PHYSICAL INJURY AND CONTROL

LECTURED BY: MARIAM BINTI ABDUL HAMID

CONTENTS
Introduction Construction Work Mechanical Work Electrical Work

Introduction

Definition Physical Injury Impairment of physical condition or substantial pain. [New York Panel Law]
Other definition:
Damage to a person's body in a physical sense such as a graze, bruise, sprain, strain, broken bone, etc. [Queensland Health]

Physical Injury
Can include:
a.
b. c. d. e. f. g.

h.
i. j. k. l.

Wounds, lacerations, contusions Burns Sprains and strains Fractures, amputations or dislocations Damage to dentures or prostheses Work-related gradual process injuries, such as tendonitis, and deafness caused by noise at work Infections or diseases caused at work by performing a particular task or being exposed to a particular environment (this excludes any conditions you may have had since birth) Blindness Poisoning Choking Loss of consciousness A foreign body in the eye.

Example

CONSTRUCTION WORK

Introduction
Construction phases
1.

Pre-Tender
Preparation of tender document (design, drawing, specification, etc.)

2.

Contract Management
Execution of work during sub-structure, super-structure and finishing; mechanical and electrical installation.

3.

Completion
Testing and commissioning, liability defect period, hand over.

Typical Hazards
Falling from height Defective or unsecured ladders. Unsuitable location of ladders. Sub-standard scaffold no design. Poorly maintained scaffold. Unprotected holes or floor edges. Unprotected working platforms. Brittle roof covers. Falling on Same Level Uneven surfaces. Poor storage of materials. Poor storage of tool and equipment Spillages not clean. Poor layout of electrical cables Poor housekeeping.

Hit/Crushed by Falling Object Poor storage of materials Poor storage of tools and equipment Working platform not provided with toe-board Use of unsuitable lifting equipment Use of defective lifting tackles Lifting machines in poor working conditions Poor communication during lifting operations Lifting areas not barricaded Fall protection not provided Poor housekeeping Buried under Falling Structures Faulty structural design Lacked of supervision during erection Overloading Lacked of maintenance

Buried under Landslides Lacked of inadequate sides protection Under designed sides protection Damaged sides protection No safe means of access and egress Vibration from vehicles or mobile plant Rapid changes of weather Electrocution/Electric Shock No competent electrician Poor installation Improper/defective connection Overloaded Defective electrical tools and equipment Illegal modification of tools or equipment

Exposure to Toxic Chemicals/Substances Failure to conduct air monitoring Defective monitoring equipment Monitoring equipment not accurate lacked of calibration Monitoring conducted by incompetent person Failure to provide ventilation Inappropriate provision and use of respiratory protective equipment No respiratory protective equipment Drowning Failure to de-water water ponding area Failure of water pump No water pump Failure to provide life-saving equipment

Suffocation Failure to conduct air monitoring Defective monitoring equipment Monitoring equipment not accurate Monitoring conducted by incompetent person Failure to provide ventilation Inappropriate provision and use of respiratory protective equipment No respiratory protective equipment Contact with machinery No/missing machinery guarding Guard ineffective/damaged Unsuitable types of guard Guard provided at wrong/unsuitable position

Hit by Vehicles No separate pedestrian route No warning and directional signs Over speeding Speed limit not enforced Lacked of maintenance Incompetent driver Fire
-

Poor housekeeping Defective electrical circuits Overloaded electrical circuits Improper storage of combustible and flammable materials Fire extinguishing material not provided

General Precautionary Measures

Pre-Tender Stage Designer to consider safety and health requirements during contract management stage and for end users Contract managers to incorporate safety and health requirement in contract specifications, conditions of contract and other relevant document.

Tender Stage Besides financial and technical capabilities, potential contractors should be evaluated and short listed based on their ability and experience in managing safety and health. Only contractors fulfilling evaluation criteria should be appointed.

Contract Management Stage

1.

Pre-construction - Conduct preliminary appraisal or HIRARC exercise, to identify issues related to safety and health. - Plan site layout and works according to outcome of preliminary appraisals. - Formulate project safety plan, which shall include safety and health policy, organization (personnel and resources) and arrangements (SOP and PTW). - Register the site with relevant authorities. - Where appropriate, appoint safety personnel. - Identify and select competent persons for high risk activities such as lifting operations, use scaffold, etc. - Identify requirement for designs by competent persons or certified engineers. - Conduct site safety induction for all personnel - Provide necessary PPE

Contract Management Stage

2.

Construction - Implement project safety plan, review and revised the plan as when and where appropriate. - Establish means for effective communication - Provide necessary supervision - Provide continuous training - Certificated machinery should have valid certificates and operated by competent person - Conduct job safety analysis and formulate method of statement for high risk activities - Implement PTW for high risk activities - Investigates all incidents, identify root causes and implement corrective and preventive measures. - Report incidents to relevant authorities as required under relevant laws

Completion of Work
1.

Testing and Commissioning - Notify relevant authorities, where applicable - Implement PTW - Inspect any installation for any defects or flaws - Working pressure applied as in approved design - Stop operation in the event of any abnormalities Liability Defects Period - Implement PTW - Certificated machinery should have valid certificates and operated by competent person - Arrangement for safety and health of publics

2.

MECHANICAL WORK

Introduction

Definition Danger Relative exposure to hazard

Mechanical of or relating to machinery or tools produced or operated by a machine or tool

Mechanical Hazard
Entanglement Traps Shearing, drawing in, crushing Impact Contact Cutting, friction, abrasion, stabbing, puncture Ejection

ENTICE

Entanglement
Involves being caught in a machine. Example: Clothing, hair, jewelry, getting wrapped around machine

Traps

Shearing part of human body may be sheared between machine parts or machine parts with workpiece.

Drawing-in body being pulled and trapped by rotating and tangentially moving parts

Crushing occurs when the body is caught:

Between a fixed and moving part of machine Between two moving part of machine Between a moving part of machine and fixed structure

Impact

Relate to object which strike the human body, but do not penetrate it.

Contact

Such as burns, laceration, puncture wound, cuts

abrasion,

Ejection

Failure of a machine, or seizing of component parts of a machine, can result in the expulsion of parts of the machine or material with the potential to cause serious injury.

Safety Guarding

Safety guarding is use to prevent body part from contact with the dangerous part of machine. Types of safety guarding
1. 2. 3.

4.

Fixed Interlock Adjustable Self adjusting

Fixed

Permanent part of machine

Interlock

When opened/removed, the tripping mechanism and power automatically shut off.

Adjustable
Allow flexibility in accommodating various size of stock. Opening are determine by movement of stock.

Self Adjusting
Opening of the barriers are determined by the movement of stock. This guard protect the operator by placing a barrier between the danger area and the operator.

Risk Assessment In Machine Operation

Risk assessment in this context is the process of quantifying the level of risk associated with the operation of a given machine. It should be a structure systematic process that answers the following four specific questions:
1. 2.

3.

4.

How severe are potential injuries How frequently are employees exposed to the potential hazards What is the possibility of avoiding the hazard if it does occur What is the likelihood of an injury should a safety control system fail

ELECTRICAL WORK

Introduction

Definition
Electric relating to, producing, or operated by electricity

Electricity Electricity is a type of energy which exists when there is a difference in the number of electrons present at two different points, whether the result of static, generation, or magnetic field.
The path of this flow of electrons is from a negative source to a positive point, because opposite charges attract one another.

Electrical current passing through the human body causes a shock. The quantity and path of this current determines the level of damage to the body.
People can be protected from this danger by insulating the conductors, insulating the people, or isolating the danger from the people.

Sources of Electrical Hazard

Short circuits are one of many potential electrical hazards that can cause electrical shock. Other sources are:
1.

2. 3.

Telephones that plug into a wall socket are also sources of hazardous voltage (the open circuit voltage is 48 volts DC, and the ringing signal is 150 volts AC) Extension cords Any power tool showing evidence of electrical problems

4.

Downed power lines are an obvious source of electric shock hazard

Major causes of electrical shock

Electrostatic hazards
Electrostatic hazards may cause minor shocks. Electrostatic sparks are often greater during cold.

Arcs and sparks hazards

With close proximity of conductors or contact of conductors to complete a circuit, an electric arc can jump the air gap between the conductors and ignite combustible. When the electric arc is a discharge of static electricity, it may be called a spark.

Combustible and explosive materials

A poor match between current or polarity and capacitors can cause an explosion. Overheating from high currents can also lead to short circuits which in turn may generate fires or explosions.

Lightning hazards
Electrical equipment and building structures are commonly subject to lightning hazards.

Improper wiring
Improper wiring permits equipment can result in hazardous conditions.

Insulation failure
Most insulation failure is caused by environments toxic to insulation.

Equipment failure
There are several ways in which equipment failure can cause electrical shock. For example wet insulation can cause an electrical shock.

Electrical Hazard To Human

The greatest danger to humans suffering electrical shock results from current flow.
The higher the body's resistance, the less likely harmful current will result from any given amount of voltage. Conversely, the lower the body's resistance, the more likely for injury to occur from the application of a voltage.

Table 1 Amount of current that effect to the human body

Source: allaboutcircuit.com

Detection of Electrical Hazard

Several items of test equipment can be used to verify electrical equipment safety such as multimeter. A circuit tester is an inexpensive piece of test equipment with two wire leads capped by probes and connected to a small bulb. Most circuit tester test at least a 110- to 220 volt range.

Reducing Electrical Hazard

Installation
Done by competent person

Circuit protection
Such as fuse and circuit breaker to avoid overload

Isolation switch (Insulator)

Must be labeled and put in suitable location.

Connection
Use proper socket and plug

Earthing and protection

Electrical installation equipment must be earthed and provided with earth leakage protection device

Maintenance and repair

All the electrical appliances