Application of Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection

Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Purpose of Protection

Detect abnormal conditions Isolate faulty part of the system Speed Fast operation to minimise damage and danger Discrimination Isolate only the faulty section Dependability / reliability Security / stability Cost of protection / against cost of potential hazards

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination

F1

F2

F3

Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to fault operates first Minimise system disruption due to the fault

Fuses

Overcurrent Protection Fuses

Simple Can provide very fast fault clearance <10ms for large current Limit fault energy
Arcing Time Pre Arc Time Prospective Fault Current

Total Operating Time

Overcurrent Protection Fuses - disadvantages

Problematic co-ordination
Fuse A Fuse B

IFA approx 2 x IFB Limited sensitivity to earth faults Single phasing Fixed characteristic Need replacing following fault clearance

Tripping Methods

Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip

51

Trip Coil IF

AC series trip common for electromechanical O/C relays

Overcurrent Protection Direct Acting AC Trip

IF'
+

51
-

Sensitive Trip Coil

IF

Capacitor discharge trip used with static relays where no secure DC supply is available

Overcurrent Protection DC Shunt Trip

IF IF'

51

DC BATTERY

SHUNT TRIP COIL

Requires secure DC auxiliary No trip if DC fails

Overcurrent Protection

Overcurrent Protection Principles

Operating Speed Instantaneous Time delayed Discrimination Current setting Time setting Current and time Cost Generally cheapest form of protection relay

Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous Relays

B A

50

IF2

50

IF1

Current settings chosen so that relay closest to fault operates Problem Relies on there being a difference in fault level between the two relay locations Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2

Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent) Time Relays

TIME

TOP

IS (Relay Current Setting)

Applied Current

Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent) Time Relays

51
0.9 sec

51
0.5 sec

Operating time is independent of current Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time Problem Longest operating time is at the source where fault level is highest

Overcurrent Protection IDMT

TIME

IS (Relay Current Setting)

Applied Current

Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

Overcurrent Protection Disc Type O/C Relays

Current setting via plug bridge Time multiplier setting via disc movement Single characteristic Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph plus additional EF relay

Overcurrent Protection Static Relay

M CGG
A B C INST t I > Is
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0 0 0 0.025 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

INST t I > Is
0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

No Ph+ In Vx Hz V

Is = x Is

Is = RESET

x Is

x t =

0.05 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

x t =

LT1

t
S1 V1 E1

0 0 0 0 0 0

1 2 4 8 10

INST =

x Is

1 2 4 8 10

INST =

x Is

Electronic, multi characteristic Fine settings, wide range Integral instantaneous elements

Overcurrent Protection Numerical Relay

I>1 I>2
Time

I>3 I>4
Current

Multiple characteristics and stages Current settings in primary or secondary values Additional protection elements

Co-ordination

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Principle

Relay closest to fault must operate first
R1 R2

IF1
T

Other relays must have adequate additional operating time to prevent them operating Current setting chosen to allow FLC Consider worst case conditions, operating modes and current flows

IS2 IS1

Maximum Fault Level

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example

E D C B A

10

Operating time (s)

E
1

D C B

0.1

0.01

Current (A)

FLB

FLC

FLD

Overcurrent Protection IEC Characteristics

1000

SI VI EI

t =

0.14
(I0.02 -1)
Operating Time (s)

100

t = 13.5
(I -1)

10
LTI SI

t =

80
(I2 -1)

1
VI EI

LTI t = 120 (I - 1)

0.1 1

10

100

Current (Multiples of Is)

Overcurrent Protection Operating Time Setting - Terms Used

Relay operating times can be calculated using relay characteristic charts Published characteristcs are drawn against a multiple of current setting or Plug Setting Multiplier Therefore characteristics can be used for any application regardless of actual relay current setting e.g at 10x setting (or PSM of 10) SI curve op time is 3s
1000

Operating Time (s)

100

10

0.1 1

10 100 Current (Multiples of Is)

Overcurrent Protection Current Setting

Set just above full load current allow 10% tolerance Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by downstream device consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio) relay must fully reset with full load current flowing PU/DO for static/numerical = 95% PU/DO for EM relay = 90% e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95

Overcurrent Protection Current Setting

Current grading ensure that if upstream relay has started downstream relay has also started

R1

R2

IF1

Set upstream device current setting greater than

downstream relay e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin

Operating time difference between two devices to ensure that downstream device will clear fault before upstream device trips Must include breaker opening time allowance for errors relay overshoot time safety margin
GRADING MARGIN

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin - between relays

R1

R2

Traditional breaker op time relay overshoot allow. For errors safety margin Total Calculate using formula 0.1 0.05 0.15 0.1 0.4s

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin - between relays

Formula t = (2Er + Ect) t/100 + tcb + to + ts Er = relay timing error Ect = CT measurement error t = op time of downstream relay tcb = CB interupting time to = relay overshoot time ts = safety margin Op time of Downstream Relay t = 0.5s 0.375s margin for EM relay, oil CB 0.24s margin for static relay, vacuum CB

Overcurrent Protection Grading Margin - relay with fuse

Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s Use EI or VI curve to grade with fuse Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to ensure co-ordination

Overcurrent Protection
Grading Margin - relay with upstream fuse

Tf Tr
I FMAX

1.175Tr
Allowance for CT and relay error

0.1
CB

0.1
Safety margin

0.6Tf
Allowance for fuse error (fast)

or Tf = 2Tr + 0.33s

Overcurrent Protection Time Multiplier Setting

100

Operating Time (s)

Used to adjust the operating time of an inverse characteristic Not a time setting but a multiplier Calculate TMS to give desired operating time in accordance with the grading margin

10

0.1 1 10 100 Current (Multiples of Is)

Overcurrent Protection Time Multiplier Setting - Calculation

Calculate relay operating time required, Treq consider grading margin fault level Calculate op time of inverse characteristic with TMS = 1, T1 TMS = Treq /T1

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination - Procedure

Calculate required operating current Calculate required grading margin Calculate required operating time Select characteristic Calculate required TMS Draw characteristic, check grading over whole curve Grading curves should be drawn to a common voltage base to aid comparison

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example

200/5

100/5 I FMAX = 1400 Amp

B
Is = 5 Amp

A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI

Grade relay B with relay A Co-ordinate at max fault level seen by both relays = 1400A Assume grading margin of 0.4s

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example

200/5 100/5 I FMAX = 1400 Amp

B
Is = 5 Amp

A
Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI

Relay B is set to 200A primary, 5A secondary Relay A set to 100A If (1400A) = PSM of 14 relay A OP time = t = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 x 0.05 = 0.13 (I0.02 -1) (140.02 -1) Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve

Overcurrent Protection Co-ordination Example

200/5 100/5 I FMAX = 1400 Amp

B Is = 5 Amp

Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI

Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve Relay B set to 200A If (1400A) = PSM of 7 relay B OP time TMS = 1 = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 = 3.52s (I0.02 -1) (70.02 -1) Required TMS = Required Op time = 0.53 = 0.15 Op time TMS=1 3.52 Set relay B to 200A, TMS = 0.15, SI

Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-ordination

11kV MCGG
4

CB 2 x 1.5MVA 11kV/433V 5.1% ACB ACB CTZ61

2 1

350MVA

CTZ61

(Open)

MCCB 27MVA

1 2 3 4 F

Relay 1 Relay 2 Relay 3 Relay 4 Fuse

Fuse Load

K 20MVA

ZA2118B

Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-ordination

1000S 100S 10S 1.0S
Relay 3 Relay 4

TX damage
MCCB (cold)

Fuse

Very inverse

0.1S 0.01S 0. 1kA

ZA2119

Relay 2

10kA

1000kA

Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-ordination

11kV KCGG 142
4

CB 2 x 1.5MVA 11kV/433V 5.1%

350MVA

KCEG 142

ACB
2

(Open)

ACB
1 2 3 4 F

MCCB 27MVA

Relay 1 Relay 2 Relay 3 Relay 4 Fuse

Fuse Load

K 20MVA

ZA2120C

Overcurrent Protection LV Protection Co-ordination

1000S
Long time inverse

100S
Fuse

TX damage
MCCB (cold)

10S 1.0S 0.1S 0.01S 0. 1kA

ZA2121

Relay 3
Relay 2

Relay 4

10kA

1000kA

Overcurrent Protection
Blocked OC Schemes

Graded protection R3 R2 IF2 Block t > I > Start Blocked protection

R1

IF1
M
ZA2135

(Transient backfeed ?)

Delta / Star Transformers

Overcurrent Protection
Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current
Turns Ratio = 3 :1

A phase-phase fault on one side of transformer produces 2-1-1 distribution on other side Use an overcurrent element in each phase (cover the 2x phase) 2 & EF relays can be used provided fault current > 4x setting

Iline Idelta 0.866 If3

Overcurrent Protection
Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current

Turns Ratio = 3 :1

Istar = E-/2Xt = 3 E-n/2Xt Istar = 0.866 E-n/Xt Istar = 0.866 If3

Iline Idelta 0.866 If3

Idelta = Istar/3 = If3 /2 Iline = If3

Overcurrent Protection
Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current

51 HV

51 LV

Grade HV relay with respect to 2-1-1 for - fault Not only at max fault level
86.6%If3 If3

Use of High Sets

Overcurrent Protection Instantaneous Protection

Fast clearance of faults ensure good operation factor, If >> Is (5 x ?) Current setting must be co-ordinated to prevent overtripping Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of transformers Used on feeders with Auto Reclose, prevents transient faults becoming permanent AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energised Consider operation due to DC offset - transient overreach

Overcurrent Protection
Instantaneous OC on Transformer Feeders

HV2

HV1

LV

Set HV inst 130% IfLV Stable for inrush No operation for LV fault Fast operation for HV fault Reduces op times required of upstream relays

HV2 TIME HV1 LV

IF(LV)

IF(HV)

CURRENT

1.3IF(LV)

Earthfault Protection

Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Protection

Earth fault current may be limited Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by overcurrent relays Use dedicated EF protection relays Connect to measure residual (zero sequence) current Can be set to values less than full load current Co-ordinate as for OC elements May not be possible to provide co-ordination with fuses

Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 3 Wire System

E/F

OC

OC

OC

E/F

OC

OC

Combined with OC relays

Economise using 2x OC relays

Overcurrent Protection
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 4 Wire System

E/F

OC

OC

OC

E/F

OC

OC

OC

EF relay setting must be greater than normal neutral current

Independent of neutral current but must use 3 OC relays for phase to neutral faults

Overcurrent Protection Earth Fault Relays Current Setting

Solid earth 30% Ifull load adequate Resistance earth setting w.r.t earth fault level special considerations for impedance earthing - directional?

Overcurrent Protection Sensitive Earth Fault Relays

A B C

Settings down to 0.2% possible Isolated/high impedance earth networks

E/F

For low settings cannot use residual connection, use dedicated CT Advisable to use core balance CT CT ratio related to earth fault current not line current Relays tuned to system frequency to reject 3rd harmonic

Overcurrent Protection Core Balance CT Connections

NO OPERATION

OPERATION

Need to take care with core balance CT and armoured cables Sheath acts as earth return path Must account for earth current path in connections - insulate cable gland

CABLE GLAND CABLE BOX

E/F

CABLE GLAND/SHEATH EARTH CONNECTION