57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Control Volume and Reynolds
Transport Theorem
10. 11. 2013
Hyunse Yoon, Ph.D.
Assistant Research Scientist
IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering
University of Iowa
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT)
An analytical tool to shift from describing the
laws governing fluid motion using the system
concept to using the control volume concept
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
System vs. Control Volume
System: A collection of matter of fixed identity
Always the same atoms or fluid particles
A specific, identifiable quantity of matter
Control Volume (CV): A volume in space
through which fluid may flow
A geometric entity
Independent of mass
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Examples of CV
Fixed CV
CV fixed at a nozzle
Moving CV
CV moving with ship
Deforming CV
CV deforming within cylinder
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Laws of Mechanics
1. Conservation of mass:
2. Conservation of linear momentum:
3. Conservation of angular momentum:
4. Conservation of Energy:
=0
= =
=
The laws apply to either solid or fluid systems
Ideal for solid mechanics, where we follow the same system
For fluids, the laws need to be rewritten to apply to a specific region in
the neighborhood of our product (i.e., CV)
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Extensive vs. Intensive Property
Governing Differential Equations (GDEs):
, , = 0, ,
= The amount of , , or contained in the
total mass of a system or a CV; Extensive property
Dependent on mass
(or ) = The amount of per unit mass; Intensive
property Independent on mass
for nonuniform )
or = / (=
=
for nonuniform
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Fixed CV
At time : SYS = CV
= ()
At time + : SYS = (CV I) + II
+
= + +
+ +
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Time Rate of Change of
+ ()
=
+ + + +
=
+
( + )
+
=
+
1) Change of
within CV over
2) Amount of
flowing out
through CS
over
Now, take limit of 0 to Eq. (1) term by term
3) Amountt of
flowing in
through CS
over
Eq. (1)
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
LHS of Eq. (1)
+ ()
lim
= lim
=
0
0
Time rate of
change of
within the
system
or, =
; material derivative
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
First term of RHS of Eq.(1)
+ ()
=
=
0
lim
Time rate of change of
withich CV
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1)
and
= =
cos = ( cos )
Thus, the amount of flowing out of CV through over a short time :
= = cos
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
12
2nd term of RHS of Eq.(1) Contd.
By integrating over the entire outflow portion of CS,
Thus,
+ =
cos
( + )
1
= lim
cos
0
0
lim
,
Note that cos =
out =
cos
=
i.e., Out flux of through CS
= cos
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1)
and
= =
cos
<0
= ( cos )
Thus, the amount of flowing out of CV through over a short time :
= = cos
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
3rd term of RHS of Eq.(1) Contd.
By integrating over the entire outflow portion of CS,
Thus,
+ =
cos
( + )
1
= lim
cos
0
0
lim
,
Note that cos =
in =
cos
=
i.e., influx of through CS
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
RTT for Fixed CV
Now the relationship between the time rate of change of for the system
and that for the CV is given by,
= +
With the fact that = + ,
= +
Time rate of
change of
within a system
Time rate of
change of
within CV
Net flux of
through CS
=
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Example 1
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Example 1 - Contd.
=
(4.16)
= cos ,
With = 1 and
= cos = cos
where
= cos
= (2 )
=
0.5
cos
2 =
1
2
cos
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Example 1 - Contd.
Thus, with = 1,000 kg/m3 for water and = 3 m/s,
= 1,000
kg
m3
m
1
3
cos
m2 = 3,000 kg/s
s
cos
With = 1/,
= cos = cos = cos
=
=1/ cos
m
1
= 3
cos
m2 = 3 m3 s (. . , volume flow rate)
cos
s
Note: These results are the same for all values
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
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Special Case:
= constant over discrete CSs
=
= +
constant
constant
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Example 2
Given:
Water flow ( = constant)
1 = 10 cm; 2 = 15 cm
1 = 10 cm/s
Steady flow
Find: 2 = ?
Mass conservation:
/ = 0
= 1
1 = 2 =
1 1
2 =
1 =
2 2
Steady flow
0=
+ 2 2 2 1 1 1
or, 1 1 1 = 2 2 2
1
2
1 = 1
10 cm
15 cm
10
cm
= 4.4 cm/s
s
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Example 3
Given:
1 = 5 cm; 2 = 7 cm
1 = 3 m/s
3 = 3 3 = 0.01 m3/s
= constant (i.e., steady flow)
1 = 2 = 3 = water
Find: 2 = ?
= 0; steady flow
0 = + 2 2 2 1 1 1 (3 3 3 )
or,
2 2 = 1 1 +
3 3
= 3
1 1 + 3
3 0.05 2 /4 + (0.01)
2 =
=
= 4.13 m/s
2
0.07 2 /4
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Moving CV
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
RTT for Moving CV
(i.e., relative velocity )
= +
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
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RTT for Moving and Deforming CV
= +
Both CV and CS change their shape and location
with time
= (, ) (, )
(, ): Velocity of CS
(, ): Fluid velocity in the coordinate
system in which the is observed
: Relative velocity of fluid seen by an
observer riding on the CV
*Ref) Fluid Mechanics by Frank M. White, McGraw Hill
57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
RTT Summary (1)
General RTT (for moving and deforming CV):
=
+
Special Cases:
1) Non-deforming (but moving) CV
=
+
2) Fixed CV
=
+
3) Steady flow:
=0
4) Flux terms for uniform flow across discrete CSs (steady or unsteady)
=
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
RTT Summary (2)
For fixed CVs:
Parameter ()
= /
Mass ()
0=
Momentum
()
Energy ()
RTT
Remark
Continuity eq.
(Ch. 5.1)
Linear momentum eq.
(Ch. 5.2)
Energy eq.
(Ch. 5.3)
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Continuity Equation (Ch. 5.1)
RTT with = mass and = 1,
or
0=
mass conservatoin
= +
Net rate of outflow
of mass across CS
Rate of decrease of
mass within CV
Note: Incompressible fluid ( = constant)
(Conservation of volume)
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Simplifications
1. Steady flow
= 0
2. If = constant over discrete CSs (i.e., one-dimensional flow)
=
3. Steady one-dimensional flow in a conduit
or
For = constant
=0
2 2 2 1 1 1 = 0
1 1 = 2 2 (or 1 = 2 )
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Some useful definitions
Mass flux
Volume flux
)
(Note: =
Average velocity
Average density
1
=
Note: unless = constant
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Example 4
Estimate the time required to fill with
water a cone-shaped container 5 ft hight
and 5 ft across at the top if the filling rate
is 20 gal/min.
Apply the conservation of mass ( = 1)
0 = +
For incompressible fluid (i.e., = constant) and one inlet,
0=
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Example 4 Contd.
Volume of the cone at time t,
2
=
12
Flow rate at the inlet,
gal
= 20
min
The continuity eq. becomes
2
=
12
in3
in3
231
1,728 3 = 2.674 ft 3 /min
gal
ft
or
12
=
2
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57:020 Fluids Mechanics Fall2013
Example 4 Contd.
Solve for (),
12
12
=
=
2
2
0
Thus, the time for = 5 ft is
2
5 ft 2 (5 ft)
=
=
= 12.2 min
12
(12)(2.674 ft 3 /min)
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