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Learning C++ Farsi

The document discusses the six main components of a computer system: 1. The input unit which receives information such as from a keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc. 2. The output unit which makes the processed information accessible outside the computer using devices like displays, printers, speakers. 3. The memory unit which temporarily stores input data and processed output data. 4. The arithmetic and logic unit which performs calculations and logical operations. 5. The central processing unit which manages and monitors all other components, transferring data between units. 6. The secondary memory unit which permanently stores data even when the computer is turned off using devices like hard disks, DVDs, CDs, and memory cards.

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Mohammad Kazemi

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

436 views

Learning C++ Farsi

Uploaded by

Mohammad Kazemi

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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2s = 3.14*r
:
s(r) = 3.14*r2

. :
=>, x

www.txt.ir

0
= )abs(x
= ||x
-x
,
x<0

(abs

:
abs(1) = 1
abs(-1) = 1
abs(0) = 0

. :
f(x,y) = x + y

. :

=)=x+y

f(1,2) = 1+2 = 3
f(2,3) = 2+3 = 5
f(1,-1) = 1+(-1) = 0

... . .

www.txt.ir

C++
C++
sqrt . :
;)cout << sqrt (900

30 . 900 sqrt .
:
>#include <math.h

math.h .

:
>#include <iostream.h
>#include <math.h
) ( int main
{
;int x = 30
;double y = 5
;cout << sqrt (x+2*y+9)<<endl
;return 0
}

7 sqrt 30+2*5+9=49
.
.

) fabs(x x .
64

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fabs(1.2) = 1.2
fabs(-1.2) = 1.2
fabs(0) = 0

-1

(fabs

x .
sqrt(9) = 3
sqrt(2) = 1.414214

)sqrt(x

(sqrt

x y .
pow(2, 5) = 32
pow(2, 0.5) = 1.414214

)pow(x,y

(pow

e e.
2.71828 .
)exp(x

exp(2) = 7.38906

(exp

x .
e . exp .
log(2.71828) = 1
log(7.389050) = 2

)log(x

)log10(x

2.71828

(log

10 x . )log10(100
10 100 2

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log10(100)=2
log10(10) = 1
log10(1000) = 3

(log10

x/y .
fmod(13.657,2.333) = 1.992

)fmod(x,y

4.2

5.1

(fmod

x
.
ceil(9) = 9
ceil(9.2) = 9
ceil(-9.8) = -9

)ceil(x

2.4

(ceil

.
x .
floor(7) = 7
floor(7.3) = 7
floor(-7.2) = -8

)floor(x

2.4

(floor

sin x x). (
sin(0) = 0
sin(3.14/2) = 1

)sin(x

1.57079

(sin

www.txt.ir

cos x x). (
cos(0) = 1
cos(3.14/2) = 0

)cos(x

1.57079

(cos

tan x x). (
tan(0) = 0
tan(3.14/4) = 1

)tan(x

0.78539

(tan

arcsin x . x
-1 1 . .
asin(0) = 0
asin(1) = 1.570796

)asin(x

(asin

arccos x . x
-1 1 . .
acos(1) = 0
acos(0) = 1.570796

)acos(x

(acos

arctan x .
.
atan(1) = 0.785398
atan(0) = 0
atan(21584.891) = 1.570795

)atan(x

(atan

www.txt.ir

: .

.

D
_____

R
=

180o

_____

3.14

D R
. :

45o
_____

====> R=0.785
o

R
=

180

3.14

D
_____

====> D=90o
o

180

_____

1.57
=

_____

3.14

: sin cos tan 1 90

www.txt.ir

#include <iostream.h>
#include <math.h>
int main( )
{
float r;
for (int d=2;d<=90;d+=2)
{
r = 3.1415 * d / 180;
cout<<"sin("<<d<<")="
<<floor(sin(r)*1000 + 0.5)/1000;
cout<<"\tcos("<<d<<")="
<<floor(cos(r)*1000 + 0.5)/1000;
cout<<"\ttan("<<d<<")="
<<floor(tan(r)*1000 + 0.5)/1000;
cout<<endl;
}
return 0;
}

:
sin(2)=0.035
sin(4)=0.07
sin(6)=0.105
sin(8)=0.139
sin(10)=0.174
sin(12)=0.208
sin(14)=0.242
.
.
.
sin(86)=0.998
sin(88)=0.999
sin(90)=1

cos(2)=0.999
cos(4)=0.998
cos(6)=0.995
cos(8)=0.99
cos(10)=0.985
cos(12)=0.978
cos(14)=0.97
.
.
.

tan(2)=0.035
tan(4)=0.07
tan(6)=0.105
tan(8)=0.141
tan(10)=0.176
tan(12)=0.213
tan(14)=0.249
.
.
.

cos(86)=0.07
cos(88)=0.035
cos(90)=0

tan(86)=14.292
tan(88)=28.599
tan(90)=21584.891

r = 3.1415 * d / 180
floor(sin(r)*1000 + 0.5)/1000

www.txt.ir

.
. )) sqrt(pow(2,2 2
.

.
.
. C++
. main
. C++

.

.
C++ :

) (
{

}

www.txt.ir

.
:
>#include <iostream.h
)long int power2 (int x
{
;long int y
;y=x*x
;return y
}
)( int main
{
)for (int i=1;i<=10;i++
;" "<<)cout<<power2(i
;return 0
}

1 10 .
1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100

) power2(x ) pow(x,2
C++ . 2f(x) = x .
) (int ) (int long . )power2(i
i x .
y x*x y y
cout .
i for 10
x y main i power2 .

www.txt.ir

:
.
:
. .
#include <iostream.h>
int maximum (int x,int y, int z)
{
int max=x;
if (y>max)
max=y;
if (z>max)
max=z;
return max;
}
int main ()
{
int num1,num2,num3;
cout << "Enter three numbers: ";
cin >> num1 >> num2 >> num3;
cout << "Max is :"
<< maximum(num1,num2,num3)<<endl;
cout << "Max of 5,20,1 is "
<< maximum(5,20,1)<<endl;
return 0;
}
Enter three numbers: -5 20 150
Max is :150
Max of 5,20,1 is 20

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maximum . num1 num2 num3

)maximun(num1,num2,num3
num1 num2 num3 x y z
max
; return max . cout
.

main . main .
main .
.
.
main
. . :
;)

);( .
power2 :
;) long int power2( int

maximum :
;) int maximum( int, int, int

www.txt.ir

: maximum
#include <iostream.h>
int maximum (int ,int,int);
int main ()
{
int num1,num2,num3;
cout << "Enter three numbers: ";
cin >> num1>>num2>>num3;
cout << "Max is :"
<< maximum(num1,num2,num3)<<endl;
cout << "Max of 5,20,1 is "
<< maximum(5,20,1)<<endl;
return 0;
}
int maximum (int x,int y, int z)
{
int max=x;
if (y>max)
max=y;
if (z>max)
max=z;
return max;
}
Enter three numbers: -5 20 150
Max is :150
Max of 5,20,1 is 20

maximum main
. maximum

www.txt.ir

: .
.
.

.
.
. .
:
2 , 5 , 11 , 23 , ...

.
2*23+1=47 :
2

d1
dn = 2*dn-1+1

2
. :
2

)d(1
d(n) = 2*d(n-1)+1

d(1)=2
d(n) = 2*d(n-
. 1)+1 .
75

www.txt.ir

.
: C++
long int d(long int n)
{
if (n == 1)
return 2;
else
return 2*d(n-1)+1;
}

. 20
#include <iostream.h>
long int d(long int);
int main( )
{
for (int i=1;i<=20;i++)
{
cout<<d(i)<<"\t";
if (i%5==0) cout<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
long int d(long int n)
{
if (n == 1)
return 2;
else
return 2*d(n-1)+1;
}
2
95
3071
98303

5
191
6143
196607

11
383
12287
393215

23
767
24575
786431

47
1535
49151
1572863

www.txt.ir

.
)(Towers of Hanoi
.
.
.
64
. .

. .
64
. .

www.txt.ir

.
. n
:
-1 n-1 .
-2 ) ( .
n-1 -3 .
n=1
. n=1 .
.
-1
-2
-3

-4
:
>#include <iostream.h

www.txt.ir

int hanoi(int, char, char, char);

int main( )
{ int disks;
cout<<"Moving disks form tower A to C."<<endl;
cout<<"How many disks do you want to move?";
cin>>disks;
cout<<hanoi(disks,'A','B','C')<<endl;
return 0;
}
int hanoi(int n, char first, char help, char second)
{
if (n == 1) {
cout << "Disk " << n << " from tower " << first
<< " to tower " << second << endl;
}
else {
hanoi(n-1, first, second, help);
cout << "Disk " << n << " from tower " << first
<< " to tower " << second << endl;
hanoi(n-1, help, first, second);
}
return 0;
}

:
Moving disks form
How many disks do
Disk 1 from tower
Disk 2 from tower
Disk 1 from tower
Disk 3 from tower
Disk 1 from tower
Disk 2 from tower
Disk 1 from tower
Disk 4 from tower

tower A to C.
you want to move?4
A to tower B
A to tower C
B to tower C
A to tower B
C to tower A
C to tower B
A to tower B
A to tower C

79
www.txt.ir

www.softgozar.com

www.txt.ir

C
A
A
C
B
C
C

tower
tower
tower
tower
tower
tower
tower

to
to
to
to
to
to
to

B
B
C
B
A
A
B

tower
tower
tower
tower
tower
tower
tower

from
from
from
from
from
from
from

1
2
1
3
1
2
1

Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
0

.
.
.
C++ )( rand stdlib.h
. :

www.txt.ir

;)(i = rand

1 32767 i . )( rand
.
rand
.
. 31250 1 6 .

6 0 5 .
1 1 6 .
1 32767 :

31250

=a%6+1

1 6 ] [a,b
.
rand()%(b-a+1)+a

] [20,100 .
;int a = 20 , b = 100
;cout<< rand()%(b-a+1)+a

20 1 6 . 20
:
81

www.txt.ir

>#include <iostream.h
>#include <stdlib.h
)(int main
{
) for (int i = 1; i<= 20; i++
{
;"cout << rand() % 6 + 1<<"\t
) if ( i % 5 == 0
;cout << endl
}
;return 0
}

:
5
5
2
6

5
5
1
4

3
2
2
4

5
4
3
1

5
2
5
5

.
. )( rand
.
.
)( rand )( srand .
)( rand
)( srand .)( srand stdlib.h
. )( srand .
>#include <iostream.h
>#include <stdlib.h
)(int main

www.txt.ir

{
unsigned int num;
cout<<"Enter a number: ";
cin>>num;
srand(num);
for (int i = 1; i<= 20; i++ )
{
cout << rand() % 6 + 1<<"\t";
if ( i % 5 == 0 )
cout << endl;
}
return 0;
}

.
Enter a number:
3
4
6
4
5
3
1
6
Enter a number:
1
4
2
6
4
2
4
4
Enter a number:
3
4
6
4
5
3
1
6

251
1
6
1
6
350
3
2
5
5
251
1
6
1
6

4
2
4
6

6
5
5
1

4
6
3
2

1
2
5
3

4
2
4
6

6
5
5
1

.
.

www.txt.ir

time time.h . time
:
;))srand(time(0

)( rand .
.
>#include <iostream.h
>#include <stdlib.h
>#include <time.h
)(int main
{
;))srand(time(0
) for (int i = 1; i<= 20; i++
{
;"cout << rand() % 6 + 1<<"\t
) if ( i % 5 == 0
;cout << endl
}
;return 0
}

: 2000
.
>#include <iostream.h
>#include <stdlib.h
>#include <time.h
)(int main
{
;int back=0,front=0,face

www.txt.ir

;))srand(time(0
) for (int i = 1; i<= 2000; i++
{
;face=rand()%2+1
)switch(face
{
case 1:
;++back
;break
case 2:
;++front
;break
default:
;"!cout<<"Error
}
}
;cout<<"Front: "<< front<<endl
;cout<<"Back : "<< back<<endl
;return 0
}

enum
enum
. .
... 2 {1 }n enum

1 2 ... n 0 n .
.
}enum TrueFalse {FALSE , TRUE

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FALSE TRUE 1 .
:
}enum Days {SAT = 1, SUN, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI

1 7 .

. enum .
.
1 7 .
.
}enum Days { MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT , SUN = 0

SUN SAT -1 ... MON -6

.
enum Colors {BLACK = 2, GREEN = 4, RED = 3,
}BLUE = 5, GRAY,WHITE = 0

GRAY 6
BLUE = 5 .

. :
;tf1,tf2
;day1, day2 = SUN

TrueFalse
Days

www.txt.ir

;color1 = BLACK , color2 = GRAY

Colors

. :
;TrueFalse {FALSE, TRUE} tf1 ,tf2

: enum
. :
;}enum MyEnum {ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA
int
;i = BETA
int
;j = 3+GAMMA

1 i 5 j .
;}enum MyEnum {ALPHA, BETA, GAMMA
;MyEnum x = 2
;MyEnum y = 123

.

.
enum .
>#include <iostream.h
)(int main
{
;}enum PizzaSize{SMALL,MEDIUM,LARGE,EXTRALARGE
;PizzaSize size
;size=LARGE
;cout<<"The small pizza has a value of "<<SMALL
;cout<<"\nThe medium pizza has a value of "<<MEDIUM

www.txt.ir

;cout<<"\nThe large pizza has a value of "<<size

;return 0
}

:
The small pizza has a value of 0
The medium pizza has a value of 1

. C++
void .
void . .
)void function (int num
{
;cout << "My input is" << num << endl
}

return
.
.
void main void .
;return 0 :
)(void main
{

}

www.txt.ir

void
.
>#include <iostream.h
;)void hanoi(int, char, char, char
) (void main
{
;cout<<"Moving 4 disks form tower A to C."<<endl
;)'hanoi(4,'A','B','C
}
{ )void hanoi(int n, char first, char help, char second
{ )if (n == 1
cout << "Disk " << n << " from tower " << first
;<< " to tower " << second << endl
{ } else
;)hanoi(n-1, first, second, help
cout << "Disk " << n << " from tower " << first
;<< " to tower " << second << endl
;)hanoi(n-1, help, first, second
}
}

hanoi return
void
. .
void
.
;)(void function1
;)int function2(void

www.txt.ir

function1 .
function2
:
>#include <iostream.h
;)int function(void
) (void main
{
;int num, counter = 0
;float average, sum = 0
;)(num=function
{)while (num != -1
; sum += num
;++counter
;)(num=function
}
{)if (counter != 0
;average = sum / counter
;cout << "The average is " << average << endl
}
else
;cout << "No numbers were entered." << endl
}
{)int function(void
;int x
;"cout << "Enter a number (-1 to end):
;cin >>x
;return x
}

function
.

www.txt.ir

)( num=function num
while .
while
function
.

.
C++ ) { ( ) } (
.

. :
>#include <iostream.h
) (void main
{
{
;int x= 1
;cout << x
}
;cout << x
}

' Undefined symbol 'x

x main
.
.

www.txt.ir

. :
>#include <iostream.h
;int x=1
;)(int f
) (void main
{
;cout << x
;)(cout << f
;cout << x
}
{)(int f
;return 2*x
}

x . main f .
.
121

.
.
.
c++
static . static .
:
;static int x=1

www.txt.ir

x
.
:
>#include <iostream.h
;)(int f
) (void main
{
;)(cout << f
;)(cout << f
;)(cout << f
}
{)(int f
;static int x=0
;x++
;return x
}

:
123

f x 0 x
. 1 .
f x 1
. 2
f 3 . static
111 .

. :

www.txt.ir

>#include <iostream.h
) (void main
{
;int x=1
;cout << x
{
;int x= 2
;cout << x
}
;cout << x
}

x main .
:
121

x
.
x .
x main
x . x
.
.
.
>#include <iostream.h
void useLocal( void ); // function prototype
void useStaticLocal( void ); // function prototype
void useGlobal( void ); // function prototype

www.txt.ir

int x = 1; // global variable

void main()
{
int x = 5; // local variable to main
cout <<"local x in main's outer scope is "<<x<<endl;
{ // start new scope
int x = 7;
cout <<"local x in main's inner scope is
"<<x<<endl;
} // end new scope
cout <<"local x in main's outer scope is "<<x<<
endl;
useLocal(); //useLocal has local x
useStaticLocal(); //useStaticLocal has static local x
useGlobal(); //useGlobal uses global x
useLocal(); //useLocal reinitializes its local x
useStaticLocal();//static local x retains its prior
value
useGlobal(); //global x also retains its value
cout << "\nlocal x in main is " << x << endl;
} // end main
//useLocal reinitializes local variable x during each
call
void useLocal( void )
{
int x = 25; //initialized each time useLocal is
called
cout << endl << "local x is " << x
<< " on entering useLocal" << endl;
++x;

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cout << "local x is " << x

<< " on exiting useLocal" << endl;
} // end function useLocal
// useStaticLocal initializes static local variable x
// only the first time the function is called; value
// of x is saved between calls to this function
void useStaticLocal( void )
{
// initialized first time useStaticLocal is called.
static int x = 50;
cout <<
<<
++x;
cout <<
<<

endl << "local static x is " << x

" on entering useStaticLocal" << endl;
"local static x is " << x
" on exiting useStaticLocal" << endl;

} // end function useStaticLocal

// useGlobal modifies global variable x during each
call
void useGlobal( void )
{
cout << endl << "global x is " << x
<< " on entering useGlobal" << endl;
x *= 10;
cout << "global x is " << x
<< " on exiting useGlobal" << endl;
} // end function useGlobal

:
local x in main's outer scope is 5
local x in main's inner scope is 7
local x in main's outer scope is 5
local x is 25 on entering useLocal
local x is 26 on exiting useLocal

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local static x is 50 on entering useStaticLocal

local static x is 51 on exiting useStaticLocal
global x is 1 on entering useGlobal
global x is 10 on exiting useGlobal
local x is 25 on entering useLocal
local x is 26 on exiting useLocal
local static x is 51 on entering useStaticLocal
local static x is 52 on exiting useStaticLocal
global x is 10 on entering useGlobal
global x is 100 on exiting useGlobal
local x in main is 5

useLocal ,useGlobal ,useStaticLocal.

x 1
. main x 5 . x 1
cout x 5 .
x 7 . x x main
x 7 cout . x
7 x main 5 .
useLocal x 25 .
x
x . x 25
.
useStaticLocal x static 50
.
x . x
97

www.txt.ir

.
x 51 .
useGlobal . x
x .
x . 10 .
useGlobal x 100 .
x main
5 main
.

.
.

.
.

.
) ( .
.

. .
>#include <iostream.h

www.txt.ir

// function prototype that specifies default arguments

int boxVolume(int length=1, int width=1, int height=1);
int main()
{
//no arguments--use default values for all dimensions
cout <<"The default box volume is: "<<boxVolume();
//specify length; default width and height
cout <<"\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
<<"width 1 and height 1 is: "<<boxVolume(10);
//specify length and width; default height
cout <<"\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
<<"width 5 and height 1 is: "<<boxVolume(10,5);
//specify all arguments
cout <<"\n\nThe volume of a box with length 10,\n"
<<"width 5 and height 2 is: "<<boxVolume(10,5,2)
<<endl;
return 0; // indicates successful termination
} //end main
// function boxVolume calculates the volume of a box
int boxVolume( int length, int width, int height )
{
return length * width * height;
} // end function boxVolume

.
The default box volume is: 1
The volume of a box with length 10,
width 1 and height 1 is: 10
The volume of a box with length 10,
width 5 and height 1 is: 50

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The volume of a box with length 10,

width 5 and height 2 is: 100

boxVolume 1
.

.
boxVolume :
;) int boxVolume (int = 1 , int = 1 , int = 1

boxVolume
1 .
length width
height . width length
height .
.
length
boxVolume
length width
length width height
.

100

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. C++ ) (::
.
.
.
) (::
.
.
) (:: .
>#include <iostream.h
;float pi=3.14159
) (void main
{
;int pi=::pi
;cout << "Local pi is : " << pi << endl
;cout << "Global pi is : " << ::pi << endl
}

:
Local pi is : 3
Global pi is : 3.14159

pi float pi
int pi . pi
) (:: . pi
cout pi 3 pi
3.14159 .

101

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.

maximum :
;int a=5, b=6, c=7, max
;)max = maximum(a,b,c

a b c 5 6
7 . .

maximum x y z
5 6 7 x y z
a b c . a b c
.

maximum a .
.
)&(
)&( .
.

102

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>#include <iostream.h
;) & void duplicate (int & , int
) ( void main
{
; int a=1 , b=2
;cout << "a = " << a << " and b = " << b << endl
;)duplicate (a,b
;cout << "a = " << a << " and b = " << b << endl
}
)void duplicate (int &x , int &y
{
;x*=2
;y*=2
}

a = 1 and b = 2
a = 2 and b = 4

a b .
a b

;x*=2
;y*=2

a b . x y a
b .

103

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.
: .
.
>#include <iostream.h
;)& void change (int & , int
) ( int main
{
; int a=1 , b=2
<< cout << "a is " << a << " and b is " << b
;endl
;)change (a,b
<< cout << "a is " << a << " and b is " << b
;endl
;return 0
}
)void change (int &x , int &y
{
;int temp
;temp = y
;y = x
;x = temp
}

:
a is 1 and b is 2
a is 2 and b is 1

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a b change
.

prevnext
.
>#include <iostream.h
;)& void prevnext (int ,int & , int
) ( void main
{
; int x = 100 , y , z
" cout << "The input of prevnext function is
;<< x << endl
; )prevnext (x,y,z
;cout << "previous =" << y <<",Next =" << z
}
)void prevnext (int input , int & prev , int & next
{
; prev = input - 1
; next = input + 1
}

.
The input of prevnext function is 100
previous =99,Next =101

input x
prev next y z .
prev next y z .

) (
105

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C++

.
.

. C++
. .
.
>#include <iostream.h
;) int square( int
;) double square( double
)(void main
{
// calls int version
;) int intResult = square( 7
// calls double version
;) double doubleResult = square( 7.5
" "\nThe square of integer 7 is
intResult
" "\nThe square of double 7.5 is
doubleResult
;endl

<< cout
<<
<<
<<
<<

} // end main
// function square for int values
) int square( int x
{
" cout <<"Called square with int argument:
;<< x << endl
;return x * x
} // end int version of function square
// function square for double values

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double square( double y )

{
cout <<"Called square with double argument: "
<< y << endl;
return y * y;
} // end double version of function square

.
Called square with int argument: 7
Called square with double argument: 7.5
The square of integer 7 is 49
The square of double 7.5 is 56.25

( double) ( int)
: . square
int intResult = square (7) ;

: square
int square (int) ;

:
double doubleResult = square (7.5) ;

: square
double square (double );

107

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.
: .

.

.
.
.
.
.
. :
;]

6 num int .
;]int num [6

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. 2 -23560 0
.

a 2 b 3 :
;num [a+b] + = 3

] num [5 3 .
:
;cout << num[0] + num[1] + num[2] << endl

2 x
:
;x = num[3]/2

: ) (
.
. num[3]=-
50 ) ( num[4]=32500 .
:
; ]int b[100] , x[27

100 b 27
x .

109

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:
} int n[5] = {32 , 27 , 64 , 18 , 95

n .

:
} int n[] = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5

5 n .
:
}int num[10] = {0

10 num .
:
}int num[10] = {1

110

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1
.
.
.
:
=

const

:
;arraySize = 10

int

const

10 arraySize .

. .
" "
.
:
>#include <iostream.h
)(void main
{
;const int x = 7
" cout << "The value of constant variable x is:
;<< x << endl
}

111
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www.softgozar.com

www.txt.ir

7 x cout .

.
>#include <iostream.h
)(void main
{
;const int x
;x=7
}

.
Compiling C:\TCP\BIN\CONST1.CPP:
Error : Constant variable 'x' must be initialized
Error : Cannot modify a const object

: for
for .
>#include <iostream.h
)(void main
{
;const int arraySize = 10
;] int s[ arraySize
) for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++
;s[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i
;cout << "Element Value" << endl
) for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++

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;cout << j << "\t " << s[ j ] << endl

}

:
Value
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

Element
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

: 10
.
>#include <iostream.h
)(void main
{
;const int arraySize = 10
;int total = 0,i
;] int a[ arraySize
)for (i = 0; i < arraySize; i++
{
;" cout << "Enter number " << i << " :
;] cin >> a[ i
}
) for (i = 0; i < arraySize; i++

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total += a[ i ];
cout << "Total of array element values is "
<< total << endl;
}

:
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Enter
Total

number 0
number 1
number 2
number 3
number 4
number 5
number 6
number 7
number 8
number 9
of array

: 12
: 3
: 4
: 654
: 34
: 2
: 123
: 794
: 365
: 23
element values is 2014

11 9 13 5 17 1} :
. { 19 3 15 7
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
const int arraySize = 10;
int n[ arraySize ] = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11,
9, 13, 5, 17, 1 };
cout << "Element" << " Value" << endl;
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) {
cout << i << "\t " << n[ i ] << "\t";
for ( int j = 0; j < n[ i ]; j++ )
cout << '*';

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cout << endl;

}
return 0;
}

Element
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Value
19
3
15
7
11
9
13
5
17
1

*******************
***
***************
*******
***********
*********
*************
*****
*****************
*

6000 :
( ) .
#include <iostream.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
void main()
{
const int arraySize = 7;
int frequency[ arraySize ] = { 0 };
srand( time( 0 ) );
for ( int roll = 1; roll <= 6000; roll++ )
++frequency[ 1 + rand() % 6 ];

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;cout << "Face Frequency" << endl

) for ( int face = 1; face < arraySize; face++
;cout << face << "\t" << frequency[face] << endl
}

Frequency
1023
990
1008
971
1025
983

Face
1
2
3
4
5
6

;] ++frequency [rand()%6 + 1
rand()%6 + 1 1 6
.
.

).
(
"hello" : .
;"char string1[]="hello

string1 hello .
hello 5
116

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. string1 6 . C++
' '\0 . .
}'char string1[]={'h','e','l','l','o','\0

string1 .
)'( ' '\0 .
;" char string1[]="hello .

. ]string1[0
' 'h ] string1[3 ' 'l ] string1[5 ' '\0 .
cin
.
;]char string2[20

19
.
;cin >> string2

string2
. cin
.
; cin >> string2 " "hello there hello
string2 . .
.

117

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>#include <iostream.h
)(void main
{
;] char name[ 20
;" cout << "Please Enter your name :
;cin >> name
cout << "Welcome, " << name
; "<< " to this program. \n
;"cout << "Your separated name is\n
) for ( int i = 0; name[ i ] != '\0'; i++
;' ' << ] cout << name[ i
}

Please Enter your name : Mohammad

Welcome, Mohammad to this program.
Your separated name is
M o h a m m a d

for .
' name[ i ] != '\0
.

static . static
.
.

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#include <iostream.h>
void staticArrayInit( void );
void automaticArrayInit( void );
int main()
{
cout << "First call to each function:\n";
staticArrayInit();
automaticArrayInit();
cout << "\n\nSecond call to each function:\n";
staticArrayInit();
automaticArrayInit();
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
// function to demonstrate a static local array
void staticArrayInit( void )
{
// initializes elements to 0
// first time function is called
static int array1[ 3 ]={0};
cout << "\nValues on entering staticArrayInit:\n";
// output contents of array1
for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
cout << "array1[" << i << "] = "
<< array1[ i ] << " ";
cout << "\nValues on exiting staticArrayInit:\n";
// modify and output
for ( int j = 0; j <
cout << "array1["
<< ( array1[

contents of array1
3; j++ )
<< j << "] = "
j ] += 5 ) << " ";

} // end function staticArrayInit

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// function to demonstrate an automatic local array

void automaticArrayInit( void )
{
// initializes elements each time function is called
int array2[ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3 };
cout << endl << endl;
cout << "Values on entering automaticArrayInit:\n";
// output contents of array2
for ( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
cout << "array2[" << i << "] = "
<< array2[ i ] << " ";
cout << "\nValues on exiting automaticArrayInit:\n";
// modify
for ( int
cout <<
<<

and output contents of array2

j = 0; j < 3; j++ )
"array2[" << j << "] = "
( array2[ j ] += 5 ) << " ";

First call to each function:

Values on
array1[0]
Values on
array1[0]

entering staticArrayInit:
= 0 array1[1] = 0 array1[2] = 0
exiting staticArrayInit:
= 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5

Values on
array2[0]
Values on
array2[0]

entering automaticArrayInit:
= 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3
exiting automaticArrayInit:
= 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8

Second call to each function:

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entering staticArrayInit:
= 5 array1[1] = 5 array1[2] = 5
exiting staticArrayInit:
= 10 array1[1] = 10 array1[2] = 10

Values on
]array1[0
Values on
]array1[0

entering automaticArrayInit:
= 1 array2[1] = 2 array2[2] = 3
exiting automaticArrayInit:
= 6 array2[1] = 7 array2[2] = 8

Values on
]array2[0
Values on
]array2[0

array1 staticArrayInit
.
array2 automaticArrayInit
.

)][(
. x :
;]int x[24

modifyArray :
;)modifyArray(x,24

. modifyArray .

.

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C++
.

.

.
:
.
. .

. modifyArray
:
)void modifyArray (int b[] ,int array size

modifyArray
b arraySize .
)][(
. :
;)void modifyArray (int [] , int

.
>#include <iostream.h
;) void modifyArray( int [], int

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void modifyElement( int );

void main()
{
const int arraySize = 5;
int a[ arraySize ] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 };
cout<<"Effects of passing entire array by reference:"
<<"\n\nThe values of the original array are:\n";
// output original array
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
cout << "\t"<< a[ i ];
cout << endl;
// pass array a to modifyArray by reference
modifyArray( a, arraySize );
cout << "The values of the modified array are:\n";
// output modified array
for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
cout << "\t" << a[ j ];
// output value of a[ 3 ]
cout<<"\n\n\n"
<<"Effects of passing array element by value:"
<<"\n\nThe value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << '\n';
// pass array element a[ 3 ] by value
modifyElement( a[ 3 ] );
// output value of a[ 3 ]
cout << "The value of a[3] is " << a[ 3 ] << endl;
}
// in function modifyArray, "b" points to
// the original array "a" in memory
void modifyArray( int b[], int sizeOfArray )
{
// multiply each array element by 2

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) for ( int k = 0; k < sizeOfArray; k++

;b[ k ] *= 2
}
// in function modifyElement, "e" is a local copy of
// array element a[ 3 ] passed from main
) void modifyElement( int e
{
// multiply parameter by 2
" cout << "Value in modifyElement is
;<< ( e *= 2 ) << endl
}

:
Effects of passing entire array by reference:

4
8

The values of the original array are:

0
1
2
3
The values of the modified array are:
0
2
4
6

Effects of passing array element by value:

The value of a[3] is 6
Value in modifyElement is 12
The value of a[3] is 6

modifyArray a
. modifyElement
.

. const

124

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.
:
#include <iostream.h>
void tryToModifyArray( const int [] );
void main()
{
int a[] = { 10, 20, 30 };
tryToModifyArray( a );
cout << a[0] <<' '<< a[1] <<' '<< a[2] <<'\n';
}
// In function tryToModifyArray, "b" cannot be used
// to modify the original array "a" in main.
void tryToModifyArray( const int b[] )
{
b[ 0 ] /= 2; // error
b[ 1 ] /= 2; // error
b[ 2 ] /= 2; // error
}

.
Error in line 19: Cannot modify a const object
Error in line 20: Cannot modify a const object

125

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.

.
:
2,5,4,3,6,1
:
;}int a[] = { 2 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 6 , 1

a .
.
.

.
.
>#include <iostream.h
;)void showArray(const int [] , int
)(void main
{
;const int arraySize = 6
;}int a[ arraySize ] = { 2, 5, 4, 3, 6 ,1
;int hold
;"cout << "Data items in original order\n
;)showArray(a,arraySize
) for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize - 1 ; i++

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for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize - 1; j++ )

if ( a[ j ] > a[ j + 1 ] ) {
hold = a[ j ];
a[ j ] = a[ j + 1 ];
a[ j + 1 ] = hold;
}
cout << "\nData items in ascending order\n";
showArray(a,arraySize);
}
void showArray( const int array[] ,int arraySize)
{
for (int c=0; c<arraySize ;c++)
cout << array[c] << " ";
cout << endl;
}

:
Data items in original order
2 5 4 3 6 1
Data items in ascending order
1 2 3 4 5 6

. showArray
j . i = 0
.

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. i = 1

.

.

. .

.

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.

.
:
>#include <iostream.h
;) int linearSearch(const int [], int, int
)(void main
{
;const int arraySize = 7
;}int a[ arraySize ]={2,6,4,3,12,10,5
;int searchKey
;" cout << "Enter integer search key:
;cin >> searchKey
;)int element=linearSearch(a, searchKey, arraySize
) if ( element != -1
" cout << "Found value in element
;<< element << endl
else
;cout << "Value not found" << endl
}
int linearSearch( const int array[],
) int key, int sizeOfArray
{
) for ( int j = 0; j < sizeOfArray; j++
) if ( array[ j ] == key
;return j
;return -1

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:
Enter integer search key: 12
Found value in element 4

12 :

20 .
.
Enter integer search key: 20
Value not found

20 :

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. .
.

.
.

. )
( )
( .
.
>#include <iostream.h
;)int binarySearch( const int [], int, int
)(void main
{
;const int arraySize = 15
int a[ arraySize ]={0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,
;}16,18,20,22,24,26,28
;int key
;" cout << "Enter a number between 0 and 28:
;cin >> key
= int result
;)binarySearch( a, arraySize, key
) if ( result != -1
" cout << '\n' << key << " found in array element
;<< result << endl

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else
cout << '\n' << key << " not found" << endl;
}
int binarySearch( const int b[],
int arraySize ,
int searchKey )
{
int middle,low=0,high=arraySize - 1;
while ( low <= high )
{
middle = ( low + high ) / 2;
if ( searchKey < b[ middle ] )
high = middle - 1;
else
if ( searchKey > b[ middle ] )
low = middle + 1;
else return middle;
}
return -1;
}

:
Enter a number between 0 and 28: 8
8 found in array element 4

: 8

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25 . :
Enter a number between 0 and 28: 25
25 not found

25 :

C++ .
.
. :
;]int a[3][4

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3 4 :

] a[i][j i j
.
:
;}}int b[2][2] = {{1,2},{3,4

b :
1
3

2
4

2 3 :
>#include <iostream.h
;) ] void printArray( int [][ 3
)(void main
{
;} } int array1[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2, 3 }, { 4, 5, 6
;} int array2[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
;} } int array3[ 2 ][ 3 ] = { { 1, 2 }, { 4
;cout << "Values in array1 by row are:" << endl
;) printArray( array1

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;cout << "Values in array2 by row are:" << endl

;) printArray( array2
;cout << "Values in array3 by row are:" << endl
;) printArray( array3
}
) ] void printArray( int a[][ 3
{
) for ( int i = 0; i < 2; i++
{
) for ( int j = 0; j < 3; j++
;' ' << ] cout << a[ i ][ j
;cout << endl
}
}

:
Values in array1 by row are:
1 2 3
4 5 6
Values in array2 by row are:
1 2 3
4 5 0
Values in array3 by row are:
1 2 0
4 0 0

PrintArray .
] int a[][3 .

.

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: 2 10 10
.
>#include <iostream.h
) (void main
{
;int a[10][10],i,j
)for (i=0;i<10;i++
)for (j=0;j<10;j++
;)a[i][j]=(i+1)*(j+1
{)for (i=0;i<10;i++
)for (j=0;j<10;j++
;"cout <<a[i][j]<<"\t
;cout<<endl
}
}

:
10

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.
.

. :

count 7 .

countPtr 7 .
.
count int countPtr int
.
; int count , *countPtr

* .
:

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; double xPtr , yPtr

xPtr yPtr double .

: Ptr
Ptr .

)&( .
;int y=5
;int *yPtr
;yPtr = &y

y int 5 yPtr
int y yPtr .

yPtr y .
:
>#include <iostream.h
)( void main

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{
int x = 5, y = 15;
int *xPtr, *yPtr;
xPtr = &x;
yPtr = &y;
cout << "The value of x is " << x
<< "\nThe address of x is " << &x
<< "\nThe value of xPtr is " << xPtr;
cout << "\n\nThe value of y is " << y
<< "\nThe address of y is " << &y
<< "\nThe value of yPtr is " << yPtr;
*xPtr = 10;
cout << "\n\nx=" << x << " and y=" << y;
*yPtr = *xPtr;
cout << "\nx=" << x << " and y=" << y;
xPtr = yPtr;
cout << "\nx=" << x << " and y=" << y;
*xPtr = 20;
cout << "\nx=" << x << " and y=" << y;
}

:
The value of x is 5
The address of x is 0x8fb4fff4
The value of xPtr is 0x8fb4fff4
The value of y is 15
The address of y is 0x8fb4fff2
The value of yPtr is 0x8fb4fff2
x=10 and y=15
x=10 and y=10
x=10 and y=10

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x=10 and y=20

x y x 5 y 15
xPtr yPtr .
;xPtr = &x
;yPtr = &y

x xPtr
y yPtr .
; *xPtr = 10 xPtr ) ( x 10
; *yPtr = *xPtr xPtr
yPtr x y
.
; xPtr = yPtr yPtr y xPtr
xPtr x y
; *xPtr = 20 x 20
y 20 .

. .
.

.
.
>#include <iostream.h

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;) * void callByPointer( int

)(int main
{
;int number = 5
;cout << "The original value of number is " << number
// pass address of number to callByPointer
;) callByPointer( &number
" cout << "\nThe new value of number is
;<< number << endl
;return 0
}
) void callByPointer( int *nPtr
{
*nPtr = *nPtr * *nPtr * *nPtr; // cube *nPtr
}

:
The original value of number is 5
The new value of number is 125

*
* .

&
.

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const
const
const .
.
. :
void f( const int * ); // prototype
)(int main
{
;int y
f( &y ); // f attempts illegal modification
;return 0
}
// xPtr cannot modify the value of the variable
// to which it points
) void f( const int *xPtr
{
*xPtr = 100; // error: cannot modify a const object
}

.
Compiling CONSTP1.CPP:
Error CONSTP1.CPP 16: Cannot modify a const object

const int *xptr .
.

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const
.
. :
)(int main
{
;int x, y
// ptr is a constant pointer to an integer that can
// be modified through ptr, but ptr always points
// to the same memory location.
;int * const ptr = &x
*ptr = 7; // allowed: *ptr is not const
;ptr = &y; // error: ptr is const
//
cannot assign new address
;return 0
}

.
Compiling CONSTP2.CPP:
Error CONSTP2.CPP 11: Cannot modify a const object

; int * const ptr=&x ptr x

ptr *ptr=7
x 7 y&=ptr y
ptr x .

143
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const .

. :
>#include <iostream.h
)(int main
{
;int x = 5, y
// ptr is a constant pointer to a constant integer.
;// ptr always points to the same location
// the integer at that location cannot be modified.
;const int *const ptr = &x
;cout << *ptr << endl
;*ptr = 7; // error: *ptr is const
//
cannot assign new value
;ptr = &y; // error: ptr is const
//
cannot assign new address
;return 0
}

.
Compiling CONSTP3.CPP:
Error CONSTP3.CPP 14: Cannot modify a const object
Error CONSTP3.CPP 16: Cannot modify a const object

; const int * const ptr = &x

ptr ptr
; *ptr = 7 ptr
; ptr = &y .

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.
.
) (++ ) (-- . )=+
(+ )= - (- .
] int v[5 3000
vptr ] v[0 .
vptr v :
;vptr = v
;]vptr = &v[0

3000+2 3002
.

. ; vptr += 2 (3000
+ 2*4) 3008 int
. v vptr ] v[2 .
int ; vptr += 2
(3000 + 2*2)3004 .
vptr ] v[4 3016 :
;vptr -= 4

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vptr (3016 - 4*4)3000] v[0 .

v .
;++vptr
;vptr++

v .
;--vptr
;vptr--

.
vptr ) 3000 ] v[0 ( v2ptr ) 3008
] v[2 ( :
;x=v2ptr - vptr

vptr v2ptr x x 2 .

.

.

C++

. :

146

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;]int b[5
;int bptr

) (
bptr b :
;bptr = b

bptr b :
]bptr = &b[0

] b[3 bptr b
:
)*(bptr + 3

bptr+3 . bptr
] b[0 bptr+3

]b[3

) *(bptr + 3 ] b[3 .
* + .
*bptr+3 3 ] b[0 .
) ) *(b + 3 b
( ] b[3
.
] bptr[1 ]b[1
bptr b .

147

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: ; b+=3
b
.

:
>#include <iostream.h
)(void main
{
;} int b[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40
;int *bPtr = b
;int i
;"cout << "b[i]:\n
) for ( i = 0; i < 4; i++
;'cout << "b[" << i << "] = " << b[ i ] << '\n
;"i):\n
) 4; i++
" = )" << " << i
;'i ) << '\n

+
<
+
+

cout << "\n*(b

for ( i = 0; i
cout << "*(b
<< *( b

;"cout << "\nbPtr[i]:\n

) for ( i = 0; i < 4; i++
;'cout << "bPtr[" << i << "] = " << bPtr[ i ] <<'\n
;"i):\n
) i++
" = )" << " << i
;'i ) << '\n

cout << "\n*(bPtr +

;for ( i = 0; i < 4
cout << "*(bPtr +
<< *( bPtr +
}

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10
20
30
40

i):
= )0
= )1
= )2
= )3

10
20
30
40

i):
= )0
= )1
= )2
= )3

b[i]:
= ]b[0
= ]b[1
= ]b[2
= ]b[3
+
+
+
+
+

*(b
*(b
*(b
*(b
*(b

bPtr[i]:
= ]bPtr[0
= ]bPtr[1
= ]bPtr[2
= ]bPtr[3
+
+
+
+
+

*(bPtr
*(bPtr
*(bPtr
*(bPtr
*(bPtr

.
.
. :
= ]const char *s[4
} "{ "string1","string2","string3","string4

char* .
s char .

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" "string1 " "string2 " "string3

" "string4 .
" "
. .

. :

. C++
.
: char
.

. :

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.
.
.
.

. bubble swap ascending descending .
bubble
.
ascending descending
.
.
1 ascending
bubble .
2 descending
bubble .
:
>#include <iostream.h
;) ) void bubble( int [], const int, int (*)( int, int
;) void swap( int * const, int * const
;) int ascending( int, int
;) int descending( int, int
)(void main
{
;const int arraySize = 10
;int order

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int counter;
int a[ arraySize ] = { 2, 6, 4, 8, 10,
12, 89, 68, 45, 37 };
cout << "Enter 1 to sort in ascending order,\n"
<< "Enter 2 to sort in descending order: ";
cin >> order;
cout << "\nData items in original order\n";
for ( counter = 0; counter < arraySize; counter++ )
cout << " " << a[ counter ];
if ( order == 1 ) {
bubble( a, arraySize,
cout << "\nData items
}
else {
bubble( a, arraySize,
cout << "\nData items
}

ascending );
in ascending order\n";

descending );
in descending order\n";

for ( counter = 0; counter < arraySize; counter++ )

cout << " " << a[ counter ];
cout << endl;
}
void bubble( int work[], const int size,
int (*compare)( int, int ) )
{
for ( int pass = 1; pass < size; pass++ )
for ( int count = 0; count < size-1; count++)
if ( (*compare)( work[count], work[count + 1]))
swap( &work[ count ], &work[count + 1]);
}
void swap( int * const element1Ptr,
int * const element2Ptr )
{
int hold = *element1Ptr;
*element1Ptr = *element2Ptr;
*element2Ptr = hold;
}

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int ascending( int a, int b )

{
return b < a;
}
int descending( int a, int b )
{
return b > a;
}

:
Enter 1 to sort in ascending order,
Enter 2 to sort in descending order: 1
Data items
2 6 4
Data items
2 4 6
Enter 1 to
Enter 2 to

in original order
8 10 12 89 68 45 37
in ascending order
8 10 12 37 45 68 89
sort in ascending order,
sort in descending order: 2

Data items in
2 6 4 8
Data items in
89 68 45

original order
10 12 89 68 45 37
descending order
37 12 10 8 6 4 2

: bubble
int (*compare) (int , int)

bubble
. int

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*compare compare
. *compare
:
)int *compare (int,int

int .
bubble :
)int (*)(int,int

.
bubble :
)](*compare) (work[count],work[count+1

.
.
.
.
.
.
:
>#include <iostream.h
;) void function1( int

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void function2( int );

void function3( int );
int main()
{
void(*f[ 3 ])(int)={function1, function2, function3};
int choice;
cout << "Enter a number between 0 and 2, 3 to end:";
cin >> choice;
while ( choice >= 0 && choice < 3 ) {
(*f[ choice ])( choice );
cout <<"Enter a number between 0 and 2, 3 to end:";
cin >> choice;
}
cout << "Program execution completed." << endl;
return 0;
}
void function1( int a )
{
cout << "You entered " << a
<< " so function1 was called\n\n";
}
void function2( int b )
{
cout << "You entered " << b
<< " so function2 was called\n\n";
}
void function3( int c )
{
cout << "You entered " << c
<< " so function3 was called\n\n";
}

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:
Enter a number between 0 and 2, 3 to end: 2
You entered 2 so function3 was called
Enter a number between 0 and 2, 3 to end: 0
You entered 0 so function1 was called
Enter a number between 0 and 2, 3 to end: 1
You entered 1 so function2 was called
Enter a number between 0 and 2, 3 to end: 3
Program execution completed.

function1 function2 function3

.
f .
;}void (*f[3]) (int) = {function1,function2,function3

. 0 2
f . :
;)(*f[choice]) (choice

f choice .

string.h
.

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char strcpy (char s1, const char *s2);

s1 s1 s2
.
char *strncpy (char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);

s1 s1 s2 n
: .
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char x[] = "Happy Birthday to You";
char y[ 25 ];
char z[ 15 ];
strcpy( y, x ); // copy contents of x into y
cout << "The string in array x is: " << x
<< "\nThe string in array y is: " << y << '\n';
// copy first 14 characters of x into z
strncpy( z, x, 14 ); // does not copy null character
z[ 14 ] = '\0'; // append '\0' to z's contents
cout << "The string in array z is: " << z << endl;
}

:
The string in array x is: Happy Birthday to You
The string in array y is: Happy Birthday to You
The string in array z is: Happy Birthday

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char strcat (char s1, const char *s2);

. s1 s1 s2
char *strncat (char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);

s1 s1 s2 n
: .
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[ 20 ] = "Happy ";
char s2[] = "New Year ";
char s3[ 40 ] = "";
cout << "s1 = " << s1 << "\ns2 = " << s2;
strcat( s1, s2 ); // concatenate s2 to s1
cout << "\n\nAfter strcat(s1, s2):\ns1 = " << s1
<< "\ns2 = " << s2;
// concatenate first 6 characters of s1 to s3
// and places '\0' after last character
strncat( s3, s1, 6 );

cout << "\n\nAfter strncat(s3, s1, 6):\ns1 = " << s1

<< "\ns3 = " << s3;
strcat( s3, s1 ); // concatenate s1 to s3
cout << "\n\nAfter strcat(s3, s1):\ns1 = " << s1
<< "\ns3 = " << s3 << endl;
}

:
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s1 = Happy
s2 = New Year
After strcat(s1, s2):
s1 = Happy New Year
s2 = New Year
After strncat(s3, s1, 6):
s1 = Happy New Year
s3 = Happy
After strcat(s3, s1):
s1 = Happy New Year
s3 = Happy Happy New Year

int strcmp (const char s1, const char s2);

. s2 s1
s2 s1 s2 s1
.
int strncmp (const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);

s2 s1 n
: . strcmp
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char *s1 = "Happy New Year";
char *s2 = "Happy New Year";
char *s3 = "Happy Holidays";

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cout <<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<

"s1 = " << s1 << "\ns2 = " << s2

"\ns3 = " << s3 << "\n\nstrcmp(s1, s2) = "
" " << strcmp( s1, s2 )
"\nstrcmp(s1, s3) = " << " "
strcmp( s1, s3 ) << "\nstrcmp(s3, s1) = "
" " << strcmp( s3, s1 );

cout <<
<<
<<
<<
<<

"\n\nstrncmp(s1, s3, 6) = " << " "

strncmp(s1,s3,6) << "\nstrncmp(s1,s3,7) = "
" " << strncmp( s1, s3, 7 )
"\nstrncmp(s3, s1, 7) = "
" " << strncmp( s3, s1, 7 ) << endl;

:
s1 = Happy New Year
s2 = Happy New Year
s3 = Happy Holidays
strcmp(s1, s2) = 0
strcmp(s1, s3) = 6
strcmp(s3, s1) = -6
strncmp(s1, s3, 6) = 0
strncmp(s1, s3, 7) = 6
strncmp(s3, s1, 7) = -6

char strtok (char s1, const char *s2);

: . s2 s1
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char sentence[] ="This is a sentence with 7 tokens";
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char *tokenPtr;
cout << "The string to be tokenized is:\n"<<sentence
<< "\n\nThe tokens are:\n\n";
tokenPtr = strtok( sentence, " " );
while ( tokenPtr != NULL ) {
cout << tokenPtr << '\n';
tokenPtr = strtok( NULL, " " ); // get next token
}
cout <<"\nAfter strtok, sentence ="<<sentence<<endl;
}

:
The string to be tokenized is:
This is a sentence with 7 tokens
The tokens are:
This
is
a
sentence
with
7
tokens
After strtok, sentence = This

size_t strlen (const char *s);

: . s
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>

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void
{
char
char
char

main()
*string1 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
*string2 = "four";
*string3 = "Boston";

cout <<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<
}

"The length of \"" << string1

"\" is " << strlen( string1 )
"\nThe length of \"" << string2
"\" is " << strlen( string2 )
"\nThe length of \"" << string3
"\" is " << strlen( string3 ) << endl;

:
The length of "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" is 26
The length of "four" is 4
The length of "Boston" is 6

)(
.
:
struct Time {
int hour;
int minute;
int second;
};

Time struct
) minute ( ) hour Time

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( ) second ( .

.
Time
. :
;Time timeObject
;]Time timeArray[10
;Time *timePtr=&timeObject

timeObject Time timeArray .

10 Time timePtr .
timeObject Time .

) (. )> (- .

:
;timeObject.hour = 13
;timeObject.minute = 33
;timeObject.second = 20

hour minute second Time

13 33 20 :
;cout << timeObject.hour

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hour time Object .

) (- )>(
.
;cout << timePtr -> hour

hour timeObject timePtr

. hour <- timePtr hour
(*timePtr).hour .
*timePtr . hour
timeObject timePtr .
;cout << (*timePtr).hour

Time
dinnerTime Time
printUniversal printStandard .
>#include <iostream.h
{ struct Time
)int hour; // 0-23 (24-hour clock format
int minute; // 0-59
int second; // 0-59
;}
;) & void printUniversal( const Time
;) & void printStandard( const Time
)(int main
{
;Time dinnerTime
;dinnerTime.hour = 18

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dinnerTime.minute = 30;
dinnerTime.second = 0;
cout << "Dinner will be held at ";
printUniversal( dinnerTime );
cout << " universal time,\nwhich is ";
printStandard( dinnerTime );
cout << " standard time.\n";
dinnerTime.hour= 29; //set hour to invalid value
dinnerTime.minute= 73; //set minute to invalid value
cout << "\nTime with invalid values: ";
printUniversal( dinnerTime );
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
void printUniversal( const Time &t )
{
cout << (t.hour<10 ? "0":"") << t.hour << ":"
<< (t.minute<10 ? "0":"") << t.minute << ":"
<< (t.second<10 ? "0":"") << t.second;
}

void printStandard( const Time &t )

{
cout << ( ( t.hour == 0 || t.hour == 12 ) ?
12 : t.hour % 12 ) << ":"
<< (t.minute<10 ? "0":"") << t.minute << ":"
<< (t.second<10 ? "0":"") << t.second
<< ( t.hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" );
}

:
Dinner will be held at 18:30:00 universal time,
which is 6:30:00 PM standard time.

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Time with invalid values: 29:73:00

Time
. .

) (
) ( .
.
class . :
{ class Time
public:
;)(Time
;) void setTime( int, int, int
;)(void printUniversal
;)(void printStandard
private:
;int hour
;int minute
;int second
;}

Time class }{
);( . Time
Time hourminute
second .
public: private: ) ( .
public private
Time .
private
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.
) (: .

) ( public . Time
setTime ,Time , printUniversal printStandard
Time publice
.

. .
.
.
Time Time
. :
;Time sunset
;]Time arrayofTime [5
;Time *timeptr = & sunset

sunset Time arrayofTime .

10 Time timePtr
sunset Time .
Time .
Time t .
Time ) hour ,
(secound , minute . t
printUniversal printStandard
t . setTime t
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.
t setTime
. setTime
#include <iostream.h>
class Time {
public:
Time();
void setTime( int, int, int );
void printUniversal();
void printStandard();
private:
int hour; // 0 - 23 (24-hour clock format)
int minute; // 0 - 59
int second; // 0 - 59
}
Time::Time()
{
hour = minute = second = 0;
}
void Time::setTime( int h, int m,
{
hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h
minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ?
second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ?
}

int s )
: 0;
m : 0;
s : 0;

void Time::printUniversal()
{
cout << (hour<10 ? "0":"") << hour << ":"
<< (minute<10 ? "0":"") << minute << ":"
<< (second<10 ? "0":"") << second;
}

void Time::printStandard()
{

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cout << ( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ?

12 : hour % 12 ) << ":"
<< (minute<10 ? "0":"") << minute << ":"
<< (second<10 ? "0":"") << second
<< (hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" );
}
int main()
{
Time t;
cout << "The initial universal time is ";
t.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00
cout << "\nThe initial standard time is ";
t.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM
t.setTime( 13, 27, 6 ); // change time
cout << "\n\nUniversal time after setTime is ";
t.printUniversal(); // 13:27:06
cout << "\nStandard time after setTime is ";
t.printStandard(); // 1:27:06 PM
t.setTime( 99, 99, 99 ); // attempt invalid settings
cout << "\n\nAfter attempting invalid settings:"
<< "\nUniversal time: ";
t.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00
cout << "\nStandard time: ";
t.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

:
The initial universal time is 00:00:00
The initial standard time is 12:00:00 AM
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Universal time after setTime is 13:27:06

Standard time after setTime is 1:27:06 PM
After attempting invalid settings:
Universal time: 00:00:00
Standard time: 12:00:00 AM

.
) (:: :
)(void Time::printUniversal
{
"cout << (hour<10 ? "0":"") << hour << ":
"<< (minute<10 ? "0":"") << minute << ":
;<< (second<10 ? "0":"") << second
}

) ( )
(
.

.
) (. )> (- .
.
) (. )> (-
.

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.

.

.

) (::
.
Count int x
print . Count
counter ) countPtr ( Count
countPtr counter . x
.
.
:
>#include <iostream.h
{ class Count
public:
;int x
)(void print
{
;cout << x << endl
}
;}
)(void main
{
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;Count counter
;Count *counterPtr = &counter
" cout << "Assign 1 to x and print
;" << "using the object's name:
;counter.x = 1
;)(counter.print
;" cout << "Assign 3 to x and print using a pointer:
;counterPtr->x = 3
;)(counterPtr->print
}

:
Assign 1 to x and print using the object's name: 1
Assign 3 to x and print using a pointer: 3

public private
.
private
.
.
public private
.

.
:
>#include <iostream.h

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class Time {
public:
Time();
void setTime( int, int, int );
void printUniversal();
void printStandard();
private:
int hour; // 0 - 23 (24-hour clock format)
int minute; // 0 - 59
int second; // 0 - 59
}
Time::Time()
{
hour = minute = second = 0;
}
void Time::setTime( int h, int m,
{
hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h
minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ?
second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ?
}

int s )
: 0;
m : 0;
s : 0;

void Time::printUniversal()
{
cout << (hour<10 ? "0":"") << hour << ":"
<< (minute<10 ? "0":"") << minute << ":"
<< (second<10 ? "0":"") << second;
}

void Time::printStandard()
{
cout << ( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ?
12 : hour % 12 ) << ":"
<< (minute<10 ? "0":"") << minute << ":"
<< (second<10 ? "0":"") << second
<< (hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" );
}
int main()

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{
Time t; // create Time object
t.hour = 7; // error: 'Time::hour' is not accessible
// error: 'Time::minute' is not accessible
;cout << "minute = " << t.minute
;return 0
}

.
Error in line 50: 'Time::hour' is not accessible
Error in line 53: 'Time::minute' is not accessible

.
.
. .
hour minute second
.
.

.
.
. :

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#include <iostream.h>
class CRectangle {
int width, height;
public:
CRectangle (int,int);
int area (void) {return (width*height);}
};
CRectangle::CRectangle (int a, int b) {
width = a;
height = b;
}
int main () {
CRectangle rect (3,4);
CRectangle rectb (5,6);
cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl;
cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl;
}

:
rect area: 12
rectb area: 30

: .
#include <iostream.h>
class CRectangle {
int width, height;
public:
CRectangle ();
CRectangle (int,int);
int area (void) {return (width*height);}
};
CRectangle::CRectangle () {
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;width = 5
;height = 5
}
{ )CRectangle::CRectangle (int a, int b
;width = a
;height = b
}
{ )( int main
;)CRectangle rect (3,4
;CRectangle rectb
;cout << "rect area: " << rect.area() << endl
;cout << "rectb area: " << rectb.area() << endl
}

:
rect area: 12
rectb area: 25

.
time .

.
.
>#include <iostream.h
{ class Time
public:
;)Time( int = 0, int = 0, int = 0
;) void setTime( int, int, int
;)(void printUniversal
;)(void printStandard
private:
)int hour; // 0 - 23 (24-hour clock format
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int minute; // 0 - 59
int second; // 0 - 59
}
Time::Time( int hr, int min, int sec )
{
setTime( hr, min, sec );
}
void Time::setTime( int h, int m,
{
hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h
minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ?
second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ?
}

int s )
: 0;
m : 0;
s : 0;

void Time::printUniversal()
{
cout << (hour<10 ? "0":"") << hour << ":"
<< (minute<10 ? "0":"") << minute << ":"
<< (second<10 ? "0":"") << second;
}

void main()
{
Time t1;
//
Time t2( 2 );
//
Time t3( 21, 34 );
//
Time t4( 12, 25, 42 ); //
Time t5( 27, 74, 99 ); //

all arguments defaulted

minute and second defaulted
second defaulted
all values specified
all bad values specified

cout << "Constructed with:\n\n"

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<< "all default arguments:\n ";

t1.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00
cout << "\n ";
t1.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM
cout << "\n\nhour specified;";
<< " default minute and second:\n ";
t2.printUniversal(); // 02:00:00
cout << "\n ";
t2.printStandard(); // 2:00:00 AM
cout << "\n\nhour and minute specified;";
<< " default second:\n ";
t3.printUniversal(); // 21:34:00
cout << "\n ";
t3.printStandard(); // 9:34:00 PM
cout << "\n\nhour, minute, and second specified:\n ";
t4.printUniversal(); // 12:25:42
cout << "\n ";
t4.printStandard(); // 12:25:42 PM
cout << "\n\nall invalid values specified:\n ";
t5.printUniversal(); // 00:00:00
cout << "\n ";
t5.printStandard(); // 12:00:00 AM
cout << endl;
}

:
Constructed with:
all default arguments:
00:00:00
12:00:00 AM
hour specified; default minute and second:
02:00:00
2:00:00 AM
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hour and minute specified; default second:

21:34:00
9:34:00 PM
hour, minute, and second specified:
12:25:42
12:25:42 PM
all invalid values specified:
00:00:00
12:00:00 AM

Time t1
t2 t3 t4
t5 .
setTime
hour minute
second .

)~(
.
)
( .

.
.
. .
:
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class CreateAndDestroy {
public:
CreateAndDestroy();
~CreateAndDestroy();
private:
int objectID;
};
CreateAndDestroy::CreateAndDestroy(int objectNumber)
{
objectID = objectNumber;
cout << "Object "<<objectID<<" constructor runs\n";
}

CreateAndDestroy::~CreateAndDestroy()
{
cout << "Object "<<objectID<<" destructor runs\n";
}

.
: .
#include <iostream.h>
class CreateAndDestroy {
public:
CreateAndDestroy( int, char * );
~CreateAndDestroy();
private:
int objectID;
char *message;
};
CreateAndDestroy::CreateAndDestroy(

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int objectNumber, char *messagePtr )

{
objectID = objectNumber;
message = messagePtr;
cout << "Object " << objectID << " constructor runs "
<< message << endl;
}
CreateAndDestroy::~CreateAndDestroy()
{
cout << ( objectID == 1 || objectID == 6 ? "\n" : ""
);
cout << "Object " << objectID << " destructor runs "
<< message << endl;
}
void create( void );
CreateAndDestroy first(1,"(global before main)");
void main()
{
cout << "\nMAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION BEGINS" << endl;
CreateAndDestroy second(2,"(local automatic in
main)");
create(); // call function to create objects
cout << "\nMAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION RESUMES" << endl;
CreateAndDestroy third(3,"(local automatic in
main)");
cout << "\nMAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION ENDS" << endl;
}
void create( void )
{
cout << "\nCREATE FUNCTION: EXECUTION BEGINS" <<
endl;

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CreateAndDestroy fourth(4,"(local automatic in

create)");
cout << "\nCREATE FUNCTION: EXECUTION ENDS" << endl;
}

:
Object 1

constructor runs (global before main)

MAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION BEGINS

Object 2
constructor runs (local automatic in main)
CREATE FUNCTION: EXECUTION BEGINS
Object 4
constructor runs (local automatic in create)
CREATE FUNCTION: EXECUTION ENDS
Object 4
destructor runs (local automatic in create)
MAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION RESUMES
Object 3
constructor runs (local automatic in main)
MAIN FUNCTION: EXECUTION ENDS
Object 3
destructor runs (local automatic in main)
Object 2
destructor runs (local automatic in main)
Object 1

destructor runs

(global before main)

const
. const .
const Time noon(12, 0, 0);

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Time noon 12
.
C++
const . const
const
.
int Time::getHour() const
{
;return hour
}

getHour Time .
:
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.
.4 .

.
.5
const
.
.6 .

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. Time
printStandard setHour
. 2
:
#include <iostream.h>
class Time {
public:
Time( int = 0, int = 0, int = 0);
void setTime( int, int, int );
void setHour( int );
void setMinute( int );
void setSecond( int );
int getHour() const;
int getMinute() const;
int getSecond() const;
void printUniversal() const;
void printStandard();
private:
int hour; // 0 - 23 (24-hour clock format)
int minute; // 0 - 59
int second; // 0 - 59
}
Time::Time( int hour, int minute, int second )
{
setTime( hour, minute, second );
}
void Time::setTime( int hour, int minute, int second )
{
setHour( hour );
setMinute( minute );
setSecond( second );
}

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void Time::setHour( int h )

{
hour = ( h >= 0 && h < 24 ) ? h : 0;
}
void Time::setMinute( int m )
{
minute = ( m >= 0 && m < 60 ) ? m : 0;
}
void Time::setSecond( int s )
{
second = ( s >= 0 && s < 60 ) ? s : 0;
}
int Time::getHour() const
{
return hour;
}
int Time::getMinute() const
{
return minute;
}
int Time::getSecond() const
{
return second;
}
void Time::printUniversal() const
{
cout << (hour<10 ? "0":"") << hour << ":"
<< (minute<10 ? "0":"") << minute << ":"
<< (second<10 ? "0":"") << second;
}
void Time::printStandard()
{
cout << ( ( hour == 0 || hour == 12 ) ?
12 : hour % 12 ) << ":"
<< (minute<10 ? "0":"") << minute << ":"
<< (second<10 ? "0":"") << second

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<< (hour < 12 ? " AM" : " PM" );

}
int main()
{
Time wakeUp( 6, 45, 0 );
const Time noon( 12, 0, 0 );

// non-constant object
// constant object

wakeUp.setHour( 18 );

// OBJECT
// non-const

MEMBER FUNCTION
non-const

noon.setHour( 12 );

// const

non-const

wakeUp.getHour();

// non-const

const

noon.getMinute();
noon.printUniversal();

// const
// const

const
const

noon.printStandard();

// const

non-const

return 0;
}

:
Warning W8037 100: Non-const function
Time::setHour(int)
called for const object in function main()
Warning W8037 107: Non-const function
Time::printStandard()
called for const object in function main()
*** 2 errors in Compile ***

:
) ( AlarmClock
. Time

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.
.
.
.
:
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
class Date {
public:
Date( int = 1, int = 1, int = 1900 );
void print() const;
~Date();
private:
int month; // 1-12 (January-December)
int day; // 1-31 based on month
int year; // any year
int checkDay( int ) const;
};
Date::Date(
{
if ( mn >
month =
else {
month =
cout <<
<<
}

int mn, int dy, int yr )

0 && mn <= 12 )
mn;
1;
"Month " << mn
" invalid. Set to month 1.\n";

year = yr;
day = checkDay( dy );
cout << "Date object constructor for date ";
print();

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cout << endl;

}

void Date::print() const

{
cout << month << '/' << day << '/' << year;
}
Date::~Date()
{
cout << "Date object destructor for date ";
print();
cout << endl;
}
int Date::checkDay( int testDay ) const
{
static const int daysPerMonth[ 13 ] =
{ 0,31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31 };

if ( testDay > 0 && testDay <= daysPerMonth[ month ] )

return testDay;
if ( month == 2 && testDay == 29 &&
( year % 400 == 0 ||
( year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 ) ) )
return testDay;
cout << "Day " << testDay
<< " invalid. Set to day 1.\n";
return 1;
}
class Employee {
public:
Employee(const char *, const char *,
const Date &, const Date & );
void print() const;

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~Employee();
private:
char firstName[ 25 ];
char lastName[ 25 ];
const Date birthDate; //composition: member object
const Date hireDate; //composition: member object
};

Employee::Employee(const char first, const char last,

const Date &dateOfBirth, const Date &dateOfHire )
: birthDate( dateOfBirth ),
hireDate( dateOfHire )
{
int length = strlen( first );
length = ( length < 25 ? length : 24 );
strncpy( firstName, first, length );
firstName[ length ] = '\0';
length = strlen( last );
length = ( length < 25 ? length : 24 );
strncpy( lastName, last, length );
lastName[ length ] = '\0';
cout << "Employee object constructor: "
<< firstName << ' ' << lastName << endl;
}
void Employee::print() const
{
cout << lastName << ", " << firstName << "\nHired: ";
hireDate.print();
cout << " Birth date: ";
birthDate.print();
cout << endl;
}
Employee::~Employee()
{
cout << "Employee object destructor: "
<< lastName << ", " << firstName << endl;
}

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int main()
{
Date birth( 7, 24, 1949 );
Date hire( 3, 12, 1988 );
Employee manager( "Bob", "Jones", birth, hire );
cout << '\n';
manager.print();
cout << "\nTest Date constructor "
<<"with invalid values:\n";
Date lastDayOff(14,35,1994); //invalid month and day
cout << endl;
return 0;
}

:
Date object constructor for date 7/24/1949
Date object constructor for date 3/12/1988
Employee object constructor: Bob Jones
Jones, Bob
Hired: 3/12/1988 Birth date: 7/24/1949
Test Date constructor with invalid values:
Month 14 invalid. Set to month 1.
Day 35 invalid. Set to day 1.
Date object constructor for date 1/1/1994
Date object destructor for date 1/1/1994
Employee object destructor: Jones, Bob
Date object destructor for date 3/12/1988
Date object destructor for date 7/24/1949
Date object destructor for date 3/12/1988
Date object destructor for date 7/24/1949

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Date Employee . Employee

firstName lastName birthDate
hireDate . birthDate hireDate
Date month day year .
Employee fname lname
dateOfBirth dateOfHire .
firstName lastName

dateOfBirth dateOfHire birthDate hireDate

Date
.
Employee::Employee(const char *first, const char *last,
) const Date &dateOfBirth, const Date &dateOfHire
: birthDate( dateOfBirth ),
) hireDate( dateOfHire

) ( :
Employee Date .

.
: print Date
. C++ . print
.

. ) (

191

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.
friend .
{class Count
;)friend void setX(Count & , int
;int x
}

setX Count .
classTwo classOne
. classOne :
;friend class classTwo

setX Count
x Count .
.
>#include <iostream.h
{ class Count
;) friend void setX( Count &, int
public:
Count(): x( 0 ) // initialize x to 0
{
// empty body
}
void print() const
{
;cout << x << endl
}
private:
;int x
;}
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) void setX( Count &c, int val

{
c.x = val; // legal: setX is a friend of Count
}
)(void main
{
;Count counter
;" cout << "counter.x after instantiation:
;)(counter.print
setX( counter, 8 ); // set x with a friend
"cout << "counter.x after call
;" <<"to setX friend function:
;)(counter.print
}

:
counter.x after instantiation: 0
counter.x after call to setX friend function: 8

Count .
x 0 .
) Count(): x( 0

this
C++ this . this
.
. :

193

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>#include <iostream.h
{ class CDummy
public:
;)int isitme (CDummy& param
;}
)int CDummy::isitme (CDummy& param
{
;if (&param == this) return 1
;else return 0
}
{ )( int main
;CDummy a
;CDummy* b = &a
) )if ( b->isitme(a
;"cout << "yes, &a is b
;return 0
}

:
yes, &a is b

c++
.
new delete . new.h .
> #include <new.h .
:
;Time *timePtr
;timePtr = new Time

194

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new Time
new
. new ) double int (...
. new 0
.
delete :
;delete timePtr

timePtr
.
c++ .
:
;)double *ptr=new double(3.14159

double 3.14159
Ptr .
. :
;)Time *timePtr= new Time(12,0,0

Time 12
timePtr .
new .
10 :
;]int *gradesArray=new int[10

195

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10
gradesArray .
:
;delete [] gradesArray

: ][
delete delete .

static
.
) (static .

.
.
public private .
.
) (:: .

:
>#include <iostream.h
>#include <new.h
>#include <string.h
{ class Employee

196

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public:
Employee( const char *, const char * );
~Employee();
const char *getFirstName() const;
const char *getLastName() const;
// static member function
static int getCount();
private:
char *firstName;
char *lastName;
// static data member
static int count;
};
int Employee::count = 0;
int Employee::getCount()
{
return count;
}
// constructor dynamically allocates space for
// first and last name and uses strcpy to copy
// first and last names into the object
Employee::Employee(const char *first,const char *last)
{
firstName = new char[ strlen( first ) + 1 ];
strcpy( firstName, first );
lastName = new char[ strlen( last ) + 1 ];
strcpy( lastName, last );
++count; // increment static count of employees
cout << "Employee constructor for " << firstName
<< ' ' << lastName << " called." << endl;
}
// destructor deallocates dynamically allocated memory
Employee::~Employee()

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{
cout << "~Employee() called for " << firstName
<< ' ' << lastName << endl;
delete [] firstName; // recapture memory
delete [] lastName; // recapture memory
--count; // decrement static count of employees
}
const char *Employee::getFirstName() const
{
return firstName;
}
const char *Employee::getLastName() const
{
return lastName;
}
int main()
{
cout <<"Number of employees before instantiation is "
<<Employee::getCount() << endl;
Employee *e1Ptr = new Employee( "Susan", "Baker" );
Employee *e2Ptr = new Employee( "Robert", "Jones" );
cout << "Number of employees after instantiation is "
<< e1Ptr->getCount();
cout <<
<<
<<
<<
<<
<<

"\n\nEmployee 1: "
e1Ptr->getFirstName()
" " << e1Ptr->getLastName()
"\nEmployee 2: "
e2Ptr->getFirstName()
" " << e2Ptr->getLastName() << "\n\n";

delete e1Ptr; //recapture memory

e1Ptr = 0; //disconnect pointer from free-store space
delete e2Ptr; //recapture memory
e2Ptr = 0; //disconnect pointer from free-store space

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cout << "Number of employees after deletion is "

<< Employee::getCount() << endl;
return 0;
}

:
Number of employees before instantiation is 0
Employee constructor for Susan Baker called.
Employee constructor for Robert Jones called.
Number of employees after instantiation is 2
Employee 1: Susan Baker
Employee 2: Robert Jones
~Employee() called for Susan Baker
~Employee() called for Robert Jones
Number of employees after deletion is 0

getCount count
: Employee ( static)
int Employee::count = 0;

count . Employee count

. Employee
++count Employee
Employee count
count --count Employee
. Employee
new Employee
: e2Ptr e1Ptr

199

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;) "Employee *e1Ptr = new Employee( "Susan", "Baker

;) "Employee *e2Ptr = new Employee( "Robert", "Jones

Employee
:
delete e1Ptr; //recapture memory
e1Ptr = 0; //disconnect pointer from free-store space
delete e2Ptr; //recapture memory
e2Ptr = 0; //disconnect pointer from free-store space

Employee
getCount count count
getCount :
)(Employee::getCount

.

.
. C++
C++
. . + -
C++ .
.
C++
.

200

www.txt.ir

.
. .

operator . +
operator+ . +
:
>#include <iostream.h
class CVector
{
public:
;) CVector (int =0 ,int =0
;)CVector operator+ (CVector
;)void showCVector(void
private:
;int x,y
;}
)CVector::CVector (int a, int b
{
;x = a
;y = b
}
)CVector CVector::operator+ (CVector vector
{
;CVector temp
;temp.x = x + vector.x
;temp.y = y + vector.y
;return temp
}
)void CVector::showCVector(void
{
;")" << cout << "("<< x << "," << y
}

201

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)( int main
{
;)CVector a (3,1
;)CVector b (1,2
;CVector c
;c = a + b
;)(a.showCVector
;"cout << "+
;)(b.showCVector
;"=" << cout
;)(c.showCVector
;return 0
}

:
)(3,1)+(1,2)=(4,3

.

.
. C++
C++
. . + -
C++ .
.
C++
.

202

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203

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)( int main
{
;)CVector a (3,1
;)CVector b (1,2
;CVector c
;c = a + b
;)(a.showCVector
;"cout << "+
;)(b.showCVector
;"=" << cout
;)(c.showCVector
;return 0
}

:
)(3,1)+(1,2)=(4,3

C++ . :
][

)(

*>-

=<<

=>>

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new

][new

delete

][delete

:
.

sizeof

.
.
)( [] > -

.

.
) (private ) (friend
.
)
( ) (
.

. number
long int bigInteger1 HugeInteger
)
205

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int long double ( . ) (+

HugeInteger ) long int (bigInteger1+number
long int ) HugeInteger
(number+bigInteger1 HugeInteger
)
( .
HugeInteger

.
.

:
>#include <iostream.h
class CVector
{
;)friend CVector operator- (CVector & , CVector
public:
;) CVector (int =0 ,int =0
;)CVector operator+ (CVector
;)void showCVector(void
private:
;int x,y
;}
)CVector::CVector (int a, int b
{
;x = a
;y = b
}
)void CVector::showCVector(void
{

206

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cout << "("<< x << "," << y << ")";

}
CVector CVector::operator+ (CVector vector)
{
CVector temp;
temp.x = x + vector.x;
temp.y = y + vector.y;
return temp;
}
CVector operator- (CVector &v, CVector vector)
{
CVector temp;
temp.x = v.x - vector.x;
temp.y = v.y - vector.y;
return temp;
}
int main ()
{
CVector a (3,1);
CVector b (1,2);
CVector c,d;
c = a + b;
a.showCVector();
cout << "+";
b.showCVector();
cout << "=";
c.showCVector();
cout << "\n";
d = a - b;
a.showCVector();
cout << "-";
b.showCVector();
cout << "=";
d.showCVector();
return 0;
}

207

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)(3,1)+(1,2)=(4,3
)(3,1)-(1,2)=(2,-1

<< >>
C++
<< >> .
.
. phoneNumber
. >>
<< .
:
>#include <iostream.h
{ class PhoneNumber
<<friend ostream &operator
;) & ( ostream&, const PhoneNumber
>>friend istream &operator
;) & ( istream&, PhoneNumber

// 3-digit area code and null

// 3-digit exchange and null
// 4-digit line and null

private:
;] char areaCode[ 4
;] char exchange[ 4
;] char line[ 5
;}

<<ostream &operator
) ( ostream &output, const PhoneNumber &num
{
" " << output << num.areaCode
;<< num.exchange << " " << num.line
;// enables cout << a << b << c

;return output
}
>>istream &operator

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( istream &input, PhoneNumber &num )

{
input >> num.areaCode;
input >> num.exchange;
input >> num.line;

// input area code

// input exchange
// input line

return input; // enables cin >> a >> b >> c;

}
int main()
{
PhoneNumber phone;
cout << "Enter phone number in the form "
<< "123 456 7890:\n";
cin >> phone;
cout << "The phone number entered was: ";
cout << phone << endl;
return 0;
}

:
Enter phone number in the form 123 456 7890:
021 224 5348
The phone number entered was: 021 224 5348

. << >>
cout ostream & <<
>> classObject>>cout
.classObject<<cin cin istream &

. .

209

www.txt.ir

>> operator istream input

phoneNumber num
istream .
800 555 1212
phoneNumber .
:
;cin>>phone

>> operator :
;)operator>>(cin,phone

input cin
num phone .
exchange areacode line .
<< operator ostream output
phoneNumber num
ostream .
800 555 1212
phoneNumber .
:
;cout<<phone

<< operator :

210

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;)operator<<(cout,phone

output cout
num phone .
exchange areacode line .

:
{ class
;() const oprerator

public:

...
}

:
{ class
oprerator

friend

;)& (const
...
}

211

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{ class
public:
&oprerator const
;)& (const
...
}

:
{ class
&oprerator friend const
;)& &, const (
...
}

.

.
.
.
.
.
. :
;test::operator char* () const

212

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. * char
test .
.
. s test
(char *) s
)(* s.operator char .
;myClass::operator int() const
;myClass::operator otherClass() const

myClass
myClass
otherClass .

++ --
C++ ++ -- .
:

)( operator++

//++x

{
...
}
) operator++(int x

//x++

{
...
}
)( operator--

//--x

{
...

213

www.txt.ir

}
) operator--(int x

//x--

{
...
}

:
//++x

) &op ( operator++ friend

{
...
}

//x++

) &op, int x ( operator++ friend

{
...
}

//--x

) &op ( operator-- friend

{
...
}

//x--

) &op, int x ( operator-- friend

{
...
}

214
www.txt.ir

www.softgozar.com

www.txt.ir

COAL Lab#05
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Learning C++ Farsi

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Learning C++ Farsi

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1

) RAM (Memory Random Access

: int -2 -850 32000 1300

16 bits unsigned int

32 bits unsigned long

)3.4 * (10**-38) to 3.4 * (10**+38

)1.7 * (10**-308) to 1.7 * (10**+308

3.4 * (10**-4932) to 1.1 * (10**+4932) 80 bits long double

>) ( )< ( )>= ( )<= ( .

&&) (AND ||) (OR

4 8 2+6 >8==6+2?4:3 ---

;cout << Hello

Hello, I am new in C++ .

code 116223 age

int integer1; // first number to be input by user

integer1 integer2 sum

;sum = integer1 + integer2

Enter first integer

integer Enter second

;"cout << "is less than 50

;"cout << x << "is positive.

do/while while . while

;)}while (++counter <= howmany

while . while for

)for (int num = 2; num <= 100; num += 2

;if (n==10) continue

: sin cos tan 1 90

maximum . num1 num2 num3

int hanoi(int, char, char, char);

SUN SAT -1 ... MON -6

;color1 = BLACK , color2 = GRAY

;cout<<"\nThe large pizza has a value of "<<size

' Undefined symbol 'x

int x = 1; // global variable

cout << "local x is " << x

endl << "local static x is " << x

} // end function useStaticLocal

local static x is 50 on entering useStaticLocal

useLocal ,useGlobal ,useStaticLocal.

// function prototype that specifies default arguments

The volume of a box with length 10,

double square( double y )

;cout << j << "\t " << s[ j ] << endl

cout << endl;

;cout << "Face Frequency" << endl

Please Enter your name : Mohammad

} // end function staticArrayInit

// function to demonstrate an automatic local array

and output contents of array2

First call to each function:

Second call to each function:

void modifyElement( int );

) for ( int k = 0; k < sizeOfArray; k++

The values of the original array are:

Effects of passing array element by value:

for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize - 1; j++ )

;cout << "Values in array2 by row are:" << endl

; double *xPtr , *yPtr

xPtr yPtr double .

x=10 and y=20

;) * void callByPointer( int

; int * const ptr=&x ptr x

; const int * const ptr = &x

vptr (3016 - 4*4)3000] v[0 .

cout << "\n*(b

;"cout << "\nbPtr[i]:\n

cout << "\n*(bPtr +

" "string1 " "string2 " "string3

for ( counter = 0; counter < arraySize; counter++ )

int ascending( int a, int b )

void function2( int );

function1 function2 function3

char *strcpy (char *s1, const char *s2);

char *strcat (char *s1, const char *s2);

cout << "\n\nAfter strncat(s3, s1, 6):\ns1 = " << s1

int strcmp (const char *s1, const char *s2);

; double xPtr , yPtr

char strcpy (char s1, const char *s2);

char strcat (char s1, const char *s2);

int strcmp (const char s1, const char s2);

char strtok (char s1, const char *s2);

Employee::Employee(const char first, const char last,