MINISTERE DE LAGRICULTURE ET DU DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHEAGRONOMIQUE DALGERIE

FAWIRA

Algeria: Analysis of Food, Agriculture and Water research and innovation priorities, needs and capacities.

ALI FERRAH, MHAMED AIT OUBELLI

Septembre 2013
Project funded by the European Commission under the 7th European Framework Programme Activities for International Cooperation of the Capacities Programme.

Table des matires

ACRONYMES ET SIGLES ............................................................................................................ 3 INITIALS AND ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 10 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 18 I. Research and innovation in the agriculture, food and water in Algeria: 1.1 Algeria: Constraining natural conditions. ....................................................... 20 Geomorphology and climate. ........................................................................ 20 The soil resources. ............................................................................................. 21 Water resources ................................................................................................... 21 The logical framework.............................................................................................................. 19

1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 II. 2.1

Renewal of Agricultural Economics: A Policy of Algerian food The Rural Renewal: A policy for the preservation and consolidation The new requirements for agricultural research in Algeria. ................ 26 Strategic Research directions to be implemented in decade 2013Program related to Agriculture-Food, Forests, natural and rural Research in the field of agrifood industry .............................................. 27 Breeding and Selection. ................................................................................... 28 Agriculture and sustainable development. ............................................ 30 Production and Animal Health ...................................................................... 30 Biotic agents of plant species ...................................................................... 32 Physical environments, climate and agriculture. ............................... 33 Agricultural and agrifood economics, rural sociology. ................... 38

security. ........................................................................................................................................ 25 of social cohesion ................................................................................................................... 25

2023. ................................................................................................................................................... 27 areas. ............................................................................................................................................. 27 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.6 2.1.7 2.2

Biotechnology program ............................................................................................ 42 Prospects for application of biotechnology in agriculture ............ 42 Agricultural biotechnologies orientation in agricultural Conclusion. ............................................................................................................. 44

2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3

research. .................................................................................................................................. 43

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

III. Innovation and technological development activities (2013-2023). ......... 45 3.1 Innovations related to the mastery of physical environment, climate and agriculture. ........................................................................................................................ 46 3.2 Knowledge and Genetic Improvement of biological resources. ............ 46 3.3 Food and food industry ................................................................................................. 47 3.4-Crop Protection................................................................................................................. 47 3.5- Animal Health and Production ................................................................................ 47 3.6- Agricultural and agrifood economics .................................................................. 47 IVCapacities of implementation of the agricultural research programs in Algeria. ......................................................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Experimental stations and infrastructure (INRAA) ....................................... 48 4.2 Human Resources. .......................................................................................................... 49 4.3 The Scientific and Technological Cooperation ............................................... 50 4.3.1 National Cooperation. ........................................................................................... 50 4.3.2 International Cooperation................................................................................... 50 V. European Food, Agriculture and Water research priorities ...................... 51

5.1. EU 2020 Food and Agriculture research future priorities for developing countries ............................................................................................................. 51 5.2. EU Water research future approach in developing countries ................ 52 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 53

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ACRONYMES ET SIGLES
ACIM: Agence pour la Coopration Internationale en Mditerrane AGBH: Agence de bassins hydrographique. AIEA : Agence Internationale de lnergie atomique ANBT : Agence national des barrages et transferts. ANDI: Agence nationale de dveloppement des investissements. ANDMPE: Agence nationale de dveloppement des PME. ANDRU : Agence nationale pour le dveloppement de la recherche universitaire ANGEM: Agence nationale de gestion du microcrdit. ANPT : Agence Nationale de Promotion et de Dveloppement des Parcs Technologiques ANRH : Agence nationale des ressources hydriques ANSEJ: Agence nationale de soutien lemploi des jeunes. ANVREDET: Agence nationale pour la valorisation de la recherche et du dveloppement technologique. AOC : Appellation dorigine contrle AOP : Appellation dorigine protge APC : Assemble populaire communale. APFA : Accession la Proprit Foncire Agricole. APW : Assemble Populaire de Wilaya ASAL : Agence spatiale Algrienne ASI : Algerian Startup Initiative BADR : Banque pour lAgriculture et le Dveloppement Rural BNEDER : Bureau national des tudes pour le dveloppement rural. CACI : Chambre nationale du commerce et de lindustrie CACQUE : Centre Algrien du contrle de la qualit CAN: Chambre nationale dagriculture CAR : Cellule dAnimation Rurale Communale CAW: Chambre dagriculture de wilaya CCLS: Cooprative des crales et lgumes secs. CCRAFAT : Comit de Coordination de la Recherche Agronomique, de la Formation et de lAssistance Technique CDARS : Commissariat au dveloppement des rgions sahariennes CDER : Centre de dveloppement des nergies renouvelables CEGRO : Socit de Gestion des Participations de l'Etat Crales CENEAP : Centre national des tudes pour la planification CEVITAL : Groupe industriel agroalimentaire priv (Huiles, corps gras, sucre, eaux minralesetc.) CGEA : Confdration Gnrale des Entreprises Algriennes. CIM: Conseil interministriel. CIZ: Circuit des informations zootechniques CNA : Chambre Nationale dAgriculture CNAC: Caisse nationale du chmage. CNAM : Chambre national de lartisanat et des mtiers CNCC: Centre national de certification et de contrle des semences. CNDRB : Centre national de dveloppement des ressources biologiques CNIAAG: Centre national de linsmination artificielle et de lamlioration gntique. CNMA : Caisse nationale de la mutualit agricole. CNPME : Conseil national de la PME. CNRC : Centre national des registres de commerce CRBT : Centre national de recherche en biotechnologie CREAD : Centre de recherche en conomie applique pour le dveloppement CRSTRA : Centre de recherche scientifique et technique sur les rgions arides CV : Conservation des forts.

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

DAJR : Direction des affaires juridiques et de la rglementation. DFRV : Direction de la formation, de la recherche et de la vulgarisation DGF : Direction gnrale des forts DGRSDT : Direction gnrale de la recherche scientifique et du dveloppement technologique DOFPP : Organisation foncire et de la protection du patrimoine. DPIEE : Direction de la Programmation, des Investissements et des tudes conomiques DPVCT : Direction de la protection des vgtaux et du contrle technique DRDPA: Direction de la rgulation et du dveloppement de la production agricole. DSA : Direction des Services Agricoles DSASI : Direction des statistiques agricoles et des systmes dinformation. DSV: Direction des services vtrinaires. DZASA : Direction des zones arides et semi arides EAC : Exploitation Agricole Collective EAGR : Entreprise Algrienne de Gnie Rural. EAI : Exploitation Agricole Individuelle ENSA: Ecole nationale suprieure dagronomie ENSH : Ecole nationale suprieure dhydraulique ENSV : Ecole nationale suprieure vtrinaire EPA : Etablissement public caractre administratif EPE : Entreprise publique conomique EPIC : Etablissement public caractre industriel et commercial. EPST : Etablissement public caractre scientifique et technologique FCE : Forum des Chefs dEntreprises FDRMVTC : Fonds de dveloppement rural pour la mise en valeur des terres par la concession FGCA : Fonds de garantie contre les calamits agricoles FLDDPS : Fonds de lutte contre la dsertification et de dveloppement du pastoralisme et de la steppe. FNDIA: Fonds national pour le dveloppement des investissements agricoles. FNR: Fonds national de la recherche. FNRPA: Fonds national de rgulation de la production agricole. FPZPP : Fonds de protection zoo et phytosanitaire FRIGOMedit : Entreprise publique spcialise dans le froid. FSAEPA : Fonds spcial dappui aux leveurs et petits exploitants agricoles GIC: Groupement dintrt commun. GIPLAIT : Groupe industriel laitier GSPG : Groupe Semences, Plants et Gniteurs (SGDA). HCDS : Haut-commissariat au dveloppement de la steppe IANOR: Institut Algrien de normalisation. IGP : Indication gographique protge INAPI : Institut National Algrien de la proprit Industrielle. INATAA : Institut national des technologies agroalimentaires INCT : Institut national de cartographie INMV : Institut national de la mdecine vtrinaire INPV: Institut national de la protection des vgtaux. INRAA: Institut national de la recherche agronomique dAlgrie. INRF : Institut national de la recherche forestire INSID : Institut national du sol, de lirrigation et du drainage INVA : Institut national de la vulgarisation agricole ITAFV: Institut technique de larboriculture fruitire et viticole. ITCMI: Institut technique des cultures maraichres et industrielles. ITDAS : Institut technique de lagriculture saharienne ITELV: Institut technique des levages. ITGC : Institut technique des grandes cultures. INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

LRZA : Laboratoire de recherche sur les zones arides MADR: Ministre de lagriculture et du dveloppement rural. MATE : Ministre de lamnagement du territoire et de lenvironnement MDDR : Ministre Dlgu au Dveloppement Rural MED : Moyens dExistence Durable MESRS : Ministre de lenseignement suprieur et de la recherche scientifique. MICL : Ministre de lintrieur et des collectivits locales MICO : Ministre du commerce MIPMEPI: Ministre de l'industrie, de la petite et moyenne Entreprise et de la Promotion de l'Investissement. MPRH : Ministre de la pche et des ressources halieutique MRE : Ministre des ressources en eau NEPAD : Nouveau partenariat pour le dveloppement de lAfrique OAIC: Office Algrien Interprofessionnel des crales. ONA : Office national de lassainissement ONAB : Office national des aliments du btail. ONCV : Office National de Commercialisation des produits VitiVinicoles ONID : office national de lirrigation et du drainage ONIL : Offices interprofessionnel du lait ONILEV : Office national interprofessionnel des fruits et lgumes et viandes ONML : Office national de la mtorologie ONS : Office National des Statistiques ONTA : Office National des Terres Agricoles PAI : Ple Agro-alimentaire Intgr PIBA : Produit intrieur brut agricole PME: Petites et moyennes entreprises. PMH : Petite et moyenne hydraulique. PNDA : Plan National de Dveloppement Agricole PNDAR : Plan National de Dveloppement Agricole et Rural PNR : Programme national de recherche PPDRI : Projet de Proximit de Dveloppement Rural Intgr PRAR : Politique de Renouveau Agricole et Rural PRCHAT : Programme de Renforcement des Capacits Humaines et dAssistance Technique PREARR : Politique de renouveau de lconomie agricole et du renouveau rural. REAGE : Rseau des Algriens Diplms des Grandes Ecoles RGA : Recensement Gnral de lAgriculture SAO : Socit Algrienne de lOliculture. SAT : Superficie Agricole Total SAU : Superficie Agricole Utile SDRD : Stratgie de Dveloppement Rural Durable SEVFPA : Socit dExploitation et Valorisation des Fermes et Primtres Agricoles SPVAT : Socit de Valorisation des Produits Agricoles du Terroir SGDA : Socit de Gestion des Participations Dveloppement Agricole . SGP PRODA : Socit de Gestion des Participations Productions Animales . SGP: Socit de gestion des participations. SIAR : Systme dInformation Agricole et Rurale SIAR : Systme dInformation Agricole et Rurale SIM : Socit industrielle des Minoterie (Groupe industriel priv). SNADDR : Systme National dAide la Dcision pour le Dveloppement Rural SNAT : Schma National dAmnagement du Territoire SOFAPRO: Socit des Facteurs de Production Agricole (Publique) STEP : Station de traitement et dpuration des eaux SUDACO : Sud Dattes Compagnie SVPAT : Socit de Valorisation des Produits Agricoles du Terroir. FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

SYRPALAC : Systme de Rgulation des Produits Agricoles de Large Consommation UDES : Unit de dveloppement de lnergie solaire. UE : Union Europenne. UMA : Union du Maghreb Arabe UMMTO : Universit Mouloud Mammeri Tizi Ouzou USTHB : Universit des sciences et des technologies Houari Boumediene. USTO: Universit des sciences et technologies dOran.

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INITIALS AND ACRONYMS

AIEA: International Atomic Energy Agency ANBT: National Agency of dams and transfers. ANDI: National Agency for Investment and Development. ANDMPE: National Agency for SME development. ANDRU: National Agency for the development of university research ANGEM: National Agency for microcredit. ANRH: National Agency of Water Resources ANSEJ: National Agency to support youth employment. ANVREDET: National Agency of the promotion of research and technological development. AOC: Controlled Origin Appellation AOP: Protected Origin Appellation APC: Communal People's Assembly. APFA: Home Buyers Agricultural Land. APW: People's Wilaya Assembly ASAL: Algerian Space Agency ASI: Algerian Start-up Initiative ACIM: Agency for International Cooperation in the Mediterranean BADR: Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development BNEDER: National Bureau of Studies for Rural Development. CACI: National Chamber of Commerce and Industry CACQUE: Algerian Centre of Quality Control CNN: National Chamber of Agriculture CAR: Cell Animation Municipal Rural CAW: Chamber of Agriculture of wilaya CCLS: dry legumes and cereals cooperative cereals and pulses. CCRAFAT: Coordinating Committee for Agricultural Research, Training and Technical Assistance CDARS: Agricultural Development commissionership of Sahara Region. CDER: Center for Renewable Energy Development CENEAP: National Center for the Study and planification CEVITAL: industrial private Group food (oils, fats, sugar, mineral water etc. ...) CGEA: General Confederation of Algerian Companies. CIM: Interministerial Council. CIZ: Zootechnical information system CNA: National Chamber of Agriculture CNAC: National Fund of unemployment. CNAM: National Chamber of Crafts and Trades CNCC: National Center of certification and control (Seeds and plants). CNDRB: National Center for development of biological resources CNIAAG: National Center for artificial insemination and genetic improvement. CNMA: National Fund of Agricultural Mutual. CNPME: National Council of SMEs. CNRC: National center of enterprises registration CRBT: National Center for Biotechnology Research CREAD: Research Center of Applied Economic for Development CRSTRA: Scientific and Research Center of Dry Areas CV: Forest Conservation (DGF). DAJR: Directorate of Legal Affairs and regulations (MADR). DFRV: Directorate of Training, Research and Extension (MADR) DGF: General Directorate of Forest (MADR) DGRSDT: General Directorate of scientific research and technological development DOFPP: Directorate of Organization of land and patrimony protection (MADR).

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

DPIEE: Directorate of Planning, Investment and Economic Studies (MADR) DPVCT: Directorate of Plant Protection and Technical Control (MADR) DRDPA: Direction of regulation and development of agricultural production (MADR). DSA: Directorate of Agricultural Services DSASI: Directorate of Agricultural Statistics and Information Systems (MADR). DSV: Directorate of Veterinary Services (MADR). DZASA: Directorate of arid and semi-arid regions (MADR) EAC: Collective-Farm EAGR: Algerian Company of Rural Engineering. EAI: Individual Farm ENSA: High National School of Agronomy. ENSH: National School of Hydraulic ENSV: Veterinary High National School. EPA: Administrative public institution EPE: Economic Public Enterprise EPIC: Industrial and commercial public company. EPST: Public company specialized in science and technology FCE: Business Leaders Forum FDRMVTC: Rural Development Fund for the development of the land concession FGCA: Guarantee Fund against agricultural disasters FLDDPS: Fund dedicated to fight against desertification and development of pastoralism and steppe. FNDIA: National Fund for the development of agricultural investment. FNR: National Research Fund. FNRPA: National Fund for regulating of agricultural production. FPZPP: Funds of phytosanitary Protection FRIGOMedit: Public Company specialized in the cold. FSAEPA: Special Fund to support farmers and smallholders GIC: Grouping of common interest. GIPLAIT: Dairy Industry Group (Public) GSPG: Group dedicated to Seeds and Plants HCDS: High Commission for the development of steppe IANOR: Algerian Institute of Standardization. IGP: Protected Geographical Indication INATAA: National Institute of food technology INCT: National Institute of Cartography INMV: National Institute of Veterinary Medicine INPV: National Institute of Plant Protection. INRAA: National Institute of Agronomic Research of Algeria. INRF: National Institute of Forestry Research INSID: National Institute of soil, irrigation and drainage INVA: National Institute of Agricultural Extension ITAFV: Technical Institute of fruit and viticulture. ITCMI: Technical Institute of vegetable and industrial crops. ITDAS: Technical Institute of Saharan agriculture ITELV: Livestock Technical Institute. ITGC: Technical Institute of crops (Cereals). LRZA: Research Laboratory of Arid areas MADR: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. MATE: Ministry of Territory Planning and environment MDDR: Deputy Minister for Rural Development MED: Sustainable Livelihoods MESRS: Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. MICL: Ministry of Interior and Local collectivity MICO: Ministry of Commerce INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

MIPMEPI: Ministry of Industry, SMEs and Investment Promotion. MPRH: Ministry of Fisheries and halieutic resources MRE: Ministry of Water Resources NATP: National Agency for the Promotion and Development of Technology Parks NEPAD: New Partnership for Africa's Development OAIC: Algerian Inter professional Office of cereals. ONA: National office of Sanitation ONAB: National office for feeding livestock. ONCV: National Office of Products Marketing in Viticulture ONID: National Office of Irrigation and Drainage ONIL: National Inter professional office of milk ONILEV: National Inter professional office of fruits, vegetables and meat ONM: National Office of Meteorology ONS: National Office of Statistics ONTA: National Office of Agricultural Lands PAI: Agricultural Cluster PIBA: agricultural gross domestic product SME: Small and medium-sized enterprises. PMH: Small and medium hydraulic. PNDA: National Plan for Agricultural Development PNDAR: National Plan for Agriculture and Rural Development NARP: National Research Program PPDRI: Projects of proximity of integrated rural development PRCHAT: Program Human Capacity Building and Technical Assistance REAGE: Network Algerians Great School Graduates RGA: General Census of Agriculture SAT: Total Agricultural Area SAU: Useful Agricultural Area SDRD: Sustainable Rural Development Strategy SEVFPA: Society of Exploitation and Valuation of Farms and Agricultural Perimeters SPVAT: Company Valuation of Agricultural Products of the Soil SGDA: Management Company Holdings "Agricultural Development". SGP PRODA: Management Company Holdings "Animal Production". SGP: Management Company Holdings. SIAR: Agricultural and rural Information system SIM: Industrial Milling Company (private industrial group). SNADDR: National System of Decision Support for Rural Development SNAT: National Scheme of territory Planning. SOFAPRO: Society of Agricultural Production Factors (Public) STEP: Treatment plant and sewage SUDACO: Southeast Dates Company SYRPALAC: Regulation System of Large Agricultural Products Consumption EU: European Union. UDES: Unity development of solar energy. AMU: Arab Maghreb Union UMMTO: University Mouloud Maammeri Tizi-Ouzou USTHB: University of Science and Technology Houari Boumediene. USTO: University of Science and Technology of Oran. WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Executive Summary
Introduction This report dedicated to Analysis of Algerians food, agriculture and water research and innovation priorities, needs and capacities (Deliverable 2.1) intends to bring answers to the questions related to the analysis of research needs and opportunities in the fields of agriculture, food and water in Algeria. The answers will cover the following items: - Analysis of Algerian territories and their related economic needs particularly in the fields of agriculture, food and water for agriculture; - Analysis of agriculture, water and food research and innovation needs priorities in one hand and the existing implementing capacities in the other hand which are a prerequisite for the implementation of FAWIRA project. The expected output would be the state of art in research and treatment technologies in agriculture, water and food (Deliverable 2.1), from where, would be possible the identification of sectors and technologies that requires improvement to match socio-economic needs of Algeria. Moreover, through this work, it is expected the establishment of a database (D 2.2) that would provide knowledge to be share among project partners within FAWIRA working groups. The objective is interpolation of produced data with European Union databases dedicated to research opportunities in agriculture, water and food. By using this mean, it would be possible to intensify the international contacts and develop networking activities between INRAA, and European networks. The use of this database will moreover, constitute, an opportunity for the partners of FAWIRA project to carry out the validation and the identification of research relevancy in Algeria as well as the competent organization (Including SMEs.) in the fields of agriculture, water and alimentation, as would be important to characterize the competitiveness in this field and involved actors. Methodology applied This work is the result of collaborative work with INRAAs scientists and officials involved in the Department of Planning Programs and International Cooperation of INRAA (DSPPRE).This analysis is dedicated to the analysis of needs and priorities for research and innovation capacities in the field of Agriculture, Water and alimentation in Algeria. The framework defined by national agricultural and rural policies and research activities undertook by INRAA research divisions will act as the first inspiration in the identification of priorities in term of research themes and innovations needs for the next decade (2013-2023). The preparation of this report has gone through several stages involving analysis of: - Research programs and activity reports related to INRAA and Algerian institutions involved in research-development and innovation. - Policies and strategies implemented by the Government in the areas of agriculture and rural development, water resources, environment and territory management, agrifood industry, scientific research and technological development. - Institutional framework within which agricultural research and innovation activities are implemented. Besides, human resources and other Implementing capacities dedicated to research and innovation in Algeria have been reviewed as well as national and international cooperation activities. I.

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Finally, these results were crossed with priorities and framework developed by the countries of the European Research Area and in accordance with strategic guidance to Horizon 2020. II. Main outcomes 2.1 Logical framework. Algerian agriculture operates in unfavorable natural context to the intensification of agricultural production. Agricultural and rural policies implemented since the beginning of 2000 try to provide answers to the challenges of securing the food supply of the population in this context. For its part the scientific research should provide adequate responses to eliminate or circumvent these natural constraints to generate a sufficiently strong growth in production to meet the increased demand due to population growth. Renewal of Agricultural Economics: A Policy to ensure food security in Algeria. In order to improve food security, the policy known as the "Renewal of Agricultural Economics", launched in 2008, assigns to agriculture mission to feed the population through increased production, lower food prices while reducing the country's vulnerability against foreign markets instability. This new perspective implies the implementation of a new governance of agriculture and rural areas. This new agricultural policy focuses on the intensification and modernization of strategic sectors such as cereals, forages and legumes, potato and tomato, olives, date palm, milk, red meat and poultry. Three other major programs are implemented by this politic such as "Water conservation program, Seeds and plants program" and Integrated Agricultural Poles Program" (Clusters). The establishment of food stockpiles and promotion of regulatory mechanisms are, moreover, the instruments for promoting sustainable agriculture and development of rural areas. The Rural Renewal: A policy for the preservation and consolidation of social cohesion. The rural world is also the subject of government permanent attention, particularly when it is question to address disparities between regions and rural areas and meet the expectations of rural populations. Rural Renewal policy is resulting in a novel down-to- up approach to rural development involving local people through local projects. The priority is going to areas where production conditions are the most difficult for farmers (Mountains, steppes, Sahara). Rural renewal policy takes into account the socio-economic needs in terms of employment, income and population stabilization while integrating the guidelines of National Scheme of Territory Planning (SNAT 2025). Furthermore, this policy is aiming to the rehabilitation and development of natural resources (management of bio-resources, watersheds, fight against desertification, land development, protection of natural areas), the diversification of economic activities in rural areas, rehabilitation and modernization of villages and finally the protection and enhancement of the rural patrimony.

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2.2 New Challenges for agricultural research in Algeria. According to above-mentioned framework, Agricultural Research and Innovation are challenged to provide reliable and durable answers to the current and future operators needs of agriculture sector. Concerns of the agricultural research must, more than ever, be focused on farmers-producers problems. The nature of the solutions to be identified is simple. In favorable agro-climatic areas, simply they entail increases yields. To do this, in terms of production process, it will eliminate the limiting factors by taking as a starting point the hierarchy dictated by economic analysis. It will, in short, creation and experimentation / adaptation of varieties to spread with their "technological packages" support (irrigation, fertilization, pest control, tillage), improved farming practices (feeding, breeding, animal health). In areas where agro-climatic conditions are more constraining (mountains areas, steppe , Sahara), it will identify technological and organizational innovations likely to launch the development of territorialized chains, to ensure rational exploitation and sustainable use of all natural resources, to diversify the local economies, to support the integration of rural populations in the dynamics of global agricultural development. These requirements lead to seek development and implementation of new production systems and processing resources to meet the expressed needs while contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture. In other words, the research to be developed in Algeria, especially at INRAA, is research that delivers finalized outputs. This requirement has led INRAA to revise its research priorities in such direction they meet the requirements of the new strategic framework. This directionvalidated by the MESRS- take into account the results of the conference on Agricultural Research, held in February 2008, which formed the basis for the medium and long term research programs in Algeria. 2.3 The strategic research directions to be implemented in decade 2013-2023. 2.3.1 Research in the field of agrifood industry Research activities and innovation are now the determinant of the competitiveness of food and agricultural industries. Research should, on the one hand, support the requirements of development and diversification of agricultural production and, on the other hand, ensure their effective integration in the food industry. The research effort will focus on priority products like cereals, legumes, Solanaceae (tomatoes, potatoes), milk and its derivatives, as well as white and red meats. Research in the field of food industries should, furthermore, promote agricultural chains generating high added value (date palm, olive oil and other local products) and support the process of valorization of agricultural and agrifood by-products. 2.3.2 Breeding and Selection. Evaluation and knowledge of genetic diversity. Regarding the potential genetic diversity in Algeria and anthropogenic multifaceted pressures that are threatening biodiversity, research efforts should focus on the conservation, characterization and management of plant genetic resources in a context of sustainable conservation and genetic improvement of resources in relation to users local knowledge.

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Creation and / or expansion of the genetic variability for crop improvement. Research whose development is planned for the next decade are directed towards the application of intra-and inter-specific crosses, the use of mutagenesis and protoplast fusion for the creation of new genotypes adapted to different agro-ecological contexts of Algeria. The target species are the date palm, wheat, barley, legumes, olives, potatoes and vegetables (mainly tomatoes). Strategy of adaptation of plants to various stresses. Research implemented are designed to provide scientific data for the understanding of the physiological, biochemical, morphological and phenological adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses including species of date palm, wheat, barley, legumes, olive, potato and vegetables (mainly tomatoes). Research and mastery of effective selection methods. Research implemented in this area aims to provide the determination and use of selection and "screening" techniques (Selection methods assisted by SAM makers, haplodiplodisation, in vitro selection... etc.) for tolerance to various stresses. The target species are, in first priority, date palm, wheat, barley, legumes, and, in second priority, olives, potato and vegetable crops (mainly tomato). Selection of new varieties of plants by the participatory approach Application of a participatory method of selection (participatory approach in genetic improvement of wheat, barley, legumes and date palm). Improved animal genetics and animal breeding. Regarding the significant delays accumulated in this area and threats to the existence of certain animal populations, in particular those referred to as "flocks with small population", an effort should be made in this regard over the coming decade. The prospect of breeding animals should be placed in the context of management practices in relation to the other components of the production system and the products that result. 2.3.3 Agriculture and sustainable development. Research on agriculture and sustainable development revolve around issues associated to knowledge and improvement of production systems, the preservation of genetic resources and local Know How as well as "Agricultural techniques". Therefore, a sustained effort should be developed to ensure adequate coverage of this domain of research including extensive knowledge of production systems in major agro ecosystems (Mountains, steppes Saharan agriculture, arid and semi-arid areas) and stimulation of research activities related to the issues of agricultural techniques (Development of organic farming, and improved cropping techniques... etc.). 2.3.4 Production and Animal Health In the economic context of Algeria, livestock is challenged to increase productivity and production of strategic animal products (milk, meat) to ensure coverage of nutritional needs of the population in animal proteins. Representing more than 50% of the PIBA, livestock production plays a decisive role in favorable ecological areas as well as in sensitive areas (Mountainous and arid ecosystems). In the latter case, scientific research must propose ways of valorization of local populations to accompany the strategies of economic activities diversification while generating incomes and preserving natural resources

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Therefore, research challenges in animal production are in meeting current and future needs by: - The production of technical and organizational solutions to improve production levels and quality of animal products while ensuring the preservation of animal resources. Animal feed and fodder resource development are, for this purpose, the first priority for the development of animal production in Algeria. - The development of sustainable alternatives for the promotion of animal husbandry systems adapted to fragile ecosystems (Mountains, steppiques and Saharan areas). - Anticipation, in the context of major economic and global climate uncertainties, of the major issues that would arise in the coming years pertaining with livestock production. 2.3.5 Biotic agents of plant species This research field is important given the importance of economic losses caused by different types of bio-aggressors, estimated at 35% of the volume of production. The development of research in the field of crop protection appears to be crucial when it tries to respond to radical changes in bio-aggressions that emanate from mutations caused by climate warming and the modifications in production systems due to intensification and the opening to foreign markets. Agricultural research is challenged to provide effective solutions to contribute in the reduction of agricultural production losses and promote agriculture less dependent on chemical phytoprotection and respectful of environment and biodiversity. Research themes centered on the issue of biotic agents of plant species are organized in three axes that will be consolidated over the next decade. These are related to knowledge of biotic agents and their development factors, methods of struggle against the bio-aggressors and knowledge of plant-microbe co-evolution. 2.3.6 Physical environments, climate and agriculture. Components of the physical environment play a fundamental role in the functioning of ecosystems and the preservation of their ecological functions which, it must be remembered, are the basis for meeting the socio-economic needs of population. The study and mastery of these components is crucial in that they determine the resilience, sustainability and productivity of agro ecosystems particularly ecosystems often known for their extreme fragility like the steppe ecosystems, Saharan and mountain areas. Three main issues polarize the interests of agricultural research in this field; the analysis of the factors and mechanisms of degradation of physical resources, the issue of water and agriculture as well as land degradation and desertification. Water challenge. From 2015, Algeria is going to experience a situation of water shortage that will certainly affect all economic sectors and agriculture in the first place. The great spatiotemporal variability of precipitation represents a permanent stress for natural ecosystems and rainfed cropping systems. Recent increases in the frequency and intensity of droughts and temperatures, attributed to climate change, lead to even greater aridity. Since the 70s, the drought is a structural feature of Algerian climate. The impact of the drought on water resources has already resulted in the worsening of the deficit in water resources, a low rate of filling of dams and reduced groundwater reserves. Increasing aridity will amplify, therefore, the phenomenon of degradation of soils and ecosystems, causing desertification and vulnerable areas like steppes. In addition to inadequate water availability, Algeria is confronted to the problem of water quality. About 600 million M3 of untreated wastewater are discharged annually, affecting soils and water resources. INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

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This factor is now considered as the most important challenge for water and environment management authorities in Algeria. Land degradation and desertification Soils in Algeria are subject to severe degradation due to erosion, pollution and salinization. The area of lands that is potentially affected by water erosion is estimated at four (04) million hectares of which 53% is considered arable land. With regard to soils affected by salinity, statistics show that more than 50% of irrigated land is affected by this phenomenon. Concerning desertification, it should be noted that this phenomenon is related to the severity of the climate which is accentuated by orographic conditions and geo-pedology as well as the effects of anthropogenic pressure. Therefore, the issue of physical natural resources arises now in terms of rehabilitation, rationalization, conservation and sustainable management. Agricultural research should provide suitable answers to these questions. 2.3.7 Biotechnology applied to agriculture The research dedicated to agricultural biotechnology are currently limited in Algeria, and especially in INRAA, to few and partially covered research axis pertaining with the characterization of genetic resources and genomics of organisms as well as of the creation of new varieties. Such research orientation should be strengthened for the coming decade and extended to domains like animal production, food processing, by-products utilization, additives production, plant protection and for other species than cereals and legumes (tree culture, vegetable crops, potatoes, and livestock feed). There is a need to consolidate the existing human and materiel bases of INRAAs biotechnology research station in terms of equipment as well as adequate human resource and their capacity building. Furthermore, it is important to coordinate the research activities carried out and optimize the allocation of financial resources in this area. This is even truer that we are witnessing the emergence of several specialized research centers in Algeria (BRC of Constantine, INRAA's Biotechnology lab, USTO... etc.). 2.4 Innovation and technological development activities (2013-2023). Innovation activities, whether technological, organizational, institutional or entrepreneurial have not experienced a significant development in Algeria. We can affirm that such activities are marginal or even non-existent in the agrifood and agriculture fields. Research activities developed during the last two decades have indeed yielded "valuable" results in diverse areas. These results more or less finalized, often with undeniable market potential but not precisely estimated, have not been converted into innovation through productive processes and markets. The weak development of innovation refers to that the research and development institutions operate in a context marked by institutional bulkheading between university research laboratories and other specialized research centers on one hand, and to the very low connectivity between the world of research and business on the other hand. Finally, the weakness in interfaces devoted to exploitation of research results is explanatory of the low innovation capacity in the field of agricultural research. Implementation of a favorable policy to development of innovation, particularly in the areas of agriculture and rural development is imperative in view of the identified needs. An analysis, far from being exhaustive, of the needs of Algeria in innovation has allowed establishing seven areas on which potential claims have been identified: Innovations related to the mastery of physical environment, climate and agriculture. Genetic Improvement of bio-resources. Agrifood industry Crop Protection FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

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Animal Health and Production Agricultural and agrifood economics

2.5 Capacities of implementation of the agricultural research programs in Algeria. The capacities of implementation of the agronomic research in Algeria distribute themselves between institutions supervised by four departments of (Agriculture and rural development, water resources, environment, higher education and the scientific research, industry) that have centers and institutes of research with which INRAA develops relations of collaboration. The comments that we can do on this point relate to the lack of coordination between these institutions and very low involvement of private actors in research INRAA is the most important research institution dedicated to agriculture research in Algeria. NRAA currently mobilizing a population of scientists who rises to 207 researchers spread across stations and research divisions, nearly 60% majority is composed of young researchers. To ensure adequate coverage of research areas INRAA deploys an intensive cooperation both nationally and internationally. The international project portfolio consists of 22 projects dedicated to the improvement of wheat, building research capacity, renewable energy, the fight against desertification and rural development in fragile ecosystems (mountains, plains and areas Sahara), food security, the application of nuclear techniques to agricultural areas (Pathology and Animal Health, irrigation, crop breeding, bioclimatology), mobilization of water resources and soil conservation. International cooperation projects are implemented both in bilateral and multilateral relations (EU, NEPAD, UMA, World Bank, FAO, IAEA). Moreover, INRAA maintaining close relationships with international research centers: CGIAAR (ICARDA, IWMI, CIMMYT and CIP). Conclusion Agricultural Research in Algeria will meet many challenges largely determined by the momentum generated by the implementation of economic reforms, themselves conditioned by two major constraints: - Climatic change and its consequences such as increasing drought and flood occurrences and more water scarcity. The last will constitute from now a major determinant in the definition of all the components of the food security policy of Algeria. - Globalization of the economy which will induce strong entropy on the markets and a great instability of the agricultural products prices because of the risks as well political as climatic but also because of the substitutability of the products. Among the biggest challenges that will face Algeria to the Horizon 2023, we can mention: - The necessity to ensure a sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems. - The necessity to ensure food security of the nation and citizens. - The resolution of the throbbing question of employment through the development of a productive and competitive economy. - The establishment of the foundations of an effective governance of both the economy and society. Implementation of a favorable policy to development of innovation, particularly in the areas of agriculture and rural development is imperative in view of the identified needs but also to enhance SMEs and industry competitiveness. An analysis, far from being exhaustive, of the needs of Algeria in innovation has allowed establishing seven areas on which potential claims have been identified (Physical environment mastery, genetic improvement, agrifood industry, crop protection, animal production, Agricultural and agrifood economics).

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But innovation activities, both technological, institutional and organizational, as have not experienced a significant development in Algeria because of institutional cloisenements between industry and the research community. Thus, the most important challenge for the next ten years is to build bridges between these two worlds in the triple helix model framework. The analysis of the strategic directions of research in Algeria and their comparison with those of European Union, according to the major challenges for the Horizon 20201, has identified a number of points of convergence. These relate to: - The research planification based on major challenges (food security, climate change and water economy). - Priority research themes (food security, sustainable agriculture, fight against climate change, efficient use of natural resources; inclusive, innovative and secure societies. - Integrating SMEs in the process of research and innovation (industrial primacy pillar). - Willingness to mobilize industry stakeholders and engineering sciences, most directly concerned and most likely to integrate scientific knowledge in an innovation perspective. - Necessity to develop innovation in a direction favorable to smart, sustainable and inclusive growth - A greater role for social sciences in the development of research to address all societal challenges.

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INTRODUCTION
The present report intends to bring answers to the questions related to the analysis of research needs and opportunities in the fields of agriculture, alimentation and water in Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria (Work Package 2) within the framework of the implementation of FAWIRA project. The answers will cover the following items: -Analysis of Algerian territories and their related economic needs particularly in the fields of agriculture, food and water for agriculture; -Inventory of capacities and identification of priorities for research and innovation; -Establishment of a database with regard to needs and priorities at the local and national level in the fields of the food and water, technologies of water re-use for agriculture and industry as well as agro-food technologies. -Provide assistance needed to economic activities in place particularly with regard to young innovative entrepreneurs who wish to invest in the fields of the water use and low-quality water re-use in the sectors of agriculture and industry. The analysis, of agriculture, water and food research and innovation needs priorities in one hand and the existing implementing capacities in the other hand, is a prerequisite for the implementation of FAWIRA project (T2.1). Moreover, the identification of more relevant research and innovation priority will be certainly beneficial for the socio-economic development of the Algerian territories. The expected output would be the state of art in research and treatment Technologies in agriculture, water and food (D2.1), from where, would be possible the identification of sectors and technologies that requires improvement to match socio-economic needs of Algeria. Moreover, it is expected the establishment of a database (D 2.2) that would provide knowledge to be share among project partners within FAWIRA working groups. The objective is interpolation of produced data with European Union databases dedicated to research opportunities in agriculture, water and food. By using this mean, it would be possible to intensify the international contacts and develop networking activities between INRAA, the Europeans researchers of UNIPI and CENTA and their networks. The use of this database will moreover, constitute, an opportunity for the partners of FAWIRA project to carry out the validation and the identification of research relevancy in Algeria as well as the competent organization (Including SMEs.) in the fields of agriculture, water and alimentation, as would be important to characterize the competitiveness in this field and involved actors. This first version of the document is the result of collaborative work with scientists and officials involved in the Department of Planning Programs and International Cooperation of INRAA" (DPPRE).This analysis is dedicated to the analysis of needs and priorities for research and innovation capacities in the field of Agriculture, Water and alimentation in Algeria. The framework defined by national agricultural and rural policies and research activities undertook by INRAA research divisions will act as the first inspiration in the identification of priorities in term of research themes and innovations needs for the next decade (2013-2023). Besides, human resources and other implementing capacities dedicated to agricultural, food-processing and climate change research in Algeria will be reviewed as well as national and international research cooperation.

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I. Research and innovation in the agriculture, food and water in Algeria: The logical framework.
Research activities and innovation for the decade 2013-2023, will necessarily be affected by the socio-economic and political context in which they are anchored. The national research program dedicated to agriculture, water and alimentation is call to subscribe to the scope of the Policy of the Agricultural Economics and Rural Renewal implemented since 2008 and presented as the instrument of concretization of the nations food security policy 2. PREARR policy is itself impacted by a dynamic and complex international environment determined by two major constraints: - Climatic change and its consequences such as increasing drought and flood occurrences and more water scarcity. The last will constitute from now a major determinant in the definition of all the components of the food security policy of Algeria. - Globalization of the economy which will induce strong entropy on the markets and a great instability of the agricultural products prices because of the risks as well political as climatic but also because of the substitutability of the products. Box 1 - Global warming: A real threat on water resources. Warming is estimated at 1 C in the region during the last century with a tendency accentuated the past 40 years. A warming of 1.4 to 5.8 C is expected by the end of this century, the greatest increase recorded since 10,000 years. Simulation models provide climate change in the Mediterranean region: - Disruption of rainfall patterns. - A downward trend in rainfall. - An increase in evapotranspiration. - A net increase in the frequency of droughts and floods. Source: Rachid TAIBI - Summary of general studies on water resources in Algeria. ANRH, January 2010.

The food crisis which reached its paroxysm in 2007 as well as the global financial crisis which has occurred in 2008 tends to affect the whole economies on a worldwide scale, if it has put forward the extent of the vulnerability of Algeria as regards the satisfaction of alimentary requirements it has explained the political willing displayed by policy makers to secure the country against new shocks and to ensure provisioning of its domestic markets of food products3. This willing to fight against food insecurity is translated in PREAR that aims also to contributing significantly to revitalization and the integrated and durable development of the rural territories. Because of the close link which exists between the agricultural and the rural, this policy finally deploys an overall architecture which integrates its two dimensions and proceeds to a vast centering of the former policies in terms of vision, objectives, institutional and organizational framework and economic instrumentation.

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The specific goals of this policy are articulated around 3 axes: The promotion of a news governance of the agricultural and rural world. This one implies, in particular, the participation, the leveling of the agricultural administration, the development of the partnerships and the pooling of resources as well as the reinforcement of the human capacities. The support for an internalized and durable economic growth. through the rehabilitation of the farms as creative companies of richnesses and managers of the natural resources (Water, biological capital), the improvement of the production, the productivity and the quality of the agricultural products, the consolidation of the agrarian structures, the conservation and the valorization of the natural resources, the modernization and the integration of the agrifood channels as well as the valorization and the revitalization of the rural territories. Renewal of the public management tools This occurs through the adaptation of the legal framework in relation to the economic changes, the development of financial tools and procedures to support effective agricultural enterprises, the development of mechanisms of regulation of markets and economic agricultural production. The agricultural and rural policies are integrated in a difficult climate and agro-ecological context marked by fragile ecosystems, fragmentation and scarcity of land and chronic water shortages. These are expected to be exacerbated in the coming years in relation to climate change.

1.1

Algeria: Constraining natural conditions.

The Algerian agriculture is subject to natural constraints that thwart its development and limit its productivity. Algeria is characterized by weakness and fragility of its natural resources (water, soil and biological resources) because of the conditions harsh weather and of their uneven distribution across the territory. These constraints limit severely the prospects of intensification of agriculture and strongly differentiate agricultural space (See Figure 1).

1.1.1 Geomorphology and climate.

In terms of geomorphology, Algeria is characterized by three contrasting zones: - The Northern Tell region (4% of the territory), which represents the most favored by the climate and natural resources but remains the most faced to multiple anthropogenic pressures (population growth, urban and industrial development, overgrazing ... etc. ). - The Highlands (9% of the territory) represent an enclosed space between the Sahara desert and Tell Atlas and formed of high plains under semi-arid climate. - The Sahara, which represent 87% of the total area of the territory is an area outside marked by extreme aridity due to the scarcity of rainfall (Less than 100 mm). The geomorphologic structures determine basins slopes made up of marly geological formations characterized by impermeable grounds, accentuated reliefs and an absence of vegetable cover. This explains the importance of the processes of erosion of the grounds, (Silting of the dams). Algeria is characterized by a semi-arid to arid climate (Figure 2) where drought and aridity are constant threat "even in humid regions where the average annual rainfall seems high"4. The portion of land that receives more than 400 mm of rain is confined to a 150 km wide strip land in the coastal area5.

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Beyond the Tellian Atlas dominates, across 300 to 350 km wide, an arid bio climate (rainfall between 100 and 400 mm). Finally, over 1000 km to the south, there is Sahara desert where rainfall drops below 100 mm annually6.

1.1.2 The soil resources.

Algeria is a vast area of 2.381.000 km2, but the agricultural area (UAA) is very limited: nearly 8 million hectares (3.3% of the country area) for 40 million hectares used for agriculture. Fertile land suitable for farming is limited and decreasing. Indeed, the UAA represented 0.82 ha per capita at the time of independence (1962), it was only 0.26 ha in 2004 and could decline to 0.18 ha in 20107. Nearly 6% of UAA (450,000 hectares) is irrigated of which more than threequarters of irrigation water are allocated to fruit and vegetable crops. These indicators show that the potential of agricultural land in Algeria is relatively modest in term of quantity and quality. The soils are shallow and poorly irrigated, worn by geomorphological steep structures and suffered over the centuries from degradation process driven by the combined effect of natural and anthropogenic mechanisms resulting in a substantial loss of their natural fertility limit that affect agricultural production. Water erosion (rainfall greater than 400 mm) mainly affects the soils of northern Algeria and threatens nearly 12 million hectares in the mountain areas. Land degradation causes a significant loss of fertility and affects negatively the agricultural productivity. The human action is taking more alarming proportions since the early 70's including the coastal parts of the country which contain the most fertile land in Algeria. Rapid urbanization as anarchic, extension of the industrial structure and progression of desertification are all factors of degradation of Algerian Land.

1.1.3 Water resources

Water is in Algeria an increasingly limited, fragile and vulnerable resource. The availability of natural water resources is currently estimated at around 600 M3/capita/year and will be around 500 M3/capita/year in 20258. Algeria is, in this sense, below the "poverty threshold" estimated at 1000 m3/capita /year and slightly above the "threshold shortage" of 500 M3/capita/year9. In this context, and given the arid climate and recurring droughts, securing agricultural production involves the development of irrigation, which inevitably involves the implementation of policies focused on the economy of the water. The elements of such a policy are inserted into the PREAR. The program of economy of water is implemented to secure 70% of the food needs of Algeria, by the passage of 900 000 Ha in 2008 to 1.6 million Ha at horizon 2014, with an incompressible water requirement of the order of 12 billion M3. Covering these needs suppose the improving of the productivity of existing water resources, the mobilization of new conventional and unconventional resources and development/dissemination of water saving irrigation techniques as a factor of agricultural modernization and improvement of efficiency agricultural water10. As regard to water mobilization and supply in Algeria we can rise the following points: Concerning Dams11: Algeria has 65 dams in exploitation with mobilized surface water resources estimated to3, 6 billion M3/year approximately, on a storage capacity of about 5, 8 billion M3. Dams under construction (14) will enhance the mobilization of water in 2013 to a storage capacity of 8.8 billion M3 and a total volume of 5, 1 billion M3 regularized per year12. Theoretical irrigation allocation for 2012 season is amounted to 500 million M3 for the irrigation of 62 500 Ha13.

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 Small-capacity dams represents a storage capacity of 50 million M3 and an irrigated surface equivalent to 8 300 hectares14. Groundwater exploitation Available data for 2011 shows that the extraction of groundwater from small works (boreholes, wells, sources) is estimated at 07 billion M3 intended to irrigate an area of about 950,000 ha15. Desalination of seawater In this area, the strategy of Algeria consists of an ambitious program to install small and large desalination schemes; overall nominal capacity is increased to 2.3 million M3 per day (0, 8 billion M3 per year). The purpose of desalination is to identify appropriate measures that could complement conventional water chronic deficits and allow the development of transfer options and reallocation of volumes of water released to the agricultural sector. Currently, the option of desalination of sea water for irrigation is not yet considered as a supplement for compensating agricultural water demand. Use of treated wastewater Climatic conditions observed during recent decades have highlighted the very randomness of water intake from dams and groundwater. This sensitized the government about the need to resort to unconventional resources, the treated wastewater in particular for irrigation. This option covers strategic interest because of its implications on the level of pollution of inland and marine waters. In terms of potential, according to the Ministry of Water Resources, the volume of wastewater discharged in Algeria is currently estimated at around 750 million M3 and will exceed 1.5 billion M3 in 202016. To take in charge this potential of treated wastewater, an ambitious program for achieving treatment facilities is planned17. The reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation is being given a considerable attention in the consultations between the Ministries of Agriculture and Water Resources which yielded on and by the identification of sewage, perimeters to irrigation and the implementation of regulations and supervision (Box2). An ambitious pilot program for the use of treated wastewater for irrigation was started at seven sites for a total area of 12,150 hectares. Conclusion This brief review of the natural environment allowed to note that the Algerian agriculture operates in a restrictive context unfavorable to the intensification of agricultural production. Agricultural and rural policies implemented since the beginning of 2000 trying to provide answers to the challenges of securing the food supply of the population. For its part the scientific research should provide adequate responses to eliminate or circumvent these constraints to generate a sufficiently strong growth in production to meet the increased demand due to population growth.

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Figure 1 - Agricultural Geography of Algeria

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Figure 2 Algeria: An Arid and semi-arid country

Box 2- Legislative Framework for the processing and use of wastewater in Algeria Water Law N 05-12 of 04 August 2005 Institution of the concession of use of treated wastewater for agriculture. Executive Decree No. 07-149 of 20 May 2007. Regulates the use of treated wastewater for irrigation by imposing the right of concession based on a specification that takes into account a set of technical parameters. Executive Decree No. 10-23 of 12 January 2010 laying down the technical systems wastewater. 3 projects of ministerial orders engaging Ministries of water resources, agriculture and public health, on the re-use of treated wastewater for irrigation and setting standards and precautions necessary use have been proposed for ratification in March 2011 (final version) and came clarify some sections of Executive Decree No. 07-149 of 20 May 2007 and complete the regulatory framework: - Project fixing the specifications of treated wastewater used for irrigation - Project listing the crops that can be irrigated with treated wastewater - Project listing the laboratories carrying out analyzes of the quality of treated wastewater used for irrigation.

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1.2

Renewal of Agricultural Economics: A Policy of

Algerian food security.

In order to improve food security, the policy known as the "Renewal of Agricultural Economics", launched in 2008, assigns to agriculture mission to feed the population through increased production, lower food prices while reducing the country's vulnerability against foreign markets instability. This new perspective implies the implementation of a new governance of agriculture and rural areas18. The new agricultural policy fall in the context of the intensification and modernization of production on farms and integrating them into an approach that aims to refocus investment support in the productive sphere around the introduction of value added along the agrifood chain. This component of the PREAR focuses on the intensification and modernization of strategic sectors such as cereals, forages and legumes, potato and tomato industry, the olive, date palm, milk, red meat and poultry. Three other major programs are implemented by the PREAR such as "Water conservation program"," Seeds19 and plants program" and " Integrated Agricultural Poles Program" (Clusters). The establishment of food stockpiles and promotion of regulatory mechanisms are, moreover, the instruments for promoting sustainable agriculture and development of rural areas. The requirement of an incentive and safe environment is also supported by the policy of renewal of the agricultural economy through the introduction of interest-free credit (RFIG), the credit enhancement for leasing agricultural mechanization, the VAT exemption for inputs, management of risks associated with lower yields and agricultural disasters, the modernization of agricultural insurance as well as the strengthening professional and interprofessional organizations. Furthermore, since 2008 a regulation system oriented towards stabilization and securing markets of wide consumer products (SYRPALC) and the protection of farmers' incomes, has been established.

1.3

The Rural Renewal: A policy for the preservation and

consolidation of social cohesion

The rural world is also the subject of government permanent attention, particularly when it is question to address disparities between regions and rural areas and meet the expectations of rural populations. Rural Renewal policy is resulting in a novel down-to- up approach to rural development involving local people through local projects (PPDRI, PPLCD). The priority is going to areas where production conditions are the most difficult for farmers (Mountains, steppes, Sahara). By integrating an approach oriented towards decentralization and empowerment of rural actors at local level, the rural renewal policy is firmly anchored in the reform and modernization processes of the State, democratization of society and good governance. Rural renewal policy takes into account the socio-economic needs in terms of employment, income and population stabilization while integrating the guidelines of National Scheme of Territory Planning (SNAT 2025). Furthermore, this policy is aiming to the rehabilitation and development of natural resources (management of biological resources, watersheds, fight against desertification, land development, protection of natural areas), the diversification of economic activities in rural areas, rehabilitation and modernization of villages and finally the protection and enhancement of the rural patrimony.

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1.4

The new requirements for agricultural research in

Algeria.
According to above-mentioned framework, Agricultural Research and Innovation will be responsible for helping agriculture to: - Produce more to address the first concern of Nations food security through increased availability and stabilization or reduction if possible of agricultural goods and food prices. This concern is accompanied by the specific concern which is the participation of agricultural development in poverty reduction in rural areas; - Produce differently , by exceeding the limits of the solutions that have helped very slow advances in agricultural production over the last four decades and by taking into consideration the limitations in water and land resources; - Produce something else that contributes to production of non-food resources, and greater diversity in the range of crops and livestock, participating in the determination of more sustainable ways of managing territories. To this end, objectives drawn by the agricultural and rural renewal policy are conditioned by the existence of a considerable flow of new techniques and new skills towards farmers and economic stakeholders. Therefore, agricultural research in general and INRAA in particular are challenged to provide reliable answers to the current and future operators needs of agriculture sector. Concerns of the agricultural research must, more than ever, be focused on farmers-producers problems. It will be question to develop technical and socio-economic solutions and improve the structure of production tools and management. The nature of the solutions to be identified is simple. In favorable agro-climatic areas, simply they entail increases yields. To do this, in terms of production process, it will eliminate the limiting factors by taking as a starting point the hierarchy dictated by economic analysis. It will, in short, creation and experimentation / adaptation of varieties to spread with their "technological packages" support (irrigation, fertilization, pest control, tillage), improved farming practices (feeding, breeding, animal health). In areas where agro-climatic conditions are more constraining (mountains areas, steppe , Sahara), it will identify technological and organizational innovations likely to launch the development of territorialized chains, to ensure rational exploitation and sustainable use of all natural resources, to diversify the local economies, to support the integration of rural populations in the dynamics of global agricultural development. These requirements lead to seek development and implementation of new production systems and processing resources to meet the expressed needs while contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture. In other words, the research to be developed in Algeria, especially at INRAA, is research that delivers finalized outputs. This requirement has led INRAA to revise its research priorities in such direction they meet the requirements of the new strategic framework. This direction -validated by the MESRS- take into account the results of the conference on Agricultural Research, held in February 2008, which formed the basis for the medium and long term research programs.

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II. Strategic Research directions to be implemented in decade 2013-2023.

Research activities which will be implemented in Algeria are articulated on four programs, dedicated to: Agriculture, Alimentation, Forests, natural and rural areas. Biotechnology applied to agriculture Water resources. Agricultural and rural development in weak ecosystems (arid, semi-arid, and mountainous areas) and fighting against desertification.

2.1 Program related to Agriculture-Food, Forests, natural and rural areas.

2.1.1 Research in the field of agrifood industry
Research activities and innovation are now the determinant of the competitiveness of food and agricultural industries. Research should, on the one hand, support the requirements of development and diversification of agricultural production and, on the other hand, ensure their effective integration in the food industry. The research effort will focus on priority products like cereals, legumes, Solanaceae (tomatoes, potatoes), milk and its derivatives, as well as white and red meats. Research in the field of food industries should, furthermore, promote agricultural chains generating high added value (date palm, olive oil and other local products) and support the process of valorization of agricultural and agrifood by-products. Consequently, the research priorities for the next 10 years will focus on five areas: Axis 1 Processing, preservation and conservation technologies. Mastery of storage and conservation conditions of products related to priority sectors: Solanaceae (tomato, potato) greenhouse crops, fresh fruit (apples, pears and citrus) and dates. Axis 2 - Quality and food safety. For the control of the quality of fresh and processed products (olive oil, cereals, milk, meat). Axis3: Valorization of agricultural by-products including the use of biotechnology. These researches are addressed to various byproducts of agriculture and generated by agrifood industry (Dates downgraded, slaughter plants, grain industry, by-products of oilseeds industries etc.). Axis 4 - Improving the quality of agricultural and agrifood products (Agricultural Biotechnology). On this axis, the research aims to identify and produce natural additives for the needs of the food industry. The exploration of natural biodiversity will characterize qualitatively and quantitatively the antioxidant potential of plant species in aromatic, culinary and medicinal purposes. Axis 5 - Development of knowledge and local know-how in the field of conservation and transformation of agricultural and agrifood products. These researches focus on the analysis, characterization and documentation of technological mechanisms of development of traditional products: traditional cheese ("Bouhezza", "Takemmarit" ... etc.), "Couscous, table olives, figsetc.

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2.1.2 Breeding and Selection.

2.1.2.1 Plant breeding and selection. The crop improvement is a long process of research and selection. This includes several activities that aims, from original and diverse genetic resources (Evaluation of plant genetic resources), at creating new varieties with new genetic traits for pathogen resistance, adaptation to abiotic stresses (hydric, thermal, salinity) and organoleptic quality. Genetic improvement and selection requires, too, the development of the most efficient methods for selecting for obtaining the maximum genetic gain per unit of resource and time. 2.1.2.1.1 Evaluation and knowledge of genetic diversity. Regarding the potential genetic diversity in Algeria and anthropogenic multifaceted pressures that are threatening biodiversity, research efforts should focus on the conservation, characterization and management of plant genetic resources in a context of sustainable conservation and genetic improvement of resources in relation to users local knowledge. Beyond the knowledge of the biological material, the research activities dedicated to plant genetic resources are an opportunity to create favorable basis: - To the valorization of fragile ecosystems like steppes, mountainous areas, arid and semi-arid regions, and Saharan spaces. - To the development of pastoral areas, the forage potential, including grassland and underlying livestock activities (Sheep, goat, camel). - To the protection, preservation and improvement of soil fertility. - To the reduction of the fallow by the introduction of resistant varieties. - To the creation of productive activities (SMEs) that generate income for rural populations (breeding, beekeeping). Research activities in the field of plant genetic resources are structured around the functional dynamic of the plant genetic resources bank directed towards: - The exploration, collection and inventory of plant genetic resources. - The characterization and evaluation of genetic potential. - Ex-Situ Conservation. Three categories of species are involved in this field: Category 1: Cereals (Wheat, including Saharan wheat, barley, sorghum), grain legumes (chickpeas), forage legumes20, pasture21 species and tree species (olive, date palm, fig, citrus). Category 2: beans and horse beans, dry peas, dry beans and lentils. Category 3-"marginal" species, culinary, aromatic and medicinal plants. 2.1.2.1.2 Creation and / or expansion of the genetic variability for crop improvement. Research whose development is planned for the next decade are directed towards the application of intra-and interspecific crosses, the use of mutagenesis and protoplast fusion for the creation of new genotypes adapted to different agro-ecological contexts of Algeria. The target species are the date palm, wheat, barley, legumes, olives, potatoes and vegetables (mainly tomatoes). 2.1.2.1.3 Strategy of adaptation of plants to various stresses. Research implemented are designed to provide scientific data for the understanding of the physiological, biochemical, morphological and phenological adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses including species of date palm, wheat, barley, legumes, olive, potato and vegetables (mainly tomatoes).

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2.1.2.1.4 Research and mastery of effective selection methods. Research implemented in this area aims to provide the determination and use of selection and "screening" techniques (Selection methods assisted by SAM makers, haplodiplodisation, in vitro selection... etc.) for tolerance to various stresses. The target species are, in first priority, date palm, wheat, barley, legumes, and, in second priority, olives, potato and vegetable crops (mainly tomato). 2.1.2.1.5 Selection of new varieties of plants by the participatory approach Application of a participatory method of selection (participatory approach in genetic improvement of wheat, barley, legumes and date palm). 2.1.2.2 Improved animal genetics and animal breeding. Regarding the significant delays accumulated in this area and threats to the existence of certain animal populations, in particular those referred to as "flocks with small population", an effort should be made in this regard over the coming decade. The prospect of breeding animals should be placed in the context of management practices in relation to the other components of the production system and the products that result (See domain 5).The planned research in this area are based on five major themes Theme 1: Identification and preservation of animal genetic resources. Research needs in this field are related to the performance characterization/evaluation of animal populations to establish standards and conservation measures for certain animal populations like, in order of priority, sheep ("Taadmit", "Tazegzawt" "Hamra", "Dmen"), goats ("Mozabite" Naine de Kabylie), cattle, camelids ("Tuareg", "Sahrawi","Reguibi") and, to a lesser extent, small-herds (beekeeping and rabbit local species). Theme 2: Knowledge and adaptation of genetic potential of animals in different rearing conditions. The research priorities concerning the performance characterization of farms. The target groups are, in order of priority, dairy cattle, sheep, camels, rabbit populations and local beekeeping. Theme 3: Improving local animal genetic resources. This research theme is dedicated to the design of programs to improve local animal genetic resources (Selection pure breeds, breeding testing ... etc.) especially for milk (cattle, goats and camels) and meat production (sheep and rabbit). Theme 4: Search for characters of economic interest. This research thematic is devoted to the identification of genetic characters that have economic interest (production, reproduction, disease resistance) in animal populations. More specifically, it is a question of identifying characters and study possible correlations with phenotypic visible traits. Research should focus, first and foremost, the ruminants livestock (cattle local, sheep, goats, camels). Theme 5: Improving reproductive performance. Research included in this thematic aim to the identification of the limits of management modes of reproduction and the search for ways to improve them by the conception of appropriate management methods and application of reproductive technologies. These researches target the dairy bovines and goats as well as sheep flocks under intensive or semiintensive rearing systems.

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2.1.3 Agriculture and sustainable development.

Research on agriculture and sustainable development revolve around issues associated to knowledge and improvement of production systems (Axis 1), the preservation of genetic resources and local Know How (Axis 2) as well as "Agricultural technics" (Axis 3). But only axis 2 appears to be subject of intensive research in INRAA. Therefore, a sustained effort should be developed to ensure adequate coverage of this domain of research including extensive knowledge of production systems in major agro ecosystems (Mountains, steppes Saharan agriculture, arid and semi-arid areas) and stimulation of research activities related to the issues of agricultural techniques (Development of organic farming, and improved cropping techniques... etc.). In regard to the preservation of genetic resources and local knowledge (Axis 2), the work currently implemented deserves to be strengthened, consolidated and extended to the main agro-ecological zones: 1 - Inventory, assessment, conservation and sustainable use of animal genetic resources, plant and microorganisms local and introduced (Theme 1). Three categories of species are concerned: Category 1: Cereals (Wheat, barley, sorghum), grain legumes (chickpeas), forage legumes, pasture and tree species (olive, date palm, fig, citrus). Category 2: beans and horse beans, dry peas, dry beans and lentils. Category 3 - "Neglected culinary, aromatic and medicinal species as well as other rustic trees. 2 - Evaluation of genetic erosion (Theme 2). This issue is an important interest particularly for farms that have experienced a high rate of introduction of foreign resources (cattle, goats, and poultry). 3 - Scientific knowledge and development of neglected species (Medicinal, aromatic, forage,...)/ rustic trees of mountainous, arid and Saharan areas (Theme 3). 4 - Characterization and valorization of local know-how in genetic management (Theme 5). 5 -Inventory and valuation of local know-how in the management of agro-biodiversity including plant products in mountainous and arid areas.

2.1.4 Production and Animal Health

In the economic context of Algeria, livestock is challenged to increase productivity and production of strategic animal products (milk, meat) to ensure coverage of nutritional needs of the population in animal proteins. Representing more than 50% of the PIBA, livestock production plays a decisive role in favorable ecological areas as well as in sensitive areas (Mountainous and arid ecosystems). In the latter case, scientific research must propose ways of valorization of local populations to accompany the strategies of economic activities diversification while generating incomes and preserving natural resources Therefore, research challenges in animal production are in meeting current and future needs by: - The production of technical and organizational solutions to improve production levels and the quality of animal products while ensuring the preservation of animal resources. Animal feed and fodder resource development are, for this purpose, the first priority for the development of animal production in Algeria. - The development of sustainable alternatives for the promotion of animal husbandry systems adapted to fragile ecosystems (Mountains, steppiques and Saharan areas). - Anticipation in the context of major economic and global climate uncertainties, of the major issues that would arise in the coming years pertaining with livestock production.

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These challenges are diversified and concern vast fields of research. In effect, the domain of animal productions, ground of meeting of numerous sciences and agronomical disciplines, is broad. It concerns different animal species across implicated genetic resources, several processes of production and synergy with social, economic and environmental context. Based on these elements and to meet the challenges outlined above, it was identified research priorities articulated on three major themes related to the valorization of genetic patrimony (Area 2), livestock systems, food and animal health. Axis 1: Livestock Systems Theme 1: Understanding and improving animal husbandry systems. Identifying constraints and advantages of animal breeding systems in different agroecological zones and ways to improve sustainably their performance (Dairy Cattle, extensive farming in mountain areas and steppe). Theme 2: Search about integrated and sustainable systems. Study opportunities for integration of livestock at the farm or the region level, particularly for feed (cattle, sheep and goats). Theme 3: Creating techno-economic references Preparation of maps of breeding systems, with contextual technical references / Conception of technical diagnostic supports and proposition of devices dedicated to implementing technical advice. Theme 4: Effect of different breeding systems on Environment Impact of livestock (sheep and goats) on steppe area and the relationship to desertification. Theme 5: Adapting livestock systems to climate change. Adaptation study of extensive livestock systems (Breeding sheep, goats, camels, small herds) to climate changes. Theme 6: Control of reproduction Identification of constraints related to the control of reproduction (cattle). Axis 2: Animal alimentation Theme 1: Optimizing feeding systems for Livestock Knowledge and diagnostic of livestock feeding systems in connection with herd management systems (breeding, animal housing and health for cattle and sheep). Theme 2: Identification and improvement of animal feeding resources Food inventory and food quality (ruminants and small livestock, poultry in particular). Theme 3: By-product development for animal feeding Axis 3: Animal Health Theme 2: Pathology of livestock Identifying the causes of diseases, pathogens, prevention and control means (ruminant) Theme 3: Epidemiology and prophylaxis Knowledge of risk factors through epidemiological studies.

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2.1.5 Biotic agents of plant species

This research field is important given the importance of economic losses caused by different types of bio-aggressors, estimated at 35% of the volume of production. The development of research in the field of crop protection appears to be crucial when it tries to respond to radical changes in bio-aggressions that emanate from mutations caused by climate warming and the modifications in production systems due to intensification and the opening to foreign markets. Agricultural research is challenged to provide effective solutions to contribute in the reduction of agricultural production losses and promote agriculture less dependent on chemical phytoprotection and respectful of environment and biodiversity. Research themes centered on the issue of biotic agents of plant species are organized in three axes that will be consolidated over the next decade. These are related to knowledge of biotic agents and their development factors, methods of struggle against the bio-aggressors and knowledge of plant-microbe coevolution. Axis 1 - Knowledge of biotic agents and their development factors. Theme 1: Identification of pathogens and symbiotic agents. This thematic target date palm ("Bayoud ...), wheat (Septoria and rust ...), barley (Helminthosporium ...), chickpea (Fusarium wilt, anthracnose), alfalfa, potato land and olive trees. Axis 2 - Fight against crop pests. Supported research is developed in the context of the control of bio-aggressors that threaten some of the agricultural potential (cereals and legumes, Solanaceae, fruit trees... etc.) and, thus, the national food security. The conception of control methods and improving these issues are at the heart of this research axis. These initiatives need to be reinforced for the next decade by bringing the perspective of the changes that will be caused by climate change and the transformation of production systems. New thematic priorities have been targeted and are, in order of priority: Theme 1: Integrated fight against locusts. - Use of synthetic insecticides and biopesticides plants. - Study of Bio-ecology and spatiotemporal distribution of the desert locust in remission in natural habitats in southern Algeria. - Use of entomopathogenic fungi against locusts. Theme 2: Integrated fight against pests of cereals (Wheat and barley). Etiology, epidemiology and impact of major diseases in winter cereals. Theme 3: Integrated protection of palm grove. The research focuses on the development of integrated struggles against Fusarium, disease, "brittle leaves" and "Boufaroua" (Oligonychus). Theme4: Integrated fight against pests of legumes. Study of the mode of action of antagonistic microorganisms vis--vis the chickpea fusariose. Theme 5: Integrated protection in protected crops. Study bio ecology of the "tomato leafminer", Tutta absoluta and using biological control in potential gardening areas (North and South). The Solanaceae family is particularly targeted (Potato, tomatoetc.).

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Theme 6: Integrated fight against pests of potato. Study of nematodes Globodera related to the culture of potato. Theme 7: Integrated protection dedicated to rosacea and citrus fruit orchards. - Inventory, bio ecology studies and control of destructives on citrus fruit. - Control of Cydiapomonella on apples and pears using the sterile insect technology. Theme 8: Characterization and management of pest resistance phenomena to pesticides. Study of the toxicity of pesticides on pests and quantification of enzymes involved in pesticide resistance (tomatoes, citrus fruits, olive). Theme 9: Seeds and stored products phytosanitary protection. Inventory of pests and means of struggle against them (Wheat and barley). Axis3: Knowledge of plant-microbe coevolution. Theme 1: Study relationship plants - microorganisms. This research theme aims to analyze the defense mechanisms and interaction of cultures. The target species are, in order of priority, the date palm ("Bayoud" ... etc..), Wheat (Septoria and rust ...), barley (Helminthosporium ...), chickpea (Fusarium wilt, anthracnose, ...), the potato and olive.

2.1.6 Physical environments, climate and agriculture.

Components of the physical environment play a fundamental role in the functioning of ecosystems and the preservation of their ecological functions which, it must be remembered, are the basis for meeting the socio-economic needs of population. The study and mastery of these components is crucial in that they determine the resilience, sustainability and productivity of agro ecosystems particularly ecosystems often known for their extreme fragility like the steppe ecosystems, Saharan and mountain areas. Three main issues polarize the interests of agricultural research in this field; the analysis of the factors and mechanisms of degradation of physical resources, the issue of water and agriculture as well as land degradation and desertification. Factors and mechanisms of degradation of natural resources The fact is established, the physical resources are subject to a process of intense degradation linked to a multitude of factors like: - Anthropogenic pressures: population, urban development, industrialization, transformation of consumption patterns and lifestyles of the people. - Agricultural practices unsuited to the fragile ecosystems (irrigation, tillage and mechanization especially in arid and semi-arid, cropping patterns and rotations). - Wind and water erosion and their corollary, desertification. - Pollution of groundwater and soils in relation to the discharge of untreated worn water. To these factors, it should also be added an exacerbating factor which is by climate change.

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The issue of water in agriculture From 2015, Algeria is going to experience a situation of water shortage that will certainly affect all economic sectors22 and agriculture in the first place. The great spatiotemporal variability of precipitation represents a permanent stress for natural ecosystems and rainfed cropping systems. Recent increases in the frequency and intensity of droughts and temperatures, attributed to climate change, lead to even greater aridity. Since the 70s, the drought is a structural feature of Algerian climate. The impact of the drought on water resources has already resulted in the worsening of the deficit in water resources, a low rate of filling of dams and reduced groundwater reserves. Increasing aridity will amplify, therefore, the phenomenon of degradation of soils and ecosystems, causing desertification and vulnerable areas like steppes. In addition to inadequate water availability, Algeria is confronted to the problem of water quality. About 600 million m3 of untreated wastewater are discharged annually, affecting soils and water resources. This factor is now considered as the most important challenge for water and environment management authorities in Algeria. Land degradation and desertification Soils in Algeria are subject to severe degradation due to erosion, pollution and salinization. The area of lands that is potentially affected by water erosion is estimated at four (04) million hectares of which 53% is considered arable land. With regard to soils affected by salinity, statistics show that more than 50% of irrigated land is affected by this phenomenon. Concerning desertification, it should be noted that this phenomenon is related to the severity of the climate which is accentuated by orographic conditions and geo-pedology as well as the effects of anthropogenic pressure. Therefore, the issue of physical natural resources arises now in terms of rehabilitation, rationalization, conservation and sustainable management. Agricultural research should provide suitable answers to these questions. The field of research dedicated to the physical environment, is breakdown into 9 key areas: Axis1- Climate Change. The risk assessment of climate change and the identification of agricultural areas at high risk, with the prospect of reasoning new cropping systems adapted to the environmental conditions, are fundamental requirements of agricultural research in Algeria. Two major themes are developed for this purpose:

Theme 1 - Impacts of global change on agricultural production systems and forest ecosystems. Theme 2 - Development of systems and early warning indicators: agrometeorological, plant and animal health.

In fact, the only theme dedicated to early-warning systems (Theme 2) seems to be properly supported at INRAA. Axis 2 - Agro-climatic and agro-meteorological studies. Research activities related to this topic are structured on six main thematic (See Box 3). However, INRAA focuses its activities only on frequential analysis of climatic indicators and agro climatic characterization of agricultural production areas in northern and steppique zones.

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Box 3 -Thematic research studies dedicated to agro-climatic Theme 1 - Frequency analysis of climatic parameters and their impact on agricultural production: the case of northern Algeria and the Steppe. Theme 2 - Agro-climatic parameters modeling. Theme 3 - The influence of climatic conditions on crops and the development of appropriate control techniques. Theme 4 - Agro-climatic characterization of agricultural production zones: the case of northern Algeria and the Steppe. Theme 5 Implementation of an agro-meteorological network for research. Theme 6 - Network phenological observations of species.

Axis 3 Protected crops (greenhouses). Cropping system integrating greenhouses has been widely used since the early 80s. Initiated at Tellian regions, in response to growing market demand, this activity has extended to other parts of the country, in south notably. Within six thematic researches (Box 4), INRAA deploys its activity in relation with "greenhouse" agro ecosystem management in different agroecological zones, primarily in the North then Highlands and southern regions. Box 4 -Thematic Research Axis Theme 1 - Study of the microclimate of greenhouses and its impact on crop development. Theme 2 Greenhouses models performances in different agro-ecological zones. Theme 3 - Study of different systems of crop protection (windbreaks ...). Theme 4 - Optimization of protected cropping management (mulching, tunnel, fertilization). Theme 5 - Energy exchanges and biomass development modeling in the "greenhouse" agro ecosystem in different agro-ecological zones. Theme 6 - Evaluation of environmental effects on the properties of greenhouse protecting materials.

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Axis 4: Promotion of renewable energy The research axis dedicated to the valorization of energy is supported through the thematic 1 devoted to the use of non-fossil energy for heating greenhouses and secondarily for livestock buildings and for agricultural irrigation (Box 5). Box 5 Thematic Research Axis devoted to renewable energy Theme 1 - Using solar and geothermal energy for heating greenhouses (1) and livestock buildings and for irrigation (2). Theme 2 - Development of organic waste (agricultural and domestic) for the production of biogas. Theme 3- Using solar energy for drying agricultural products. Theme 4 - Development of wind energy and photovoltaic to pump water for irrigation, livestock watering and energy generation.

Axis 5: Rational use of water in agriculture Research on the issues of rational use of water for irrigation and drainage is an important priority in Algeria and at INRAA. The research undertook presently relates with improving chain of efficiencies in irrigated systems, improving rainwater productivity, study and improvement of irrigation traditional systems, the study of dynamics of groundwater and the drainage system in relation to irrigation and integrated management of treated wastewater in agriculture (Box 6). Crop water requirements (Theme 1), -insufficiently supported- should be given special attention in the context of a collaborative approach with National Agency for Water Resources (ANRH). In terms of their impact on the environment, issues related to the valuation of nonconventional water, wastewater in particular, will be subjected to more intensive research incorporating both normative and technological aspects. Box 6 - Thematic Research Axis related to Rational use of water in agriculture Theme 1 - Study of the water needs of crops. Theme 2 - Management of irrigation. Theme 3 - Improvement and adaptation of irrigation techniques to agro-pedo-climatic context. Theme 4 - Inventory and valuation of local know-how in systems of water management in agriculture. Theme 5 -Harvesting and valorization of rainwater in agriculture (Benches, "Djoub", "Madjens"etc.). Theme 6 - The dynamics of groundwater and the drainage system in relation to irrigation. Theme 7 - Valuation of non-conventional water in agriculture: Standards for the use of treated wastewater in Agriculture / Processing Technology / Crop tolerance to salinity. Theme 8 - Valuation of low-quality water (backish) in agriculture. Theme 9 - Drainage System. Theme 10 - Optimizing fertigation systems. Theme 11 - Impacts of fertilizers and pesticides on surface and groundwater.

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Axis 6: Inventory, characterization and monitoring of physical resources Two topics are identified in this research field: Theme 1: Establishment of a soils, climate, crops and agricultural practices monitoring network for diagnosis and support. Theme 2: Characterization of water resources in different agro-climatic zones. Evaluation of availability (03) and water quality (03). Axis 7: Protection and soil management Characterization of soil degradation mechanisms and identification of cultural and irrigation practices favorable to soil conservation (Box 7). Box 7- Thematic priorities related to protection and management of soils. Theme 1: Inventory and characterization of soils. Theme 2: Study of degradation soil process: salinization, desertification, hydric and wind erosion and pollution. Theme 3: Identification and adaptation of cultural practices for conservation and sustainable land management Theme 4: Study of the evolution of soils under irrigation and salinization management Axis 8: Improvement of chemical, biological and physical properties of soils This axis is devoted to study the physico-chemical, biological, and water soils balances in the perspective of improving their agricultural property by incorporating organic and mineral fertilization (Box 8). Box 8- Soil proprieties: Thematic priority research. Theme 1: Characterization and hydro-physical, chemical and biological functioning, of cultivated soil. Theme 2: Management of mineral fertility of soils. Theme 3: Quality and safety of endogenous and exogenous organic matter in agriculture: green manure, sewage sludge, urban waste, poultry manure...etc. Axis 9: Remote sensing and geographical information system Thematic oriented to design and adapts monitoring-assessment and decision support tools for the management of natural resources (soil Zoning, soils agronomical aptitude determination, canopy mapping, water potential). (Box 9). Box 9- Thematic priority research dedicated to GIS Theme 1: Mapping agricultural aptitudes of agro-pedo-climatic areas. Theme 2: Development of GIS and data analysis methodologies. Theme 3: Use of remote sensing and GIS for the assessment of water resources for irrigation of soil and climate. Theme 4: Soils characterization and zoning.

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2.1.7 Agricultural and agrifood economics, rural sociology.

Within the context of the logical framework determined by the implementation of PREAR (cf. Supra, Chapter I), research in this field is structured around 4 axes: Axe 1: Knowledge and improvement of production systems. Axe 2: Analysis of agricultural policies. Axe 3: Rural development. Axe 4: Agrifood industry development. Axe 1 Production system diagnosis and improvement Agricultural policies need a light on the dynamics and differentiation processes of production systems to define appropriate targets for development. The topics listed on this axis are: Theme 1 - Improvement of systems of production in rural zones and search for participative approaches for a durable agricultural development (Approach according to the systems of production and ecological agro zones). The insufficiency of available work justifies the activities to develop on this set of themes in particular those in connection with the analysis of the structures, the productive orientation, the level of intensification and performances. Theme 2 - Development of indicators and referentials for the leveling farms according to production systems and agro-ecological zones. The production of technical, economic and financial indicators according to types' of existing farms constitutes a precondition to the development of essential management expertise tools for agricultural, as well as for the implementation of the of agricultural development programs, training and agricultural investments at farm level. Axe 2: Agricultural policies assessment The analysis will cover the components pertaining with agricultural policies including land property regime, economic regulation and incentive, Agricultural water management, training-research and extension, land planning, agricultural and rural employment, incomes, regional integration (the Maghreb, UE/Maghreb...) and institutions. This set of research topics covers a vast investigation field dedicated to the analysis of the agricultural policies and value-chain development strategy, modeling and aid-tools to decision-making, analysis of agricultural markets, analysis of globalization impact, impact study of national land policies and evaluation of agricultural and rural development integrated projects. In connection with the recent evolutions, the analysis of the agricultural policies will have to focus on the examination of the new framework and regulatory instruments introduced by the PREARR: land policies, agricultural credits (RFIG and ETTAHADI" devices), price formation, agricultural taxation, insurances devices covering economic and natural risks, reinforcement of mutuality and professional organizations. More precisely, the analysis of the agricultural policies will have to examine deeply the functioning and impact of the SYRPALAC, which is a regulatory device for broad-consumption products in terms of security and stabilization of the markets as well as protection of farmers incomes. Finally, the analysis of the impact of association agreements with the European Union and the prospect of Algeria accession to WTO on the agrifood industries will have to be thoroughly studied. These analyzes should target all programs dedicated to intensification and modernization of strategic agrifood chains (see above) as well as programs for seeds and water saving.

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Ultimately, the axis oriented towards agricultural policy analysis is structured around seven major themes (see Box 10). Beyond this affirmation, it is interesting to keep in mind that INRAA is involved in the real agricultural economics through: Integration of researchers within inter-professional councils. Establishment of the National Observatory of Agriculture (MADR-INRAA/UE Cooperation Project). Participation in the creation of Integrated Agricultural Poles (Clusters) designed as instruments for valorization and revitalization of territories around a dynamic centered on innovation and technological development, agricultural research, education and economic actors. Axe 3: Rural development Research topics oriented rural development (Box 11) are inserted into the program Food and Agriculture" and "Development of arid, semi-arid and Mountainous areas as well as the fight against desertification". This research focuses on ecosystems and areas that are fragile and disadvantaged (arid and semi-arid ecosystems, mountains and Sahara) marked by precarious living conditions of the people who live there. Research activities related to rural development deploys a "Gender" approach whose central question is the study of the relationship between gender with the imperatives of preserving biodiversity, water resources and ecosystems in connection with rural know How . It will, moreover, to study the level of gender integration in the institutional development process. Directed toward the development of steppe and mountainous ecosystems, the rural gender approach aims, through adapted instruments23, to: - Constitute an organized-by-sex database. - Take into account the problems, practical and strategic needs of different categories of gender in agriculture and rural development; - Prepare a development strategy based on gender differences; - Systematize gender integration in policies and programs. Axe 4: Agrifood industry development The Agrifood development process reflects a set of activities and processes that aim is to design new products in response to market needs. Researches dedicated to this axis are divided into four major themes (see Box 12). With the exception of work oriented towards valorization of local products (Dates, traditional cheeses, sheep meat, olive oil) research on these themes remain undeveloped.

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Box 10- Sets of themes of research dedicated to the analysis of the agricultural policies.

Theme 1 - Agricultural policy analysis and strategy development of the agrifood chains. The theme aims to strengthen the capacity of design, implementation and M & E of agricultural policies, particularly for strategic sectors: cereals, potatoes, milk and meat, date palm, olive. Theme 2 - Modeling and Decision Support in Agricultural Economics. Establishment and Introduction of models designed to decision support at the macro, meso and micro economic levels. The Modeling of production systems and exploitation of water resources, at regional and agro-ecosystems scales, is a priority for the ten coming years. Theme 3 - Analysis of agricultural markets. This theme aims to develop knowledge about strategic agrifood channels and markets, influential actors, price formation process and the distribution of value added along the agrifood chains. Theme 4: Globalization, regulation and durable agricultural development. The increasing integration of the national agricultural economy in the structures of world economy is an undeniable reality evidenced by the growth of trade commercial flows in capital and consumer goods. Economic openness appears particularly with the signing of an association agreement with EU (AAEU) and the prospect of the accession of Algeria to the WTO. This thematic will analyze the impact of globalization on the agricultural economy and rural areas. Priority will be given to strategic agrifood channels/ markets. Theme 5: Land tenure, analysis and impact on agricultural systems. Status, analysis and monitoring of the implementation of the new land law24. The research aims, firstly, to analyze the impact of the recently enacted land law and, secondly, to fill gaps in knowledge on the subject. Theme 6: Evaluation of the integrated agricultural and rural development projects. The PPDRI and PPLCD are the instruments for implementation of rural policy which has resulted in a device and process that should be studied to assess and improve relationship with the institutional framework. Theme 7: Conception, development and valorization of integrated information systems including extension and communication systems.

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Box 11- Priority research themes related to rural development

Theme 1: Characterization of rural zones by using new approaches and methodological tools. This theme focuses on the renewal of the analysis tools of rural areas, called to receive PPDRI and PPLCD, related to the implementation of tools PREAR Theme 2: Development of methodological approaches and evaluation for the proximity integrated rural development projects (PPDRI, PPLCD). The PPDRI and the PPLCD constitute the instruments of implementation of rural policy which create a device and processes that have to be studied and improved in relation to existing institutional framework. Theme 3 - Institutions and actors strategies in rural areas. This topic is analyzing the articulation of institutional dynamics and strategy of rural actors. Knowledge of strategies and logic of the actors is a prerequisite for the definition of proper policies.

Box 12- Priority research in agrifood industry development

Theme 1: Knowledge and promotion of local products and traditional know-how (Dates, traditional cheeses, sheep meat, olive oil). Theme 2: Quality and standardization in agriculture and agrifood industry. Theme 3: supply and distribution of agricultural and food systems. Theme 4: Quality and standardization in the field of training and agricultural research.

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2.2.1 Prospects for application of biotechnology in agriculture

Biotechnologies offer interesting perspectives in terms of overcoming some of the constraints inherent to agricultural and rural development. Their application in agriculture helped to provide answers to the needs of genetic improvement of crops against multiple biotic and abiotic stresses, improved production and animal health, seed and healthy plants production, the design of bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers, development of bio-prospecting besides applications in the fields of environment and biodiversity, biofuel production and promotion of bioenergy, bio development process and economic exploitation of medicinal and aromatic plants. Eight potential areas of biotechnology application in agriculture and rural development have been identified, namely: Improved yields and crop production: This perspective includes the genetic improvement of crops against biotic and abiotic stresses by the creation of new resistant varieties and the use of selection methods based on gene transformation and/or markings. Moreover, this perspective encompasses the performance improvement by genetic research and the use of untapped yields related blocks of genes (QTL) and engineering of biosynthetic pathways. Finally, this perspective focuses on the identification of genes that can be exploited in order to increase the rate of nutrients, such as iron, zinc, vitamins, and proteins and on balanced elimination of anti-nutritional factors specific to leguminous and oil-bearing plants. Application of plant tissue multiplication techniques: Widely used for the production of healthy plants and micro-propagation of plants whose growth is slow or does not produce seeds. In the context of development programs, these techniques are effective in improving crops including potato, olive, pistachio and date palms. Production of Bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides: The transgenic techniques can be invested in the production of transgenic bio-fertilizers and Bio-pesticides, used especially in botany. Applications in livestock and animal production: offering a wide scope of biotechnology involving, in particular, the development of diagnostic devices and recombinant vaccines, improving the quality and digestibility of food resources (coarse fodder) and the development of genetic markers in animals breeding programs. Bio-prospecting and Molecular Taxonomy: Biotechnologies are used to support the exploration, documentation and molecular characterization issues relating to critical economic and ecological biodiversity. Application in the fields of environment and biodiversity: Application of biotechnology research outcomes in the development of techniques for the collection, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, bio-remediation, waste recycling, development of bio-sensors and bio-indicators. Production of biofuels and bioenergy: whose production is ensured by the use of bio-engineering-produced biomass for generating raw materials serving in gaseous and liquid fuels. Development of bio-processes and bio-instrumentation. Treatment of medicinal and aromatic plants: by the use of genetic engineering that aims to improve the content of crops in terms of protein, minerals, vitamins and biomolecules of therapeutic and industrial interest. What about Algeria?

2.2

Biotechnology program

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2.2.2 Agricultural research.

biotechnologies

orientation

in

agricultural

The national research program devoted to agricultural biotechnology has identified four major areas: Characterizing and managing genetic resources. Genomic studies of model organisms and varietal improvement. Improvement of animal production. Improving the quality of agricultural and agrifood products. Application of biotechnology and environmental protection. Axis 1: Characterization and management of genetic resources. The research activities included in this axis are devoted to study the genetic diversity of strategic species, through the use of molecular tools, as well as to identify genetic variation in the genome of these species (see Box 13). One theme is supported on this axis through the study of the genetic structure by molecular markers of some strategic crops like date palm, wheat, barley, food legumes, forage crops and olive (Theme 1). Furthermore, in this prospect, it should be added all the activities that will be powered by the launch of the INRAA's gene bank (Theme 3). Box 13- Characterization of genetic resources (Thematic Priority) Theme 1: Genotyping and characterization of genetic diversity. Theme 2: Conservation engineering optimization of biological material. Theme 3: Establishment and management of collections and gene banks.

Axis 2: Genomics of model organisms and varietal improvement. This axis is the subject of intense activities based on four themes: Theme1: Study of the molecular mechanisms of plant adaptation to stress. The work for this purpose consists of the identification of genes and QTL's molecular markers of resistance to biotic and abiotic stress in the date palm, wheat, barley and Medicago and truncatula (legume model plant). Theme2: structural and functional analysis of genomes. The research focuses on the mastery of various techniques of genomics for the discovery of new genes (date palm, wheat, barley, Medicago truncatula). Theme3: Studies of synteny between model plants and crops of agronomic interest. The aim of the research theme is to ensure the transfer of genomics knowledge gained on model plants to strategic plants. The model plants are rice grains for cereals and Medicago truncatula for legumes. Theme4: Optimization of the in vitro culture techniques and varietal improvement. Research conducted under this theme aim to master the use of in vitro techniques (haplodiploidisation, protoplasm fusion, in vitro selection...etc.) for sanitation and / or the mass propagation of the date palm, potato land and olive trees. Axis 3: Improvement of animal production. Theme 1: Selection of genes to enhance productivity and resistance. Theme 2: Reproduction and improving animal performance. Theme 3: Optimization of feed processing by livestock.

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Axis 4: Improving the quality of agricultural and agrifood products. Theme1: Production of food additives. Theme2: Using and optimizing molecular marker techniques for authentication, identification and traceability of processed and unprocessed food products. Theme3: Alternative methods of quality control of products and agro-ecosystems. Theme4: Bioconversions. Axis 5: Biotechnology and environment. Theme1: Estimated risks of GMOs. Development of genetic transformation and GMOs detection techniques (corn, wheat). Theme2: Alternative wastewater treatment processes. Theme3: Biofertilizers and biopesticides.

2.2.3 Conclusion.
The research dedicated to agricultural biotechnology are currently limited in Algeria, and especially in INRAA, to few and partially covered research axis pertaining with the characterization of genetic resources and genomics of organisms as well as of the creation of new varieties. Such research orientation should be strengthened for the coming decade and extended to domains like animal production, food processing, by-products utilization, additives production, plant protection and for other species than cereals and legumes (tree culture, vegetable crops, potatoes, and livestock feed). There is a need to consolidate the existing human and materiel bases of INRAAs biotechnology research station in terms of equipment as well as adequate human resource and their capacity building. Furthermore, it is important to coordinate the research activities carried out and optimize the allocation of financial resources in this area. This is even truer that we are witnessing the emergence of several specialized research centers in Algeria (BRC of Constantine, INRAA's Biotechnology lab, USTO ... etc...).

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III. Innovation and technological development activities (2013-2023).

Innovation activities, whether technological, organizational, institutional or entrepreneurial have not experienced a significant development in Algeria25. We can affirm that such activities are marginal or even non-existent, despite the efforts in terms of creation of institutions dedicated to innovation like the ANVREDET, promulgation of legal instruments aimed at supporting the creation process of innovative SMEs, business incubators and technology parks. Research activities developed during the last two decades have indeed yielded "valuable" results in diverse areas like obtaining cereal seed varieties, in vitro production of potato and date palm plants, and production of elite brood-stock sheep as well the health and clonal selection of varieties of fruit species for the constitution of primary sources. Conclusive results have been obtained in other areas like technological valorization of agricultural products and by-products (Dates, barley, mill feed, slaughterhouse by-products) in favor of animal feed, biological control against the bio-aggressors, the establishment of mechanisms for observing economic sectors (milk, poultry, potato), the valorization of genetic resources, geographic information systems and the promotion of instruments to approach the rural areas. These results more or less finalized, often with undeniable market potential but not precisely estimated, have not been converted into innovation through productive processes and markets. Several factors are responsible for this state of fact: Administrative configuration of the majority of research and development institutions that do not offer the flexibility required to manage the development of innovative products. Budgetary constraints that do not allow, from the results of research, engagement and driving forward the process of development and diffusion of innovations (Maintenance costs of collections and conservatories, financing of scientific and technical expertise of high level, costs of studies and development, funding of SMEs and start-ups ...etc.).

But the weak development of innovation refers to that the research and development institutions operate in a context marked by institutional bulkheading between university research laboratories and other specialized research centers on one hand, and to the very low connectivity between the world of research and business on the other hand. Furthermore, it must be added the fact that research in Algeria is implemented according to the classical framework (experimentation / Thesis / Conferences / Publications), which tends to marginalize the contribution of SMEs as well as professional organizations and engineering sciences that are the basis of the development of innovations in the world. Algeria has favored investment in centers and university research laboratories that concentrate almost 90% of researchers which in fact are teacher-researchers. So, given the weak links between the university and business, mentioned above, we can already highlight the huge delay accumulated in the development of innovation in Algeria26. Finally, the weakness in interfaces devoted to exploitation of research results is explanatory of the low innovation capacity in the field of agricultural research. Certainly, there is in Algeria a National Agency of exploitation of the results of research and technological development (ANVREDET) but its action is limited to the management of funding related to market research, the cost of patents and the search for partners. In this respect, in addition to the need to strengthen the financial base of the ANVREDET, the development of this interface involves the creation of incubators dedicated to innovative

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companies, the promotion and development of science parks or "Clusters" and the creation of financial institutions specialized in the funding of innovative companies. Implementation of a favorable policy to development of innovation, particularly in the areas of agriculture and rural development is imperative in view of the identified needs. An analysis, far from being exhaustive, of the needs of Algeria in innovation has allowed establishing seven areas on which potential claims have been identified (See Appendix 1).

3.1 Innovations related to the mastery of physical environment, climate and agriculture.
In view of the scarcity of natural resources and multifaceted anthropogenic pressures exerted on them, in relation to the process of economic development, the production of innovations for the mastery of the physical environment, climate and agriculture is without doubt one of the major challenges for the next decade and with regard to the importance of needs and gaps recorded in this sensitive area. From this perspective, innovation should focus on a number of strategic areas, namely: - Cartography of the farming aptitudes of the great agro pedoclimatic ensembles of Algeria. - Agro climatic characterization of agricultural production zones - Study of interactions soil-plant-microorganisms. - Soil conservation and management. - Development of indicators and early warning systems. - Adaptation of irrigation techniques and fine knowledge of crop water requirements according to agro climatic areas of Algeria. - Development of non-conventional water in agriculture (wastewater and brackish). - Characterization of water resources in different agro-climatic zones. - The study of processes of soil degradation (salinization, desertification, erosion and wind and water pollution). - The use of remote sensing and GIS for the assessment of water resources for irrigation, soil and climate. - Integrated water management.

3.2 Knowledge and Genetic Improvement of biological resources.

The knowledge of available biological resources (Plant, animal, microorganisms) is imperative in order to exploit the potential they represent and understanding their adaptation to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses (water deficit, heat stress, soil and water salinity, resistance to pests and diseasesetc.). Therefore, several areas are concerned by innovation activities in Algeria: - Inventory, evaluation, conservation and durable use of the animal and vegetable genetic resources and of local and introduced micro-organisms. - Development and improvement of genetic resources. - Creation and/or enlargement of the genetic variability for the improvement of strategic species (resistance, productivity, quality). - Selection of new varieties of plants by the participatory approach. - Optimization in vitro crop techniques and varietal improvement. - Adaptation and species behavior to environmental conditions (Agro-technical). - Knowledge and development of neglected and underutilized species (medicinal and aromatic plants, forage and condiments).

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3.3 Food and food industry

The growth of food industry is an undeniable fact in Algeria. This is accompanied by the emergence of pressing and important needs expressed by food companies addressed to research and innovation system. These innovations are based on 4 axis: - The control of the quality of fresh and processed products. - The use of by-products of agriculture by agro-industry. - Promotion of traditional dairy products. - The use of antioxidants in agribusiness.

3.4-Crop Protection
Needs on innovations are focusing on integrated crop protection. These relate to orchards rosacea, citrus, greenhouse crops and palm groves. It should also address the needs in the areas of integrated pest against the bio aggressors of legumes and locusts.

- Creation of technical and economical references and support for professional organizations. - Mastery of the reproduction of animal populations (Cattle, sheep, goats). - Optimizing food systems for livestock. - Valorization of by-products in the animal feed. Pathology of livestock.

3.5- Animal Health and Production

3.6- Agricultural and agrifood economics

- Improving the functioning of agrifood chains and markets for agricultural products. - Development of territorialized chains (Clusters) - Support for the implementation of agricultural policies. - Knowledge and promotion of local products and traditional skills.

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IV-

Capacities of implementation of the agricultural research programs in Algeria.

The capacities of implementation of the agronomic research in Algeria distribute themselves between the Ministries of agriculture and rural development, of the water resources, the environment, and the higher education and the scientific research that have centers and institutes of research with which INRAA develops relations of collaboration. (See Appendix 3).

4.1 Experimental stations and infrastructure (INRAA)

The implementation of the abovementioned research program implies the presence of INRAA in the main representative agro-ecological zones of Algeria. In addition to already established and functional experimental stations, INRAA has created and equipped others research facilities called to act as a receptacle for research divisions (see Table 1). Moreover, the imperatives of scientific support to PREARR development programs, such as saharan, mountainous and Algerian high plateaus programs, implies that INRAA , deploys its research teams into new location/stations (Tamanrasset, Bechar, Ghardaia, Bouira, El Bayadh / Saida). Table 1 INRAAs experimentation and research Stations Structures INRAA Head office Algiers Mehdi Boualem Station Algiers Area (Ha) 0.11 Observations Station site, including agricultural biotechnology, Center of the scientific literature and the Observatory of Agriculture. General-purpose station. Headquarter of several research laboratories (Soil, animal production, plant breeding and physiology, bioclimatology, food technology ...). Location of genetic resources bank. Station dedicated to Saharan agriculture Station under construction (Agriculture / livestock in arid zone) Station dedicated to agriculture wet mountains Station under construction (Agriculture and livestock in arid zone). Station dedicated to agriculture wet mountains (under construction). Station on track rehabilitation oriented agriculture / livestock in semi-arid zone Station dedicated to Saharan agriculture (under construction) Station under construction (Cereals / Livestock) Station under construction (Cereals / Livestock) Laboratory oriented for production of seed potato Station dedicated to agriculture Saharan Station dedicated to research focused on the problems of salinity / aridity. Receptacle cooperation project Algeria / China dedicated to the development of saline agricultural soils in Algeria

24

Sidi Mehdi Station Touggourt Sidi Aissa Station Msila Oued Ghir Station Bjaia Djelfa Station Jijel Station Lamtar Station Sidi Bel Abbes Doucene Station Biskra Constantine Station Stif Station Tiaret Laboratory Adrar Station El Hmadenas Station Relizane

52 15 21 24 11 11

10 12 20 75 78

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4.2 Human Resources.

The human potential of INRAA, including both researchers and support staff to research, is configured to meet the challenges imposed by the need to cover the needs of agricultural research, as formulated above, induced by implementation of agricultural, rural and agrifood policies in Algeria. In addition to national research programs implemented, INRAA develops other activities that increase the human resource needs as the institution tries to cover through recruitment plans. Among these activities there are to be noted: - Implementation of the main instruments to support agricultural research. - Conduct and animation of development activities of strategic importance related to PREAR. The implementation of the main instruments to support agricultural research. - Establishment of the Bank of plant and animal genetic resources. - Consolidation of technological base of agricultural biotechnology station that will strengthen research activities in relation to knowledge and improvement of biological material. - Implementation of the observatory of agriculture and agrifood chains (OFAAL) in Algeria. This observatory is a twinning project which involve European Union (France, Italy) and Algeria. The objectives of this project are the knowledge and improving the value chain (production system, marketing of agricultural raw materials, industrial processing, and distribution of processed products, international markets and food consumption). The project will be implemented during the period September 2012-March 2014 and will require the mobilization of 14 permanent scientists and 16 technicians under the support staff. - Consolidation of the agro meteorology network whose development is sought in order to ensure coverage of all agro-ecological zones listed in PREAR. - Development of a GIS center whose development was supported by the project "Geographical Information System Integrated Agricultural and Rural Development (SGIIAR)" in the context of cooperation between Algeria and Italy. Conduct and animation of development activities of strategic importance related to PREAR. Under the accumulated expertise and status of research and development organization, INRAA is responsible for several issues of strategic importance to MADR, namely: - The Genetic Resources Program. - The implementation of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources. - The establishment of three integrated agrifood poles (Clusters) with the support of the World Bank27. - Supporting the development program of date palm in Algeria. - Support for development programs for arid, Saharan, highlands and mountain areas. - Labeling of agricultural products within the framework of the promotion of rural areas (Olive oil, dried figs). - The development of organic agriculture. The achievement of these strategic objectives implies the mobilization of potential researchers and therefore adoption of an exceptional plan of recruitment that will permit the strengthening of human capacities of INRAA. INRAA currently mobilizing a population of scientists who rises to 207 researchers spread across stations and research divisions (see Table 2), nearly 60% majority is composed of young researchers.

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Table 2 - Structure of the potential of researchers mobilized by INRAA (2012) Grade researchers Directors of research Maitres of research Responsible for research Attaches of research Responsible for studies Total Numbers 02 12 33 135 25 207

4.3 The Scientific and Technological Cooperation

To ensure adequate coverage of the areas of research INRAA deploys an intensive cooperation both nationally and internationally.

4.3.1 National Cooperation.

Nationally, INRAA develop a close collaboration with institutes, centers and laboratories within the Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development, Water Resources, Higher Education and Research science (see Appendix 3). As such, it should be noted that INRAA is the national coordination agency of PNRs dedicated to Agriculture, Food, forests, farmland and rural areas". INRAA also participates directly to the implementation of 44 projects funded by the National Research Fund (FNR) for an amount of 66 million dinars (660.000 Euros). These projects, as well as all the research activities of the INRAA, are embedded within the institutional matrix (see Appendix 4) involving government institutions, professional organizations, NGOs and companies.

4.3.2 International Cooperation.

The international project portfolio consists of 22 projects dedicated to the improvement of wheat, building research capacity, renewable energy, the fight against desertification and rural development in fragile ecosystems (mountains, plains and areas Sahara), food security, the application of nuclear techniques to agricultural areas (Pathology and Animal Health, irrigation, crop breeding, bioclimatology), mobilization of water resources and soil conservation. International cooperation projects are implemented both in bilateral (France, USA, Spain, Holland, Italia, Morocco, Brazil, Argentina, China, South Korea) and multilateral relations (EU, NEPAD, UMA, World Bank, FAO, IAEA). Moreover, INRAA maintaining close relationships with international research centers: CGIAAR (ICARDA, IWMI, CIMMYT and CIP). The issue of water and its mobilization for agriculture is at the center of international cooperation projects. It is articulated on several projects during formulation or execution: - Impact of climate change on water availability for irrigation in the regions and catchments (INRAA / IWMI). - Optimization of irrigation (hydroponic, needs assessment in water for crops) INRAA / IAEA. - Genetic improvement against water stress of crops (barley, wheat, chickpea, date palms palm). INRAA / IAEA. - Evaluation of aquifer systems (INRAA / OSS / ANRH). - The mobilization of rainwater in the wilaya of Mascara (CERAI / INRAA). - Action against groundwater pollution (IAEA). - Wastewater Reuse in the regions for the purposes of agriculture (WB and IWMI).

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V. European Food, Agriculture and Water research priorities

5.1. EU 2020 Food and Agriculture research future priorities for developing countries28
Food and Agricultural research greatly influence the direction and development of agricultural policies and practices, with important implications for sustainable development and global food security. As part of the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) 2013 reform, the European Commission has proposed a new 4.5 bn Euro budget for food and agricultural research which is double the amount of previous research budgets. The Commission issued its legislative proposal for both the Horizon 2020 and the CAP reform in Oct-Nov 2011. Horizon 2020 developed under the lead of DG Research brings together all EU innovation and research funding on basic and applied research (FP7, competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme CIP, and the European Institute on Innovation). Food security is one of the major challenges worldwide in the years ahead, with global food demand forecast to rise by 70% by 2050 (FAO), accompanied by a steep increase in the demand for feed, fibre, biomass, and biomaterial. However, this challenge is accompanied by a slowdown in productivity growth in good part because of a reduction in investment in agricultural research and increased pressure on the environment and our natural resources. The key challenge for agriculture in future is not only to produce more, but also to do this in a sustainable manner. These challenges will not be resolved without a major push towards embracing research and innovation and in particular in bringing researchers, farmers and other players closer together so that we can accelerate the speed of technological transfer from science to farming practice, and provide more systematic feedback about practice needs from farming to science. One of the Horizon 2020 priorities is Societal challenges with a proposed budget of about 35bn Euro addresses food security, sustainable agriculture, energy, raw materials, marine and maritime research, bioeconomy, etc. The research programme will be implemented through different instruments such as public-private-partnerships, public-publicpartnerships (i.e. ERA-NET), joint programming initiatives, coordination with EU member states, and the European Innovation Partnership (EIP). EIP programme on Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability which will primarily be implemented through co-funding actions under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) pillar II on rural development policy. The programme aims to facilitate communication between practice and sciences and exchanges among innovation actors on the side of both the CAP and Horizon 2020; with the latter feeding into the EIP with applied research projects, cross-border and cluster initiatives or innovation centers. The EIP targets are: productivity and efficiency of the agricultural sector promotion (reversing the recent trend of diminishing productivity gains by 2020) and sustainability of agriculture (securing soil functionality at a satisfactory level by 2020). The resources that the EU invests in agricultural research could impact developing countries in different ways. First, indirectly but perhaps most importantly, the European food and agricultural knowledge system, and the agricultural model on which it is based, is being transferred to many developing countries by way of, inter alia, technical assistance. Second, there is a direct impact resulting from private sector investments in the development of agricultural innovations which are not necessarily appropriate for tropical climates and soils or for the economic and social contexts in which developing country farmers are operating, and which therefore do not always have positive impacts on poverty reduction or on local food security and nutrition.

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At the international level, the EU has committed to investing in food agricultural research that will meet global development challenges. The outcome document of the UNCSD Conference, Rio+20, calls for strengthening of international cooperation on food and agricultural research for development, improvement of knowledge systems and knowledge and technology transfer that empowers farmers; and in this regard acknowledges the important role of traditional seed supply systems.29 EU plays an important role in promoting agricultural research that delivers on global food security, particularly in food insecure and developing countries. The obligation to take account of policy coherence for development will be translated into support for open access, sharing and use of scientific information and the increased dissemination and use of knowledge and access to scientific data produced or collected by EU funded research. This is particularly important for actors in developing countries and for tackling common challenges of global food security. Food and Agricultural research capacities of the EU (research projects, personal, programs) are necessary to improve global food security concerns in particular of developing countries with tropical and subtropical conditions. Therefore, building capacity in developing countries research institutes through partnerships between research institutions in EU and developing countries is an extremely relevant action. The EUs commitment to reduction of hunger could be translated into research that puts marginalized food production of rural poor at the center. Agricultural research is based on participatory approaches that put the needs and knowledge of farmers at the center of decision-making. This research approach can be used on small scale farms allowing technology transfer to smallholders in developing countries. EU co-funded research support to smallholder enterprises in agriculture and food processing operators in developing countries is very important to their food production capacity-building and long term food security.EU research support to research and development of specific agro ecological techniques in these countries with a particular attention to gender issues enable them to avoid an increase in womens labor burden, or an increase in child labor exploitation.

5.2. EU Water research future approach in developing countries

The EU R&D roadmap for water issues for the next 20 years addresses relevant challenges of the water sector in Europe and in developing countries. Most of these challenges are environmental and industrial but they also represent market opportunities, and are therefore considered as most relevant to support influence of the European water sector industry in the developing countries by the means of nancing projects and knowledge transfer of innovative demonstration cases. The challenges will focus on generic research that will also encourage RTD activities based on the cooperation with different European Technology Platforms (ETPs) or Framework Programmes, but also with other pan-European initiatives addressing water management such as ERANET initiatives, EurAqua, etc A global approach is needed with regard to water and waste treatment across all industrial and commercial sectors. The EU research opportunities will be addressed to both the water sector and wider industry, that will finally enhance the capability of the supply chain in provision of energy efficient technologies for water and wastewater usage and treatment, both in EU and abroad, thereby increasing the global competitiveness of European water and wastewater solution providers. EU R&D and demonstration funding will be better targeted and consequently investment in new technology, innovation and integration between the water industry, wider industry and society, adoption of commercial synergies will oer the potential of additional economical resources.

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In the developing countries there is more opportunity for short term solutions not constrained by existing infrastructure. Therefore, there is great opportunity for European innovation to be widely adopted in the developing world. This will enhance wealth creation in Europe and in those countries and create many jobs for both parts in the environmental sector. This EU approach will reduce the impact of climate change and other drivers reduce the costs of service provision and provide nancial benets to EU and third countries societies.

CONCLUSION
Agricultural Research in Algeria will meet many challenges largely determined by the momentum generated by the implementation of economic reforms, themselves conditioned by two major constraints: - Climatic change and its consequences such as increasing drought and flood occurrences and more water scarcity. The last will constitute from now a major determinant in the definition of all the components of the food security policy of Algeria. - Globalization of the economy which will induce strong entropy on the markets and a great instability of the agricultural products prices because of the risks as well political as climatic but also because of the substitutability of the products. Among the biggest challenges that will face Algeria to the Horizon 2023, we can mention: - The necessity to ensure a sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems. - The necessity to ensure food security of the nation and citizens. - The resolution of the throbbing question of employment through the development of a productive and competitive economy. - The establishment of the foundations of an effective governance of both the economy and society. Sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems, The Algerian agriculture and rural areas evolve in a climatic context, marked by a structural aridity, which is expected to be exacerbated in relation with the climate change perspective that will influence significantly agricultural productivity as well as agricultural and food economy as a whole . Thus, the issue of water will be a major challenge for Algeria in the future. Moreover, all searches are now structured around the nagging question of water that Algeria must solve through intensive research programs related to: - Knowledge and adaptation of biological material to water stress. - Improvement and production of new biological materials adapted to arid environments and fragile ecosystems. - Knowledge, conservation, sustainable management of water resources and improving the resilience of agro-ecosystems. - The use of biotechnology to solve problems or overcome abiotic stresses, including water stress, which apply to Algeria. - Application of processing technologies for wastewater use in agriculture which contribute, also, to the preservation of the quality of fresh water and reduction of pollution the Mediterranean Sea. On the other hand, the preservation of biodiversity requires dynamic management of ecosystems that are, ultimately, providers of environmental services necessary to meet the socio-economic needs of the population. Operationally, the preservation of biodiversity requires the implementation of participatory approaches focused on ecosystems, involving social actors as well as institutions.

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But beyond the significant progress recorded in the implementation of the strategy for biodiversity conservation in Algeria, the process still suffers from the problem of scientific knowledge of resources and ecosystems. This is an undeniable priority research for Algeria. Ensure food security of the nation, population and households.

Ensure the country's food security is a priority for policy makers in Algeria. Agricultural and rural policies implemented since 2008 clearly reflect this strategic direction through: - The structuring of production systems and agrifood channels to meet food demands and ensure the country's food security. - The modernization of strategic food chains (cereals, milk, pulses, potatoes, legumes, olive oil, dates, red and white meat). - The development and consolidation of the food industry foundations which is called to play an important role in the regulation of markets, especially in a context marked by a growth in demand and changes in eating habits. In the context of economic openness and food crises, agricultural and food policies are implemented to provide answers to the problems inherent in the volatility of international markets and favorable conditions for securing and enhancing supplies that affect strongly consumers, farmers and agrifood companies. Regulation of agricultural and food markets are, from this point of view, a priority for the government. Agricultural research must provide the scientific insights required for this purpose. The issue of employment and development of a productive economy

The issue of employment is a key concern of for both policy-makers since the early 2000s. Indeed, Algeria will face a very tight labor market characterized by an unemployment rate of 10 % that affects graduates population much more: While the unemployment rate among people with no qualifications is estimated at 7.3%, unemployment in the population with tertiary education reached 21.4% in 2010 (11.1% in men and 33.6% women) 30. Prospects of consolidating food security through the development of agriculture, the development of agro-industries and SMEs, the development of environment-related jobs (Water economy, ecosystem and bio-resources valuation) are, from this point of view, called to generate a dynamic of job creation and improving the living conditions of populations. By developing research and innovation oriented towards these topics, the research sector can contribute in a meaningful way to resolve the issue of employment in Algeria. Especially, the research effort will focus on priority products like cereals, legumes, Solanaceae (tomatoes, potatoes), milk and its derivatives, as well as white and red meats. Research in the field of food industries should, furthermore, promote agricultural chains generating high added value (date palm, olive oil and other local products) and support the process of valorization of agricultural and agrifood by-products. Furthermore, Beyond the knowledge of the biological material, the research activities dedicated to plant genetic resources are an opportunity to create favorable basis - To the creation of productive activities (SMEs) that generate income for rural populations (breeding, beekeeping). Governance institutions and society The fact is established, the technical and technological solutions are virtually useless if the individual and collective behavior are not simultaneously modified31. The development of research in social sciences will be inescapable for years to come. These should provide adequate answers to questions related to:

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Diagnosis and improvement of production systems. This research will contribute to enhance decisions making about the dynamics and differentiation processes of production systems for better development politics implementation The evaluation of agricultural and rural policies. The analysis will cover the components pertaining with agricultural policies including land property regime, economic regulation and incentive, Agricultural water management, training-research and extension, land planning, agricultural and rural employment, incomes, regional integration (the Maghreb, UE/Maghreb...) and institutions. rural development which deploys a "Gender" approach whose central question is the study of the relationship between gender with the imperatives of preserving biodiversity, water resources and ecosystems in connection with rural know How . It will, moreover, to study the level of gender integration in the institutional development process. To institutions and governance. Indeed, by integrating an approach oriented towards decentralization and empowerment of rural actors at local level, the new agricultural and rural policies are firmly anchored in the reform and modernization processes of the State, democratization of society and good governance. Thus, research dedicated to the analysis of the strategy of rural actors and efficiency of policies implemented should be intensified.

Innovation and technological development activities Implementation of a favorable policy to development of innovation, particularly in the areas of agriculture and rural development is imperative in view of the identified needs but also to enhance SMEs and industry competitivity. An analysis, far from being exhaustive, of the needs of Algeria in innovation has allowed establishing seven areas on which potential claims have been identified (Physical environment mastery, genetic improvement, agrifood industry, crop protection, animal production, Agricultural and agrifood economics). But innovation activities, both technological, institutional or organizational, as have not experienced a significant development in Algeria because of institutional cloisenements between industry and the research community. Thus, the most important challenge for the next ten years is to build bridges between these two worlds in the triple helix model framework.

Articulation with Priorities and EU research programs (H 2020)

The analysis of the strategic directions of research in Algeria and their comparison with those of European Union, according to the major challenges for the Horizon 201232, has identified a number of points of convergence. These relate to: - The research planification based on major challenges (food security, climate change and water economy). - Priority research themes (food security, sustainable agriculture, fight against climate change, efficient use of natural resources; inclusive, innovative and secure societies. - Integrating SMEs in the process of research and innovation (industrial primacy pillar). - Willingness to mobilize industry stakeholders and engineering sciences, most directly concerned and most likely to integrate scientific knowledge in an innovation perspective. - Necessity to develop innovation in a direction favorable to smart, sustainable and inclusive growth - A greater role for social sciences in the development of research to address all societal challenges

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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

ANIMA - Innovation, ples technologiques et attraction de linvestissement. La Mditerrane intelligente. Notes and Documents No. 9 Novembre 2005. ANIMA et Marseille Innovation, 202 page. DJEFLAT A. - L'Algrie et les dfis de l'conomie de la connaissance. Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung, Alger, Novembre 2008 - 48 P. FERRAH ALI Prservation de la biodiversit en rapport avec les exigences socioconomiques de la population humaine et lquilibre des cosystmes. OADA, 2012. GAILLARD M. - Grands dfis pour Horizon 2020. FutuRIS 2012 - Chapitre 4. http://www.anrt.asso.fr/fr/futuris/pdf/esr/2012E.pdf JORADP - Loi dorientation agricole No. 08-16 dated 3 August 2008. INRAA- Stratgie et plan daction moyen et long termes. INRAA/MADR, August 2010, 93 Page MARD - Prsentation de la stratgie de dveloppement rural durable (SDRD). Main Report, March 2004. MARD- La politique de Renouveau agricole et rural: Rapport dtape analytique 2008/2011 et perspective 2014. July 2010. MARD - Le renouveau agricole et rural en marche. Revue et perspective. May, 2012, 95 pages. MARD - Programme quinquennal 2010-2014. Basic document, MARD, 2010 MARD - Rapport daudition MADR. Volet hydraulique. Direction des zones arides et semiarides. 2012, 27 pages. MATE - Algrie 2025 : Schma national damnagement du territoire. Equilibre durable et comptitivit des territoires. Volume 2. February 2007. MATE - Plan national dactions pour lenvironnement et le dveloppement durable. January, 2002. 39P. PERENNES, J-J - L'eau et les hommes au Maghreb. Karthala. Paris, 1993. TAIBI R- Synthse des tudes gnrales sur les ressources en eau en Algrie. ANRH, January 2010 WORLD BANK - Transforming Arab Economies: Traveling the Knowledge and Innovation road. World Bank, 2013, 188 P. INSEAD and WIPO - The Global Innovation Index 2012: Stronger Innovation Linkages for Global Growth. Soumitra Dutta Editor, France, 2012, 464 P.

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APPENDIX 1

ALGERIA REQUIREMENTS IN INNOVATIONS AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

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Identification of potential in innovations in the field of Agriculture, agro alimentary and rural development in Algeria / 1 Food and Food industries Themes Innovations (Needs) Innovations (Priorities) Biotechnological valorization of the date rejects: production of organic, amino acids / date Syrup, sugar solution, date juice, jams, food for cattle, vinegar and alcohol. Biotechnological valorization of the date rejects for the industrial production of yeasts Valorization of the traditional Characterization and development of dairy products traditional cheeses ("Takkemarit"," Bouhezzab... etc). Use of antioxidants in agricultural processing industry Characterization and development of traditional cheeses ("Takkemarit ", "Bouhezza"). Notice/Partners Innovation relatively controlled. To develop testing on an industrial scale and the establishment of partnerships. Partnerships to be identified Several works developed by INATA and INRAA (Agrifood technology division).

Valorization of the vegetable by-products in agricultural Valorization of mills by-products, date rejects processing industry By-products Oilseed mills, olive residue and by-products of tomato.

Valorization of the medicinal plants

Antioxidants identification and extraction starting from the aromatic, condiment and medicinal plants

Works in progress. To develop

Development of products of quality (Oils, couscous... etc.). Quality of the fresh and processed products Setup of an official sign of quality (Dates, sheep, figs, olives).

Improvement of the technological quality of the olive oils ("Chemlal and "Azeradj").

To resume and supplement former works developed by ITAFV, Tizi-Ouzou University and INRAA).

ITDAS, ITAFV, INRAA. Development of a geographical Existence of a IG for " indication for the date Deglet Nour ", fig Deglet Nour " of Tolga, of Beni Maouche " and olive of Sig. Biskra

Project funded by the European Commission under the 7th European Framework Programme Activities for International Cooperation of the Capacities Programme.

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 2 Biotic agents of the vegetable species Themes Innovations (Needs) Innovations (Priorities) Development of techniques of fight against the Development of the sterile insect Integrated protection of the orchards of rosacea carpocapse of the apple and Technology (SIT). pear trees. Integrated protection of citrus fruits Techniques of fight Fight against Tuta absoluta on solanaceous Identification of the antagonistic micro-organisms face to the fusariose of chickpea, broad beans and the lens. Identification of antagonistic micro-organisms as solution of fight against Fusariose Inventory of the acarofaune and biological fights against the " Boufaroua " (Oligonychus) Biological fight against the gregarious acridiens Integrated fight against locusts and the Moroccan locust Biological fight against the gregarious acridiens Use of vegetable oils Identification and development of powerful auxiliaries and biopesticides.

Notice/Partners To develop: INRAA, INPV, ITAFV, university laboratories. To develop: INRAA, INPV, ITAFV, university laboratories To develop: INRAA, INPV, ITCMI, university laboratories

Integrated Protection in protected cultures

Integrated fight against the bios attackers of dry vegetables

Identification and production of the To develop: INRAA, antagonistic micro-organisms to the INPV, ITGC, university fusariose of chickpea. laboratories Use of micro-organisms to fight against Bayoud of the Date palm Identification and production of powerful auxiliaries against Boufaroua (Case of Ladybirds). Identification and production of synthetic insecticides and bio pesticides plant Use of entomopathogenic fungi against locusts. Designing a mycobased insecticide using Beauveria bassiana. INRAA, INPV, ITDAS, university laboratories INRAA, INPV, ITAFV, university laboratories To develop. INRAA, INPV, university laboratories Existing innovation for some fungi. INRAA, INPV, ITAFV, university laboratories

Integrated protection of the palmgroove

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 3 Selection and breeding of plants and animals of strategic interest

Themes

Innovations (Needs) Creation of devices for performance evaluation and conservation (In and Ex situ) of threatened animal populations (sheep, goats, local bovines, and camels).

Innovations (Priorities) Implementation of conservatories for bovines ("Cheurfa") sheep ("Hamra"), goats ("Makatia") and poultry (3 phenotypes of the local population) breeds.

Notice/Partners Experiment already carried out by the ITELV. To consolidate.

Identification and safeguarding of the animal genetic resources

Improvement of the local genetic resources.

Conception programs and devices for Creation of centers for testing, genetic improvement (dairy cattle, dairy goat and dairy camels, sheep meat). production and dissemination of

Work already begun by ITELV CNIAAG in collaboration with

elite ovines genitors (Ouled Djellal, professional associations. Hamra, Rembi).

Improvement of the local genetic resources

Designing programs and devices for genetic improvement (rabbit).

Creating a synthetic rabbit strain from crosses including females of a local population.

Actors involved: ITELV, UMMTO, INRA Toulouse (France) and INRAA (Algeria).

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Themes Creation of technical-economic references and support to the Creation of databases oriented technoprofessional organizations economic systems and sectors / diagnostic expert systems technology for the orientation of the decision and breeding advice Establishment of a research and development pole dedicated to testing of bulls: 1 - Structure of animal testing. 2 Laboratory of semen analysis. 3 - Bank of semen conservation. 4 - Laboratory of Mastery of reproduction (Cattle, filiations analysis (DNA). 5 - Centre for calculating dairy index sheep, goats)

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 4 Production and animal health Innovations (Needs) Innovations (Priorities) Support for milk recording Network in Algeria. Development of databases / Modern Dairy Cattle (CIZ). Applications to semi-intensive sheep farms and intensive poultry

Notice/Partners Work to be capitalized in partnership with ITELV, INRAA, ITELV, ONIL and professional organizations (CNA). ITELV

Development of a center of testing of the bulls. 1 - Structures testage of animals. 2 - Analysis laboratory of semen. Establishment of a laboratory for the production of sexed embryos (Creating a storage bank of embryos and a mobile laboratory embryo transfer

Partnerships to be built: CNIAAG, ITELV, INRAA, USTO, University of Blida

Program production and embryo transfer in bovine breeding for the dissemination of genetic progress and cost reduction of animal handling Optimization of the food systems for livestock

CNIAAG/University of Blida

Feed formulations optimized incorporating Feed formulations optimized for local raw materials (barley, mill feed, alfalfa) dairy cattle, poultry and rabbit

ITELV/INRAA/Universities Works

Valorization of the by-products in the animal feeds

Identification and characterization of byproducts / feed formulation

Feed formulations optimized for dairy cattle and poultry rabbit +

ITELV/INRAA/Universities Work

Pathology of the livestock

Development of means of diagnosis, fight and prevention against the diseases (bovine, ovine, caprine)

Optimization of molecular biology techniques for the diagnosis and CNIAAG, INRAA, ENSV, prevention of infectious diseases in INMV, universities ruminants

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Themes

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 5 Agriculture and durable development Innovations (Needs) Innovations (Priorities) Conservation and durable use of the Installation of a bank of phytogenetic genetic resources resources Inventory, assessment, conservation and sustainable use of Saharan wheat. Development and diversification of the production of seeds and plants (potato, corn, olive).

Notice/Partners INRAA

Inventory, evaluation, conservation and durable use of the animal, vegetable and microbiological genetic resources.

Development of Saharan wheat varietal catalog of Algeria Production of certified seed by vitroculture and hydroponics. Establishment of a laboratory for Production - Diversification of seed potatoes: Program of improvement and creation of new varieties. Introduction of the varieties already tested by INRAA, ITGC and ITCMI.

INRAA

KOIKA INRAA, CNCC, ITCMI, SAGRODEV

Adaptation and crop management to environmental conditions (Agrotechnie)

Introduction of certain varieties of alfalfa, tomatoes, chickpeas, sorghum, corn and seasoning species in the Saharan zones. Introduction of new forage rye and triticale in crop rotation and animal feed (Ruminants) Inventory, evaluation, conservation and durable use of the species neglected and under used (plants medicinal, aromatic, fodder, condiment...).

ITGC, ITCMI, INRAA

Development of the culture of rye.

Knowledge and development of neglected and underutilized species (medicinal, aromatic feed and condiments plants ...)

ITELV, ITGC, INRAA, ONAB, private industry feed INRAA

Installation of a bank of the phytogenetic resources

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 6 Selection and breeding of plants and animals of strategic interest Themes Innovations (Needs) Innovations (Priorities) Commercialization of new productive varieties of wheat those are resistant to various diseases, with good technological qualities and adapted to various agro-ecological zones. Production of barley varieties adapted to aridity and salinity. Varieties oriented grains and forages. Varieties adapted to fragile agro ecosystems. Improvement of the commercial value of the varieties of existing dates by the creation of cultivars mutant resistant to the " Bayoud " (varieties Tegaza, Takharboucht) and of quality (Variety Deglet Nour) for the repopulation of the oases devastated by the disease . Application of participatory Selection of plant varieties approach in genetic through participatory approach. improvement of wheat, barley, triticale, food legumes and date palm. Conception of selection and "screening" techniques for date palm, wheat, barley, leguminous plants, potatoes and olives Protocol development for cereals and date palm. 2 Promotion of new varieties of hard and soft wheat to propose to the national catalog of species and varieties. Notice/Partners Work implemented within the framework of National Program for Improvement of wheat (PNAB: INRAA/ITGC/ICARDA) Activities of R-D developed by INRAA within the framework of the project ALG/5/023(INRAA/AIEA/ COMENA)

Creation and/or widening of genetic variability for the improvement of the strategic species (resistance, productivity, quality).

Creation of new genotypes (varieties): Date palm, wheat, barley, leguminous plants/ chickpeas, olives, vegetables

Several worksinitiated in collaboration with ICARDA, ITGC, IPGRI

Research and mastery of efficient selection methods

Development of the Protocol.

INRAA

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Themes

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 7-1 Physical environments, climate and agriculture Innovations (Needs) Innovations (Priorities)

Notice/Partners

Study and mapping of cultivation aptitudes of large agro pedoclimatic sets Research and application of new methods of cartography.

Adaptation mapping tools and integrated approaches to decision support

Mapping agro-pedoclimatic characteristics and agricultural aptitudes of potential areas, covering the north of Algeria

INRAA, INSID

Creation of integrated databases on physical Creation of integrated natural resources databases for major agricultural areas Inoculum production and other biological technologies standardized

Collaboration with INRAA, ASAL, INSID, BNEDER; CNTS ANRH Rehabilitation of leguminous for the restoration of degraded soils in arid and semi arid areas

Interactions Soils - Plants Microorganisms Protection and management of the grounds

Application to leguminous production areas

Design of a technological package of management of the salted grounds

Project registers within the Application for the arid and semi framework of the coarid regions. operation with China

Development of systems and early warning indicators (agro meteorology, plant protection and animal health).

Development of forecasting systems of harvests, identification of areas at risk, crop water diagnosis (Dates of seeding, crop water needs, soil reserves, yields) / Models biomass for livestock

Development of afunctional early alarm system for the dryness

Work in collaboration with ONM, ASAL

Development of early prediction systems of harvests

Consolidation and development of an early and spatialized system of forecast (SIG/BDD) of harvests (Cultivation of cereals, potato).

A forecasting model of the cereal outputs was already initiated within the framework of the SGIIAR. Partners: DSA, CAW, DSASI

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Themes

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 7-2 Physical environments, climate and agriculture Innovations (Needs) Innovations (Priorities) Mapping agricultural potential of northern Algeria (01), Case of cereal.

Notice/Partners

Agro-climatic Mapping agricultural potential of characterization of northern Algeria (01), steppe (02) agricultural production zones and Sahara (03)

Collaboration with INCT

Evaluation of crop water needs Adaptation and improvement of irrigation to agro-pedoclimatic conditions Introduction of water-saving irrigation technology

Assessment of water needs of crops (wheat, vegetable crops)

INRAA, ITDAC, ITCMI

Introduction of "Small Scale Irrigation Technologies" (water saving irrigation: sprinkler irrigation and / or localized) and water requirements for high added value crops (peppers, tomatoes) Creation of a cluster dedicated to valorization of wastewater for agriculture (Extra irrigation .....). Agricultural valorization (fertilization) of sewage sludge generated by epuration stations. Introduction of irrigation technics based on purified wastewater on large irrigated areas (Oran, Tlemcen, Boumerdes, Tissemsilt, Constantine). Water Resource Mapping / wastewater quality Mapping

Techniques developed within the framework of cooperation projects involving AIEA. Strong incidence on the environment (depollution). Possible partners: ONID ONA INRAA, INSID, ANRH, ITGC, Association of the irrigants, DSA, DSP international Partners: FAWIRA, IMWI (In project), World Bank ONID, ONA, INRAA, INSID, ANRH, association of irrigating, DSA, DSP

Valorization of nonconventional water in agriculture (wastewater and brackish)

Use of treated wastewater in agriculture (3) Technology / water treatment (3) / resistance of crops to salinity (3).

Characterization of water resources in different agroclimatic zones

Assessment of water availability (03) and wastewater quality (03)

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 7-3 Physical environments, climate and agriculture.

Themes Study of degradation process of soil: salinization, desertification, water and wind erosion and pollution.

Innovations (Needs)

Innovations (Priorities)

Notice/Partners Algeria has 13 million hectares for 102 watersheds (water and soil). Algeria's 13 million hectares for 102 watersheds (water and soil) Some existing works (CERAI INRAA HCDS, Universities Mascara, Tlemcen) Partners: INRAA, ITCMI, CDER, CNCC, CO-OPERATION INRAA/KOPIA

Development of erosive zone maps Development of erosive zone maps (1). (1) / Studies on the level of pollution Application to watersheds of soil and water resources (2)

Using remote sensing and GIS for Remote sensing technology (1) and Application of remote sensing technology the assessment of water resources GIS (2) applied to natural resources to the assessment of natural resources for irrigation, soil and climate. and climate change. and climate change (Watersheds). Integrated installation and conservatory Community management water Mobilization of runoff for irrigation (Sources, "Joubs", "Ceds", "Majens") Adjustment of models in mountains, arid and semi arid zones.

Conception of greenhouse models Valorization of renewable energies suitable for different agro-climatic for the improvement of the climates zones (global conception, within the greenhouses improvement of devices using solar energy, alternative energy, types of materials, hydroponics).

Application to greenhouse dedicated to vegetable crops.

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Themes

Improving the functioning of agrifood chains and agricultural products markets.

Development of territorialized agrifood chain

Support to implementation of the agricultural policies.

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 8 Agricultural and agrifood economics Innovations (Needs) Innovations (Priorities) Notice/Partners Monitoring, knowledge and improving the Establishment of value chain (production system, marketing of observatory of agrifood Ongoing project: EU Twinning Project / agriculturalproducts, industrial processing, chains and agricultural INRAA / MADR. Partners: ITGC, distribution of processed products, products markets. ITCMI, INRAA, ITAFV, ITELV, ITDAS, international markets and food consumption). ONILEVetc. Applications: Cereals, milk, potatoes, dates, legumes, olive, poultry. The option for the creation of PAI seems committed by the government. Projects are reported in the regions of Milk/Water/Tomato Set up of integrated Medea-Boughzoul (Agriculture) and agricultural poles (PAI, Algiers (Biotechnology at the Sidi Clusters) Abdellah Park). A first draft of creating a cluster is underway in the east region of the country (World Bank ATR / MADR). Support to the Structuring and support to the creation of ITELV, ITGC, ONIL / Bretagne professional dairy producer groups in Algeria international/France organizations. Support to the professional organizations Economic promotion of regional products (sign of quality: IG, AOC AOG) Conception of business models oriented valorization of regional products in rural areas. Establishment of associations in the context of genetic improvement and promotion of sheep breeds (Ouled Djellal in Oum El Bouaghi, Rembi in Tiaret) "Geographical Indication Sign" for Deglet Nour" date, Olive oil and fig. SMEs specialized in drying figs, extraction of aromatic essences and packaging of medicinal plants. The associations are the support dissemination of genetic progress captured by the testing centers of breeding sheep. Works on the "Deglet Nour" date (GI), fig of "Beni Maouche" , sheep breed "Ouled Djellal". Some works done by ITGC (IREDEN Projects)

Support to implementation of the agricultural policies

Knowledge and valorization of local products and traditional skills

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Identification of potential in innovations in the field for Agriculture, the agro alimentary and the rural development in Algeria / 9 Biotechnologies applied to agriculture

Themes Multiplication and production of healthy and performant plant material

Innovations (Needs) Optimization of techniques in vitro cultivation and varietal improvement

Innovations (Priorities) Cleansing and mass propagation of date palm, olive and potato / Optimization of techniques in vitro cultivation for crop improvement.

Notice/Partners Creation of an industrial unit of production of date palm by Vitro cultivation techniques " (INRAA)

Strengthening the research potential in the field of biotechnology

Installation of a station of agricultural biotechnologies which will come to reinforce the activities of research in relation to the knowledge and the improvement of the biological material

Installation of the instrumentation and the basic protocols.

Existence of another research center in biotechnology at Constantine (CRBT)

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

APPENDIX 2

INRAA: COOPERATION PROJECTS

Situation in June 2012

Project funded by the European Commission under the 7th European Framework Programme Activities for International Cooperation of the Capacities Programme.

INRAA: COOPERATION PROJECTS /1

Project National Research Program(NRP) Agriculture, Food, forests, agricultural and rural areas / Biotechnology /Renewable Energy/Environment and Sustainable Development National Program for Improvement of wheat (INRAA/ ITGC /ICARDA). Developing Capacity for international cooperation in the field of research devoted to agriculture, water and food (FAWIRA). Observations -40 projects funded by the National Fund for Research and controlled by INRAA -04projects funded by FNR but controlled by CDER and ANDRU. International cooperation project. Ongoing (2005-2014). FP 7project funded by the European Commission (ERAWide). Project coordinated by INRAA in partnership with Italian (UNIPI, REDINN) and Spanish (CENTA) institutions. Start:January 2012. FP 7project funded by the European Commission. Project coordinated by GIRAF (Allemagne) in partnership with Morocco (USMBA), Tunisia, France (CNRS) and Spain (IRTA, Alicante University) EUfunded project(Program EuropaAid/128320/C/ACT/Multi). International coordinator AUA (Greece); partners CDER (Algeria), MUSCAT (Egypt); CDRT(Morocco) and CRAING(Italy).Ongoing project. Project funded by EuropaAid program. Partners: Associations AREAED / MIMOUNA with the involvement of MADR and DGF(2012-2014). Project involving research centers from 6 countries (Algeria since February 2012, Jordan, Morocco, Sudan, Syria and Tunisia).Financed by the Islamic Development Bank, the Kuwait Fund and FADES. Funded by the AIEA or the period 20092013.

EU-MED Cooperation to foster innovation and exploitation in the agrifood domain (FP 7/ Program Capacities, CINEA, 609495).

Evaluation of the energy crop Jatropha curcas as a mean to promote renewable and sustainable energy for the Mediterranean region (JatroMed).

Participation of civil society in the definition of the implementation of programs against desertification and sustainable rural development in mountain areas. Enhancing food security in Arab Countries (ICARDA coordination). This project includes 3 packages: 1/ Enhancing wheat productivity (Varieties, irrigation methods. 2/Revitalization of wheat research center. 3/ Young scientist program. Responding to the transbondary threat of what black stem rust (INT/5/150) Enhancing the productivity of high value crops and income generation with small scale irrigation technologies (RAF 5058).

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

INRAA: COOPERATION PROJECTS /2

Project - Increasing the genetic variability for the improvement of strategic crops (wheat, barley, chickpeas and dates) for enhanced tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress and the strengthening of capacities (ALG/5/026). - strengthening animal health and livestock production to improve diagnostic and reproductive capacities in animal breeding and support expertise for the feasibility of a biosafety (ALG/5/027) - Protecting and safeguarding vulnerable areas against contamination and mapping vulnerability and risks of ground water pollution (ALG/7/005). - Preserving arid and semi-arid agro ecosystems and combating desertification by using advanced isotopic technics, developing decision making tools(ALG/5/028). Integrated and sustainable development of the upstream zone (watershed) of OuedTouil. North Western Sahara Aquifer System(SASIII) Observations Funded by IAAE for the period 20122014.

Genetic improvement of nutrionnal quality and drought and salinity tolerance of North African Barley. Local know-how and traditions in traditional systems: issues and impacts. Case of livestock production in pastoral areas.

In cooperation with the University of Viscosa (Brazil). Scheduled for completion in2012. In collaboration with the National Agency of Water Resources and funded by the Sahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS) for the period 2011-2013. NEPAD funding for 2010-2013.

Funded by ICARDA and IDRC/ Canadafor the period 2012-2014.

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

INRAA: COOPERATION PROJECTS /3

Project Potato health-managed foe efficiency and durability (POHMED) Resilient, water and energyEfficient Forage and feed crops for Mediterranean Agricultural systems (REFORMA) Local tree species as a sourcesink of soil microbial diversity for improving underexploited native plant production in South Mediterranean countries. TREEMED. In vitro culture and genomic assisted fast track improvement of wheat (TRITIBIOTEC) Project management of saline soils in the perimeter of the Habra (Relizane) Observations ARIMNET project in collaboration with teams from France, Morocco and Egypt for the period 2012-2014. ARIMNET project in cooperation with teams from Italy,France, Morocco,Tunisia and USA for the period 2012-2014. ARIMNET project in cooperation with teams of Morocco, Tunisia and France for the period 2012-2014.

Development of exchanges in agricultural technology on the following: - Study of the adaptation of fifty (50) Korean varieties of wheat and barley; - Improvement of production techniques in hydroponic greenhouse (vegetable crops); -Installation of a prototype of an agricultural production unit powered by solar panels.

ARIMNET project in cooperation with teams of Morocco, Tunisia and France for the period 2012-2014. Cooperation project Algeria/ China funded by China Agriculture International Development Co Ltd for the period 2012-2014. Cooperation Algeria /South Korea (Kopia). 2011-2014.

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

INRAA: COOPERATION PROJECTS /4

Projects Improvement of potatoes seed production techniques. Creating a Centre of Potato Seed Production. Prevention and reduction of risk factors for the environment and enhancement of natural common heritage

Observations Cooperation Algeria /South Korea (KOIKA). 2011-2014. Project funded by the European Union under the ENPI, led by the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (Spain), INRA France, Italy and Morocco (INRAM).

Improvement of sheep production in semi-arid area Project funded by the Spanish of Algeria Agency of International Cooperation for Development (AECID) in association with El Centro de Investigacion y de Aragon Technologica (CITA/ Spain). Assessment of climate change and water resources Partial financing by IMWI/ on irrigation management at the regional and basin CGIAR(2012-2015) scales in Algeria. Support for the creation of integrated agricultural Cooperation project financed by the clusters in three regions of Algeria. World Bank and MADR(2012-2014) Strategy of dairy farmers and sustainable Cooperation Algeria /Argentina. development of the dairy industry in the plain of Mitidja Creation of tender wheat varieties resistant to leaf rust by using selection assisted by molecular markers. Study of the diversity of fescue vis--vis water stress and salinity Selection and development of resistant varieties of forage species to salt stress under the constraint of water in the region of " Bas Chllif".

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

APPENDIX 3

INSTITUTES, CENTERS AND LABORATORIES DEDICATED TO THE AGRONOMIC RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN ALGERIA

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Food and Food-Processing Industries Areas and Topics. Specialization Processing and valorisation of plant products. Valorisation of plant products and their by-products. Extraction, analysis and control. Aromatic and medicinal plants Food-processing industry (fats and antioxidants) Food-processing technology and nutrition Institutions Food Technology Division (INRAA /MADR) Scientific and technical research center in PhysicoChemical Analysis(CRAPC) Nutrition, Food and FoodTechnology Institute (INAATA) Food Technology Research Laboratory Applied Microbiology Laboratory (Oran-Snia) Researchers Potential 12 Legal status Scientific and Technological Public Institution (EPST). http://www.inraa.dz Scientific and Technological Public Institution (EPST). http://www.crapc-dz.org/ Institute / M. Mentrouri University. Constantine http://www.inataa.org Laboratory (Boumerdes University)

77

Treatment and sewage treatment Valorisation of by-food products Conception of new equipment Development of lactic bacteria / Manufacturing Technologies of fermented dairy products / Development of organic food ingredients. Processing and valorisation of plant products. Quality of the water used and waste water in the food industry Valorisation of plant products and their byproducts.

12 Laboratory (Oran University) http://www.labo-lma.com/

20

Food Technology & Human Nutrition Laboratory 18

Laboratory / National Superior Agronomy School (ENSA/Alger). http://www.ina.dz

Project funded by the European Commission under the 7th European Framework Programme Activities for International Cooperation of the Capacities Programme.

Plant Breeding Areas and Topics (1) Specialization Creation and development of varieties: cereal, legumes and feeds Creation and development of varieties: horticultural cultures (Potato, Solanaceae) Creation and development of varieties: Arboriculture: Olive, citrus fruits rosaceae. Creation and development of varieties: date palms, horticultural cultures, Saharan Rustic Arboriculture Applied Biotechnologies in date palms. Plant breeding and selection: wheat, barley, legumes, date palms, potatoes, feeds. Control and certification of seeds and seedlings Plant breeding for drought tolerance (wheat) Institutions Field Crops Technical Institute/ ITGC Horticultural and Industrial crops Technical Institute / ITCMI Arboriculture and Viticulture Technical Institute/ITAFV Saharan agronomy development Technical Institute / ITDAS Arid and semi-Arid zones Research laboratory / LRZA Phytogenetic Resources / Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Divisions / INRAA National Center for Inspection and Certification / CNCC Breeding and development of animal and Plant production laboratory. Researchers Potential Legal status Development Institute EPA/MADR http://www.itgc.dz/ Development Institute EPA/MADR Development Institute EPA/MADR http://www.itafv.dz/ Development Institute EPA/MADR Research Laboratory /USTHB http://www.lrza.usthb.dz/ EPST/MADR

6 Teams 24

13

Development Center EPA/MADR Laboratory / Ferhat Abbas University. Stif Nature and Life Sciences faculty.

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Plant Breeding Areas and Topics (2) Specialization Institutions Laboratory of Agricultural production improvement and Arid ecosystems protection in arid areas. Researchers Potential 36 Legal status Laboratory / Batna University. Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Institute Site : http://lab.univ-batna.dz/lapapeza/

Tools and strategies for improving crop production

Saharan plant species valorisation and multiplication. Research for biochemical and molecular markers related to abiotic stress within Medicago species and wheat. - Tomato tissu culture - Chromosome polymorphism within Medicago species Genetic diversity of Vitis. Breeding and selection on fruit species (olive tree and citrus fruit), vine and tomatoes Use of the Biotechnologies tools for potatos basic seeds production. Date palm genetic characterization. Fabaceae genetic resources.

Scientific and Technical Research Center on the Arid Areas / CRSTRA Rhizobia Biotechnology and Plant Breeding Laboratory. Oran Snia (LBRAP)

37

EPST under the supervision of the Higher Education and Research Scientific Ministry Laboratory/ Biotechnology Department of Sciences Faculty; Oran University http://www.lbrap.sitew.com

Plant Production Laboratory / ENSA

14

Laboratory/Superior National School of Agronomy http://www.ina.dz Laboratory/Superior National School of Agronomy http://www.ina.dz

Genetic resources and biotechnology Laboratory

16

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Plant breeding Areas and Topics: Seeds and seedlings Production /3 Specialization Institutions Pre-basic seed production of potatoes (in vitro laboratory) and cereals (Wheat, barley) Algerian National Agricultural Research Institute / INRAA

Researchers and laboratories Potential -

Legal status National Agricultural Research Institute of Algeria EPST/MADR http://www.inraa.dz Technical Development Institute / / EPA/MADR http://www.itgc.dz/

Production of cereal varieties in Algeria Implementation of the program for obtaining varieties of durum wheat and bread wheat (PNAB, INRAA/ITGC/ICARDA).

Field Crops Technical Institute ITGC

Potatoes pre-basic seed production.

Seeds and seedlings control and certification.

Horticultural and Industrial Crops Technical Institute /ITCMI National Center for Inspection and Certification (CNCC) Arboriculture and Viticulture Technical Institute /ITAFV

Varietal identification. laboratory Phytosanitary laboratory (serology, molecular). Greenhouse indexing. in vitro laboratory Wastewater Purification Laboratory Screen house Greenhouse for reproduction -

Development Institute /EPA/MADR National Center for Inspection and Certification. EPA/MADR Development Institute EPA/MADR http://www.itafv.dz/

Clonal and healthy selection / conservation for arboreal species propagation.

Varietal identification. laboratory. Phytosanitary laboratory (serology, molecular). Greenhouse indexing. in vitro laboratory. Wastewater Purification Laboratory Screen house Greenhouse for reproduction

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Animal Breeding Areas and Topics Specialization Animal populations characterization Animal breeding (sheeps, goats, dromedaries) Production of performant biological material (sheeps goats, rabbit ). Parents' production (sheeps ,cattle and goats) Artificial insemination and frozen semen and embryos production. Breeding Characterization and breeding of local animal races or populations Techniques development for selecting local breed bees(Apis intermissa) to improve production beehives Institutions Animal Production Division / INRAA ITELV Researchers Potential 12 Legal status Scientific and Technological Public Institution http://www.inraa.dz Development Institute EPA/MADR http://www.itelv.dz Development center EPIC/MADR http://cniaag.net

National Center for Artificial Insemination and Breeding / CNIAAG

Biotechnology related to Animal Reproduction Laboratory (Blida) Animal Production Laboratory / ENSA

32

Laboratory / Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Faculty. SAAD DAHLAB. University, Blida. Laboratory / Superior National School of Agronomy http://www.ina.dz

14

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Areas and topics related to the application of biotechnology to agricultural development Specialization Applied biotechnology to agriculture (Breeding, food, soil, animal breeding, seed production ... etc.). Semen production. Artificial insemination and embryos production. Animal races or local populations characterization and breeding. Institutions Agricultural Biotechnology Station / INRAA National Center for Artificial Insemination and Breeding / CNIAAG Biotechnology related to Animal Reproduction Laboratory (Blida) Constantines Biotechnology Research Center. Microorganisms Biology and biotechnology laboratory (Oran). Applied microbiology Laboratory (Oran-Snia) Rhizobia Biotechnology andPlant Breeding Laboratory Oran(LBRAP)) Researchers Potential Legal status Scientific and Technological Public Institution (EPST). http://www.inraa.dz Development Center EPIC/MADR http://cniaag.net Laboratory / Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Faculty. SAAD DAHLAB University, Blida. EPST / Constantine University. http://www.crbt.dz Laboratory/Oran-Snia University (Oran-Snia) Laboratory/ Oran-Snia University http://www.labo-lma.com/ Laboratory / biotechnology Department Sciences Faculty, Oran University. http://www.lbrap.sitew.com

32

Applied Biotechnology to agriculture, agro-industry and environment. Phytopathogenic bacterial and fungal species. Molecular biology and microorganisms genetics in raw milk Development of lactic bacteria / Manufacturing Technologies Fermented dairy products / Development of organic functional food ingredients - Evaluation and selection of rhizobia populations - Inoculum production. - Research for biochemical and molecular markers related to abiotic stress within Medicago species and wheat. Use of biotechnology tools for potatoes basic seed Production. Characterization of Medicago by using molecular methods. Diversity, taxonomy, phylogeny and evolution studies. Study Species complex and functioning of the symbiosis Rhizobium-Fabaceae FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

300 15

20

37

Genetic Resources & Biotechnology Laboratory/ ENSA

16

Laboratory/ Superior National School of Agronomy http://www.ina.dz

Areas and topics related to understanding and improving agricultural production systems Specialization Sustainable agriculture and agroecosystem management. Institutions Divisions: Mountains agriculture, Saharan agriculture , Steppe ; "East"and "West"agro systems ;Soils / INRAA Dry and semi dry zones Research laboratory (USTHB) : Scientific and Technical Research center on the Arid Areas/ CRSTRA Researchers Potential 72 Legal status Scientific and Technological Public Institution http://www.inraa.dz Laboratory/USTHB http://www.lrza.usthb.dz/ EPST under the supervision of the Higher Education and Research scientific Ministry

Biology and knowledge of arid and semiarid areas. Research on arid and semi-arid natural resources, monitoring areas, erosion processes studies. Valorisation and multiplication of Saharan botanical species. Steppe regions development Assessment and monitoring of desertification processes and contribution to ecosystem restoration for sustainable development. Physical and Rural environments Rural Areas Dynamics and Management -Evaluation and selection of rhizobia populations and soil fungi in different classes of soil salinity. - Inoculum production (biofertilizer) /Inoculated plants for revegetation and improvement of dryand salted soil fertility / Promote the production of food legumes. Agricultural production systems, resource management and sustainable development in semi-arid region.

Development Steppe Office/ HCDS Ecology and Environment Laboratory (USTHB) Geography and Regional Planning Laboratory LGAT/USTHB Rhizobia Biotechnology and Plant Breeding Laboratory(LBRAP) 27

Steppe Development Public Agency EPA/ MADR Laboratory/USTHB: http://www.lee.usthb.dz/

55

Laboratory/USTHB http://www.lgat.usthb.dz Laboratory / Biotechnology Department of Sciences Faculty, Oran University http://www.lbrap.sitew.com

37

Valorisation of Biological Resources Laboratory (L.V.R.B.N.)

21

Laboratory / Ferhat Abbas University. Nature and Life Sciences Faculty. Stif

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Areas and topics related to the conservation of genetic resources and local Know how / 1
Specialization Institutions Researchers Legal status

Genetic diversity of plant species of the Hoggar and Tassili, particularly medicinal plants Knowledge and development of Saharan genetic resources: Date palms, vegetable crops, Sahara cereals, dromedaries, sheeps, goats. Knowledge and development of cereals, forages and legumes genetic resources. Knowledge and development of Olives, Citrus, Rosaceae, viticulture, rustic arboriculture (Fig trees, pistachio ...etc.) genetic resources Seeds and seedlings control and certification Knowledge and development of horticultural genetic resources (potato) Valorisation and multiplication of Saharan plant species. Pastoral and steppe genetic resources development Animal genetic resources development (parents production of sheeps, goats, rabbit, bee dromedaries) Genetic resources development(Frozen semen): Sheeps, goats Plant Genetic Resources: exploration, evaluation, conservation and valorisation. Genome analysis in evolutionary ecology and plant biodiversity. FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Arid and Semi-Arid zones Research laboratory / USTHB) : LRZA Saharan Agriculture Development Institute/ ITDAS

Laboratory / USTHB http://www.lrza.usthb.dz/ Development Institute EPA/MADR

Field Crops Technical Institute/ ITGC Arboriculture and Viticulture Technical Institute

Development Institute EPA/MADR Development Institute EPA/MADR

National Center for Inspection and Certification / (CNCC) Horticultural and Industrial Crops Technical Institute/ITCMI Scientific and Technical Research center on the Arid Areas / CRSTRA Development Steppe Office / HCDS Livestock Technical Institute

National Center for Inspection and Certification / EPA/MADR Development Institute:/ EPA/MADR EPST under the supervision of the Higher Education and Research scientific Ministry EPA/MADR EPE/MADR Development Institute Development center EPIC/MADR. http://cniaag.net Scientific and Technological Public Institution http://www.inraa.dz Laboratory/ USTHB http://www.lbpo.usthb.dz/

National Center for Artificial Insemination and Breeding /CNIAAG Divisions :Mountains Agriculture, Steppes, Plant Genetic Resources, Saharan Agronomy Biology and Organisms Physiology Laboratory/ USTHB

72

Areas and topics related to the conservation of genetic resources and local Know How 1/2 Specialization Characterization and breeding of animal races or populations Preservation of national plant genetic resources, agricultural valorisation and maintenance of genetic variability. Inventory of plant species in arid and semi-arid areas: case of pistachio. Improving crop tolerance to drought (Wheat) Enhancement of forage species Enhancement of economic interests plants(crops, aromatic, medicinal, fodder ...). Biodiversity and species conservation Date palm genetic characterization Fabaceae genetic resources Characterization of forage and pasture species Inventory and development/ conservation of biological resources Understanding the mechanisms of plant resistance to abiotic stress(temperature, water deficit, salinity, heavy metals, hydrocarbons...). Molecular systematics, genome analysis in evolutionary ecology and plant biodiversity. Institutions Biotechnology related to Animal Reproduction. Laboratory Natural Resources Laboratory / (Tizi Ouzou). Researchers Potential 33 Legal status Laboratory / Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Faculty. SAAD DAHLAB. University , Blida Laboratory / UMMTO www.ummto.dz

Breeding and Development of Plant and Animal Production Laboratory Valorisation of Biological Resources Laboratory (L.V.R.B.N.) Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Laboratory /ENSA National Center for biological resources development / CNDRB Biology and Organisms PhysiologyLaboratory / USTHB

13

Laboratory/ Ferhat Abbas University. Nature and Life Sciences Faculty. Stif Laboratory/ Ferhat Abbas University. Nature and Life Sciences Faculty. Stif Laboratory/ ENSA http://www.ina.dz EPA/Ministry of Environment. CNDRB/MATE Laboratory/Houari Boumedienne Sciences and Technology University (Bab Ezzouar) : http://www.lbpo.usthb.dz/

21

16

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Areas and topics related to Agrotechnics Specialization Knowledge and development of Saharan genetic resources: Date palms, vegetable crops, Sahara cereals, dromedaries, sheeps and goats Knowledge and development of cereals, forages and legumes genetic resources. Knowledge and development of Olives, Citrus, Rosaceae, viticulture, rustic arboriculture(Fig trees, pistachio ...etc.) genetic resources Seeds and seedlings control and certification Institutions Saharan Agriculture Development Institute / ITDAS Field Crops Technical Institute Arboriculture and Viticulture Technical Institute National Center for inspection and certification / (CNCC) Horticultural and Industrial Crops Technical Institute / ITCMI Technical Institute of Livestock National Veterinary Medicine Institute/ INMV National Plant Protection Institute / INPV Algerian National Agricultural Research Institute / INRAA Livestock Technical Institute/ ITELV Soil,Irrigation and Drainage National Institute / INSID Researchers Potential Legal status Development Institute EPA/MADR Development Institute EPA/MADR Development Institute EPA/MADR National Center for inspection and certification EPA/MADR Development Institute EPA/MADR EPE/MADR Development Institute EPE/MADR Development Institute EPE/MADR Development Institute http://www.inpv.edu.dz Scientific and Technological Public Institution http://www.inraa.dz Development Institute EPA/MADR http://www.itelv.dz Development Institute EPA/MADR

Knowledge and development of horticultural genetic resources (potato) Animal genetic resources development (parentsproduction sheeps, goats, rabbits, bee, dromedaries) Health and veterinary Fight against crop pests. Health monitoring. Agricultural pests monitoring and treatment. Crop protection. Crops irrigation and fertilization. Saharan Agronomy and arid & semi-arid areas. Mountains agriculture. Technical itinerary (Cereals, Solanaceae, date palm ... etc.). Technical itinerary and livestock management (ruminants and monogastric livestock). Fertilization, irrigation and soil amendment. Equipments definition of irrigation and drainage

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Areas and topics related to production and animal health Specialization Development and support to livestock chains: sheep, cattle, poultry, rabbits, bees Optimization of dietary intake and feed Food, livestock management and reproduction Development and performance improvement of reproductions (Ruminants) Institutions Livestock Technical Institute/ ITELV Potential Researchers Legal status Development Institute EPA/MADR

National Center for Artificial Insemination and Breeding / CNIAAG Scientific and Technical Research center on the Arid Areas, (CRSTRA) National Veterinary Medicine Institute /INMV Saharan Agriculture Development Institute /ITDAS Animal Production Laboratory /ENSA

EPIC/MADR

Research and development in relation with the Saharan breeding (Sheep,dromedary) and feed-fields development Medicine and animal health Saharan development of husbandry: sheep, dromedary, goats and bee-keeping Animal sectors (cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, bee-keeping ...). Ruminant livestock industry durability in Algeria Sheep production systems diversity and improvement strategy nutrition Feeding. Farming systems. Bee-keeping. Extensive livestock of sheep and goats / Small livestock Milks quality Livestock in arid and semi-arid areas Control parameters and breeding improvement of livestock productivity. Use of local resources in the feeding of domestic animals for the improvement of animal production and the fight against some pathologies in arid areas

14

EPST/MESRS Development Institute EPA/MADR Development Institute EPA/MADR Laboratory / ENSA http://www.ina.dz

Divisions: Animal Production, Steppique Agro systems, Mountains agriculture , East and West, Saharan Agronomy, Food Technology Research Laboratory "Animal Health and Production National Veterinary Medicine School /ENSV Agricultural Production Improvement and Arid Ecosystems Protection Laboratory / Batna

84

Scientific and Technological Public Institution / EPST http://www.inraa.dz Laboratory/ENSV http://www.ensv.dz Laboratory/ Batna University. Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Institute. http://lab.univbatna.dz/lapapeza/

24

36

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Areas and topics related to the crop protection and the biotic stress Specialization Institutions Potential Researcher s 24 Legal status

Fight against locusts, parasites of vegetable crops (Solanaceae) and cereal crops. Bio aggressors of Rosacea and date palm Phytosanitary control. Control of agricultural products, plants and seeds. Monitoring and handling of plagues. Modernization and technical mastery of crop protection by privileging the nonpolluting solutions. Phytopathology, crop protection. Characters control of resistance to diseases of the date palm in particular fusariose or bayoud. Acquire the necessary scientific basis for the implementation of integrated control for major pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes and parasitical phanerogams) of crops in relation with environment respect Fight against locusts The decline of Aleppo pine Relationship insects mammals birds Crop protection : Conception of bio-pesticides and , fungi as tool of fighting against the natural enemies (in particular insects and nematodes) of the plants (crops forest) and the stored food products Seeds and seedlings certification and control.

Crop Protection division Breeding and Biotechnology Division/ INRAA National Plant Protection Institute / INPV

EPST/MADR http://www.inraa.dz EPA / MADR http://www.inpv.edu.dz

Research Laboratory on arid and semi-arid areas(USTHB) Phytopathology Molecular laboratory./ ENSA 15

Laboratory/USTHB http://www.lrza.usthb.dz/ Laboratory /ENSA/MESRS http://www.ina.dz

Laboratory of Plant Protection in agricultural and natural ecosystems against pests of crops Laboratory of improvement and development of plant and animal production. National Center for Inspection and Certification (CNCC) Applied Microbiology Laboratory (Oran-Snia)

18

Laboratory /ENSA/MESRS http://www.ina.dz Laboratory / Ferhat Abbas University. Nature and life of Science Faculty. Certification and control. Center EPA/MADR Laboratory / Oran University http://www.labolma.com/

13

Development of means of chemical and biological control against cryptogamic (Fusarium and Verticilium).

20

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Areas and topics related to Agricultural, agrifood and rural economics (Area 7) Specialization Rural development Agricultural and rural policies / Production Systems Systems and agrifood chains Agro alimentary development Environmental Economics and Natural Resources Water savings in irrigated systems Evaluation of agricultural, rural and agro-industrial policies Studies on Animal products channels (milk and meat) Financing of agrifood industry companies Competitiveness studies related to the main agrifood industry chains: wheat, potato, tomato, citrus, olive oil and dates in the context of association agreement between Algeria and UE Agriculture and Rural Development Economics Institutions Division: Agricultural, agrifood and rural economics. Algerian National Agricultural Research Institute / INRAA Agricultural economics, food and rural policies& Environment Laboratory / National Superior Agronomy School /ENSA Potential Researchers 12 Legal status EPST/MADR http://www.inraa.dz

15

Laboratory/ENSA/MESRS http://www.ina.dz/

Governance, local and rural development, regional Planning, Companies Agricultural and rural development Physical environments and rural Studies Rural Areas Dynamics and Management

Division Agriculture, Territory and Environment "/ Applied Economics Research for Development Center / CREAD National Center for Population and Development Studies and Analysis /CENEAP National office of the studies for rural development / BNEDER Laboratory of Geography and Regional Planning. LGAT/USTHB

12

EPST/MESRS www.cread.edu.dz

50

55

Studies and Consulting Public Cabinet http://www.ceneap.com.dz/ Studies Cabinet EPIC/MADR http://www.bneder.dz/ Laboratory/USTHB http://www.lgat.usthb.dz

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Areas and topics related to soil and the fight against desertification / 1 Specialization Institutions Agricultural land classification according to the agronomic Soil,Irrigation and aptitudes particularly in relation to agro-climatic data Drainage National Institute Development of agro-pedological maps and cultural / INSID aptitudes. Determining the techniques and methods of fertilization, improvement and preservation of agricultural land. Inventory and characterization of soils. / Soil degradation Soils Division / INRAA processes Study. / Cultivation and sustainable soil management. / Study of the evolution of soils under irrigation. / Characterization and functioning of soils (physic-hydric, chemical and biological studies ) Mineral soils fertility management Modeling the phenomenon of soil erosion Environment, Geotechnics and Hydraulics Lab. Physical environment and rural Laboratory of Geography dynamics and Rural areas Management and Regional Planning. LGAT/USTHB Water and Soil Analysis Promotion water and soil resourceslaboratory. University of Tlemcen Ecosystem mapping. Laboratory for the Characterization of soils and soil fertility in arid areas improvement of Evolution of soil quality and land valorisation Agricultural productions Using GIS in studies on biotic and abiotic factors in arid areas and protection of the ecosystems in arid regions. Inoculum production (biofertilizer) / Inoculated plants for Rhizobia Biotechnology revegetation and improvement of dry and salted soil fertility / and Plant Breeding Promote the production of food legumes. Laboratory (LBRAP) / Oran Prospection, evaluation and preservation of soil resources Water Resources National agency

Researchers -

Legal status Development Institute EPA/MADR

12

EPST/MADR http://www.inraa.dz

6 55

LaboratoryLEGYD /USTHB Laboratory /USTHB http://www.lgat.usthb.dz Laboratory/. Tlemcen University

36

Laboratory / BatnaUniversity Veterinary Sciences and Agronomy institute Site : http://lab.univbatna.dz/lapapeza/ Laboratory / Biotechnology Department, Sciences Faculty; Oran University. http://www.lbrap.sitew.com EPA scientific vocation and technology. MRE http://www.anrh.dz/

37

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Areas and topics related to water resources and agricultural hydraulics /2 Specialization Institutions Potential Research ers 12 Legal status

Bioclimatology. Evaluation of crop water requirements. Irrigation. Use of treated wastewater. GIS of the natural resources. Conditions of utilization of water for irrigation according to farming systems and different regions of the country. Definition of irrigation and drainage facilities. Water desalination and purification

Bioclimatology Division /INRAA Soil, Irrigation and Drainage National Institute / INSID Storage and valorization of Renewable Energy Laboratory Geo-Environment Laboratory LGE/USTHB

EPST/MADR http://www.inraa.dz Technical and Development Institute EPA / MARD Laboratory/USTHB http://www.lsver.usthb.dz Laboratory /USTHB http://www.lge.usthb.dz

Water resources (hydrogeology, prospection, evaluation, protection and resource management, environmental impact assessment, forecasting and prevention). Hydro climatology, climate cycles, drought forecasting, isotope geochemistry, rate evaluation of groundwater recharge. Quality and water management, hydrology and environment, water resources, environmental engineering and water Water Treatment and purification sewage

Applied hydraulic Research Laboratory Food Technology Laboratory (Boumerdes) Research Laboratory in hydraulic groundwater and surface (LARHYSS, Biskra)

42

Laboratory/ Bejaia University www.univ-bejaia.dz/ Laboratory/ Boumerdes University. Laboratory/Biskra University /MESRS/DGRSDT Site : http://www.larhyss.net

12

Evaluation and acquisition of various technologies for the optimization of water treatment, operation of appurtenant structures of dam reservoirs or technical measures (metrology).

24

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

Areas and topics related to water resources and agricultural hydraulics / 3 Specialization Institutions Potential Researche rs 24 Legal status

Development of systems and procedures for elimination of pollutants from aqueous and gaseous effluents. Study of the mechanism of degradation of industrial facilities by contaminated water. Development of techniques for treating contaminated water for elimination of corrosive substances vis--vis industrial facilities and to improve its quality for human consumption (recovery and recycling of water). water and soil analysis Industrial wastewater: recycling, recovery, water conservation and environmental protection. Residual sludge surface treatment. Water desalination. Membrane processes. Drinking water: elimination of organic matter. Improving water quality Resources preservation and fight against siltation. Integration of user service in the decision-making process. Development of processes aid in regulation and legislation Protection of the environment against industrial and urban waste. Protection in arid and semi-arid areas against sagging

Environment Engineering Laboratory /Annaba

Laboratory/ Badji Mokhtar University Annaba Science Engineer Faculty Process Engineering Department Site : http://lge-univannaba.org Laboratory/. Tlemcen University

Water resources and soil Promotion Laboratory Chemistry and Environment Chemistry Laboratory 6

Laboratory/ Batna University Site : http://lab.univbatna.dz/lcce/

Applied Hydraulics Research Laboratory /LRHYA. Batna University

Laboratory /LRHYA. Batna University http://lab.univ-batna.dz/lrhya/

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

Areas and topics related to water resources, agricultural water and renewable energy 4 Specialization Institutions Groundwater and surface water Research Laboratory . University of Batna Water control Laboratory / ENSA Water Resources Mobilization and Valorization Laboratory / ENSH (Blida). Researchers Legal status Laboratory / Batna University Site internet : http://www.larhyss.net/ Laboratory/ENSA http://www.ina.dz Hydraulics National School/ Blida / MESRS Site Web : http://www.ensh.dz

Hydraulic structures and water treatment Cubic meter water valorization Effects of pollution caused by agricultural inputs. Low quality waters used in agriculture. Study, evaluation, operation and management of superficial water resources area. Implementation of a Geographic Information System (GIS) related to vulnerability map for decision support in the field of floods, water pollution ... etc.. Optimizing the functioning of pumping stations and irrigation drainage. Study of the behavior of hydraulic structures against the dynamic loads. Desalination of seawater and brackish water. Marine pollution and sediment transport in coastal systems. Water resources prospection and evaluation. Collection, processing and updating of information on water resources. Monitoring water resource Preservation, protection and safeguarding resources against all forms of degradation. Water treatment (desalination, distillation ...) by solar thermal energy and thermodynamics. Solar thermal applications (heating, drying, greenhouse, ...) Agricultural applications of geothermal energy (heating, drying, ...) Water purification and desalination. Solar photo degradation of organic pollutants

13

47

National Water Resources Agency

Administrative institution dedicated to science and technology. Water Resources Ministry http://www.anrh.dz/ EPST/MESRS/DGRSDT http://www.udes.dz/

Renewable Energy Development Center / CDER

112

Storage and Valorization of Renewable Energies Laboratory / USTHB

17

Laboratory/ USTHB http://www.lsver.usthb.dz

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

APPENDIX 4 - INSTITUTIONS, COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD IN ALGERIA / 1
AREAS Agricultural and food industries Applied Biotechnology to Animal Breeding agriculture Production Systems Knowledges Genetic Resources and Local knowledge Plant Breeding POTENTIAL INSTITUTIONS, COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED Ministries: MADR (DSASI, DRDPA, DOFPP), MESRS, MIPME-PI, MPRH, MRE, MATE, MICO. Agencies and public institutions: ANDPME, ANDI, CNRC, IANOR, CAQUE, ANSEJ, ANDREVET, ALGEX. Research institutes and centers: CREAD, CACQUE, BNEDER, CENEAP, INATA. Professional and interprofessional organizations: CNA, CACI, CNAM, CNPME, ONILEV, ONIL. Groups and public companies: EAGR, GSPG, SEVFPA, SVPAT (ONCV, SUDACO, SAO), ONAB, CNIAAG, OAIC. Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics. Ministries: MADR (DRDPA, DOFPP, DPVCT), MATE, MESRS. Agencies and public institutions: ANDPME, ANDI, IANOR, ANDREVET Research institutes and centers: CNCC, INRAA, ITGC, ITCMI, ITAFV, CRSTRA Professional and interprofessional organizations:: CNA Groups and public companies: GSPG, SEVFPA, SVPAT (ONCV, SUDACO, SAO), OAIC/CCLS. Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics. Ministries: MADR (DRDPA, DOFPP) Agencies and public institutions: ANDREVET Research institutes and centers: ITELV, INRAA, CRSTRA Professional and interprofessional organizations:: CNA Groups and public companies: GSPG, ONAB, CNIAAG. Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics. Ministries: MADR (DRDPA), MIPME-PI, MATE, MESRS/DGRDT Agencies and public institutions: ANDPME, ANDI, IANOR, ANSEJ, ANDREVET Research institutes and centers: CRB Constantine, INRAA Professional and interprofessional organizations: CNA, CACI, CNPME, ONILEV, ONIL. Groups and public companies: CNIAAG. Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics. Ministries: MADR (DSASI, DRDPA, DOFPP, DGF), MIPMEPI Agencies and public institutions: ANDREVET Research institutes and centers: CREAD, BNEDER, CENEAP, INRAA, CRSTRA, INRF Professional and interprofessional organizations: CNA, ONILEV, ONIL

Ministries : MADR (DRDPA, DOFPP), MATE, Ministre de la culture Agencies and public institutions: ANDREVET, HCDS, CDARS Research institutes and centers: CNDRB, INRAA, INRF ; CRSTRA Professional and interprofessional organizations: CNA, ONILEV, ONIL. Groups and public companies: SVPAT (ONCV, SUDACO, SAOetc.). Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics.

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

17

APPENDIX 4 - INSTITUTIONS, COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD IN ALGERIA / 2
AREAS agrotechnical POTENTIAL INSTITUTIONS, COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED Ministries: MADR Agencies and public institutions: / Research institutes and centers: ITGC, ITCMI, ITAFV, CNCC, INSID, ITDAS Professional and interprofessional organizations: CNA Groups and public companies: SVPAT (ONCV, SUDACO, SAOetc.). Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics. Ministries: MADR (DSASI, DRDPA, DSV, DOFPP), MIPME-PI, MPRH, MICO Agencies and public institutions: HCDS, ANDPME, ANDI, CNRC, IANOR, ANSEJ, ANDREVET Research institutes and centers /offices: INRAA, CRSTRA, ITELV, INMV. Professional and interprofessional organizations: CNA, CACI, CNAM, CNPME, ONILEV, ONIL. Groups and public companies: EAGR, GSPG, SEVFPA, SVPAT (ONCV, SUDACO, SAO), ONAB, CNIAAG, OAIC. Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics. MADR (DPVCT) Research and development institutes: INPV, INRAA

Crop protection and biotic stress Soils and fight against desertification Agricultural, foodprocessing and rural economics

Animal Health and Production

Ministries: MADR, MIPME-PI, MRE, MICO, MICL, MATE, M. Statistiques et Prospective. Agencies and public institutions ANDI, ANDPME, ANSEJ, IANOR, HCDS, ONS. Research institutes and centers: INRAA, CRSTRA, CREAD, INRF, CENEAP, BNEDER Professional organizations: CNA, ONILEV, ONIL, employers' organizations (FCE) Interprofessional Councils (Milk, Potatoes, Cereals, Aviculture) Groups and public companies: EAGR, GSPG, SEVFPA, SVPAT (ONCV, SUDACO, SAO), ONAB, CNIAAG, OAIC. Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics. Ministries: MADR (DZASA, DGF, DOFPP), MATE Agencies and public institutions HCD, ASAL Research institutes: INRAA, INRF, INSID, INCT Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics.

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

18

APPENDIX 4 - INSTITUTIONS, COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD IN ALGERIA / 2
AREAS Arid and Semi-Arid Zones POTENTIAL INSTITUTIONS, COMPANIES AND ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED Ministries: MADR (DZASA, DGF), MATE Agencies and public institutions: HCDS, CDARS Research and development Institutes: ITDAS, CRSTRA, INCT Ministries: MRE, MADR (DZASA, DGF), MATE, MESRS/DGRSDT. Agencies and public institutions: ONID, ONA, ANBT, AGBH, ANRH, HCDS, CDARS Research institutes and centers / Council offices: ITGC, INSID, ITAFV, ITCMI, INSID, INRAA, CRSTRA, BNEDER, CENEAP. Professional organizations: CNA/CAW, ONILEV Ministries: MADR/DFRV, MIPME-PI, MPRH, MRE, MATE, MICO, MIFI, MESRS/DGRSDT. Agencies and public institutions ANDPME, ANDI, CNRC, IANOR, ANSEJ, ANDREVET, INAPI, IANOR, ONML. employers' organizations: FCE, CGEA Centers and research-development institutes: INSID, INRAA, ITGC, INPV, INMV, ITCMI, ITAFV, INCT, ANRH, AGBH, BNEDER. Professional and interprofessional organizations: CNA, ONILEV, ONIL, CACI, CNAM, CNPME. Groups and public companies: EAGR, GSPG, SEVFPA, SVPAT (ONCV, SUDACO, SAO), ONAB, CNIAAG, OAIC. Groups and private companies. To identify related to topics Business and Innovation REAGE :Network Algerians Higher Schools Graduates (http://www.reage.net)Algerian Overseas/ Canada. http://www.algeriansoverseas.com/

Water and water resources

Innovation and research results valorization

Algerian Startup Initiative. Algeria/USA. www.algerianstartupinitiative.com/. International Agency for Mediterranean Cooperation (ANSEJ, CNAC).http://www.entreprendre-mediterranee.com/

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NOTES
1

M. Gaillard- Grands dfis pour Horizon 2020. FutuRIS 2012 - Chapitre 4.

www.anrt.asso.fr/fr/futuris/pdf/esr/2012E.pdf.
2 3 4 5

MADR Le renouveau agricole et rural en marche. Revue et perspectives. Mai, 2012, 95 Pages. MADR Le renouveau agricole et rural en marche. Revue et perspectives. Mai, 2012, 95 Pages. J.J PERENNES - Water and men in the Maghreb. Karthala Edition. Paris,1993. MATE- National Plan of actions for the environment and the durable development. January, 2002. P

39.
6 7 8 9

MATE, 2002-0p.Cit. MATE, 2002-0p.Cit. R.TAIBI, 2010-Op.Cit. R.TAIBI, 2010-Op.Cit MADR- Rapport daudition MADR. Volet hydraulique. Direction des zones arides et semi-arides.

10

2012, 27 pages.
11Ministry 12Ministry 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

for water resources (MADR, 2012 Op.cit.). for water resources (MADR, 2012 Op.cit.).

MADR, 2012 MADR, 2012 MADR, 2012 MADR, 2012 MADR, 2012 MADR Le renouveau agricole et rural en marche. Revue et perspective. Mai, 2012, P 7. The section dedicated to the production of seeds and seedlings was incorporated from 2008 in

development strategies. This program aims to ensure greater production of seeds, plants and spawners certified on one hand, and consequently to ensure basic food security and national sovereignty on the other hand. This program aims to ensure a higher rate of use of quality seeds and to ensure diversification of supply at the cooperative and nurseries levels. The sustainability of the system was ensured by its integration into a network of pilot farms whose rehabilitation has been sanctioned by the Farm Bill. See Law 08-16 of 3 August 2008 on agricultural orientation.
20

On the 33 fodder kinds, including approximately 293 species, INRAA operates only on three kinds:

Sulla (Hdysarum), Clover (Trifolium) and alfalfa (Mdicago).

21Family

composed by Fabaces, Poaces, Cistaces,

Astraces and Chnopodiaces and

Plantaginaces.
22

MATE-Algeria 2025: National plan for regional planning. Durable balance and competitiveness of

the territories. Volumes2. February 2007.

INRAA/DSPPRE, 2013

20

23

The implementation of this program involves the development of appropriate approaches:

participatory, GED (Gender and Development), MED (Sustainable Livelihoods) and BSG (Gender Responsive Budget) approaches.
24

Law No. 10-03 of 15 August 2010 fixing the terms and conditions of use of agricultural land in the

private domain of the State.

25About

this issue please refer to:

Abdelkader Djeflat - L'Algrie et les dfis de l'conomie de la connaissance. Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung, Alger, November 2008 - 48 P.http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/algerien/06412-etude.pdf - World Bank - Transforming Arab Economies: Traveling the Knowledge and Innovation road. Full report. World Bank, 2013, 188 P. INSEAD and WIPO - The Global Innovation Index 2012: Stronger Innovation Linkages for Global Growth. Soumitra Dutta Editor, France, 2012, 464 P.
26

Djeflat A.- Lacte dinnovation est un acte qui fdre une multitude dacteurs. DZ Entreprises. Le

Magazine de lentreprise Algrienne. http://www.dzentreprise.net/?p=2135.

27

Several plans to launch food clusters are implemented in Algeria but with actions and low

inconclusive results: - Clusters dedicated to industrial tomato (Annaba, Guelma), dates (Ghardaia, Biskra) and beverages (Ministry of Industry, SMEs and Investment Promotion / GTZ) - Integrated Agricultural Poles developed (Milk / Setif) which is deployed in the context of the Strategic Partnership between the MARD and the World Bank,
28APRODEV 29United

(Brussels) report on Horizon 2020

Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20, Outcome of the Conference, The

future we want 19 July 2012, paragraph 108 118 (A/CONF/216/L.1)

30

ONS - Employment and unemployment in the fourth quarter of 2010.

http://www.ons.dz/IMG/pdf/emploi_chomage_2010.pdf Regarding this issue see in particular: Djeflat A. - Building Knowledge Economies for job creation, increased competitiveness, and balanced development :Individual country overviews. Communication at the International Conference organized by the World Bank. Carthage, December 13, 2009. http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/252537/2009-12-18142047_ADjeflat%20_Background_Report.pdf
31

M. Gaillard- Grands dfis pour Horizon 2020 . FutuRIS 2012 - Chapitre 4.

http://www.anrt.asso.fr/fr/futuris/pdf/esr/2012E.pdf
32

M. Gaillard, 2012 Op.Cit.

FAWIRA Project (Grant Agreement N 295088)

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