The biological perspective emphasizes the work of neurotransmitters, hormones, and genes.
Cognitive theorists apply schema theory, focusing on how we read and interpret the behavior
of others. Socio-cultural psychologists concentrate on social learning theory, attribution theory,
social identity theory, and the influence of culture on the individual and the group. These three
perspectives may be directed at issues such as those discussed in the main body of this
chapter, including:

(a) Stepping forward to help a person when in great need. Biologists emphasize factors
such as the degree of closeness (Madsen et al. 2007). Cognitivists would think of the
need to avoid unpleasant feelings of arousal (as in Piliavin 1994). Socio-cultural
psychologists might look at the degree of ones religious background (e.g. Colasanto,
1989). These individual approaches do not necessarily exclude one-another.
(b) What attracts us to that special individual. Biologists consider what might stimulate
the nervous and endocrine systems into the falling-in-love mode (e.g. Fisher, 2004).
Cognitivists will be typically concerned with our recognizing loveable similarities in one
another (e.g. Markey et. al 2007). Socio-culturalists might look at the degree of
openness and acceptance when communicating (e.g. Collins and Miller, 1994).
(c) How being bullied affects the victim. Biologists typically view cortisol levels in the
blood stream (Carney and Hazler 2007), cognitivists emphasize how the victim
compares him/herself to someone else in a worse situation: many have suffered more
than I have (Thompson 2000), and socio-culturalists could look at the issue of those
with aggressive anti-social behavior being likely to be bullied in the long run (Snyder,
2003), and its effects of promoting a vicious circle.

You, the student, should consider the question: To what extent do biological, cognitive and
sociocultural factors influence human relationships? in view of the theories and studies
including those above.
As you progress with this topic, you should be evaluating the theories and studies relevant to
the study of human relationships. You should be aware of methodological issues (such as in
Piliavin 1994), the degree of artificiality of the study (e.g. Zimbardo, 1969), and the ethical
issues including deception (as in Kieser and Baral, 1970).

Contents: Paper 1 - The Texts, The Questions, The Answers, The
Rponse crite of Written Response
Paper 2 - The Questions, Types of Texts and Registers
The Oral - The Individual Oral, The Interactive Oral (Group Oral)
Grammar, Vocabulary, Answers to Practice Questions and Exercises,
Suggested List of Resources, Acknowledgements
Complete guided
review, focusing on
exam requirements
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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
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OSC knows the value of an intensive review of a syllabus
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are also keen to have written material which provides a
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OSC IB Revision Guides can be used throughout the IB
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"reasoned" "personaI"
SPANISH
IB Spanish B SL/HL
IB Spanish B SL/HL
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Paper 2 Productive skills, General notes on Paper 2, Model
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Written Assignment: Receptive and Productive skills, Internal
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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
OSC has been organising IB Spring Revision Courses and
Summer Schools, since 1990 and has helped thousands
of IB students prepare for their exams.
OSC knows the value of an intensive review of a syllabus
and the con dence such study can build. But our students
are also keen to have written material which provides a
complete overview of a course. OSC commissioned a series
of IB Revision Guides to ful l this need. They have been
written both to complement the courses and to aid those
who are unable to attend.
OSC IB Revision Guides can be used throughout the IB
course, but will be particularly useful before tests, mock
and nal exams. The books are written by experienced
IB teachers who have had the advantage of teaching on
our OSC IB Revision Courses, so they are particularly
experienced in understanding what students imminently
facing their exams need and want.
OSC IB Revision Guides provide:
Active revision and review to target the students effort
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Practical advice on how to tackle IB exam questions
A complete, concise overview of the syllabus
Excellent value for money
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MATHEMATICS
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Statistics & Probability HL
Using the TI-Series Calculators
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Analysis & Practice of
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Contents: Expectation Algebra, Discrete
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Contents: Sets, Relations, Functions
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Contents: TI-84 Basics, TI- 84 Number, TI-84 Functions
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Contents: About This Book, Maximising Your Mark,
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Contents: Basic Algebra, More Basic Algebra, Solving
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and Probability, Statistics, Sequences and Series, Vectors,
Matrices, Nature of the Mathematics SL and HL courses,
Syllabus of each course and the assessment details,
Internal Assessment Details, Answers to the Questions
Contents: Long Questions What to Look
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Oddities
Contents: Innite Sequence of Real Numbers,
Limit Theorems, Improper Integrals, Integral
as a Limit of a Sum, Convergence of Innite
Series, Partial Fractions and Telescoping Series,
Tests for Convergence, The P-series, Some
Common Series, Alternating Sequences, Power
Series, Taylor Polynomials and Maclaurin Series,
Maclaurin Series, LHopitals Rule, Differential
Equations
Contents: Elementary Number Theory, Number
Bases and Modular Arithmetic, Graph Theory
Basics, Walks & Paths, Adjacency Matrices,
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HISTORY
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9781907374012 IB History Route 2: The Arab Israeli Conict 1945-79 SL/HL WB 14.95
9781907374029 IB History Route 2: Communism in Crisis 1976-89 SL/HL SS 14.95
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9781907374098 IB History Route 2: Aspects of the History of Europe and the Middle East 1750-2000 SL/HL SS 15.95
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9781907374371 IB History Route 2: World Wars I and II HL/SL WB 15.50
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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
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OSC has been organising IB Spring Revision Courses and
Summer Schools, since 1990 and has helped thousands
of IB students prepare for their exams.
OSC knows the value of an intensive review of a syllabus
and the con dence such study can build. But our students
are also keen to have written material which provides a
complete overview of a course. OSC commissioned a series
of IB Revision Guides to ful l this need. They have been
written both to complement the courses and to aid those
who are unable to attend.
OSC IB Revision Guides can be used throughout the IB
course, but will be particularly useful before tests, mock
and nal exams. The books are written by experienced
IB teachers who have had the advantage of teaching on
our OSC IB Revision Courses, so they are particularly
experienced in understanding what students imminently
facing their exams need and want.
OSC IB Revision Guides provide:
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where it is needed Practical advice on how to tackle IB exam questions
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Route 2: Origins and Development of
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OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
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Origins and development of authoritarian and single-party states



32

Stalin and the Historians

Historians see Stalins rise to power and the relationship between Stalinism and
Leninism in a variety of different ways. Some argue that Stalins rule represented a
major deviation from that of Lenin, whilst others see a basic continuity in their
methods. Some of the key interpretations are summarised below.


Structuralist
approach
(e.g. Richard Pipes)

Regard Stalin as a product of Russias circumstances. A
strong ruler was required because the country was just
emerging from nearly a decade of war and civil war.

Stalin was the natural successor to Lenin because of the
way the Party had become increasingly bureaucratised.

Continuity between
Leninism and
Stalinism
(e.g. Robert
Conquest)


Lenin created the single party dictatorship and system
of terror, which Stalin continued. So Stalin was the heir
to the Leninist tradition.

Stalinism viewed
as a deviation from
Leninism
(e.g. Stephen
Cohen)

Stalin distorted Lenins legacy. Lenin used terror during
the Civil War only as a temporary, emergency measure;
Lenin allowed dissent within the Party; Lenin was
hostile to a cult of the leader. Stalin, by contrast, used
terror as a normal feature of government when the
USSR was at peace; he suppressed debate within the
Party; he created a monstrous personality cult.

Historians like Cohen argue that Communism could
have developed in a very different, less brutal way if
another leader, such as Bukharin, had succeeded Lenin.


Stalins Economic Policies: The Revolution From Above


Historians often use the phrase the Revolution from above to characterise Stalins
economic policies in the 1930s. They argue that the economic changes brought
about by Stalin and imposed on the Russian people represented much more of a
transformation of society than the Bolsheviks seizure of power in 1917. Stalin
abandoned Lenins New Economic Policy (NEP) and introduced rapid
industrialisation in the guise of his Five Year Plans (1928 onwards) and forced
collectivisation (from 1929).

Q. Q. Why did Stalin end NEP and instead introduce Collectivisation and the
Five Year Plans?

NEP had enabled the economy to recover, by 1926, from the effects of the
First World War and Civil War, but economic growth slowed down
thereafter.

Lenin had presented NEP as a temporary retreat from socialism. By the
late 1920s, many Communists were impatient to get on and build a
modern, socialist economy; they wanted to pursue a more heroic vision
than the tired compromise with capitalism that NEP represented.
IB History Route 2:
Origins and Development
of Authoritarian
Single Party States
IB History Route 2: Cold War
Cold War
Origins and Development
of Authoritarian Single
Party States
Complete guided
review, focusing on
exam requirements
Expert subject
knowledge ensures
coverage at the
right depth
Illustrations bring
the subject to life
Summary boxes
of historical
interpretations
Contents include: List of Essay Outlines,
The Origins of the Cold War and the Early
Development 1945-53, 1953-1969 Confrontation
and Dtente, Dtente again?, The Coming of
the Second Cold War and the Collapse of the
USSR, Germany and China During the Cold War,
The Nuclear Arms Race and the Major Arms
Agreement, Further Reading, References
Contents include: The Rise & Rule
of the Single Party State in Russia,
The Rise & Rule of the Single Party
State in China, The Rise & Rule of the
Single Party State in Italy, The Rise
& Rule of the Single Party State in
Germany, Suggested Reading
*Plus postage & packaging E-book available
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t:+44 (0)1865 512802 f:+44 (0)1865 512335 23
Route 2: Peacemaking, Peacekeeping - International Relations 1918-36
Route 2: The Arab/Israeli Conict 1945-79
Route 2: 20th Century Civil Wars and Regional Conicts
Route 2: Communism in Crisis 1976-89
Route 2: Aspects of the History of Europe and the Middle East 1750-2000 SL/HL
Route 2 - World Wars I and II HL/SL
Contents include: Aims of the participants and peacemakers, The geopolitical and economic impact of
the treaties on Europe, Disarmament, The League of Nations, The Ruhr Crisis, Depression and threats to
international peace and collective security, Key events 1918-36
Contents include: Background, Last years of the British Mandate, British withdrawal; establishment of Israel;
Arab response, The 1948 / 49 War, The Suez Crisis of 1956, Six Day War of 1967, Camp David and the
Egyptian-Israeli Peace Agreement, Key Events 1945 79, Bibliography
Contents include: Causes, Practices and Effects of the Spanish Civil War, Causes, Practices and Effects of
the Chinese Civil War, Causes, Practices and Effects of the Korean War, Causes, Practices and Effects of the
Vietnam War
Contents include: China 1976-89 The struggle for power following the death of Mao Zedong, China under
Deng Xiaoping, Key events: China 1976-89
The USSR 1976-89 Domestic problems of the Brezhnev era, Gorbachev and this aims / policies (glasnost and
perestroika) and the consequences for the Soviet state, Key events: The USSR 1976-89
The Revolution of 1989 in Eastern Europe Consequences of Gorbachevs policies for Eastern European
reform movements, Poland the role of Solidarity, Czechoslovakia the Velvet Revolution, Fall of the Berlin Wall,
Practice source questions
Contents include: The Origins of the French Revolution, The Unication of Italy, The Unication of Germany,
Alexander II, The Russian Revolution 1905/1917 and the Fall of Tsardom, The October Revolution and the
Rule of Lenin, The Origins of WW1, Kemal Attatrk, Fascist Italy, The Weimar Republic and the Establishment
of Nazi Dictatorship, The Third Reich, Stalin, The League of Nations, The Origins of World War II, The
Background to the May 1948 War (the rst Arab Israeli War), The Origins of the Cold War, The Revolution in
Iran, The Fall of Communism in the USSR
Contents include: How to use this guide & tackling Paper 2, Causes, Practices and Effects of the First
World War, Causes, Practices and Effects of the Second World War, Essay-writing, Suggested Reading
Origins and Development
of Authoritarian Single
Party States
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2013 Catalogue
OSC IB REVISION GUIDES
for the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme
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