Principles of School Management

Objectives:

At the end of this workshop session, the participants will be able to:

1. Express Management

2. Differentiate between Administration and Management

3. Predict functions of management and how they are useful in school management

4. Improve effectiveness and efficiency of their schools

5. Illustrate different types of skill

6. Implement principles of management in their schools

7. Explain the need of school management

Introduction to Administration & Management

The word administration is composed of two words “ad” means to and “ministaire” means to
serve, so as one word it gives meaning to serve. In French, ‘minister’ is the one who takes the
responsibility. In Urdu, Persian and Arabic administration means a sequence, order,
concentration and attention for the utilization of resources. Robbins is of the opinion that
administration is getting the things from others.

Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals,

working together in group efficiently accomplish selected aims. S. Robbins defines management
is the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling all the activities within an
organization in pursuit of pre-defined objectives. Management is a broader term as compare to
administration.

The Definition of Management Needs To Be Expanded:

 As managers people carry out the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing,
motivating (leading) and controlling.
  Management applies to any kind of organization.
 It applies to managers at all organizational levels.
 The aim of managers is the same to create surplus.
 Managing is concerned with productivity, which implies effectiveness and efficiency.

The Functions of Management

1. Planning

Selecting missions and objectives as well as the actions to achieve them,, which requires
decision making.

2. Organizing
Establishing and intentional structure of roles for people to fill in an organization..

3. Motivating (Leading)
Influence people, so that they will contribute to organizational and group goals.

4. Controlling
Measuring and correcting individual and organizational performance to ensure that events
conform to plans.

Managerial Functions at Different Organizational Levels:

Top Level: are planning, organizing and controlling.

Middle Level: they are equally sharing all functions.

First Line Supervisors: are only leading.

Managerial Skills and the Organizational Hierarchy

o Technical Skill (To know one’s job)

o Human Skill (Interaction, Communication, Behavior, Team Building)
o Conceptual Skill (Understanding the organization as a whole)
o Design Skills (Analysis and problem solving ability)
General Principles of Management

Noting that principles of management are flexible, not absolute, and must be usable regardless of
changing and special conditions, Fayol listed fourteen, based on his experience. They are
summarized in the perspective.

1. Division of work. This is the specialization that economists consider necessary for
efficiency in the use of labor. Fayol applies the principle to all kinds of work, managerial
as well as technical.

2. Authority & responsibility. Here Fayol finds authority and responsibility to be related,
with the latter arising from the former. He sees authority as a combination of official
factors, deriving from the manager’ position and personal factors.

3. Discipline. Seeing discipline as “respect for agreements which are directed at achieving
obedience, application, energy, and the outward marks of respect. Fayol declares that
discipline requires good superiors at all levels.

4. Unity of command. This means that employees should receive orders from one superior
only.
5. Unity of direction. According to this principle, each group of actives with the same
objective must have one head and one plan.

6. Subordination of individual to general interest. This is self explanatory when the two
are found to differ, management must reconcile them.

7. Remuneration. Remuneration and methods of payment should be fair and afford the
maximum possible satisfaction to employees and employer.

8. Centralization. Without using the term “Centralization of authority.” Fayol refers to the
extent to which authority is concentrated or dispersed. Individual circumstances will
determine the degree that will give the best overall yield.

9. Scalar chain. Fayol thinks of this as a chain of superiors from the highest to the lowest
ranks, which, while not to be departed from needlessly, should be short circuited when to
follow it scrupulously would be detrimental.

10. Order. Breaking this into material and social order, Fayol follows the simple adage of a
place for everything and everything in its place.
 11. Equity. Loyalty and devotion should be elicited from personnel by a combination of
kindliness and justice on the part of managers when dealing with subordinators.

12. Stability of tenure. Finding unnecessary turnover to be both the cause and the effect of
bad management, Fayol points out its dangers and costs.

13. Initiative. Initiative is conceived of as the thinking out and execution of a plan. Since it is
one of the keenest satisfactions for an intelligent man to experience.

14. Esprit de corps. This is principle that “in union there is strength” as well as an extension
of the principle of unity of command, emphasizing the need for teamwork and the
importance of communication in obtaining it.

Principles of school Management

The following are the principals of effective school management.

1. Principle of objectivity: this principle demands that the activities are focused on the
predetermined objectives of the school programmes etc.

2. Principle of Comprehensiveness: this principle demands that a wide variety of activities

are offered to the students.

a) These activities should fulfill the individual as well as group needs.

b) Activities should also provide for the balanced development of the students personalities.

c) Right and duties should also be made known to the studens through the activities.

d) Training and working in collaboration should be made a regular feature for the students.

3. Principle of economy: the principle focuses on the facts that:

 a) The work force be utilized according to the capacity, potential and liking.

b) The material sources should also be used to the optimum.

c) The responsibilities need be entrusted according to the caliber and taste.

4. Principle of co-operation and co-ordination

a) School should be a place where the atmosphere of mutual consultation should prevail.

b) The responsibilities should be discharged with zeal vigor and drive for the betterment of
the institution.

c) Student should be provided with a chance to share some of the responsibilities with their
teachers.

5. Principle of simplicity

a) The administrative procedure are made simple, practicable and understandable.

b) The responsibility and authority should work together.

c) The teachers must be exposed to novel situations to polish their leadership qualities.

d) School should have a close relation with the society and parents.

6. Principle of modification

a) The duties and responsibilities of the staff must be changed after intervals.

b) The latest innovations and trends be incorporated at the proper time.

Pre-test.

1. Getting work done by other people is called ________________.

a) Duty performance b) Organizing

c) Administration d) Planning

2. According to Robbins, the numbers of functions of management are

__________________?

a) 4 b) 5

c) 6 d) 7

3. Influence people, so that they will contribute to organizational and group goals is related
to which one of the following management functions.

a) Planning b) Organizing

c) Leading d) Controlling

4. Management applies to any kind of organization only because

a) All organizations seeks profit
b) All organization performs same functions
c) All organizations focus on achieving their objectives
d) All of the above

5. Planning, organizing and controlling are mostly performed by which one of the
following?

a) Bottom Level Management b) Top Level Management

c) Middle Level Management d) All of the above

Post-test

1. A school principal who distribute duties among different teaching depending upon
caliber and academic qualification as well as ability of teachers and fills vacant posts
through new appointments is basically serving which one of the following management
function.

a) Planning b) Organizing

c) Leading d) Controlling

2. Which are the following functions of management?

a) Coordinating, Controlling, Correcting, Directing

b) Planning, Organizing, Directing, Controlling

c) Planning, Controlling, Reporting, Delivering

d) Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling

3. To know one’s job is related to which one of the following.

a) Technical Skill b) Human Skills

c) Conceptual Skills d) Design Skills

4. If school principal influence school teachers, so that they will contribute to school goals
then he serves which one of the following management function.

a) Planning b) Organizing

c) Leading d) Controlling

5. Ensuring in the school that all teacher obey order of the principal is related to which one
of the following principle of management.

a) Centralization b) Scalar Chain

c) Equity d) Unity of Command