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Planar X-Ray Imaging: P X, y e Where X, Y, Z

Planar X-ray imaging works by measuring the attenuation of an X-ray beam as it passes through an object. The linear attenuation coefficient depends mainly on the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. Compton scattering can lead to noise if photons are scattered out of the beam and do not reach the detector. An effective Z value is used to calculate attenuation coefficients for materials composed of multiple elements by weighting each element by its fraction of electrons. Compton scattering becomes more forward directed at higher photon energies, making it difficult to distinguish from unscattered photons. Compton-based imaging is possible with energy-resolved detection but is challenging and mainly used in astronomy.

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13 views

Planar X-Ray Imaging: P X, y e Where X, Y, Z

Planar X-ray imaging works by measuring the attenuation of an X-ray beam as it passes through an object. The linear attenuation coefficient depends mainly on the photoelectric effect and Compton scattering. Compton scattering can lead to noise if photons are scattered out of the beam and do not reach the detector. An effective Z value is used to calculate attenuation coefficients for materials composed of multiple elements by weighting each element by its fraction of electrons. Compton scattering becomes more forward directed at higher photon energies, making it difficult to distinguish from unscattered photons. Compton-based imaging is possible with energy-resolved detection but is challenging and mainly used in astronomy.

Uploaded by

djoseph_1
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Planar X-ray Imaging

Measure the integeral of the linear attenuation coefficient over the


beam path through the object.
P x, y
)
=I
o
e

dz
(
where =
(
x, y,z
)

has two main contributions


1. Photoelectric effect - this removes photons from the beam and
has the properties we want for imaging
2. Compton Scattering - scatters photons which may end up in the
detector. Can lead to noise.

Calculation of Attenuation Coefficient
To the extent that Compton scattered photons do not reach the detector,
they also contribute to the signal, but contracts is low.
A reasonable (approximate) analytical expression for the attenuation
coefficient is:
m
= N
g

f E
Z
(
N
g
=N
A
Z
( )
+C
p
E
n (
A
Z=atomic number
A=atomic mass
A
=Avogadro' s number
=density
f E
N
( )
=0.597 10
24
e
0.0028(E30)
=Compton scattering part for low E
C =9.8 10
24
p
m=3.8,n=3.2
Calculation of Effective Z
This is quite approximate but does permit simple computation provided
that the energy is high enough, the simple scattering is not an issue, and
less than, or equal to, 200 keV.
For practical problems, still need to calculate an effective Z.
Z
( )
1
m
m
eff
=

i
Z
i
i
where is the electron fraction of the i
th
element.
i
N
g
i
=
i

N
g
j
j
|
Z
|
A
i
\

.
|
i
N
g
i
=N
A
w
i
fraction by weight of the element
Sample Effective Z Calculations
Calculate Z
eff
for:
1. water, H
2
O
2. oil, CH
3
(
CH
2
)
4
CH
3
=0.66, mw=86.2
3. calcium carbonate, CaCO
3
=2.930, mw=100.09
Plot
p
and
c
for each
40.08 20 Ca
15.994 8 O
12.011 6 C
1.008 1 H
Atomic Weight
(A)
Atomic # (Z)
Sample Effective Z Calculations (Water)
|
16
.
|
||
8
| |
2
||
1
|
N
g
o
=N
A
\

18
\

16
.
|
; N
g
H
=N
A
\

18
.
|
\

1.008
.
=0.444 N
A
; =0.111N
A

o
=
0.444
=0.8 ;
H
=0.2
0.555
Z
eff
=
|
0.8
( )
8
3.8
+0.2(1)
3.8
1
3.8
|
=7.54
eff
is just a normal weighted sum. A
Sample Effective Z Calculations (Hexane)
N
|
72
.
|
||
6
| |
14
|
( )
g
o
=N
A
\

86.2
\

12
.
|
; N
g
H
=N
A
\

86.2
.
|
1
=0.42N
A
; =0.16N
A

o
=
0.42
=0.724 ;
H
=
0.16
=0.275
0.58 0.58
eff
=
|
0.724
( )
6
3.8
+0.275(1)
3.8
1
3.8
|
Z
=5.51
=12 A
eff
Sample Effective Z Calculations (Calcium Carbonate)
N =N
A g
Ca
N
g
C
=N
A
N =N
A g
O

0.1
|
20
.
|
||
20
|
\

100
\

40
.
|
|
12
.
|
||
6
|
\

100
\

12
.
|
|
48
.
|
||
8
|
\

100
\

16
.
|
=0.10N
A
=0.06N
A
=0.24 N
A

`
=0.40

)
Ca
= =0.25 ;
C
=
0.06
=0.15 ;
O
0.4 0.4
eff
=
|
0.25
( )
20
3.8
+0.15(6)
3.8
+0.6(8)
3.8
1
3.8
|
Z
=
|
21,971+135 +1,621
=14.2
=21.4
1
3.8
|
A
eff
=
0.24
=0.6
0.4
Determining The Signal
We would like to know what the signal is at the detector, but this depends
on the geometry since Compton scattering is important.
E
'

E
e

v e

Conservation of energy:
'
E=E +
(
mm
o
)
c
2
2
where c is the velocity of light
and m is the rest mass of electron
o
m
o
= mass of moving electrons m=
1
v
c
( )
2
Determining The Signal
Conservation of momentum:
'
E
=
E
cos
( ) ( )
+mvcos
c c
'
0 =
E
sin
( ) ( )
mvsin
c
Solving these together yield:
'
'
(
EE
)
=
m
EE
c
2
(
1cos
( ))
o
Angular Dependence of Compton Scattering (Low Energy)
At low energies the scatter angle distribution is approximately isotropic.
Plot E vs angle for various energies
Note: = 0.0241(1 - cos()) where is in Angstroms. To convert to keV,
recall that 50keV is about 0.2.
1
o
E=h =
hc
; E=
0.241
(
1cos
)

(
50keV0.2 A
)

( )
o o
=
E
1
50keV0.2 A ;
out
=
E
1
(
50keV0.2 A
)
0.0241
(
1cos
( ))
in in
E
o
out
=
1
(
50keV0.2 A
)

out
o
50keV0.2 A
E=E
in
E
out
=E
in

E
1
o
( ))
(
50keV0.2 A
)
0.0241
(
1cos
in
Angular Dependence of Compton Scattering (High Energy)
At high energies, the photon energy changes significantly with scatter
angle. This results in most scatter being forward-directed and thus high-
energy X-ray is extremely challenging since we can not distinguish
scattered from transmitted radiation.
Photon electron (transmitted radiation) reaches the detector with the
original beam geometry. Compton reaches as the solid angle subtended
by the detector.
Compton-based Imaging
Can try Compton-based imaging with energy detection
I
o
, E

Detector at energy E < E,


thus scattering angle is .
{
o
monoergetic
This specifies a cone that the radiation can come form.
This can be reconstructed but it is difficult and only used in cosmology
where the original source is at infinity.
Compton-based Imaging

This specifies a cone that the radiation can come form.


This can be reconstructed but it is difficult and only used in cosmology
where the original source is at infinity.

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