volume 49 % es g laa “Sthematics problems and propositions in analysis Gabriel Klambauerabout the book . . . Problems and Propositions in Analysis contains nearly 500 problems with com- plete solutions, The problems are of an unusual and beautiful nature, designed to stimulate interest in solving nontrivial mathematical problems. Emphasis is on basic matters of real analysis, Chapter 1 deals with questions in number theory and combinatorics and should be viewed as a preparation for the types of exer cises that follow. Chapter 2 is on inequalities, Chapter 3 studies sequences and series, and Chapter 4 is devoted to real-function theory. Problems and Propositions in Analysis is a book for all mathematicians. It is of particular interest to university students planning to participate in mathematical competitions and for instructors in search of material to enrich their courses with more challenging assignments for gifted students. about the author... GABRIEL KLAMBAUER is Associate Professor of Mathematics at the University of Ottawa in Ontario, Canada. He holds a B.Sc. from the University of Windsor, an M.A. from Wayne State University, and a Ph.D. from McMaster University. Dr. Klambauer’s areas of interest are real and functional analysis, and he is author of two books in these fields, including Mathematical Analysis (Marcel Dekker, Inc.). He is a member of the American Mathematical Society and the Canadian Mathe- matical Society. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 0-8247—6887-6 marcel dekker, inc./new york - baselPROBLEMS AND PROPOSITIONS IN ANALYSISPURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS A Program of Monographs, Textbooks and Lecture Notes Executive Editors Eadl J. Taft Edwin Hewitt Rutgers University University of Washington New Brunswick, New Jersey Seattle, Washington Chairman of the Editorial Board S. Kobayashi University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Editorial Board Masanao Aoki University of California, Los Angeles Glen E. Bredon Paul J. Sally, Jr. University of Chicago Jane Cronin Seanlon Rutgers University Rutgers University Martin Schechter Yeshiva University Sigurdur Helgason Massachusetts Institute of Technology G. Leitmann Julius L. Shaneson University of California, Berkeley Rutgers University W. S. Massey Olga Taussky Todd Yale University California Institute of Technology Irving Reiner University of 1 ois at Urbana-Champaign Contributions to Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics are reproduced by direct photography of the author's typewritten manuscript. Potential authors are advised to sub- mit preliminary manuscripts for review purposes. After acceptance, the author is respon- sible for preparing the final manuscript in camera-ready form, suitable for direct reproduc- tion. Marcel Dekker, Inc. will furnish instructions to authors and special typing paper. Sample pages are reviewed and returned with our suggestions to assure quality control and the most attractive rendering of your manuscript. The publisher will also be happy to supervise and assist in all stages of the preparation of your camera-ready manuscript.LECTURE NOTES IN PURE AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS soe 10. 1. 12. 13. 14, 1s. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21 22 23. 24, 25. 26. 21. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38, 39. . N. Jacobson, Exceptional Lie Algebras L.A. Lindahl and F. Poulsen, Thin Sets in Harmonic Analysis, . 1, Satake, Classification Theory of Semi-Simple Algebraic Groups F. Hirzebruch, W. D. Newmann, and S. S. Koh, Differentiable Manifolds and Quadratic Forms . 1, Chavel, Riemannian Symmetric Spaces of Rank One R..B. Burckel, Characterization of C(X) Among Its Subalgebras |. B. R. McDonald, A. R. Magid, and K. C, Smith, Ring Theory: Proceedings of the Oklahoma Conference . ¥.-T. Siu, Techniques of Extension of Analytic Objects . S. R. Caradus, W. E. Pfaffenberger, and B. Yood, Calkin Algebras and Algebras of Operators on Banach Spaces E.O. Roxin, P.-T. Liu, and R. L. Sternberg, Differential Games and Control Theory M, Orzéch and C. Small, The Brauer Group of Commutative Rings 'S. Thomeier, Topology and Its Applications J. M, Lopez and K. A. Ross, Sidon Sets W. W. Comfort and S. Negrepontis, Continuous Pseudometrics K. McKennon and J. M. Robertson, Locally Convex Spaces M, Carmeli and S. Malin, Representations of the Rotation and Lorentz Groups: An Introduction G. B. Seligman, Rational Methods in Lie Algebras D. G. de Figueiredo, Functional Analysis: Proceedings of the Brazilian Mathematical Society Symposium L. Cesari, R. Kannan, and J. D. Schuur, Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Differential Equations: Proceedings of the Michigan State University Conference J.J. Schiffer, Geometry of Spheres in Normed Spaces K. Yano and M. Kon, Anti-Invariant Submanifolds W. V. Vasconcelos, The Rings of Dimension Two R. E, Chandler, Hausdorff Compactifications S. P. Franklin and B. V. S. Thomas, Topology: Proceedings of the Memphis State University Conference S.K. Jain, Ring Theory: Proceedings of the Ohio University Conference B. R. McDonald and R. A. Morris, Ring Theory II: Proceedings of the Second Oklahoma Conference R. B. Mura and A. Rhemtulla, Orderable Groups J. R. Graef, Stability of Dynamical Systems: Theory and Applications HC. Wang, Homogeneous Banach Algebras E. O. Roxin, PT. Liu, and R. L. Sternberg, Differential Games and Control Theory IT R. D. Porter, Introduction to Fibre Bundles M, Altman, Contractors and Contractor Directions Theory and Applications J. 8. Golan, Decomposition and Dimension in Module Categories G. Fairweather, Finite Element Galerkin Methods for Differential Equations J. D. Sally, Numbers of Generators of Ideals in Local Rings 5. S. Miller, Complex Analysis: Proceedings of the S.U.N.Y. Brockport Conference R. Gordon, Representation Theory of Algebras: Proceedings of the Philadelphia Conference M, Goto and P. D. Grosshans, Semisimple Lie Algebras A. I. Arruda, N. C. A. da Costa, and R. Chuaqui, Mathematical Logic: Proceedings of the First Brazilian Conference40. F. Van Oystaeyen, Ring Theory: Proceedings of the 1977 Antwerp Conference 41. F. Van Oystaeyen and A. Verschoren, Reflectors and Localization: Application to Sheaf Theory 42. M. Satyanarayana, Positively Ordered Semigroups 43. D. L. Russell, Mathematics of Finite-Dimensional Control Systems 44, P-T. Liu and E, Roxin, Differential Games and Control Theory Ill: Proceedings of the Third Kingston Conference, Part A 45, A. Geramita and J, Seberry, Orthogonal Designs: Quadratic Forms and Hadamard Matrices 46. J. Cigler, V. Losert, and P. Michor, Banach Modules and Functors on Categories ‘of Banach Spaces 47. P-T. Liu and J. G. Sutinen, Control Theory in Mathematical Economics: Proceedings of the Third Kingston Conference, Part B 48. C. Byrnes, Partial Differential Equations and Geometry 49, G, Klambauer, Problems and Propositions in AnalysisPROBLEMS AND PROPOSITIONS INANALYSIS Gabriel Klambauer Department of Mathematics University of Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario, Canada MARCEL DEKKER, INC. New York and BaselLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Klambauer, Gabriel, Problems and propositions in analysis, ecture notes in pure and applied mathematics ; 49) T, Mathematical analysis--Problens, exercises, etc, I, Title. QA301.K53 515,076 7915854 ISBN 0-8247-6887-6 COPYRIGHT © 1979 by MARCEL DEKKER, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. MARCEL DEKKER, INC. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Current printing (last digit): w98 76543521 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICATo Helga FunkPREFACE Solving problems is an essential activity in the study of mathematics. Instructors pose problems to define scope and content of knowledge expected of their students; mathematical competitions and written qualifying exami- nations are designed to test the participant's ability and ingenuity in solv- ing unusual problems. Moreover, it is a familiar fact of mathematical in- struction that a single good problem can awaken a dormant mind more readily than highly polished lectures do. ‘This book contains problems with solutions and the reader is invited to produce additional solutions. To ensure a wide appeal I have concentrated on basic matters of real analysis and have consulted problem sections in various mathematical journals and the collected works of some great mathematicians. Dr. John Abranowich aroused my interest to write this book and Dr. Ed~ ward L, Cohen has encouraged me throughout the project; I am grateful to both these personal friends. I am pleased to express my gratitude to Mrs. Wendy M. Coutts, my technical typist, for her fine work and to the administration of the University of Ottawa for the generous support that I have enjoyed in connection with this and two other book writing projects. My warmest thanks are due to my family. Gabriel Klambauer